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CHAPTER 5 the Crossroads
CHAPTER 5 The Crossroads An ancient traveler journeying to Corinth along the coastal road from Athens via Isthmia, or the road from Kenchreai, would have walked westward below the steep Ayios Dimitrios Ridge to the point where the ridge terminates and the principal roads meet near a series of limestone quarries (Figure 5.1). This place is the first point of convergence of the major roads from the east (Isthmia), southeast (Kenchreai), west (Corinth), and north (Lechaion Gulf). While the entire isthmus was a travel corridor of intersecting roads, the crossroads below the Ayios Dimitrios ridge is one of only several places on the Isthmus where so many roads from different directions intersect in the same location. As such, it was one of the most important structures of the Corinthian Isthmus.1 At the crossroads developed an important settlement of the Corinthia that has come to be known as “Kromna.” As James Wiseman argued in his overview of the site, Kromna emerged in the Archaic period but developed by the fifth/fourth century BC into an important town which, following the refoundation of Corinth as a colony, also had a significant Roman component. The Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey documented an extensive carpet of Archaic-Late Roman artifacts and features in the area that indicate buildings at the crossroads were even more extensive than Wiseman had estimated. For a traveler of the eastern Corinthia, the crossroads would have constituted one of the major nodes marking a passage to or from Corinth; and for the city itself, the area lay at the heart of its territory. -
Beyond the Acropolis
1 3 ∫·ÏˆÛÔÚ›Û·Ù ÛÙ‹Ó \∞ı‹Ó·! ^∏ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ‰¤Ó ͯÒÚÈÛ ÔÙ¤ Ù‹Ó àÏ‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ àfi Ù‹ ˙ˆ‹ Ù˘. ^∏ οı ʿÛË ÙÔÜ âÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔÜ ‚›Ô˘, ì ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ì Ù¤¯ÓË, ì ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›·, ï ÌÔÓ·¯ÈÛÌfi˜ ÂrÓ·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÛÂȘ Ùɘ ηıÔÏÈÎɘ àÏ‹ıÂÈ·˜ η› àÔηχÙÔ˘Ó Ù‹Ó àÏ‹ıÂÈ· Ùɘ ηıÔÏÈÎɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜. ^∏ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ àÓ¿ÁÎË Ô‡ Û˘Ó¤ÛÙËÛ ‰Ô̤˜ õ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ΛÌÂÓ·, ‰fiÁÌ·Ù·, ηÓfiÓ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙ‹Ó \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· qÙ·Ó ì âÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ àÓ·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛˆ˜ Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ó˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔÜ ÃÚÈÛÙÔÜ Î·› ëÓÒÛˆ˜ ÙÔÜ £ÂÔÜ Ì¤ ÙfiÓ ôÓıÚˆÔ. °È\ ·éÙfi η› ì ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ- ΋ îÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙáÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎáÓ ‰ÔÌáÓ ñËÚÂÙÔÜÛ àfi Ù‹Ó àÚ¯‹ Ù‹ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·éÙ‹ âÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ àÓ·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ·, Ùfi ú‰ÈÔ ¬ˆ˜ η› Ùfi Ù˘ÈÎfi Ùɘ Ï·ÙÚ›·˜, ì êÁÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· õ ì àÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙáÓ Ó·áÓ: Ù‹Ó àÁ·ËÙÈ΋, ÊÈÏ·Ó- ıÚˆÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ à¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙfiÓ ôÓıÚˆÔ, ó˜ àÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ùɘ ӛ΢ ¿Óˆ ÛÙfiÓ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ. Δfi öÓÙ˘Ô Ô‡ ÎÚ·ÙÄÙ ÛÙ¿ ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜, ÊÈÏÔÙ¯ÓË̤ÓÔ Ì¤ ÌÂÚ¿ÎÈ àfi Ù‹Ó \∞ÔÛÙÔÏÈ΋ ¢È·ÎÔÓ›· ̤ Ù‹Ó ÂéÏÔÁ›· ÙÔÜ ª·Î·ÚȈٿÙÔ˘ \∞Ú¯ÈÂÈÛÎfiÔ˘ \∞ıËÓáÓ Î·› ¿Û˘ ^∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î. ^πÂÚˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘ η› Ùɘ ^πÂÚĘ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ η› Û¤ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ̤ Ùfi ™˘ÓÔ‰ÈÎfi °Ú·ÊÂÖÔ \∂ÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎáÓ ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ùɘ ^∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, ÂrÓ·È ≤Ó· ΛÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ¿ Ó¿ âÈÛÎÂÊıÂÖÙ ÛÙ‹Ó \∞ı‹Ó· η› ÛÙ‹Ó ÂéÚ‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ùɘ \∞ÙÙÈÎɘ «Ì¤ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ àÔ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ» ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¿ ÌÓËÌÂÖ·, Ó·Ô‡˜, ÌÔÓ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· η› ÚÔÛÎ˘Ó‹Ì·Ù· ù¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ¿ Ó¿ ı·˘Ì¿ÛÂ- Ù Ùfi àÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎfi οÏÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, àÏÏ¿ η› Ó¿ àӷηχ„ÂÙÂ Ù‹Ó ÂûÁψÙÙË ÛȈ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ¿ Ù‹ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰fi- ÙËÛË ÙÔÜ ‚›Ô˘ η› Ù‹ ¯·Ú¿ Ùɘ ˙ˆÉ˜. -
The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople During the Frankish Era (1196-1303)
The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the Frankish Era (1196-1303) ELENA KAFFA A thesis submitted to the University of Wales In candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History and Archaeology University of Wales, Cardiff 2008 The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the Frankish Era (1196-1303) ELENA KAFFA A thesis submitted to the University of Wales In candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History and Archaeology University of Wales, Cardiff 2008 UMI Number: U585150 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U585150 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis provides an analytical presentation of the situation of the Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the earlier part of the Frankish Era (1196 - 1303). It examines the establishment of the Latin Church in Constantinople, Cyprus and Achaea and it attempts to answer questions relating to the reactions of the Greek Church to the Latin conquests. -
Praxis 2010 Fall.Indd
ADULT EDUCATION Fall 2010 Vol. 10, Issue 1: Adult Education $4.95 of the Second Coming of the Lord is frequently displayed on a church’s western wall—the last image worshippers see as they leave. The icon often includes elements of the Last TheJudgment. Icon This particular icon has Christ seated on a throne carried by the six-winged seraphim. He is surrounded by a mandorla, which in this example seems to “rip through” the heavens, reminding us that christ transcends our concepts of space and time. Angels fi ll the heavens. At His feet are the four fi gures described in Revelation 4:7, which have become symbols of the Evangelists (the eagle for John; the lion, Mark; the angel, Matthew; the ox or calf, luke). At christ’s right are Eve and John the Baptist, and on His left are the Virgin Mary and Adam. All are in acts of supplication or prayer to Christ. WISDOM, ANCIENT AND MODERN Some people feel guilty about their anxieties and regard them as a defect of faith, but they are afflictions, not sins. Like all afflictions, they are, if we can so take them, our share in the passion of Christ. C. S. Lewis The task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles but to irrigate deserts. C. S. Lewis Love for God begins to manifest itself, and to act in us, when we begin to love our neighbor as ourselves, and not to spare ourselves or anything belonging to us for him, as he is the image of God: “For he who does not love his brother, whom he has seen, cannot love God, whom he has not seen.” St. -
Downloadable
EXPERT-LED PETER SOMMER ARCHAEOLOGICAL & CULTURAL TRAVELS TOURS & GULET CRUISES 2021 PB Peter Sommer Travels Peter Sommer Travels 1 WELCOME WHY TRAVEL WITH US? TO PETER SOMMER TR AVELS Writing this in autumn 2020, it is hard to know quite where to begin. I usually review the season just gone, the new tours that we ran, the preparatory recces we made, the new tours we are unveiling for the next year, the feedback we have received and our exciting plans for the future. However, as you well know, this year has been unlike any other in our collective memory. Our exciting plans for 2020 were thrown into disarray, just like many of yours. We were so disappointed that so many of you were unable to travel with us in 2020. Our greatest pleasure is to share the destinations we have grown to love so deeply with you our wonderful guests. I had the pleasure and privilege of speaking with many of you personally during the 2020 season. I was warmed and touched by your support, your understanding, your patience, and your generosity. All of us here at PST are extremely grateful and heartened by your enthusiasm and eagerness to travel with us when it becomes possible. PST is a small, flexible, and dynamic company. We have weathered countless downturns during the many years we have been operating. Elin, my wife, and I have always reinvested in the business with long term goals and are very used to surviving all manner of curve balls, although COVID-19 is certainly the biggest we have yet faced. -
Greece in the Middle Ages (6Th – 13Th Cent.)
Greece in the Middle Ages (6th – 13th cent.) Ioannis Deligiannis Democritus University of Thrace • Introduction • Greece from the 6th cent. to the 13th cent. • The aftermath (14th – 15th cent.) • Forming a national identity • Society • Religion • Education Introduction • 146 and 133 BCE: Greece and the islands under the Romans. • 2nd-3rd cent.: Greece divided into provinces: Achaia, Macedonia, Epirus and Thracia. • Diocletian (284-305): Western Balkans organized as a Roman diocese (< διοίκησις = “administration”). • Constantine I (306-337): Greece as part of the dioceses of Macedonia and Thrace. • The eastern and southern Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the Diocese of Asia. Death of Theodosius I West: Honorius – East: Arcadius Greece from the 6th cent. to the 13th cent. • Greece: most likely one of the most prosperous and most economically active regions of the Empire. • The city-state (πόλις) appears to have remained prosperous until at least the 6th cent. • Greece was highly urbanized and contained approximately 80 cities. • Thessaloniki: the Empire’s second largest city, called the “co-regent” (συμβασιλεύουσα), second only to Constantinople (βασιλεύουσα). The Arch of Galerius and the Rotunda, 4th cent. Walls of Thessalonica, 5th-7th cent. • Greece was raided –in the 5th cent. by the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. –in the 6th cent. by the Bulgars and the Huns. –in late 6th cent. by the Slavs, who invaded and settled in parts of Greece. The Empire nearly lost control of the entire peninsula during the 580s. Bulgars and Slavs -
Peloponnese”, Wrote Mazaris at the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century, “Is Inhabited by a Great Number of Ethnic Groups Forming a Mixed Society
PETER CHAR AN1S ON THE DEMOGRAPHY OF MEDIEVAL GREECE: A PROBLEM SOLVED This study is dedicated to my distinguished colleagues of Rutgers University Richard P. McCormick and Richard Schlatter who have ever supported my efforts at scholarship and research. The “Peloponnese”, wrote Mazaris at the beginning of the fifteenth century, “is inhabited by a great number of ethnic groups forming a mixed society. To classify them exactly is at the moment neither feasible nor urgent; the names, however, that tend to crop up in every conversation as the best known and the most important are these : Laconians, Italians, Peloponnesians, Slavs, Albanians, Gypsies and Jews... If they formed a single race and were encompassed in a single city, troubles would be lighter and of a simple nature, and generally speaking the entire society here would be free from graft, political intrigue and meddling, and business would be carried on with due respect for law and justice. As it is, they are a helter-skelter hotchpotch of everything, and each will inevitably imitate the customs, laws, national character, social behavior—in short, the overall pattern of criminality prevailing in each of the other groups...”1. Mazaris then goes on to describe the characteristic features of each one of these ethnic groups. The Laconians, he says, were known for their “vanity and perfidy... their tendency toward slander and blackmail, their bragging and drunkenness, their utter miserliness and low cunning”. The Italians were aristocratic in 1. Mazaris, Journey to Hades, edited and translated by Seminar Classics 609, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, 1975 (=Arethusa Monographs published by the Department of Classics, State University of New York at Buffalo, V), 79f. -
Church and Culture? Exploring the Reception of Women’S Ministries in the Reformed Church in Zambia in View of 1 Corinthians 14:26-40
Church and Culture? Exploring the reception of women’s ministries in the Reformed Church in Zambia in view of 1 Corinthians 14:26-40 By Jackson Phiri Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (New Testament) in the Faculty of Theology, Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Elna Mouton March 2017 i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature……………………………………………. Date: March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) was established in 1899 through the missionary work of the Dutch Reformed Church of the Orange Free State in South Africa. After its establishment, the church maintained its ministries through the leadership of male deacons, elders and ministers/reverends who served in all the (official) ministries of the church. This was mainly because of how the Bible was understood and interpreted (literally). In the process, the socio-cultural context of the Bible was mostly disregarded. One example of such a one-sided history of interpretation in the RCZ is that of 1 Corinthians 14:26-40, according to which women were not allowed to take up leadership roles in the church. -
Αποστολος Παυλος Και Κορινθος Saint Paul and Corinth
ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΣ ΠΑΥΛΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΟΣ SAINT PAUL AND CORINTH ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΣ ΠΑΥΛΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΟΣ 1950 ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΣΥΓΓΡΑΦΗ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΩΝ ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ – ΘΕΟΛΟΓΙΑ – ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑΣ ΦΙΛΟΛΟΓΙΑ – ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΙΑ – ΕΠΟΧΗ ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ (Κόρινθος, 23-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 2007) ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΣ ΕΠΟΠΤΕΙΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ( Ἐπικεφαλῆς: Στυλιανός Γ. Παπαδόπουλος) ΕΚΔΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ Κωνσταντῖνος Ἰ. Μπελέζος ΣΥΝΕΡΓΙᾼ Σωτηρίου Σ. Δεσπότη καί Χρήστου Κ. Καρακόλη ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΝΟΜΑΡΧΙΑΚΗ ΑΥΤΟΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΑΣ ΔΗΜΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΑ 2009 SAINT PAUL AND CORINTH 1950 YEARS SINCE THE WRITING OF THE EPISTLES TO THE CORINTHIANS EXEGESIS – THEOLOGY – HISTORY OF INTERPRETATION PHILOLOGY – PHILOSOPHY – ST PAUL’S TIME INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY CONFERENCE PROCEEdINGS (Corinth, 23-25 September 2007) VOLumE I EDITED BY Constantine J. Belezos IN COLLABORATION WITH Sotirios Despotis and Christos Karakolis ON BEHALF OF THE SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZING COmmITTEE (Chair: Stylianos G. Papadopoulos) SPONSORED BY THE PREFECTURE AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF CORINTH ATHENS 2009 ΤΥΠΟΓΡΑΦΙΚΗ ΔΙΟΡΘΩΣΗ: Αγγελική Μόσχου ΣΥΝΘΕΣΗ ΕΞΩΦΥΛΛΟΥ: Γιώργος Παζάλος ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗ ΣΕΛΙΔΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ: Ελένη Σταυροπούλου ΕΚΤΥΠΩΣΗ: Άγγελος Ελεύθερος & ΣΙΑ Ο.Ε. βΙβΛΙΟΔΕΣΙΑ: Κωνσταντίνα Παναγιώτου & ΣΙΑ Ο.Ε. © ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΓΑΝΩΤΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΤΡΟΠΗ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ © ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ ΨΥΧΟΓΙΟΣ Α.Ε., Αθήνα 2009 Πρώτη έκδοση: Δεκέμβριος 2009 ΙSBN 978-960-453-659-7 Τυπώθηκε σε χαρτί ελεύθερο χημικών ουσιών, προερχόμενο αποκλειστικά και μόνο από δάση που καλλιεργούνται για την παραγωγή χαρτιού. Το παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του Ελληνικού Νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποιηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ γραπτής άδειας του εκδότη κατά οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή μέσο αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύπωση και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετάφραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή (ηλεκτρονική, μηχανική ή άλλη) και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου. -
The Economic Centrality of Urban Centers in the Medieval Peloponnese: Late 11Th–Mid-14Th Centuries
land Article The Economic Centrality of Urban Centers in the Medieval Peloponnese: Late 11th–Mid-14th Centuries Katerina Ragkou Department of Byzantine Studies, University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany; [email protected] Received: 29 October 2018; Accepted: 28 November 2018; Published: 7 December 2018 Abstract: The Peloponnese, a province of the Byzantine Empire in the 11th and 12th centuries, was divided into three distinct political entities after 1204: the Frankish Principality of Achaia, the Venetian colonies of Modon and Coron, and the Byzantine lands in the southeast. The number and size of cities in the Peloponnese during the 11th and 12th centuries expanded, and the establishment of the new political entities of the 13th century did not hinder the development of its urban centers. New urban centers appeared, and the dynamics of the old urban centers witnessed a major shift. The focus of this paper is on port towns, since the majority of the available data derive from them, and aims to investigate the economic centrality of the port towns in the Peloponnese in the context of their environs, economic activities, and their position in the eastern Mediterranean exchange system. The theoretical framework is based on concepts of network theory, centrality, and economic complexity, as well as on a thorough evaluation of the material and textual evidence. In doing so, the economic profile of each central place is reconstructed, as well as a comparison between them. Keywords: byzantine and medieval Peloponnese; byzantine and medieval port towns; central place theory; networks; economy; trade links 1. Introduction The late 11th and mid-14th centuries in the medieval Eastern Mediterranean are marked by the cultural and economic transformation of the societies living on its shores. -
UN's Nimitz Offers New Ideas on Name Issue Papadakis Receives
O C V ΓΡΑΦΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ Bringing the news ΤΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ to generations of ΑΠΟ ΤΟ 1915 The National Herald Greek Americans A WEEKLY GREEK AMERICAN PUBLICATION c v www.thenationalherald.com VOL. 11, ISSUE 526 November 10, 2007 $1.00 GREECE: 1.75 EURO UN’s Nimitz Finance Minister Says Offers New Greek Economy in “Good Ideas on Standing” Before U.S. Trip Name Issue By Aris Papadopoulos ports, while tourism and the inflow Special to the National Herald of income from maritime services also contribute to growth consider- U.N. Mediator Plans ATHENS, GREECE – A few hours ably. before his departure for the United He also focused on the role Trip to Athens and States, Greek Economy and Fi- played by Greece in the develop- nance Minister George Alogosk- ment of Southeastern Europe Skopje This Month oufis told TNH the Greek Economy through trade and direct invest- is in good standing and has the ments. By Dimitri Soultogiannis ability to attract Greek American “Southeastern Europe is turning Special to the National Herald investors. Minister Alogoskoufis into one of the fastest developing will be visiting New York in order to regions in Europe and Greece is fa- NEW YORK – U.N. mediator participate at “Capital Link” an Eco- cilitating the accession of these Matthew Nimitz has offered fresh nomic and Business conference countries to the global economy ideas but no ultimate answer for that concentrates on Greek invest- and to the European Union,” he solving the name issue between ments. Mr. Alogoskoufis will also said. Greece and the Former Yugoslav visit the New York Stock Exchange The finance and economy minis- Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). -
First Corinthians
FIRST CORINTHIANS VOLUME 32 The Anchor Yale Bible is a fresh approach to the world’s greatest classic. Its ob- ject is to make the Bible accessible to the modern reader; its method is to arrive at the meaning of biblical literature through exact translation and extended ex- position, and to reconstruct the ancient setting of the biblical story, as well as the circumstances of its transcription and the characteristics of its transcribers. The Anchor Yale Bible is a project of international and interfaith scope: Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish scholars from many countries contribute indi- vidual volumes. The project is not sponsored by any ecclesiastical organization and is not intended to reflect any particular theological doctrine. Prepared under our joint supervision, The Anchor Yale Bible is an effort to make avail- able all the significant historical and linguistic knowledge which bears on the interpretation of the biblical record. The Anchor Yale Bible is aimed at the general reader with no special formal training in biblical studies; yet it is written with the most exacting standards of scholarship, reflecting the highest technical accomplishment. This project marks the beginning of a new era of cooperation among scholars in biblical research, thus forming a common body of knowledge to be shared by all. William Foxwell Albright David Noel Freedman general editors THE ANCHOR YALE BIBLE FIRST CORINTHIANS ◆ A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary JOSEPH A. FITZMYER, S.J. THE ANCHOR YALE BIBLE Yale University Press New Haven and London Disclaimer: Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook.