ICLG

The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Litigation & Dispute Resolution 2019

12th Edition

A practical cross-border insight into litigation and dispute resolution work

Published by Global Legal Group, in association with CDR, with contributions from:

A&L Goodbody Esenyel|Partners Lawyers & Consultants Oon & Bazul LLP Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP Ferbrache & Farrell LLP Pinheiro Neto Advogados Arcas Law GrayRobinson, P.A. Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP Arendt & Medernach SA Hamdan AlShamsi Lawyers & Rahmat Lim & Partners Bae, Kim & Lee LLC Legal Consultants RELEVANS Law Firm Bär & Karrer Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP Rui Bai Law Firm Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP Kammeradvokaten/ Poul Schmith Sárhegyi & Partners Law Firm Bloomfield Law Practice Laude Esquier Champey SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Borenius Attorneys Ltd Lennox Paton Gatmaitan Browne advokati Linklaters LLP V. D. Ikonomidis and Associates Candia Advocates and Legal Miller & Chevalier Chartered Law Firm Consultants Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Wijn & Stael Advocaten Chiuariu & Associates Mulla & Mulla & Craigie Blunt & Caroe Woods LLP Clayton Utz Munari Cavani Covington & Burling LLP Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu Eric Silwamba, Jalasi and Linyama Norburg & Scherp Legal Practitioners Oblin Attorneys at Law The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Litigation & Dispute Resolution 2019

General Chapters: 1 Key Considerations for Parties in Foreign Proceedings Seeking to Access Evidence from Third Parties Based in England and Wales – Greg Lascelles & Julia Steinhardt, Covington & Burling LLP 1 2 Commencing a Class Action in the Netherlands – Koen Rutten & Jordy Hurenkamp, Wijn & Stael Advocaten 5

Contributing Editors Country Question and Answer Chapters: Greg Lascelles and Julia Steinhardt, Covington & 3 Australia Clayton Utz: Colin Loveday & Scott Grahame 9 Burling LLP 4 Austria OBLIN Attorneys at Law: Dr. Klaus Oblin 18 Sales Director Florjan Osmani 5 Belgium Arcas Law: Joost Verlinden & Lieselot Verdonck 25 Account Director 6 Brazil Pinheiro Neto Advogados: Renato Stephan Grion & Oliver Smith Guilherme Piccardi de Andrade Silva 32 Sales Support Manager Toni Hayward 7 British Virgin Islands Lennox Paton: Scott Cruickshank & Phillip Baldwin 41

Sub Editor 8 Canada – Québec Woods LLP: Marie-Louise Delisle & Louis Sévéno 56 Amy Norton Senior Editors 9 Canada – Excluding Québec Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP: Erin Hoult & Josianne Rocca 63 Caroline Collingwood Rachel Williams 10 China Rui Bai Law Firm: Wen Qin & Lei Yang 71

CEO 11 Denmark Kammeradvokaten/ Poul Schmith: Henrik Nedergaard Thomsen & Dror Levy Kasper Mortensen 77

Group Consulting Editor 12 England & Wales Covington & Burling LLP: Greg Lascelles & Julia Steinhardt 85 Alan Falach 13 Finland Borenius Attorneys Ltd: Kristiina Liljedahl & Caius Honkanen 97 Publisher Rory Smith 14 France Laude Esquier Champey: Olivier Laude & Ana-Maria Constantinescu 104 Published by 15 Germany Linklaters LLP: Dr. Christian Schmitt & Dr. Kerstin Wilhelm 113 Global Legal Group Ltd. 59 Tanner Street 16 Greece V. D. Ikonomidis and Associates Law Firm: Vassilios Ikonomidis & London SE1 3PL, UK Georgia Patili 120 Tel: +44 20 7367 0720 Fax: +44 20 7407 5255 17 Guernsey Ferbrache & Farrell LLP: Martin Jones & Alison Antill 127 Email: [email protected] URL: www.glgroup.co.uk 18 Hungary Sárhegyi & Partners Law Firm: Dr. András Lovas & GLG Cover Design Dr. Viktória Perényi 134 F&F Studio Design 19 India Mulla & Mulla & Craigie Blunt & Caroe: Siddharth Thacker 142 GLG Cover Image Source iStockphoto 20 Ireland A&L Goodbody: Caoimhe Clarkin & Marcus Walsh 150 Printed by 21 Italy Munari Cavani: Raffaele Cavani & Bruna Alessandra Fossati 161 Stephens & George February 2019 22 Japan Nagashima Ohno & Tsunematsu: Koki Yanagisawa 169

Copyright © 2019 23 Korea Bae, Kim & Lee LLC: Kap-You (Kevin) Kim & John P. Bang 177 Global Legal Group Ltd. All rights reserved 24 Luxembourg Arendt & Medernach SA: Marianne Rau 185 No photocopying 25 Malaysia Rahmat Lim & Partners: Jack Yow & Daphne Koo 192 ISBN 978-1-912509-56-0 ISSN 1757-2789 26 Netherlands Wijn & Stael Advocaten: Koen Rutten & Carlijn Tjoa 199 Strategic Partners 27 Nigeria Bloomfield Law Practice: Michael Abiiba & Azeezat Ogunjimi 206

28 Philippines SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan: Ramon G. Songco & Anthony W. Dee 213

29 Romania Chiuariu & Associates: Dr. Tudor Chiuariu 220

30 Russia Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP: Dmitry Ivanov & Grigory Marinichev 226

PEFC Certified 31 Serbia Browne advokati: Vesna Browne 234

This product is from sustainably managed forests and 32 Singapore Oon & Bazul LLP: Sean La’Brooy & Kaili Ang 242 controlled sources

PEFC/16-33-254 www.pefc.org Continued Overleaf

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Disclaimer This publication is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehensive full legal or other advice. Global Legal Group Ltd. and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this publication. This publication is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need advice. Full legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations.

WWW.ICLG.COM The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Litigation & Dispute Resolution 2019

Country Question and Answer Chapters: 33 Slovakia RELEVANS Law Firm: Alexander Kadela & Tomáš Bardelčí 249

34 Sweden Norburg & Scherp: Fredrik Norburg & Pontus Scherp 259

35 Switzerland Bär & Karrer: Matthew Reiter & Dr. Alain Grieder 266

36 Turkey Esenyel|Partners Lawyers & Consultants: Selçuk Sencer Esenyel 274

37 Uganda Candia Advocates and Legal Consultants: Candia Emmanuel & Geofrey Bwire 281

38 United Arab Emirates Hamdan AlShamsi Lawyers & Legal Consultants: Hamdan AlShamsi 290

39 USA – Delaware Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP: Jonathan A. Choa & John A. Sensing 297

40 USA – Florida GrayRobinson, P.A.: Leora Freire & Leslie Arsenault Metz 305

41 USA – Maryland Miller & Chevalier Chartered: John C. Eustice & Michael N. Khalil 312

42 USA – New York Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP: Chris Paparella & Justin Ben-Asher 318

43 USA – Pennsylvania Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP: Michael W. McTigue Jr. & Marie Bussey-Garza 326

44 USA – Virginia Miller & Chevalier Chartered: John C. Eustice & Brian A. Hill 333

45 USA – Washington, D.C. Miller & Chevalier Chartered: Brian A. Hill & John C. Eustice 340

46 Zambia Eric Silwamba, Jalasi and Linyama Legal Practitioners: Lubinda Linyama & Joseph Alexander Jalasi 346

EDITORIAL

Welcome to the twelfth edition of The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Litigation & Dispute Resolution. This guide provides corporate counsel and international practitioners with a comprehensive worldwide legal analysis of the laws and regulations of litigation and dispute resolution. It is divided into two main sections: Two general chapters. These are designed to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of key issues affecting litigation and dispute resolution work. Country question and answer chapters. These provide a broad overview of common issues in litigation and dispute resolution in 44 jurisdictions, with the USA being sub-divided into seven separate state-specific chapters. All chapters are written by leading litigation and dispute resolution lawyers and industry specialists, and we are extremely grateful for their excellent contributions. Special thanks are reserved for the contributing editors Greg Lascelles and Julia Steinhardt of Covington & Burling LLP for their invaluable assistance. Global Legal Group hopes that you find this guide practical and interesting. The International Comparative Legal Guide series is also available online at www.iclg.com.

Alan Falach LL.M. Group Consulting Editor Global Legal Group [email protected] Chapter 20 Ireland Caoimhe Clarkin

A&L Goodbody Marcus Walsh

I. LITIGATION 2. The Circuit Court The Circuit Court is a level above the District Court. Ireland 1 Preliminaries is divided into eight circuits organised on a regional basis. Where a claim does not exceed €75,000 (or €65,000 in a personal injuries claim), it should be brought in a Circuit 1.1 What type of legal system has your jurisdiction got? Court. Again, the rules governing which Circuit Court has Are there any rules that govern civil procedure in your jurisdiction over a claim are set out in statute. jurisdiction? As set out above, the Circuit Court also acts as an appeal court for appeals from the District Court. Ireland is a common law jurisdiction. The key sources of law are the The High Court acts as an appeal court from the Circuit Court Irish constitution, parliamentary legislation, European Union law, and in civil matters. Appeals proceed by way of a full rehearing the common law (previous decisions of the Irish superior courts). The and the decision of the High Court is final. civil Irish superior courts are the High Court, the Court of Appeal, and 3. The High Court Supreme Court and they have strong judicial review powers, with the The High Court is established by the Irish Constitution. It is jurisdiction to invalidate parliamentary legislation on the basis that it the highest court in which original civil proceedings can be is incompatible with the Irish constitution or EU law. initiated. It has unlimited monetary jurisdiction and hears Irish civil procedure is governed by three sets of rules of court: civil cases exceeding €75,000 in value. Cases are usually heard by one judge, who determines both the factual and ■ the Rules of the Superior Courts (applicable to the Supreme legal questions in dispute. Juries are only used in defamation Court, Court of Appeal and High Court); and civil assault claims. There are specialist judges for ■ the Circuit Court Rules (applicable to the Circuit Court); and competition, arbitration, and admiralty cases. ■ the District Court Rules (applicable to the District Court). As set out above, the High Court also acts as an appeal court Where the Circuit or District Court Rules are silent as to applicable for appeals from the Circuit Court. procedure, the Rules of the Superior Courts will generally apply. Normally, an appeal of a High Court decision will be to the Further, the Courts generally have broad case-management powers. Court of Appeal. However, in exceptional circumstances, The Commercial Court, in particular, has strict case-management where a matter of general public importance is at issue or where the interests of justice require, a High Court decision procedures. Detailed case-management rules for the normal High can be appealed directly to the Supreme Court. Court have also been recently enacted, but are not yet in force. 4. The Court of Appeal The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear appeals in civil 1.2 How is the civil court system in your jurisdiction proceedings from the High Court. Decisions of the Court of structured? What are the various levels of appeal and Appeal can be appealed to the Supreme Court if the Supreme are there any specialist courts? Court is satisfied that the case involves a matter of general public importance or if it is in the interests of justice to hear There are five levels of civil courts in Ireland and one specialist the appeal. court. 5. The Supreme Court 1. The District Court The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal in Ireland. In The District Court is the lowest Irish court. Ireland is divided most circumstances, the Supreme Court can determine into 23 District Court areas organised on a regional basis. whether it hears an appeal from the High Court or Court of Where a claim does not exceed €15,000, it should be brought Appeal based on the general public importance of the matters in a District Court (unless the District Court is not entitled to at hand or on whether the interests of justice require the Court hear that type of claim, e.g. it cannot hear defamation cases). to hear the matter. Statute sets out the rules governing which District Court area EU law is supreme to Irish law in the sphere of Ireland’s is the proper jurisdiction for a matter – e.g. a District Court is obligations as a Member State of the EU. As such, as there is entitled to exercise jurisdiction where the defendant is no appeal from the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court has a ordinarily resident within the relevant District Court area. duty to refer questions of EU law to the Courts of Justice of Civil decisions of the District Court can be appealed to the the European Union before deciding such issues (unless EU Circuit Court. Appeals proceed by way of a full rehearing law is clear on the issue). and the decision of the Circuit Court is final.

150 WWW.ICLG.COM ICLG TO: LITIGATION & DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 1. District Courtprocedure,generallythesefourstagesapply. some differences between High CourtprocedureandCircuit The focusbelowisonHighCourtcivilproceedings. While thereare stages fortypicalcontractortortclaims,whichareoutlinedbelow. proceedings beingbrought. That said,therearebroadlyfourmain The mainstagesofIrishcivilproceedingswilldependonthetype 1.3 6. A&L Goodbody ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 (d) (c) (b) (a) jurisdiction? Whatistheirunderlyingtimeframe What arethemainstagesincivilproceedingsyour circumstances ofthematter. the Courtof Appeal ortheSupremeCourt,dependingon appeals fromtheCommercialCourtcansimilarlybemadeto As theCommercialCourtisadivisionofHighCourt, of entry. entry totheCommercialCourtandthereisnoautomaticright ordinary HighCourtproceedings.Partieshavetoapplyfor ensure casesprogressinamuchquickermannerthan proceedings. Strictcase-managementrulesareappliedto value inexcessof€1million)andintellectualproperty complex high-networthcommercialcases(generallywitha Court, establishedtoexpeditiouslyandeffectively resolve The CommercialCourtisaspecialistdivisionoftheHigh Specialist court–theCommercialCourt Pleadings trial procedures)? (please includeabriefdescriptionofanyexpedited A defendantisgenerallyrequiredtoenteran Appearance Appearance summons forafurthersixmonths. application canbemadetotheCourtrenew having beenissued,afterwhichitlapses.However, an A summonsmaybeservedwithin12monthsfrom an opportunitytoenter Appearance todefendtheaction. that anactionisbeingtakenagainstthemandgives originating summons. The summons alertsthedefendants Most HighCourtproceedingsareinitiatedbyan Summons should setoutwhat elementsoftheStatementClaim days ofdeliverytheStatement Claim. The Defence The defendantisrequiredtodeliver aDefencewithin28 Defence within the21-dayperiod. struck outiftheStatementofClaim isnotdelivered theory, thedefendantcanapplytohave proceedings the StatementofClaim,beforedeliveringsame.In should seekthedefendant’s consenttothelatedeliveryof being filed.Outsideofthattimeperiod,theplaintiff defendant within21daysofthedefendant’s Appearance The StatementofClaimshouldbedeliveredtothe out therelevantfactsandbasisfordamagesclaim. the claimtheyhavetomeetattrial. As such,itshouldset made againstthedefendant,sothatdefendantknows Claim, whichshouldsetoutthedetailsofclaimbeing The plaintiff’s primarypleadingistheStatementof Statement ofClaim consider filingaconditional Appearance. jurisdiction toheartheclaim,defendantshould If anyquestionmarkarisesinrespectoftheCourt’s against thedefendant. Appearance, theplaintiff can proceedtoseekjudgment eight-day period.Ifthedefendantfailstoenteran before enteringthe Appearance outsideoftheinitial summons. Consentshouldbesoughtfromtheplaintiff within eightdaysofhavingbeingservedwitha

2. convention. Choice ofCourtConventioninrespect ofcontractingpartiestothat clauses. Irelandhassimilarobligations pursuanttotheHague Further, EUlawrequiresmostMemberStates toenforcesuch there isagoodreasonnottodoso. The Irishcourtswillenforceexclusive jurisdictionclauses,unless 1.4 4. 3. issues indisputeandthesavingofcosts. This processis documents whicharerelevantandnecessarytoresolvingthe both partiesseekingfromeachotherinformationand the proceedingswillbediscoveryprocess. This involves between thepartiesshouldbeclear. The nextmainstageof the deliveryofaDefence. At thispointtheissuesindispute Normally, thepleadingswillbeconsideredtoclosedwith Discovery to exclusivejurisdictionclauses? What isyourjurisdiction’s localjudiciary’s approach of materialtobeputtheCourt. and dependsonthecomplexityofissuesvolume arguments totheCourt. The lengthoftrialsvariesgreatly parties willpresenttheirevidenceandmakelegal The finalmainstageoftheproceedingsistrial. The Trial common groundinadvanceofthetrial(seequestion8.4). The Courtcanalsodirectexpertwitnessestomeetidentify High Courtproceedings,butarenotthedefaultapproach. Similar directionscanbemadeinnon-CommercialCourt from it. enforced bytheCourtunlesstherearegoodreasonstodepart proceedings’ timetable,andthattimetablewillbestrictly legal submissions. Again, thiswillbepartofthe exchange factualandexpertwitnessstatements,aswell In theCommercialCourt,partieswillbedirectedto preparation forthetrialofproceedings. expert witnessstatements,aswelllegalsubmissions,in After discovery, thepartieswillnormallypreparefactualand Witnesses &LegalSubmissions effectively. in CommercialCourtcasestoensurethecaseprogresses documents atissue. Again, stricterdeadlineswillbeimposed on thecomplexityofmattersathandandvolume The timingofthediscoveryprocessvarieswidelydepending discussed inmoredetailsection7below. That timetablewillberigidlyenforced. usually agreedordirectedatthefirstdirectionshearing. In theCommercialCourt,afulltimetableforpleadingsis so, buttherecouldbeaccompanyingcostsconsequences. exercise itsdiscretiontoextendtimelinesifitisjustdo the permissionofCourt. The Courtwillgenerally be extendedwiththeconsentofotherpartyor Depending onthecircumstances,abovetimingscan which requiregreaterclarity. Notice forParticulars,identifyingelementsoftheclaim what claimtheyhavetomeet,thedefendantcanraisea Claim lackssufficient detailforthedefendanttoknow Where adefendantisoftheviewthatStatement a Defence. generally givethedefendanteveryopportunitytodeliver can applytoseekjudgment.However, theCourtwill If thedefendantfailstodeliveraDefence,plaintiff Counterclaim withinthesameperiod. against theplaintiff, theycanserveaDefenceand are admittedordenied.Ifthedefendanthasaclaim WWW.ICLG.COM Ireland

151 Ireland 152 Ireland litigation. parties tobuyinsuranceagainstthe riskofbeingunsuccessfulinthe permissible ifitmeetscertainrequirements. Suchinsuranceallows After-The-Event insurancehasbeenheldbytheIrishcourtstobe award totheirclient. solicitor maynotcharge theirfeeonthebasisofapercentage ultimately successfullyresolvedintheclient’s favour. However, a legal teammayagreenottocharge theclientunlessclaimis although Contingency/conditional feearrangementsarenotpermissible, portion of)theircostsagainstthatlegitimatelitigationfunder. litigation, itispossibleforthesuccessfuldefendanttoseek(a the litigation.Ifplaintiff companyisunsuccessfulinthe the basisthattheyhavealegitimateinterestinplaintiff pursuing plaintiff companycouldbe entitledtoprovidelitigationfundingon outcome oftheproceedings.Forexample,shareholdera circumstances inwhichthatpartyhasalegitimateinterestthe circumstances. Itispermissibleforathirdpartytofundlitigationin However, certaintypesoffundingarepermittedinlimited so wouldconstitutechamperty. return foraportionoftheawardiflitigationissuccessful. To do of thelitigation.Similarly, athirdpartycannotfundlitigationin proceedings wheretheyhavenolegitimateinterestintheoutcome funding. Itisnotpermissibleforathirdpartytomaintain Ireland hastraditionallyhadrestrictiverulesaroundlitigation 1.6 are unsuccessfulinthelitigation. the clientthattheymaybeliableforotherparty’s costsifthey the work,orwiththeirhourlyrates. They mustalsomakeclearto their clientswithproposedfeeforthework,aestimate at theoutsetofanyengagement,solicitorsarerequiredtoprovide There arenoformalrulesoncostsbudgetinginIreland.However, relation toelementsoftheconductDistrictCourtproceedings. District Court,whichattributesvaluesmaybeclaimedin Unlike inotherIrishcourts,thereisaspecificscaleofcoststhe been broughtinthatcourt. the CircuitCourt’s monetaryjurisdictionandthereforeshouldhave pay aportionofthedefendant’s costsbecausethatclaimfellwithin Court awardsaplaintiff €50,000,theplaintiff willusually haveto taken willusuallybepenalisedoncosts.Forexample,iftheHigh the monetaryjurisdictionofcourtinwhichproceedingswere discretion. A successfulpartywhosedamagesawarddoesnotreach unsuccessful party, butthematterisentirelywithinCourt’s The successfulpartyisgenerallyawardedtheircostsagainstthe solicitors tocharge hourlyrates. spent onthematter. Bothcanprovideestimatesanditisusualfor Both solicitorandbarristercostsnormallyreflecttheamountoftime in whichtheproceedingsarebeingbrought. complexity oftheissues,volumeevidence,andcourt The costsofcivilproceedingsvarywidelydependingonthe 1.5 A&L Goodbody WWW.ICLG.COM rules oncostsbudgeting? jurisdiction? Whobearsthesecosts? Are thereany What arethecostsofcivilcourtproceedingsinyour fee arrangementspermissible? in yourjurisdiction? Are contingencyfee/conditional Are thereanyparticularrulesaboutfundinglitigation no win,fee arrangementsarepermitted. Therefore, a

ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 However, itismuchmoredifficult togetsecurityagainstapersonal company, regardlessofwherethecompany’s registeredoffice is. Generally, apartycanseeksecurityforcostsagainstplaintiff 1.8 question 1.6. The rulesinrelationtonon-partylitigationfundingaresetoutat the defenceofinsured’s proceedings)ispermittedinIreland. Further, subrogation(e.g.whereaninsurancecompanytakesover attaching tothepropertyareassignedaspartofsale). of otherrelatedrights(e.g.whereapropertyissoldandlitigation when theassignedlitigationrightsareincidentaltoa There isanunsettledexceptiontotheaboveprinciple,whichmayarise champerty. policy. Suchanassignmentisconsideredtofallwithinthescopeof connection withtheunderlyingclaimisvoidasamatterofpublic of aclaimorbarecauseactiontosomeonewhohasno The IrishSupremeCourthasrecentlyconfirmedthattheassignment 1.7 fraud, thiswillnormally extendtherelevanttimeperiod. Ireland. However, wherethecauseofactionhas been concealedby There arestatutorytimelimitsfor commencingproceedingsin 2.2 not liable. will notberesponsibleforthecostsofanypartyultimatelyfound necessary, allpotentialdefendantswillbesuedandthattheplaintiff defendants toidentifythemselves. The letterwillwarnthat,if will usuallywritetoallpotentialdefendantscallingupontheproper If thereismorethanonepotentialdefendant,theplaintiff’s solicitor taken intoaccountbytheCourtwhenconsideringcostsawards. action, callinguponthemtoadmitliability. Suchalettercanbe usually sendawarninglettertothedefendantbeforeinitiatinglegal Although thereisnorequirementtodoso,aplaintiff’s solicitorwill Injuries Board)beforeissuingproceedings. authorisation fromtheState’s claimsassessmentbody(thePersonal In personalinjuriesaction,therecanalsoberequirementstoget declaration confirmingtheyhavecompliedwiththisrequirement. permitted togoforwardunlessthesolicitorfilesastatutory mediation beforeproceedingsareissued.Proceedingswillnotbe A solicitormustadvisetheirclientoftheoptionandadvantages 2.1 respect ofthecostsdiscovery. However, securitycanbesoughtagainstanytypeofplaintiff in plaintiff, particularlyifthey resideinIrelandorelsewheretheEU. 2 legal costs? Can apartyobtainsecurityfor/aguaranteeoverits those proceedings? for anon-partytolitigationproceedingsfinance cause ofactioninyourjurisdiction?Isitpermissible Are thereanyconstraintstoassigningaclaimor treated asasubstantiveorprocedural lawissue? courts? Howaretheycalculated? Are timelimits claim forthebringingofproceedings beforeyourcivil What limitationperiodsapplytodifferentclassesof comply beforeyouinitiateproceedings? Is thereanyparticularformalitywithwhichyoumust Before CommencingProceedings bona fide Ireland transfer

3.1 part ofthedefendant’s Defence. Arguments astowhetheraclaimistime-barredshouldbepleaded claim. from whentheplaintiff kneworoughttohaveknowntheyhada A personalinjuriesclaimmustbecommencedwithintwoyears Claims relatingtolandgenerallyshouldbebroughtwithin12years. limited circumstances). the publication(butthiscanbeextendedtotwoyearsincertain A defamationclaimshouldnormallybebroughtwithinoneyearof within sixyearsoftheactionaccruing. Most claimsbasedonbreachofcontractortortmustbebrought A&L Goodbody ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 full hearingoftheproceedings. maintain the interim remediesinIreland. The objectiveoftheseinjunctions isto Interim andinterlocutoryinjunctionsareavailableaspre-action 3.2 the HighCourtwilldirectforservicetobeeffected. there iscompliancewiththerelevantrequirements,Masterof law, theHagueServiceConvention,orneitherapplies,andwhether through theMasterofHighCourt.DependingonwhetherEU The surestmethodofserviceforeignproceedingsinIrelandis Hague ServiceConventiondonotapply. leave toservedocumentsoutsideofthejurisdictionifEUlawor Master oftheHighCourt. A plaintiff mustapplytotheCourtfor In thosecircumstancesthesummonsmustbelodgedwith documents inacontractingpartytotheHagueServiceConvention. also bepermitted. A somewhatsimilarprocessisrequiredtoserve consular agents,servicebyregisteredpost,ordirectmay Depending uponthecircumstances,servicethroughdiplomaticor for servicebytherelevantagencyinotherMemberState. lodged withtheCountyRegistrarwhowilltransmitdocuments Irish court’s jurisdictioninthematter. The summonscanthenbe summons shouldbeappropriatelyendorsedwiththebasisfor If proceedingsarebeingservedinanotherEUMemberState,the would normallybeexpectedtodelivered. services areused,thesummonsisdeemedtobeservedondateit documents atthecompany’s registeredaddress. Where postal post. Companiescanbeservedbyordinarypostorleavingthe personal service),orbysendingthesummonstothemregistered Individuals canbeservedbyhandingthemthedocument(i.e. for commencingproceedingsintheDistrictandCircuitCourts. must beservedonthedefendant. The procedureisbroadlysimilar summons issuedbythecourtoffice. Onceissued,thesummons High Courtproceedingsareusuallycommencedbyhavinga 3 foreign proceedingsinyourjurisdiction? jurisdiction? Isthereapreferredmethodofservice service? Howisserviceeffectedoutsideyour service arethere?Whatisthedeemeddateof served) inyourjurisdiction?Whatvariousmeansof How arecivilproceedingscommenced(issuedand Commencing Proceedings the maincriteriaforobtainingthese? jurisdiction? Howdoyouapplyforthem?Whatare Are anypre-actioninterimremediesavailableinyour status quo betweenthepartiesuntiltherehas beena

swear anaffidavit verifying theallegedfacts. personal injuriesanddefamationproceedings,theclaimantmust around anyintentiontocallexpertevidence,ifapplicable.In fraud. A HighCourtStatementofClaimmustalsodisclosedetails there isanonusontheclaimanttoprovidedetailedparticularsof Where theclaimantpleadsfraudorfraudulentmisrepresentation, be therelevantfactsofclaimandbasisforreliefsought. be theStatementofClaim. The mainelementsofthatpleadingwill As setoutatquestion1.3above,theclaimant’s mainpleadingwill 3.3 reliefs inIreland. and NorwichPharmacalOrdersarealsoavailableaspre-action Quia timet ultimately unsuccessfulinthesubstantiveproceedings. by theotherpartyasaresultofinjunctionifapplicantis will berequiredtogiveanundertakingpayanydamagessuffered convenience liesinfavourofgrantinganinjunction. The applicant damages arenotanadequateremedy, andthatthebalanceof Court hastobesatisfiedthatthereisaseriousissuetried, hearing withallpartiespresent.Ingrantingsuchaninjunction,the emergency cases.Interlocutoryinjunctionsaregrantedaftera party present).Suchapplicationsareusuallyreservedforurgent or Interim injunctionsaregranted circumstances. exercise itsusualdiscretion in respectofcostssuch Defence orcounterclaim,inwhole orinpart. Again, theCourtwill A defendantmustseekleavefrom the Courttowithdrawtheir its usualdiscretioninrelationtocosts. withdraw theirclaiminwholeorpartandtheCourtwillexercise Otherwise, theplaintiff mustapplyforleaveoftheCourtto them inthesecircumstances. the leaveofCourt.Itisuptopartiesagreecostsbetween are setdownfortrial,withtheconsentofdefendantandwithout claim inwhole(butnotpart)atanytimebeforetheproceedings Further, toencourage settlement,theplaintiff canwithdrawtheir dealing withthewithdrawnelements. of theCourt,butwillbeliablefordefendant’s costsincurredin plaintiff canwithdrawtheirclaiminwholeorpartwithoutleave Pleadings canbewithdrawn. At theearlystagesofproceedings, 3.5 party. may notbegrantedwheretheamendmentwouldprejudiceother determine theissuesindisputebetweenparties.However, leave The Courtwillallowamendmentswheretheyarenecessaryto time limits. After that,thepartiesmustapplyforleavetoamend. Pleadings canbeamendedwithoutleaveoftheCourtwithincertain 3.4 further detailsabouttheclaim. meet, thedefendantcanraiseaNoticeforParticulars,seeking sufficiently clearastoenable themtoknowwhatcasetheyhave If thedefendantisofviewthatStatementClaimnot pleadings? What arethemainelementsofclaimant’s and arethereanyconsequences? Can thepleadingsbewithdrawn?Ifso,atwhatstage restrictions? Can thepleadingsbeamended?Ifso,arethereany injunctions,Mareva Anton PillerOrders, ex parte (i.e.withouttheopposing WWW.ICLG.COM Ireland

153 Ireland 154 Ireland application forahearingtoassess the damagesclaimed. motion forjudgmentindefault. The plaintiff canalsomakean If thematterisforunliquidateddamages, theplaintiff canissue a judgment inthematterfromcourt office. recovery ofland,orthedelivery goods,aplaintiff canget final claim beingmade.Iftheisforliquidateddamages, The consequencesofnotdefendingaclaimdependuponthetype 4.4 wrongdoer intheoriginalproceedingswithoutgoodreason. defendant seekingcontributionfailedtojointheconcurrent proceedings. The Courtcanrefuseacontributionclaimwherethe concurrent wrongdoertobejoinedasathirdpartytheoriginal proceedings weresettled,thereisastrongpreferenceforsuch the plaintiff’s proceedings. However, unlesstheoriginal contribution fromaconcurrentwrongdoerwhowasnotpartyin settled withtheplaintiff can initiatenewproceedingsseeking circumstances, adefendantwhohasbeenfoundliableor responsible forthesamelosscausedtoplaintiff). Incertain third partywherebothareconcurrentwrongdoers(i.e.they A defendantcanalsoseekcontributionagainstaco-defendantor question 5.1. ongoing proceedings. This procedureisdiscussedindetailat A defendantcanpassonorshareliabilitybyjoiningathirdpartyto 4.3 in theCircuitCourt. Court, whileaslightlyshorterperiod(theoretically21days)applies Court StatementofClaim. The sameperiodappliesintheDistrict A Defenceshouldbedeliveredwithin28daysofdeliveryaHigh 4.2 counterclaim. evidence inrespectofanyelementthedefendant’s Defenceor should alsodisclosedetailsaroundanyintentiontocallexpert As withtheplaintiff’s StatementofClaim,aHighCourtDefence Defence. Again, thisshouldbeexpresslyandseparatelypleaded. A defendantcanincludeaclaimforset-off orcounterclaimintheir admissions anddenials. expressly pleadedintheDefenceandseparatelyto statute, ortheapplicabilityofcontributorynegligence,shouldbe Specific defences,suchastheclaimbeingbarredbycontractor are deemedtobeadmitted,anddenialsshouldsubstantive. or denied.ElementsoftheStatementClaimwhicharenotdenied identification ofwhatpartstheStatementClaimareadmitted As setoutinquestion1.3,themainelementofaDefenceis 4.1 A&L Goodbody WWW.ICLG.COM 4 or defenceofset-off? defence? Canthedefendantbringacounterclaim(s) What arethemainelementsofastatement Defending aClaim claim? What happensifthedefendantdoesnotdefend bringing anactionagainstathirdparty? whereby adefendantcanpassonorshareliabilityby Is thereamechanisminyourciviljusticesystem defence hastobeserved? What isthetimelimitwithinwhichstatementof

ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 to theproceedingsbywayofa Third PartyNotice.Suchan A defendantcanalsoapplytotheCourthaveathirdpartyjoined co-defendant woulddelaythetrialofproceedings. application isstateable,itmayberefusedwherethejoinderof proceedings. While suchanorderwillnormallybegrantedifthe third partywhichrelatestothecomplaintbeingmadeinongoing defendant inongoingproceedingswherereliefissoughtagainstthat A plaintiff canapplytotheCourtjoinathirdpartyasco- 5.1 deemed tohaveacceptedtheIrishcourt’s jurisdictioninthematter. If thedefendantfilesanunqualified Appearance, theymaybe hear thematter. service onthebasisthatIrishcourtsdonothavejurisdictionto conditional Appearance andapplyingtotheCourtsetaside A defendantcandisputetheCourt’s jurisdictionbyfilinga 4.5 the relevantfactsbeforeapreliminary issuewillbeheard. parties, oriftheCourtdeemsitconvenient. The partiesmust agree the trialonapplicationofeither party, bytheconsentof Issues oflawcanalsobetriedaspreliminary issuesattheoutsetof that theissuescannotbeconveniently triedtogether. proceedings, theCourtcanorderseparatetrialsifitisofview Where severalcausesofactionarebeingtriedintheoneset 5.3 (c) (b) (a) the ordershouldbegranted,Courtconsiderswhether: Any partycanapplyforsuchconsolidation.Indeterminingwhether Pending proceedingscanbeconsolidatedbyorderoftheCourt. 5.2 (c) (b) (a) application canbemadewheretheexistingdefendantclaimsthat: 5 what arethosecircumstances? proceedings inappropriatecircumstances?Ifso, whereby athirdpartycanbejoinedintoongoing Is thereamechanisminyourciviljusticesystem Joinder &Consolidation Can thedefendantdisputecourt’s jurisdiction? Do youhavesplittrials/bifurcationofproceedings? miscarriage ofjustice. the consolidationcouldleadtoconfusionorriskofa consolidation; and there isasubstantialcostssavingandconveniencetothe proceedings; there arecommonquestionsoflaworfactarisinginthe circumstances? appropriate circumstances?Ifso,whatarethose consolidation oftwosetsproceedingsin Does yourciviljusticesystemallowforthe defendant. the thirdpartyasarisebetweenplaintiff andthe the sameorconnectedissuesarisebetweendefendantand by theplaintiff; or sought issubstantiallythesameassomeofreliefclaimed or connectedwiththeplaintiff’s proceedings,andtherelief it isentitledtoreliefagainstthethirdpartywhichrelated party; it isentitledtocontributionoranindemnityfromthethird

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In thelowercourts,Presidentofrespectivecourtis Commercial Courtlist(bywayofanaffidavit andNoticeofMotion). judge whodealswiththatlist.Partiesmustapplyforadmissiontothe responsible forthoselistsandspecialistcasesareassignedtothe Competition, Maritime,JudicialReview, etc.).Particularjudgesare different courtliststodealwithspecialistmatters(e.g.Commercial, High Courthavingoverallresponsibilityforallocation. There are Case allocationoccursintheHighCourtwithPresidentof 6.1 disputes couldultimatelysavetimeandcosts. in advanceofthemaintrial,onbasisthatresolutionthose complex proceedings,whereitisconvenienttohearcertaindisputes by theCourt.Suchmodulartrialsaresometimesinvokedin Issues oflawandfactcanbetriedonamodularbasis,ifsoordered A&L Goodbody ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 on astatutoryfooting. The legislatureiscurrentlydebating abilltoputthelawofcontempt of imprisonment,orsequestration ofassetsforacorporateentity). a broadrangeofpowersforcivilcontempt (uptounlimitedpowers The Courtmayalsomakeafinding ofcivilcontempt. The Court has In certaincasesanon-compliantparty mayhaveitscasestruckout. court orderordirection. application ormotionbroughttocompelthepartycomplywitha The Courtcanorderanon-compliantpartytobearthecostsofany 6.3 party bearingthecostsofanapplicationtocompelcompliance. Failure tocomplywithacasemanagementordercanresultin scope forjudgestoappointacourtexpert. sharing ofexpertreportsandengagement. There isalso trial conferences,timetablesandcosts,etc.provideforthe The casemanagementsystemallowsJudgestomakeordersforpre- practice intheirentirety. Chancery andNon-Jurylists. The ruleshavenotyetbeenputinto number ofyearsandthenewruleswillextendthistocasesin already beenoperatingonasimilarcase-managementbasisfor cost-efficient. The CommercialCourtandCompetitionListhave of hearingsintheHighCourt,makingprocessmoreorganised and These rulesareintendedtoincreaseefficiency andreducetheduration for greatercasemanagementandjudicialcontroloverlitigation. A newcasemanagementsystemhasalsobeenintroducedtoprovide proceedings, timetablesanddefiningissuesbetweenparties). just, expeditiousandcost-effective manner(e.g.onformatof directions ororderstoassistwithdeterminingtheproceedingsina Courts haveinherentcasemanagementpowersandmayissue 6.2 those levels. responsible formanagingthelist,buttherearenospecialistlistsat 6 consequences? can thepartiesmake?Whatarecost case managementpowers?Whatinterimapplications Do thecourtsinyourjurisdictionhaveanyparticular allocated? the civilcourtsinyourjurisdiction?Howarecases Is thereanyparticularcaseallocationsystembefore Duties &PowersoftheCourts court’s ordersordirections? empowered toimposeonapartythatdisobeysthe What sanctionsarethecourtsinyourjurisdiction

6.6 defendant failstoserveitsdefence. to theaction.Summaryjudgmentcanalsobeenteredif that theyareentitledtothereliefsoughtandthereisnodefence Summary judgmentcanbeenteredwheretheclaimantshow 6.5 inordinate andinexcusabledelay. The Courtalsohasthepowertostrikeoutproceedingsfor of processorifthecaseisboundtofail. party hasfailedtocomplywithcourtorders,ifthecaseisanabuse pleadings showtheactionordefenceisfrivolousvexatious,if pleading disclosesnoreasonablecauseofactionoranswer, ifthe Irish Courtshavethepowertostrikeoutallorpartofacaseif 6.4 relevant andnecessary andthattherequestisproportionate. The onusisonthepartyseeking documentstoshowthattheyare categories ofdocumentswhichthey requireandprovidereasons. High Courtproceedings,theparties muststipulatetheexact the partiesforvoluntarydiscovery hastheeffect ofacourtorder. In (usually afterthepleadingshave closed). An agreementbetween It beginswithapartyissuing request forvoluntarydiscovery relevant Courtrules. In Ireland,thisisknownasdiscoveryandgovernedbythe Basic rulesofdisclosure 7.1 certain requirementsinrespectofthesummons. proceedings maybestayediftheclaimanthasnotcompliedwith proceedings pendingtheoutcome.Inpersonalinjuriescases, review ofadecisionorordertheHighCourtmaystay settlement oralternativedisputeresolution.Ifapartyseeksjudicial Common exampleswouldbetoallowthepartiesexplorea counterclaim. A defendantmustseekleaveoftheCourttowithdrawadefenceor or (ii)beforethecaseissetdownfortrialifdefendantconsents. any stepintheproceedings(buthemustpaydefendant’s costs), Court’s leaveeither(i)beforethedefenceisservedortaking A claimantmaydiscontinueorwithdrawanactionwithoutthe period. of anaction,tobediscontinued,eitherindefinitelyorforadefined A claimantordefendantmayapplyatanystageforanaction,part 7 circumstances? discontinue orstaytheproceedings?Ifso,inwhat Do thecourtsinyourjurisdictionhaveanypowersto summary judgment? Can thecivilcourtsinyourjurisdictionenter circumstances? case entirely?Ifso,atwhatstageandin strike outpartofastatementcaseordismiss Do thecourtsinyourjurisdictionhavepowerto conducting e-disclosure,suchaspredictivecoding? electronic documentsoracceptablepracticesfor any specialrulesconcerningthedisclosureof documents thatdonotrequiredisclosure? Are there obtain disclosurepre-action? Are thereanyclassesof proceedings inyourjurisdiction?Isitpossibleto What arethebasicrulesofdisclosureincivil Disclosure

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155 Ireland 156 Ireland ■ ■ ■ ■ counsel: the definitionofalawyerincludessolicitors,barristersandin-house There areanumberoftypesprivilegerecognisedinIrelandand stage andalsolaterintheproceedings. disclose itscontents.Privilegecanbereliedoninthediscovery Privilege entitlesapartytorefuseproducedocumentor 7.2 complexity ofe-discoveryhasgrown. assisted reviewinthediscoveryprocessasvolumeand courts haveapprovedtheuseofpredictivecodingandtechnology- extends toevidencewhichisstoredelectronically. The Irish must preserveevidencewhichmayberelevantandthisobligation and mustbedisclosedaspartofthediscoveryprocess.Parties Electronic dataissubjecttothesamerulesastraditionaldiscovery Disclosure ofelectronic documents See question7.2onprivilege. Classes ofdocumentsnotrequiring disclosure that itcouldendangerthelifeofthirdparty. Norwich PharmacalOrderinIrelandwasrefusedonthegrounds wrongdoing beforegrantingtheOrder. A recentapplicationfora action. ForsuchanOrder, theCourtwilllookforproofof Pharmacal Orderswhicharesoughttoidentifythedefendantan rules. However, theCourtshavepreviouslyrecognisedNorwich There isnoprovisionforpre-actiondisclosureintheIrishCourt Pre-action disclosure other party. existence ofrelevantdocuments,whichcanthenbeinspectedbythe The partiestheneachprovideaswornaffidavit detailingthe options hadbeenproperlyexplored. held thatdiscoveryshouldnotbeorderedunlessallotheravailable Notice ofMotionorinamendedterms.In2018,theCourt Appeal a broaddiscretionandmayorderdiscoveryintermssetoutthe application fordiscoverymaybemadetotheCourt. The Courthas Where thepartiesdonotagreeonvoluntarydiscovery, an disclosed. However, privilegeddocuments(seequestion7.2)donotneedtobe a categoryitisconsideredresponsiveandmustbediscovered. question ofwhetheritisdiscoverable;oncethedocumentwithin significance orimportanceofadocumentdoesnotaffect the must berelevant. The perceivedsensitivity, confidentiality, have been)intheparty’s possession,powerorprocurementand not atooltoidentifycausesofaction). The documentsmustbe(or The issuesinthecaseneedtobedefinedpriordiscovery(asitis A&L Goodbody WWW.ICLG.COM a dispute. communications forthepurposeof agenuineattempttosettle Without prejudiceprivilegecoverswritten ororal or inthelitigationwhichdocument relatesto. common interestinthesubjectmatter ofthecommunication discloses aprivilegeddocumentto anotherpartywhohasa Common interestprivilegeariseswhen onepartyvoluntarily to covercloselyrelatedactions. duration oftheproceedingsthemselvesbutcanbeextended apprehended litigation. The privilegeonlylastsforthe dominant purposeistoprepareforactualorreasonably between aclientandtheirlawyerthirdparties,wherethe Litigation privilegeprotectsconfidentialcommunications the dominantpurposeofseekingorprovidinglegaladvice. lawyers andtheirclientswherethecommunicationsarefor Legal adviceprivilegeprotectscommunicationsbetween your jurisdiction? What aretherulesonprivilegeincivilproceedings

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Court tovaryorreleasethisundertaking. is consideredcontemptofcourt. An applicationcanbemadetothe purposes oftheaction. To usethedocumentsforanyotherpurpose to animpliedundertakingthattheywillonlybeusedforthe Documents disclosedonfootofanOrderfordiscoveryaresubject 7.5 and necessarytodisposeofthecaseproperly. whether therequesteddocumentsorsearchparametersarerelevant agreed). The Courtscanexercisediscretionandmustdecide The CourtmakestheDiscoveryOrders(wherepartieshavenot 7.4 applicant. to theapplicantbyothermeans.Costswillbeborne discretion. The documentsoughtmustnotbereasonablyavailable standard ofproofisrequiredandanyorderwillbeattheCourt’s It ispossibletoseekdiscoveryagainstanon-party. However, ahigh 7.3 person. rules applyandtheforeignlawyer couldberequiredtotestifyin travel). Absent suchagreement,or alternative orders,thenormal report oraffidavit (avoidingthenecessityforforeignlawyer to parties generallyagreeforsuchevidence tobegiveninawritten appropriately qualifiedlawyerfrom thejurisdictionconcerned. The Evidence offoreignlawisprovided byareportfroman diplomatic channelsisallowed. from oneMemberStatetoanotherwithoutrecourseconsularand If thewitnessislocatedinanEUState,thentakingofevidence procedures aresimilartothoseundertheHagueConvention. compelling theindividualtogivetestimony. Inpractice,the Courts oftheappropriatejurisdictiontoseektheirassistancein made forLettersRogatorytobeissuedbytheIrishcourt compel thembywayofsubpoena.However, anapplicationcanbe witnesses areunwillingtoco-operate,itwouldnotbepossible Ireland hasnotadoptedthe1970HagueConventionandifoverseas particular witnesstobecross-examined. evidence onaffidavit where thereisa commissioner orexaminer. However, theCourtwillnotauthorise affidavit, byresponsetointerrogatories orbyevidencebeforea provide foralternativemodesoftestimonyincludingevidenceon video linkifnecessary. Inappropriatecases,theCourtcanalso open court. The Commercial Courtcanfacilitatetestimonyby The generalprincipleisthatwitnessesgiveevidenceinperson proceedings. statements areexchangedpriortotrialincommerciallitigation Ireland isthroughoraltestimony, factualandexpertwitness Although theprimaryforminwhichevidenceisreceivedattrial 8.1 8 obtained bydisclosureinyourjurisdiction? Are thereanyrestrictionsontheuseofdocuments proceedings inyourjurisdiction? What isthecourt’s roleindisclosurecivil disclosure bythirdparties? What aretherulesinyourjurisdictionwithrespectto jurisdiction? What arethebasicrulesofevidenceinyour Evidence bona fide requirementforthe Ireland

give evidencebyvideolink. mental disability). Witnesses may, withtheCourt’s permission, the witnessisexempt(e.g.childrenunder14orpersonswitha Oral evidencemustalwaysbegivenonoathoraffirmation, unless a Judgemayrecallwitness. Judge cannotcallawitnesswithouttheparties’ consent.However, relevant totheaction.Otherthaninverylimitedcircumstances,a Parties arefreetocallanywitnessesoffactwhoseevidenceis 8.3 ■ ■ ■ ■ be admissible. These include: Oral evidencemustusuallybegiven;however, othertypesmayalso 8.2 cases unlikelytoinvolveseriousdisputesoffact. e.g. pre-trialapplications,casessuitableforsummarydisposalor The Courtspermitevidenceonaffidavit incertaincircumstances, particular assertion. probabilities. The burdenofproofrestswiththepartymaking The standardofproofincivilproceedingsisthebalance the ruleagainstopinionevidence(otherthanexpertwitnesses). admissibility ofevidence,includingtherulesagainsthearsayand There areanumberofexclusionaryrulesgoverningthe has anoverriding dutytotheCourt. Expert evidencemustbeindependent andobjective,theexpert 8.4 who hasobtainedallnecessaryinformationfromthewitness. must beinthewitness’s ownwords,butisusuallypreparedbyalawyer examination onthecontentsoftheirstatement. A witnessstatement cases (seequestion6.2above). The witnessisthenopentocross- the newcasemanagementrulesprovidefortheirincreaseduseinother Written witness statementsarecommonintheCommercialCourtand documents withthemwhentheygiveevidence. voluntarily. Witnesses mayalsobecompelledtobringcertain when thereisdoubtastowhetherawitnesswillgiveevidence requires anapplicationforasubpoena). This isgenerallydone A witnesscanbecompelledtoattendCourtgiveevidence(which A&L Goodbody ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 particular? ones arenot?Whataboutexpertevidencein What typesofevidenceareadmissible,andwhich expert owehis/herdutiestothe clientortothecourt? rules regardingconcurrentexpert evidence?Doesthe expert evidenceincourt? Are thereanyparticular expert witnesses,preparing reportsandgiving Are thereanyparticularrulesregardinginstructing statements ordepositions? witnesses offact,andthemakingwitness Are thereanyparticularrulesregardingthecallingof with thematter. extent thatitisrequiredtoenabletheCourtproperlydeal field ofexpertise.Suchevidenceisonlypermittedtothe written report)onissuesconsideredtobewithinthewitness’ Expert evidence also required. document isproved.Sometimesproofofproperexecution Documentary evidence unable todueillness. witness issituatedabroad,unwillingtoattendcourtor Evidence oncommission of thecaseareunlikelytobedisputed. Evidence onaffidavit –admissible(includingintheformofa –maybeappropriatewherethefacts –admissiblewhenthecontentof –maybeappropriatewherea

orders theycanmake. The lowercourtsaresubjecttojurisdictionallimitationsonthe remedies. Remedies includedamages,declarationsandotherstatutory The HighCourtcanawardanycommonlaworequitableremedy. 9.1 between multipleexperts. expert toassisttheCourt. The Courtmayalsoorderajointreport questioning ofexpertsbyjudgesandscopefortoappointan The rulesalsoprovideforexpertdebate,cross-examinationand expert evidencemustbeservedamonthbeforetrial. the expert’s fieldandthesubjectstobeaddressed. A summaryofthe intention tooffer expertevidenceintheirpleadings,andsummarise The newcasemanagementrulesrequirepartiestodisclosetheir restrict orexcludeexpertevidenceoncasemanagementgrounds. with eachotherandmayguidetheprocess. The Courtmayalso In theCommercialCourt,ajudgemaydirectexpertstoconsult area ofexpertiseoronmatterswithintheknowledgeCourt. Expert witnessesshouldnotgiveevidenceonmattersoutsidetheir ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ of thefollowingmethods: A domesticjudgmentcanbeenforcedintheDistrictCourtusingone 9.3 (see question1.5above). statutory rateof8%.CostsareawardedbytheCourtatitsdiscretion The Courthasdiscretiontoawardinterestonadamagesatthe The Courtdeterminestheappropriatelevelofdamagesinacase. 9.2 Steps mustbetakenbytherelevantpartytoenforceajudgment. compel orpreventapartyfromdoingsomething. The HighCourtcanalsomakeinterimorders,e.g.aninjunctionto 9 and inwhatcircumstances? civil courtsinyourjurisdictionempoweredtoissue What differenttypesofjudgmentsandordersarethe Judgments &Orders business inIreland. public IrishcompanyorEnglish companycarryingon stock, funds,annuities,orshares stockheldinaprivateor a charging ordercanbemadeinrespectofIrishGovernment bankruptcy proceedingsagainstan individual;or a petitionfortheliquidationof adebtorcompanyor and discharge thedebt; appointment ofareceivertoselljudgmentdebtor’s property debt owedtothejudgmentdebtorbyathirdparty; an attachmentorder/garnisheeordercanmadeinrespectofa results inarrestandimprisonment; instalment orderacommittalmaybesought,which if thejudgmentdebtorfailstomakepaysumsunderan payments atregularintervals; an instalmentorderrequiresthejudgmentdebtortomake appointed sheriff; an executionorderpermitsseizureofgoodsbyapublicly- a judgmentmortgagecanberegisteredagainstproperty; and enforced? How canadomestic/foreignjudgmentberecognised rulings ondamages/interests/costsofthelitigation? What powersdoyourlocalcourtshavetomake WWW.ICLG.COM Ireland

157 Ireland 158 Ireland by whichthearbitratorisappointed. apply tothearbitration. Those rulesusuallysetoutthemechanism reflects Courtproceedings.Parties maychooseparticularrulesto tribunal) isfinalandbinding. The formatofarbitrationbroadly confidential processandthedecision ofthearbitrator(orarbitral independent thirdpartyarbitratorfordetermination.Itisa for commercialdisputes. The partiessubmitthedisputetoan Arbitration ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ The mostpopulartypesof ADR inIrelandare: 1.1 II. to attendmediationiftheyhavebeeninviteddosobytheCourt. implications forapartytorefuseconsidermediationor The Mediation Act 2017 when exercisingitsdiscretioninrelationtocosts. to settleismadeinwriting,theCourtmaytakethisintoaccount Without prejudice offer tosettle entitled tocostsfromthedateoflodgment. costs uptothedateoflodgment,withdefendantbeing lodgment amountthentheclaimantmayonlybeentitledtotheir Court, andiftheclaimantissuccessfulbutawardedlessthan Lodgment procedure 10.1 See question1.2. 9.4 jurisdiction. judgment mustbeamoneymadebycourtofcompetent outside theEU. The IrishCourtswillnotexaminethemeritsbut Common lawrulesapplytotheenforcementofforeignjudgments judgment. officials intherelevantMemberStatecontainingdetailsof (or acertifiedcopy)andstandardformcertificatefromthecourt the MasterofHighCourtonaffidavit withtheoriginaljudgment Brussel IRegulation(Recast). An Judgments obtainedinanotherEUMemberStatearecoveredbythe A&L Goodbody WWW.ICLG.COM 1 10 civil courtofyourjurisdiction? What aretherulesofappealagainstajudgment specialist tribunals. mediation; and conciliation; expert determination; arbitration; provide abriefoverviewofeachavailablemethod.) (or otherspecialistcourts)/Ombudsman?(Please Arbitration/Mediation/Expert Determination/Tribunals available andfrequentlyusedinyourjurisdiction? What methodsofalternativedisputeresolutionare General which facilitatethesettlementprocess? by whichpartiesareencouragedtosettleclaimsor Are thereanyformalmechanismsinyourjurisdiction ALTERNATIVE DISPUTERESOLUTION Settlement –isapopularmeansofalternativedisputeresolution –adefendantcanpaysumofmoneyinto –providesthattheremaybecost –whereawithoutprejudiceoffer ex parte applicationismadeto

ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 include theResidential Tenancies Board,theLabourCourt, are fasterandmoreeconomicalthanothermethods).Examples deal withspecifictypesofdisputeinIreland(onthebasisthatthey Specialist tribunals mediation andswearastatutorydeclarationthattheyhavedoneso. Mediation Act, aclaimant’s solicitormustadvisetheirclientabout or canbesuggestedbytheCourtofitsownvolition.Under as atermofthecontractorcanbeagreedafterdisputehasarisen, until asettlementisreached.Mediationcanbeagreedbytheparties negotiated settlement.Itisavoluntaryandnon-bindingprocess independent mediatorwhoaccommodatesthepartiesinreachinga Mediation of themeritscase. most conducivetoasettlementoronewhichisbasedontheiropinion the discretionofconciliatorwhocanmakearecommendation within aprescribedtimeperiod. The recommendationislargely at which isbindingontheparties,unlessitrejectedbyeitherofthem negotiated settlement,theconciliatorissuesarecommendation differs significantlyfrommediation.Ifthepartiesdonotreacha form ofconciliationinIrelandisconstructionwhich Conciliation adversarial positions. The processisconfidential. from arbitrationwherepartiesaremorelikelytoadopt expert whoisanindependentthirdparty. This differs somewhat or nicheareaofexpertise. The formatisthatofanevaluationbythe Expert determination of theconsumer. less than€5,000)canonlybedealt withbyarbitrationattheelection arbitration clauseisnotindividuallynegotiated(andwhichworth remuneration ofemployees. A consumerdisputewherethe concern thetermsandconditionsofemploymentor The Arbitration Act statesthatitdoesnotapplytodisputeswhich with bytheCourts,orwhereclaimantisachild. except wherepublicpolicydictatesthatthemattermustbedealt Generally ADR canbeusedinrelationtoanydisputeIreland 1.3 ■ ■ In addition: agreed betweentheparties(orCourtRuleswhereapplicable). ADR mechanismsaregenerallygovernedbythecontractualterms 1.2 the FinancialServicesandPensionsOmbudsman. Workplace RelationsCommissionandombudsmanfacilitiessuchas alternative disputeresolution? Determination/Tribunals/Ombudsman asameansof cannot use Arbitration/Mediation/Expert Are thereanyareasoflawinyourjurisdictionthat (although engaginginmediationremainsvoluntary). Court torecommendthatpartiesconsidermediation client onmediationbeforeissuingproceedingsandforthe introduced provisionsforaclaimant’s solicitortoadvisetheir parties. ButitisworthnotingthattheMediation Act 2017 Mediation applies theUNCITRAL ModelLaw. Arbitration methods ofalternativedisputeresolution? What arethelawsorrulesgoverningdifferent –isaconfidentialdisputeresolutionprocesswithan –isbroadlysimilartomediation.However, acommon –isavoluntaryprocessagreedbetweenthe –isgovernedbythe Arbitration Act 2010which –thereareanumberofspecialisttribunalsto –isusedfordisputesrequiringaspecialist

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it just). the Courtmayhaveregardtothisinawardingcosts(ifitconsiders consider mediationandapartyrefuses(withoutgoodreason),then Under theMediation Act 2017,iftheCourtinvitespartiesto volition). in ADR (eitherattheapplicationorpartiesonitsown The Courtsmayalsoadjournproceedingstoallowpartiesengage agreement inrespectofthedispute. to stayproceedingsifthepartieshaveenteredintoavalidarbitration The Arbitration Act (implementingtheModelLaw)obligesaCourt 1.4 A&L Goodbody ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 A partymaychallengetheoutcomeofanexpertdetermination. Irish Courtsaregenerallyreluctanttointerveneinarbitrations). grounds onwhichapartycanseektosetasideanaward(andthe Arbitration awardsarefinalandbinding. There areverylimited 1.5 particular toyourjurisdictioninthiscontext? sanctioned bythecourt?Isthereanythingthatis agreements reachedatmediationneedtobe sanctions forrefusingtomediate,anddosettlement expert determinationdecisions,arethereany any rightsofappealfromarbitrationawardsand dispute resolutioninnature?Forexample,arethere How bindingaretheavailablemethodsofalternative your jurisdictioninthiscontext? determination? Isthereanythingthatisparticularto order partiestomediateorseekexpert parties toarbitratewhentheyhavesoagreed,or outcome) insupportofarbitrationproceedings,force protection (i.e.holdingorderspendingthefinal tribunal –issueinterimorprovisionalmeasuresof court –preorposttheconstitutionofanarbitral alternative disputeresolution?Forexample,willa that wishtoinvoketheavailablemethodsof Can localcourtsprovideanyassistancetoparties

disputes). relevant commercialdisputes(e.g.engineersforconstruction Members ofspecialistprofessionalbodiesalsooffer thisservicefor arbitrators etc. Lawyers (bothbarristersandsolicitors)commonlyactasmediators, bodies offer ADR services. A large numberoflawyers,industryspecialistsandcommercial ■ ■ ■ ■ sectors, forexample: government-nominated ADR bodiesinIrelandrelatingtospecific There isnostatutory ADR institutioninIrelandbutthereare 2.1 multi-jurisdictional litigationandstrategy. He hassignificantexperienceinco-ordinatingmulti-partyand regulatory investigations,andreputationalcrisismanagement. disputes, productrecallandliability, regulatorycompliance, industries. Headvisesinrelationtoallaspectsofcommercial international professionalservicesfirmsacrossavarietyof advising arangeofmulti-nationalmanufacturers,banks,and He specialisesincommerciallitigationanddisputeresolution, Limerick SchoolofLaw. Goodbody and Adjunct SeniorLecturerattheUniversityof thanks tohimforhisassistance.Dr. Kingisan Associate at A&L Dr. StephenKingcontributedsignificantlytothischapterandmany Acknowledgment 2 Disputes ResolutionDirective). (CCPC) (forconsumerdisputesunderthe Alternative The CompetitionandConsumerProtectionCommission The FinancialServicesandPensionsOmbudsman. The Advertising Standards Authority ofIreland. (Arbitration Schemefortouroperators). The CharteredInstituteof Arbitrators, IrishBranch institutions inyourjurisdiction? What arethemajoralternativedisputeresolution Institutions Alternative DisputeResolution

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159 Ireland 160 Ireland A&L Goodbody WWW.ICLG.COM experience intheareaofdomesticandinternationalcorporate investment fundsandinsurancelitigation.Caoimhealsohas cases whichspanarangeoffinancialserviceslitigationincluding law, directorandauditorliability, productliabilityandspecialisesin domestic andinternationalclientsonconstitutionaladministrative high profilecasesintheIrishCommercialCourt.Sheadvises Dispute ResolutionDepartment.Caoimhehasexperienceincomplex, Caoimhe ClarkinisaPartnerin A&L Goodbody’s Litigationand international issue. managing largeandcomplexcasescorporatecrisesstrategicallycommercially, includingIrishlegalissueswhichformp way. We areskilledinresolvingdisputesthroughlitigation,arbitration,mediationandexpertdetermination. Inparticular, Island service.Ourspecialistsworkwithclientstomanageriskinallareasoftheirbusinessandresolvedisputesthe A&L GoodbodyhasthelargestandmostexperiencedlitigationdisputeresolutionteaminIreland.OurDublinBelfastte various regulatorybodies. for anumberofIrishandinternationalclientsininvestigationsby international corporatecriminal/regulatoryinvestigations,havingacted Caoimhe hasextensiveexperienceintheareaofdomesticand and Internationalclientsininvestigationsbyvariousregulatorybodies. criminal/regulatory investigations,havingactedforanumberofIrish Ireland Dublin 1 IFSC, NorthWall Quay A&L Goodbody Caoimhe Clarkin URL: Email: Tel: www.algoodbody.com [email protected] +353 16492000

ICLG TO: LITIGATION &DISPUTE RESOLUTION 2019 London andisadmittedtopractiseinEngland&Wales. and disputeresolutiondepartmentofalargeinternationallawfirmin Prior tojoining A&L Goodbodyin2015,Marcusworkedthelitigation litigation andcorporateliabilityissues. international regulatoryauthoritiesandIrishcompaniesoncomplex professional servicesfirmsinrelationtoinvestigationsbyIrishand management. Inparticular, hehassignificantexperienceinadvising relation todisputeresolution,regulatorycomplianceandreputation Marcus advisesarangeofdomesticandmulti-nationalcompaniesin team of A&L Goodbody. Marcus Walsh isan Associate intheLitigationandDisputeResolution URL: Email: Tel: Ireland Dublin 1 IFSC, NorthWall Quay A&L Goodbody Marcus Walsh www.algoodbody.com [email protected] +353 16492000 mostefficient andeffective weareexperiencedin am provideanall- art ofawider Ireland

Current titles in the ICLG series include:

■ Alternative Investment Funds ■ Insurance & Reinsurance ■ Anti-Money Laundering ■ International Arbitration ■ Aviation Law ■ Investor-State Arbitration ■ Business Crime ■ Lending & Secured Finance ■ Cartels & Leniency ■ Litigation & Dispute Resolution ■ Class & Group Actions ■ Merger Control ■ Competition Litigation ■ Mergers & Acquisitions ■ Construction & Engineering Law ■ Mining Law ■ Copyright ■ Oil & Gas Regulation ■ Corporate Governance ■ Outsourcing ■ Corporate Immigration ■ Patents ■ Corporate Investigations ■ Pharmaceutical Advertising ■ Corporate Recovery & Insolvency ■ Private Client ■ Corporate Tax ■ Private Equity ■ Cybersecurity ■ Product Liability ■ Data Protection ■ Project Finance ■ Employment & Labour Law ■ Public Investment Funds ■ Enforcement of Foreign Judgments ■ Public Procurement ■ Environment & Climate Change Law ■ Real Estate ■ Family Law ■ Securitisation ■ Financial Services Disputes ■ Shipping Law ■ Fintech ■ Telecoms, Media & Internet ■ Franchise ■ Trade Marks ■ Gambling ■ Vertical Agreements and Dominant Firms

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