A History of Modern Burma Michael W

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85211-1 - A History of Modern Burma Michael W. Charney Index More information

Index

Abel, Colonel 182 Military Intelligence Service (MIS) 181–182 Adamson, Harvey 33 Navy 77 Adaptation of Expressions Law 172 Psychological Warfare Department 102 Ahlone 20 Women’s Auxiliary Corps 77 Ahuja, D. A. 5 see also Defence Services’ Institute airport (Mingaladon) 108 Asian immigrant minorities 2, 25, 45, 47, 49, 55, Akyab 18, 19, 29 81, 98, 106, 141, 142 Alan Taung 15 Chinese population of Burma 22–26, 37, 47, Alaunghpaya, King 19 126 All Burma Students’ Democratic Front Indian population of Burma 10–11, 13, 17, 22, (ABSDF) 163 24, 26, 37, 47 All-Burma, All-Sect Convention (also known as Association of Southeast Asian Nations the Hmawbi Convention) 119 (ASEAN) 179, 180, 184–186 All-Burma Buddhist Association 89 Atlantic Charter 49 All-Burma Chin National League 76 Attlee, Clement 63, 67 All-Burma Monks Alliance 198 Aung Gyi 77, 92, 98–99, 108, 111, 120–121, 126, All-Burma Peasants’ Organization (ABPO) 100 132, 170 All-Burma Pongyi Association 89 arrest and release in 1988 150, 152, 154 All-Burma Presiding Monks Association 102 ﬁrst arrest (1965) and release (1967)from All-Burma Students’ Organization 48 prison 123, 136 All-Sangha All-Sect Convention of 1980 139 political leadership in 1988 149, 150, 158–159, Allied Forces 56–57, 68 165–166, 168 Amarapura 195 Aung San 2, 42–44, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56–57, Anglo-Burmans and Anglo-Indians 37, 47 61–65, 68, 71, 72–74, 85, 117, 154 Anglo-Burmese Treaty 68, 70 assassination of 2, 46, 68–71, 85, 203 Anti-Boycott Act 13 economic plans for Burma’s future 81–82 Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) Aung San Suu Kyi 3, 40, 154–155, 158, 165–167, 56–57, 58, 61–62, 63–65, 68, 71, 73, 79, 85, 168, 169, 174–178, 184, 186, 190, 195, 197, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 109, 110, 125, 203 206 the 1958 Split 90–92, 101, 106, 156 wins Nobel Peace Prize 177 Clean AFPFL or Pyidaungsu Party 91, 93–94, Aung Zan Wei 68 99, 100, 101, 102, 109, 110 Australia 144 Stable AFPFL 91, 94, 99, 100, 101 Ava 195 Arakan and Arakanese 51, 74, 86, 100, 109, 126, Aye Ko, U 150 184–185 Arakan Liberation Party 143 Ba Choe, Deedok U 68 Arakan Mountains 51 Ba Gyan, U 68 Armed Forces of Burma 77, 80, 86, 90, 105, 106, Ba Maw, Dr 16, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53–54, 56, 64, 115, 131, 142, 155, 156, 159, 188 68, 71, 73 Air Force 78, 153, 159, 187 Ba Nyein, U 99, 121 Army 54, 67, 77–78, 159–160 Ba Nyun, U 69–70

234

Index 235

Ba Pe, U 47 Burmese Days 5 27, 39 Ba Sein, U 64, 68 Burmese Executive Commission 53 Ba Shin, U 77 Burmese Way to Socialism, The 109 113, 114, 121, Ba Swe, U 86, 87, 99, 100, 129 134 Ba U, Dr 86, 101 Bush, George W. 186 Ba U Gyi, Saw 67 Buthidaung 163 Ba Win, U 68 Butler, Sir Spencer Harcourt 13, 33, 35 Bama Baho government 52 Ban Hin Taek 144 Cady, John F. 1 Bandung Conference 81, 125 Cambodia 54, 128, 185 Bangladesh 23 Canada 144 Barretto, William Louis 15 caretaker regime (1958–1960) 3, 92, 93–99, 105, Bassein 166 120–121, 131, 133, 170, 192 Bhamo 163 censorship 87–88, 111–115 Bo Mya, General Saw 143, 163 censuses 8, 9 Britain 32, 33, 38, 50, 63, 70, 71, 82, 129, 144, 182 Central Institute of Public Services 178 conquest of Burma 2, 4, 5 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 77, 79 rule over Burma 5–17, 32, 46 Chamberlain, Neville 48 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 163, Chan Chor Khine 25 164 Chan Mah Phee 24–25 British Commonwealth 63, 70 Chelmsford, Lord 33 British Military Administration (BMA) 58–60 Chin Affairs Council 108 Chin ethnic group 51, 54, 65, 74, 86, 101, 102, 108 Buddha Sasana Council (BSC) 89, 117 Chin Hills 37, 66 Buddha Sasana Sangha Organisation (BSSO) Chin National Democratic Party 130 117, 119 China 23–25, 32, 50, 79–81, 86, 125, 145, 150, 178, Buddhism 30–31, 102, 104 181, 186–187, 199, 200, 205–206 Buddhism as the state religion 90, 100, Chit Hlaing, U 38 102–103, 104, 117, 206 Christianity and Christians 8, 89, 102, 119, 188 the state and Buddhism 88–90, 101–104 Churchill, Winston 48–49, 68, 82 see also monks and the monastic order cinema 32, 114–115 Bureau of Special Investigation 98 Civil Affairs Service (Burma) (CASB) 59–60, 62 Burma Citizenship Law 142–143, 168 Civil Supplies Board (CSB) 59–60 Burma Civil Service 47 Civil Supplies Department 98–99 Burma Defence Army (BDA) 53, 54, 195 Civil Supplies Management Board 105 Burma Economic Development Corporation civil war 2, 37, 73–78, 85, 101, 125–128, 143–144, (BEDC) 105, 112 163, 170, 188, 202, 204 Burma Executive Administration 53 ceaseﬁres 188–190 Burma Freedom Bloc Organization 48, 50 cocaine 26 Burma Frontier Service 37 Cochrane, Sir Archibald 48 Burma Independence Army 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 72 Colombo Plan 178 Burma National Army (BNA) 54, 57, 121 colonial rule/state 1, 8, 10 Burma Oil Company 12 Cold War 1, 2, 77, 78–81, 88, 92, 112, 205 Burma Riﬂes 51 Committee to Combat Economic Insurgency Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP) 3, 107, (CCEI) 98 110, 119, 122–123, 132, 134–147, 148, 202, 204 Communists 102, 148 1988 collapse of 147, 148, 150, 154, 156, 157, Burma Communist Party (BCP) 64, 70, 166, 169, 170 72–74, 76, 90, 125–127, 128, 130, 142–144, formally dissolved 165 163, 167, 188 Burma Suppression of Brothels Act 28 Communist Party of Burma (CPB) 73, 90, see also prostitution 125, 126 Burma Workers’ and Peasants’ Party (BWPP) Marxist League 73–74 79, 85, 89 Conference of States 101 Burmans 5, 7–8, 9, 26, 34, 55, 86, 91, 102, 171, Constitution of 1947 89, 99, 105, 134–135, 157, 173, 202 174

236 Index

Constitution of 1974 107, 153, 156, 174 under BSPP Government 136–140, 144–147 corruption 85, 203 under Japanese 56, 58 Council of Ministers 41, 94 under Nu 81–84 Cowen, John 27 under Revolutionary Council 109, 120–125 Craddock, Sir Reginald 34 under the SLORC-SPDC 171, 182–184, Cultural Revolution 126, 178 196–197 Curzon, Lord 7 see also Defence Services’ Institute Cyclone Nargis 199–200 elections (1947) 64–65 Dagon 192, 193 (1951) 85 Danubyu 166 (1956) 86 Darwood, J. W. 20 (1960) 100, 102 “Death Railway” 51–52 (1974) 136 Defence Services’ Institute (DSI) 99, 105 (1978) 141 Democratic Alliance of Burma 188 (1990) 3, 167–168 Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) electric power 20 188 ethnicity and nationality 9 Democratic National United Front 76 ethnic tensions, violence 25–26, 55, 148, 202 Democratization of Local Administration Europe and Europeans 22, 24, 26, 28, 37, 39, 45, Scheme 101 47, 49, 50, 79 diarchy 35–37, 40 European Union 185, 197 Dipeyin 190 Executive Council 60–61, 62, 63–64, 67, 68 Directorate of Information 113 Excise Act of 1896 26 Dobama Asi-Ayone 41 postwar organization 64, 68 France 144 see also Thakins Freedom and Democracy Act (US) 186 Dobama Sinyetha Party see Maha Bama frontier areas 46, 54, 63, 64, 65–68, 201 Sinyetha Party Furnivall, J. S. 23 Doi Sanchu 144 Fytche Square Incident 32–33 Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald 60–61, 62, 64 Dun, General Smith 67, 77 Galon Tat 48 Galons 15–16 economy 6 Gambari, Ibrahim 197 agriculture 109, 121–125 General Council of Buddhist Associations see Burmanization of business enterprises General Council of Burmese Associations 105–106 General Council of Burmese Associations campaign against economic insurgency (GCBA) 12, 13–14, 38 98–99, 146–147 General Strike of 1946 62, 71 Central Bank, 159 Geneva Convention 178 impact of international sanctions 181, 182, geography 5 183–184, 197 Germany (including East and West) 48, 113, Import Substitution Industrialization 120–121 144–145, 182 joint venture corporations (JVCs) 99, Golden Triangle 127, 144 105–106 Government of Burma Act of 1935 41, 63 land alienation 10–12 Government of India Act of 1919 33, 40 Least Developed Country status 146 Great Depression 11, 14–15, 25, 41, 202 nationalization 82–83, 123, 136 Great Trigonometrical Survey of India 5 oil 52, 58 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere postwar reconstruction 58–60, 81–82 (GEACPS) 53 poverty 202–203 Guomindang (GMD) 77, 79–80, 127, 189, 205 Pyidawtha scheme 82 Gymkhana Club 30 rice export economy 6, 19, 52, 56, 58, 124–125, 136–137, 145–146 Hall, D. G. E. 1 rubber 52 Hanthawaddy 10, 19 rural 6, 10 health and medicine 9, 26–28

Index 237

Hindus 23, 24, 104, 118 Karenni Progressive Party 76, 143 Hla, U 87 Kayan New Land Party 143 Hollywood 98 Kengtung 54 Khin Ma Gyi, Daw 96 Iida, General Shojiro 52–53 Khin Nyunt, Brigadier 164, 173, 174, 176, 177, India (inc. British India) 2, 7, 10–11, 15, 18, 180–181, 190 23–24, 26, 29, 33–35, 38, 49, 50, 57, 60, 104, downfall 181–182, 189 186–187, 199 Khun Sa 128, 144, 188–189 Burma’s separation from 40, 47, 50–51 Konbaung Dynasty 2 security of India 46, 50–51 Korea 32 India Act 1935 40 Korean War 79, 92 Indian Army 51 Kyaw Dun, U 39 Indian Territorial Force 51 Kyaw Min, U 29 Indian Civil Service (ICS) 41, 47 Kyaw Nyein, U 42, 91, 100, 129 Indian Legislative Assembly 47 Indian National Congress 32 labour unions 95, 137 Indian Roundtable Conferences 40 Lahu National Unity Party 143 Indonesia 52, 185 Laos 54, 80, 108, 127, 185 Insein 91, 192 Latter, Thomas 67 Internal Unity Advisory Board (IUAB) 129 Law on the Substitution of Terms 171 International Atomic Energy Commission 187 Law Yone, Edward 130 International Co-operation Administration (US) League for Democracy and Peace (LDP) 165 97 Leftist Unity Programme 74, 88 International Monetary Fund 196 Legislative Council and colonial legislature 25, Irrawaddy Flotilla Company 24, 58, 60 28, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 47, 60 literature 39 Japan and Japanese 32, 45, 49–50, 53, 129, Lo Hsing-han 128 144–145, 182, 183–184 London Agreement 64, 66, 68 Japanese Imperial Army 17, 52, 58, 121 Lower Chindwin District 13 invasion of Burma 29, 50, 51 Lt. Governor’s Council 26 Japanese Military Administration (JMA) Lwin, U 140–141 52–54 Japanese occupation of Burma 2, 37, 46, Maha Bama Sinyetha Party 53, 64, 68 51–57, 58, 71, 72, 73, 84–85, 202, 205 Maha Pasana Guha 89 Mahamuni Shrine 31 Ka Kwe Ye (KKY) militias 128 Mahn Ba Khaing 68 Kachin ethnic group 5, 51, 54, 55, 65–66, 74, 101, Mahn Ba Zan 143 102, 108, 130, 171 Malaya/Malaysia 18, 23, 52, 185 Kachin Hills 37, 66 Mandalay 7, 18, 27, 31, 32, 39, 48, 51, 74, 87, Kachin Independence Army (KIA) 127 117–119, 137, 152, 174, 182, 187, 195, 197 Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) 143, Mandalay University 115, 138 188 Manerplaw 143, 185, 188 Kale 163 Maung Aye 180–181, 189 Karen Central Association 67 Maung Gyi, Sir J. A. 15 Karen ethnic group 5, 8, 9, 51, 54, 55, 65–67, 72, Maung Maung, Colonel 91–92 74–75, 86, 101, 102, 108, 171 Maung Maung, Dr. 152, 153 Karen National Association 67 Maung Maung government 153–160 Karen National Defence Organization (KNDO) Maung Maung Kha, U 152 74, 77, 143 Maymyo 51, 53 Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) 143 Mayoka Uprising of 1913 13 Karen National Union (KNU) 67, 74–75, 130, Meiktila 58 143–144, 163, 185, 188, 190 Mergui 152 Karen Youth League 67 Middle East 187 Karenni or Kayah ethnic group 54, 78, 86, 108, Palestine 49 190 migration, domestic 6–7, 22, 27, 59, 96

238 Index

Ministry of Education 152–153 Nepal 23 Ministry of Information 114 neutrality, neutralism 112, 125 Mon ethnic group 5, 9, 72, 74, 76, 100, 171 New Mon State Party 76, 130 Mon National Defence Organization (MNDO) New Pyidawtha Scheme 101 76 Non-Aligned Movement 81, 178 Mon State Party 76 North Korea 79, 125, 142 Mong Tai Army (MTA) 144, 188–189 Nu, U 3, 42–44, 47, 56, 65, 69, 70, 72–92, Mongpan 54 93–94, 111, 133, 137, 142, 166, 203, 205 monks and the monastic order 2, 4, 5, 12, 14, 16, 1960–1962 100–106 31, 32–33, 48, 89, 103, 116–120, 129, 139–140, bid for power and parallel government of 152, 206 (1988),, see League for Democracy and see also “Saffron Revolution,” Supreme Peace 157 Council of Abbots, Vinicchaya Tribunal deposition of 107–108 Act and neutralism 81, 125 Montagu, Lord 33 release from prison 128–129 Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 33–34 and the UNLF 130–131 Moulmein 18, 33, 50, 76, 131, 150, 152 Muslims 23, 48, 89, 102, 104, 118 Ofﬁce of Strategic Service (US) 55 Mya, Pyawbwe U 68 see also Central Intelligence Agency Mya, Thakin 68 Ohn Maung, U 69 Myaungmya 55 Oilﬁeld Strike of 1938 47 Myingyan 58, 122 Okpo 192 Myint Maung, U 152 opium 26, 80, 128 Myitkyina 58 Ottama, U 32–33, 90, 206 Myochit Party 48, 49, 62, 64, 68 Ottama, Shin 118, 197

Nagani Book Club 86 Padamya 192 National Convention 176, 181, 195 Pakistan 23 National Democratic Front (NDF) 143–144, Pakokku 197, 199 188 Palaung State Liberation Organization 143 National Democratic United Front 76, 125 Pali Education Board Act of 1952 89, 118 National League for Democracy (NLD) 3, 4, 158, Pali University and Dhammacariya Act 89, 165–167, 169, 173, 174–176, 178–181, 191 118 denied power by the military 168, 170 Palu 144 sweeps the 1990 elections 168 Panglong Agreement 66 National Liberation Alliance 76 Panglong Conference of 1946 65 National Liberation Council 127 Panglong Conference of 1947 65–67 National Literary Association 114 Parliament (Burmese) 64, 67, 78, 86, 94, 99, 100, National Religious Minorities Alliance 102 103, 104, 109 National Solidarity Associations (NSAs) 95 dissolution of (1962) 108 Parliamentary Democracy Party (PDP) 129, National United Front (NUF) 86, 94, 99, 109, 130 121, 127 Paungde Group 120 National United Party 110 Paw Tun, Sir 49 National Unity Party (NUP) 165, 168, 171, 178 Pe Maung Tin, Professor 44 nationalism, emergence of 32–38 Pe Thein, U 87 Nationalist Party 38 Pegu 131, 150, 152 Naypyidaw Myodaw 193, 195 Pegu Hills 126 Ne Win, General 3, 51, 54, 77, 86, 92, 93–94, 99, People Win Through, The 88 205 107, 133, 135–141, 143, 146, 149, 165, 168, 169, People’s Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw 135–136 141, 170–171, 177, 179, 204, 206 146, 154, 156 1962 coup and 108–109 People’s Comrade Party 76 collapse of in 1988 People’s Liberation Army 79, 187 family implicated in coup attempt 180 People’s Volunteer Organization (PVO) 62, Nehru, Jawaharlal 78, 88 72–74, 76, 85

Index 239

Philippines 52 Russian Civil War 76 photography 39 Russo-Japanese War 32, 49 Po Hlaing, U 40 police 27, 33, 36, 98, 138, 149–150 “Saffron Revolution, The,” 1, 4, 196–199, 200, Policy Direction Board for Newspapers, 206 Journals, and Publications 113 Sagaing 13, 195 postcards 5 San, hsaya and his rebellion 13–16, 90 press 22, 45, 86–88, 101, 104–105, 109, 111–114, San Yu, Brigadier 108, 134, 138, 140–141, 145, 146, 153, 168, 169 150, 151 Press Registration Board 113 Sandhurst Military Academy 67 Press Scrutiny Board 113 Sao Shwe Taik 70 Printers and Publishers Registration Act 113–114 Saw, U 48–49, 62, 64, 65, 68–71 Saw Maung, General 146, 152, 159 Prome 31, 58, 91, 150, 154 as head of the SLORC 160–163, 164, 173–177 prostitution 26–28, 39, 186 launches coup 159–160, 182 Pu, U 48 removed from power 177 Public Opinion Soliciting Commission (1988) Saw Myint, Colonel 111 154 Scheduled Areas see frontier areas Pyapon 15 Security and Administrative Committees (SACs) Pyinmana 193, 195 111, 135 Sein Lwin, General 149, 151–153 Rance, Sir Hubert 62, 67, 68, 70 Sein Win, Brigadier 108, 140–141 Rangoon 2, 5, 6, 18–45, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 75, Shan ethnic group 5, 7, 16, 37, 65–66, 86, 101, 86, 91, 96–99, 103, 111, 117, 126, 128, 131, 138, 102, 108, 127, 144, 189 139, 146, 150, 152, 153, 154, 166, 179, 180, Shan sawbwas 37 54, 66, 77–78, 108, 201 192–193, 199 Shan State Army 130 sanitation problems 25 Shan State Progressive Party 143 satellite towns 96–97 Shan State(s) 37, 54, 65–66, 77, 79, 108, 128 “sweat campaigns” 96–98 Shan United Army (SUA) 144 Rangoon Arts and Sciences University (RASU) “Shoe Question, The,” 31 149 Shwe Sandaw Pagoda 31 Rangoon College 34 Shwebo 13 Rangoon Corporation 47, 96 Shwedagon Pagoda 25, 31, 44, 57, 138, 152, Rangoon Development Trust (RDT) 21 155 Rangoon Institute of Technology (RIT) 138, Shwegyin Sangha 116, 140 148–149 Simon, Sir John 40 Rangoon Police Act of 1899 27 Simon Commission 40 Rangoon University (RU) 41, 42, 57, 59, 115–116, Singapore 18, 23, 114, 185 138, 139, 192 Sinn Fein 42 Rangoon University Student Union (RUSU) 34, Sinyetha Party 48 42–44, 48, 116, 138 Sixth Great Buddhist Council 90, 103 destruction of the RUSU building 43, 116, Slim, Lt.-General William 57 151 Sloss, D. J. 42, 44 Raschid, U 44 Social Democratic Party 78 Razak, A 68–69 Socialist Economic Planning Committee 110 Reclamation Advisory Committee 21 Socialist Party 85 Revolutionary Council 3, 107–132, 133, 150, 153, Soe, Thakin 73, 126 170, 204, 206 Soe Win, Lt.-General 181–182 Revolutionary Nationality Liberation Alliance Sorrento Villa Conference 81–82 127 South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) riots manual 15 80–81 Rohingyas 184–185, see also Muslims South Korea 79, 125, 141–142, 184 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 49 Southeast Asia 52, 80, 179 Rotary Club 30 Soviet Union 73, 86, 122, 125, 126, 150, 187, 205, Rowe & Company 21, 41 206

240 Index

Sri Lanka 10, 23 Thayetmyo 27 State Law and Order Restoration Council The Thirty Comrades 49–52, 126, (SLORC) 4, 160–169, 171–178, 182, 183–185, 152 188–189, 190, 192–193, 199, 206 Thein Maung, U 31 dissolved 179 Thein Swe, Brigadier General 182 State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) Thudhamma Sangha 116, 140 4, 179–181, 186–187, 189–192, 193, 195, 199, Tin 52 203, 206 Tin, Thakin 91 State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee 152–153 Tin Oo 140, 141, 180 Tin Pe, Brigadier 3, 108, 121–123, 132, 147, 150, Statutory Commission 40 170, 204 Stopford, Lt.-General Sir Montagu 57 forced into retirement 136 students and politics 115–116, 129, 138–139, Tin U 158–159, 165–167 149–150, 152, 163–164 Tojo, General Hideki 53, 56 University strike of 1920–1921 34–35 Tokyo 50 University strike of 1932 42–44 Tong Peng 65 Sukarno 78 Toungoo 51 Sun, The 16 50 Trade Council 124 Supreme Council of Abbots 198 transportation 20–21, 98, 105 Suzuki, Keiji 50 Trinity Hall, Cambridge 29 System of Correlation of Man and His Tun Oke, Thakin 52 Environment, The 122 Tun Sein, Colonel U 96–98 Tun Ti n , U 146 Taik Leong 24 Thailand Revolutionary Council 144 Union of Burma Bank 155 Union of Burma National Muslim Affairs Taiwan 50, 79–80, 127–128, 184 Committee 102 Taungbyin 119 Union National Democracy Party 166 Taunggyi 101, 150 Union Pa-O National Organization 143 Taungup Road 109 Tavoy 50, 163 Union Solidarity and Development Association taxation 8, 38 (USDA) 190–191, 204 Telegraph Ofﬁce 108 United National Liberation Front (UNLF) Telugus 23–24 130–131, 143 Tenancy Law Amending Law 123 United Nationality Front 127 Tenasserim 50 United Nations (UN) 79, 80, 137, 146, 198, Thailand 50, 52, 54, 80, 127–131, 144, 163, 179, 199 181, 184, 185, 187, 189 United Party 47 Thaketa 96 United Sanghas Association 102 Thakins 41–42, 48, 50, 52, 55–56 United States (US) 32, 79–80, 86–87, 88, see also Dobama Asi-Ayone 128, 129, 144, 182, 184, 185, 189, 197, Than Sein, Lt.-General 182 205 Than Shwe, General 177, 180, 181, 189, 191, 193, United States Agency for International 196, 198, 200 Development (USAID) 122 succeeds Saw Maung 177 United Wa State Army 188, 189 Than Tin, Thakin 50 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 161 Than Tun, Brigadier General 182 Than Tun, Thakin 42, 44, 56, 70, 73, 86, University Act 34 126–127 Thanpinit 152 Vietnam 32, 54, 108 Thant, U 88, 137–138 village 6 Tharrawaddy 10, 13, 15, 16, 91 Village Act 7 Tharrawaddy U Pu 38 village associations 12–13 Thathanabaing 31 village headman 6, 7, 12, 13 Thay Baw Bo 163 Vinasaya Act of 1949 89

Index 241

Vinicchaya Tribunal Act 118 World Peace Pagoda 89 Voice of America (VOA) 163, 164 World War II 46, 48, 55, 73, 81, 89, 96, 195, 203

Wa ethnic group 127 Washington DC 49 Yan Aung, Bo 126 White Bridge Incident 149, 151 Yangon see Rangoon Whyte, Sir A. F. 35 Yawnghwe 70 Win Maung, U 86 “Yellow” Culture 114 women 35, 37, 38–40, 77, 176 Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) 31, World Bank 144–145 38