HOOSIER HOOPS IN DIXIE

HOMEMAKERS' RICH LIVES

ORPHAN TRAINS TO

THE WIT OF KIN HUBBARD

F_521 _I48_V0L5_N04 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY BOARD OF TRUSTEES James J. Barnes, Crawfordsville MISSION STATEMENT Dianne J. Cartmel, Seymour William E. Ervin, Hartford City Ralph D. Gray, H. Roll McLaughlin, Carmel Ronald Morris, Greenwood N A SATURDAY NIGHT IN DECEMBER 1830 A GROUP OF THE MOST Mary M. Mullin, Brookville Kathleen Stiso Mullins, South Bend DISTINGUISHED FIGURES IN INDIANA'S EARLY HISTORY—INCLUDING Alan T. Nolan, Indianapolis, Chairman Larry K. Pitts, Indianapolis JOHN FARNHAM, CALVIN FLETCHER, WILLIAM CONNER, JOHN TIPTON, William G. Prime, Madison O Evaline H. Rhodehamel, Indianapolis, Vice President AND MORE THAN HALF OF THE INDIANA GENERAL ASSEMBLY—MET AT THE Richard S. Simons, Marion. President John Martin Smith, Auburn MARION COUNTY COURTHOUSE IN INDIANAPOLIS TO FORM WHAT BECAME Theodore L. Steele, Indianapolis P. R. Sweeney, Vincennes THE INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY THAT GROUP COMPOSED THE ORGANIZATION'S Stanley Warren, Indianapolis, Treasurer Herman B Wells, Bloomington CONSTITUTION AND DECLARED: ADMINISTRATION Peter T. Harstad, Executive Director Raymond L. Shoemaker, Assistant Executive The objects of the Society shall be the collection of all Director and Business Manager Annabelle J. Jackson, Controller materials calculated to shed light on the natural, civil and Susan P. Brown, Director Human Resources Carolyn S. Smith, Membership Secretary political history of Indiana, the promotion of useful knowledge DIVISION DIRECTORS and the friendly and profitable intercourse of such citizens of Bruce L.Johnson, Library Thomas K. Krasean, Community Relations the state as are disposed to promote the aforesaid objects. Thomas A. Mason, Publications Robert M. Taylor, Jr., Education

TRACKS OF INDIANA AND MIDWESTERN HISTORY Thomas A. Mason, Executive Editor J. Kent Calder, Managing Editor Megan L. McKee, Editor Kathleen M. Breen, Editorial Assistant George R. Hanlin, Editorial Assistant ODAY, WITH MORE THAN 9,000 MEMBERS IN AND BEYOND INDIANA, CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Ray E. Boomhower Douglas E. Clanin Paula J. Corpuz T Ruth Dorrel THE SOCIETY BUILDS ON THIS FOUNDATION. AS THE NEXT CENTURY PHOTOGRAPHY APPROACHES, IT REAFFIRMS ITS ORIGINAL "OBJECTS" WITHIN THE Stephen J. Fletcher, Curator Visual Collections Kim Charles Ferrill, Photographer BROADER CONTEXTS OF REGIONAL, NATIONAL, AND WORLD HISTORY AND Susan L. S. Sutton, Coordinator

FOCUSES THEM AS FOLLOWS: EDITORIAL BOARD Richard J. M. Blackett, Indiana University, Bloomington To promote public awareness and appreciation of Indiana Edward E. Breen, Marion Chronicle-Tribune Andrew R. L. Cayton, Miami University history, the Indiana Historical Society collects, preserves, David E. Dawson, Indianapolis Robert L. Gildea, Indianapolis interprets, and disseminates documentary and visual Ralph D. Gray, Indiana University, Indianapolis Monroe H. Little, Jr., Indiana University, Indianapolis evidence and supports scholarly research. The Society fosters James H. Madison, Indiana University, Bloomington Richard S. Simons, Marion excellence and leadership, historical inquiry, and pleasurable Emma Lou Thornbrough, Butler University

and informal exchanges, believing that an understanding of DESIGN the past illuminates the present and gives vision for the future. Dean Johnson Design R. Lloyd Brooks, Scott Johnson, Designers

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Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History (ISSN 1040-788X) is published quar- terly and distributed as a benefit of membership by the Indiana Historical Society; editorial and executive offices, 315 West Street. Indianapolis. Indiana 46202-3299. Membership categories are Annual $20, Sustaining $30, Contributing $50, and Lite $500. Single copies are $5. Second-cl.M postage paid at Indianapolis. Indiana; USPS Number 003-275. Literary ronti butions: A brochure containing information for contributors is available upon request. Tracts accepts no responsibility for unsolicited manuscripts submitted without return postage. The Indiana Historical Society assumes no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by contributors. Indiana newspaper publishers may obtain permission to reprint articles b\ written request to the Society. The Society will refer requests from otliei publishers to the author. ©1993 Indiana Historical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the of America. Postmaster: Please send address changes to Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History, Indiana Historical Society, 315 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis. Indiana 46202-3299.

[AIPRINTEOWITHI I^ISOYINKI TRACEOF INDIANA AND MIDWESTERN HISTORY VOLUME 5 NUMBESR 4

DEPARTMENTS FEATURES Designed to record the history of the Indiana Extension Homemak- ers Association, an IEHA oral 2 4 history project initiated in 1980 Letters Conquers Dixie: quickly broke the boundaries of Hoosier in organizational history. As the 3 JIM L. SUMNER voices of the women were heard, Editors' Page the project took on a new dimen- 18 sion: documenting women as 14 homemakers. The narrators fondly Memories of Hoosier Homemakers Destination Indiana recalled club activities (such as a ELEANOR ARNOLD craft lesson on aluminum tray 47 etching, above), while also giving 30 testimony to the hardships and Focus West to Indiana on the Orphan Trains pleasures of domestic life. This MARILYN IRVIN HOLT issue samples some of these homemaking stories. 38 A "Dapper Dan with the Soul of an Imp": Front Cover: Artifacts from the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame. Kin Hubbard, Creator of Abe Martin KIM CHARLES FLRRIL1. PHOTO RAY BOOMHOWER "SING, MARGARET, SING!"

ere is an Indi- gram at Tuskegee, Hana sequel to and went to Italy— the David McCul- I think he flew P-40s lough article "Fight- —and, as I said, was ing Chance: Harry the first black Ace in Truman's Midwestern the war. I regret to say Whistle-stop Cam- that he is now deceased. paign" in the summer I enjoyed the article 1993 issue of Traces. very much and think A day or two after that these people who the 1948 election, the were involved certainly Columbus paper had deserve a lot of credit. a small item telling that Truman would TED ENGLEHART be coming through Indianapolis Indiana on his return to Washington from Missouri and that the President's train just received the would make a stop at I summer edition of North Vernon the fol- Traces. When I saw on lowing evening. I had cover that Truman's never seen a Presi- Whistle-stop Campaign dent before so I got a of 1948 was featured, fellow worker at Cum- my interest was aroused. mins to go with me Upon turning to lead and we drove to North Frank McHale, John E. Hurt, and Harry S. Truman. picture, I had no trou- Vernon for the event. McHale served as Democratic national committeeman from 1937 to 1952. ble identifying two There was a good subjects other than sized crowd on hand when we arrived celebrations in North Vernon without the President, Frank M. McHale and at the train station. The train arrived success and believe that this event is a myself. Next page referred to Kouts to and stopped and soon afterward forgotten incident of Indiana history. Logansport—I remember that trip too. Truman came out onto the observa- On the October 12 Richmond trip, I tion car platform and said a few words. JOHN W. ROWELL have pictures with the President taken He was a sharp looking fellow in a Columbus in his work office. Then the final pic- freshly pressed, light-colored suit. He ture relating to Chicago Tribune. That next called Mrs. Truman out to wave picture was taken many times on the to the crowd and then Margaret came President's trip back to Washington. out and some guys in the crowd yelled, enjoyed very much your article in I rode across Southern Indiana on the "Sing, Margaret, sing!" (This was dur- the last issue of Traces on the subject President's car that night from Vin- ing the period when Margaret Truman of the black aviators at Freeman Field. cennes to North Vernon. was taking some well-publicized music I think that it would be interesting I was privileged to board the train lessons). Then the train pulled out for you to know that the first black Ace and join the President each time the and the crowd dispersed. was a Hoosier. His name was Charles train crossed Indiana. I do not recall seeing any reports of Hall and he was in the class of 1938 Enjoyed McCullough's Truman. Am this event in local or Indianapolis graduating from Brazil High School. looking forward to WORDSTRUCK. papers of the time. In recent years I Charlie was a good friend ^of mine have looked for some mention in and was a very fine athlete and real JOHN E. HURT reports of the annual "Railroad Days" gentleman. He went through the pro- Martinsville

4 TRACES : A WINNING CASE

s the movie Blue Chips was Case's Anderson High School team being filmed this summer during the 1932-33 season, and at Frankfort High then he proceeded to supply me School's Case Arena, with oral history interviews of a cou- many Hoosiers appre- ple of Case's former players: Roy L. ciated the connection between the Boicourt and Harold A. "Whitey" film's plot and the arena's name- Snow, both of Anderson. sake: Everett Norris Case. In the Although Case had run-ins with film Nick Nolte stars as college bas- the regulating authorities in his ketball coach Pete Bell, whose ethics efforts to produce winning teams are severely tested as he searches for on the high school and college level, talented recruits who can save his his methods were the result of his program and satisfy the hunger for employers' expectations. When he victory that surrounds him. Bell ven- was forced to give up his post in tures into Chicago housing projects, 0 Anderson in March 1933 because rural Indiana, and back- —t | of the IHSAA's suspension, he waters to find his blue chippers, % reflected as follows in his formal let- knowing that in the whirlpool of ; ter of resignation: "My only instruc- big time college athletics the best ^ tion upon coming to Anderson as a recruiters win the most games. § coach was that I should produce a Though, as the movie portrays, the winning team. My future as a coach monetary sums involved today are Roy L. Boicourt. was definitely understood to de- greater, the endless pressure to win is Sumner provides an excellent profile pend entirely upon my ability to win no different than it was in Case's day. of this legendary Hoosier basketball games. ... I cannot truthfully say to Coach Everett Case was an excellent coach, who became known as the "Old the people of Anderson that I wish to recruiter, and he won many games Gray Fox" during his glory days at resign as coach. ... I would give (close to 1,200) during his forty-eight North Carolina State. almost anything to be able to continue years as a coach of high school and Talking to people about Case, I with my boys, for I feel that this affair college teams. Between 1925 and 1939 quickly learned that any mention of has only brought us closer together. . . . he brought four state championships his career is guaranteed to elicit 1 am happy in the thought that my to Frankfort. According to the Indiana numerous accounts that provide justi- boys have so openly expressed their High School Athletic Association fication for the slyness and craftiness faith and confidence in me. This alone (IHSAA), however, recruiting is not a connoted by his nickname. Executive makes the future seem worthwhile." skill that high school coaches should Director of the Indiana Basketball Hall Despite his troubles, Case is remem- cultivate. After illegal recruiting at of Fame Ron Newlin informed me that bered fondly by his players. "I never Frankfort and Anderson high schools the coach was famous for such tricki- found Coach Case difficult to get got Case into trouble in the 1930s, he ness as "icing down the ramp from the along with," says Roy Boicourt as he decided that might visitors' locker room to the floor" and holds up the jersey he wore as a mem- be the best environment in which "shutting off the hot water in the visi- ber of the suspended 1932-33 Ander- to ply his trade. In 1946 he took tors' locker room." "True or not," says son team. "When he made a mistake, his coaching skills and a number Newlin, "stories like that account for he would admit that he made a mistake." of Hoosier players south to North Case's delayed admission into this Hall For a moment, Boicourt's memory is as Carolina State University, and, as of Fame." Indiana State Museum histo- fresh as his red jersey appears, and his sportswriter Bob Collins has written, rian Dale Ogden concurs: "Case was a interviewer understands something "Case single-handedly lifted Atlantic true pioneer in fast break and shady about the depth of Hoosier Hysteria. Coast Conference basketball from deal basketball." Traces Contributing something the lads did after milking Editor Doug Clanin began by telling cows or curing tobacco into a big-time me about the Indiana High School J. KENT CALDER collegiate sport." In this issue Jim L. Athletic Association's suspension of Managing Editor

Fall 1993 3 EVERETT CASE CONQUERS DIXIE

The jersey and letter sweater of Anderson Indian Roy L. Boicourt, Boicourt is third from the left in the front row of the 1932-33 Anderson Indians' team photo, and Coach Everett Case stands at the far right in the back row. Hoosier Basketball in North Carolina

or many people around the country, the word Hoosier is synonymous with basketball. Indiana high school and college basketball have long been known for excitement and excellence. The image of the Indiana farm kid practicing jump shots into the night has been indelibly impressed on the country's collective sports consciousness by television, movies, and books. • Some of Indiana's greatest basketball talents have spread the state's passion for hoops to other parts of the country. One of the best known is Martinsville's , a great player at Purdue in the 1930s who found- ed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) dynasty that domi- nated college basketball in the 1960s and 1970s. Even before Wooden went west, however, another Indiana transplant was plowing distant fields. Shortly after the conclusion of World War II, basketball evangelist Everett Case went into North Carolina and helped create a tradition that has made as much a mark of basketball excellence as Hoosier and has inspired North Carolina universities in capturing five of the last twelve National Col- legiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's basketball titles. verett Norris Case shooting. The young Case went 26-2 and advanced to ary 1927 a visiting Logans- was born in Ander- was something of a nomad the state finals, where they port team was stranded by a son, Indiana, on 21 the first few years after high lost to Martinsville 36-30. snowstorm. By the time it June 1900. He grew school. He left Connersville In 1924-25, Case's third arrived in Frankfort, it was up in that city, only following the 1920 season year, the Hot Dogs went almost midnight. The game six blocks from the to become head coach at 27-2 and beat Kokomo started anyway. At that time Ehigh school. Case played Columbus High School. 34-20 in the state finals, basketball had no ten-second tennis and was an active Barely out of his teens, Case the first of Case's four Indi- line. Case's club used the member of the Student Ath- coached that team to a ana state championships. entire floor to hold the ball letic Council. He coached a in an attempt to force its Methodist church youth bas- exhausted guests out of their IN THE TWO YEARS COACH CASE COACHED ANDERSON ketball team. The one thing zone defense. When Logans- he couldn't do was play, at THERE WAS ONLY ONE TIME THAT WE DIDN'T PLAY port stayed in the zone, least on the scholastic level. BEFORE A HOME SELLOUT CROWD. Frankfort stayed in its delay The diminutive Case wasn't game. Frankfort escaped WHILE AT ANDERSON HIS FAVORITE GAME PLAN WAS big enough or good enough with a 10-7 victory. Post- to play for the high school THE FOUR CORNERS. HE WOULD SAY, "WE MUST GET game fistfights erupted team. Ironically, one of the THE LEAD THEN WE'LL CONTROL THE GAME. throughout the stands. After best basketball coaches of all WE'LL PUT OUR BEST BALL HANDLER NEAR THE another slowdown win at time never played a game of CENTER CIRCLE WITH ONE MAN ON EACH SIDE OF Bedford angry fans pelted organized basketball. Yet THE BALL HANDLER AND TWO BIG MEN IN THE the floor with food and trash to protest Case's stall. growing up in Anderson— CORNERS THUS SPREADING THE FLOOR." called "the hottest basketball THIS WAS TO FORCE THE OPPOSITION TO PLAY The hostility directed town on earth, the epicenter MAN TO MAN AND TO OPEN UP THE LANES. toward Case wasn't just of grass-roots basketball" by because of his tactics or his writer Phillip Hoose—Case COACH CASE WASN'T ADVERSE TO USING A PIVOT MAN incessant winning. Longtime could hardly have failed to IN ONE GAME AND THEN THE NEXT GAME HE WOULD Indianapolis Star columnist absorb a passion for basketball. USE THE FOUR CORNERS. FOR THE OPPOSITION, Bob Collins wrote in 1982 that Case coached in Indiana After graduating from HIS GAME PLAN WAS DIFFICULT TO PREDICT. Anderson High School Case during "the wild and wooly took a position as assistant -Roy L. Boicourt, Arulerson Indians, 1931-33. days when rules consisted of basketball coach at Conners- Interviewed by Douglas E. Clanin. what you could get away ville High School. Like many with." If so, Case certainly teachers during this period, 20-10 record. Clearly he had Case continued winning was at home. It was argued he worked on a college some aptitude for coaching. games and titles at Frank- widely that he and a network degree during the summers The following season he was fort. In the process he be- of Frankfort boosters recruit- at a number of schools in the at Smithville High School. came known as a fiercely ed across the state. These Midwest. Eventually he He coached that club to a competitive, innovative rumors were not just sour would acquire not only a superb 32-6 mark. coach, who was always pre- grapes. The Indiana High bachelor of arts from Cen- In February of 1922, as pared and would do almost School Athletic Association tral Normal College in Dan- Case was wrapping up his anything to win. He asked suspended Frankfort for the ville, Indiana, but also a only season at Smithville, his players to sign a pledge first half of the 1928-29 sea- master of arts from the Uni- Frankfort High School was to eat the right foods, get to son for attempting to induce versity of Southern Califor- gutted by a fire. A new gym, bed early, and even wear two players to transfer across nia. His thesis was titled "An Howard Hall, was dedicated hats against the Indiana the state from Jennings Analysis of the Effects of Var- in November of that year. winter, the better to protect County Frankfort recovered ious Factors on Accuracy of Along with the new gym, against colds. in time to win its second state title, beating Indianapo- Shooting Free Throws." Case Frankfort would have a new Case's clubs were well- lis Technical 29-23 in the concluded that the under- coach. Everett Case would conditioned teams that could finals. Despite the censure, hand method was superior. elevate the Frankfort High run all night. He preferred Case's program continued to By the time Case earned School Hot Dogs to the high- up-tempo, fast-break basket- be plagued by rumors of ille- his master's degree in 1934 est level of Indiana high ball. However, he would gal recruiting throughout he had established himself as school basketball. Case won drop that tactic, or any other, his high school tenure. Some an authority in more areas of 24 games his first year in in order to enhance his Case supporters argue, how- basketball than just foul Frankfort. His second team chances of winning. In Janu-

8 TRACES

ever, that players were at- amended to prohibit ties). Case joined the United he decided not to return to tracted only by Case's coach- Frankfort didn't lose again. States Navy in 1942 as a lieu- the Hoosier high school ing reputation. In fact the team was rarely tenant. He never coached wars. He considered staying n 1931 Case was hired challenged. The Hot Dogs high school ball again. He in the Navy but decided back to his hometown. mauled Anderson 34-18 and finished his prep coaching to make a bold move south. Success followed him Fort Wayne Central 50-24 in career with a record of In the spring of 1946 Case back to Anderson, as the final two games for the 467-124-1, including 385-99-1 accepted a position as head did controversy. His state title. This club, regard- at Frankfort. Some sources coach at North Carolina Anderson team was ed as one of the best in Indi- credit Case with 726 wins, State College (now Univer- Iplaced on probation for the sity), in the state capital of 1932-33 season for using an Raleigh. At the time he ineligible player and violat- WHEN I WAS A YOUNG 'UN STARTING OUT AS A BASKET- accepted the position, Case ing "the spirit and purpose BALL WRITER, THERE WERE PLENTY OF PEOPLE had never set foot in Raleigh. of the rules." The ineligible AROUND WHO HAD COMPETED AGAINST CASE. AND, State officials were put on player, Joe Hallinan, had NATURALLY, HE WAS THE SUBJECT OF MANY LATE- Case's trail by , recently moved from Akron, NIGHT SESSIONS LIKE THIS STORY: A STATE HIGH who, as a spokesman for Ohio, to Anderson. It was SCHOOL TEAM HAD A SET OF BIG TWINS. THEY WERE Converse Shoe Company, rumored that he had played traveled across the country, RAW-BONED LADS AND ONE OR THE OTHER OFTEN WAS semiprofessional basketball putting on clinics. No one in the Buckeye state. IN FOUL TROUBLE. AND THEIR COACH. IN KEEPING knew the state of basketball Perhaps Case decided to WITH THE ETHICS OF THE ERA, WAS NOT ABOVE better than Taylor, a Colum- lie low for awhile, or per- CHANGING NUMBERS AT HALFTIME. IN A GAME AGAINST bus, Indiana, native, and Tay- haps he simply wanted to FRANKFORT, ONE OF THE TWINS HAD NEARLY REACHED lor recognized Case as a man get away from midwestern HIS FOUL LIMIT BY THE INTERMISSION. AS THE TEAMS of rare ability. winters. Following the 1933 HEADED FOR THE DRESSING ROOM, CASE RACED ACROSS Case certainly faced a season Case left Anderson THE GYM, PATTED THE KID ON THE BACK SEVERAL challenge. North Carolina to go to the University of State was the land-grant TIMES AND COMPLIMENTED HIM ON HIS FINE EFFORT. Southern California and school in North Carolina. finish his graduate degree. A FEW MINUTES LATER THE OPPOSING COACH STARTED The University of North Car- While there he assisted TO PULL HIS SWITCH. THEN, HIS MOUTH GAPED AND olina (UNC), located twenty- in coaching the HE MUTTERED, "AH, FORGET IT." CASE HAD SMEARED five miles northwest of Trojans. Barry's son Rick MERCUROCHROME ON THE PLAYERS BARE SHOULDER. Raleigh in Chapel Hill, would later become a stand- -Bob Collins, Indianapolis Star, looked down on State as a out basketball player. Sig- 25 February 1982. "cow college," an opinion nificantly, , one shared by nearby private of the game's great foul ana prep history, was led by but that total is certainly in- schools and shooters, was the last Nation- Ralph Vaughn, who later flated. Over a twenty-one- Wake Forest College. Cer- al Basketball Association starred at the University of year career, this would average tainly, State had done little (NBA) player to use the Southern California, and over 34 wins per season. How- on the athletic fields to underhand method favored Lawrence "Jay" McCreary, ever, Case only won more than change this opinion. A limit- by Case. who would spark Indiana 30 games once, a 32-6 mark ed academic curriculum, Case returned to Indiana University to the 1940 in 1921-22 in Smithville. poor facilities, and relative in the fall of 1934. He came NCAA title with 12 points in The Navy knew what to do neglect by the state legisla- back to Frankfort, however, the finals against the Uni- with Everett Case. He served ture had led to years of high rather than Anderson. After versity of Kansas. in a number of stateside coaching turnover and ath- a mediocre 17-12 record, In 1938-39 Case became the postings, most of which took letic mediocrity. Nowhere Case coached Frankfort to first man to win four Indi- advantage of his skills. He was this more apparent than his third state title in ana state titles at the same coached the DePauw Naval in basketball. Historian Bill 1935-36. This team lost early school when his Frankfort Training Station team to a Beezley has written that in the season to Tipton and club defeated Franklin 36-22 29-3 record in 1944-45 and State fans "probably got played a tie against Indi- in the state finals. Case came coached the Ottumwa (Iowa) more thrills from crossword anapolis Technical, in which close to winning a fifth title Naval Air Station team to a puzzles than basketball" both coaches agreed to call in 1942, as Frankfort fell to 27-2 mark in 1945-46. prior to Case's arrival. Yet, State officials thought that the game after two over- eventual champ Washington Perhaps the war expanded basketball had potential at times (the rules later were in the semifinals. Case's horizons. In any event

8 TRACES the school. Compared to were the terrors of the eleven games and won nine filled. However, While in football, basketball required . of them. One of these victo- State, like most high school, smaller squads and less The 1946-47 season was ries was a 58-42 win over a other colleges Case money. Before the war State one of the most tumultuous Holy Cross team that would and universi- coached a Methodist had begun construction of in North Carolina State go on to capture the NCAA ties, was inun- Church , a new history. State had difficulty championship. When State dated by a post- youth team. basketball arena which, war enrollment when completed in 1949, explosion. Before the season would be the largest in the began both State and UNC state. When Case arrived it announced that student was just a shell but the impli- demands would fill most cations were obvious: the seats. Most State games were school had made a commit- standing room only. On ment to big-time basketball. 25 February so many people ase had a galvanizing crowded Thompson Gym effect on basketball, for the rematch with UNC not just at North that fire marshals refused Carolina State but to allow the game to take throughout North place. Angry State students Carolina. Shortly vented their frustrations Cafter he came to Raleigh, by setting off fire alarms modifications were made across campus. This kind of on Reynolds which in- passion over a basketball creased its potential seating game may have been com- capacity to 12,400, making mon in Indiana, but it was it the largest such facility in unheard of in North Caroli- the South. Case quickly put na in 1947. together an almost complete- Fearing a repeat, South- ly new team. Not surpris- ern Conference officials ingly, he relied heavily on hastily moved the postseason players from his native state, tournament from Raleigh's many of whom were military 3,500-seat Memorial Audito- veterans. Of the ten fresh- rium to the more spacious men he brought to State, six 9,000-seat Duke Indoor Sta- were from Indiana. The dium in Durham. State went most talented of these im- on to capture the Southern ports was , a 6'2" Conference title, defeating forward from Alexandria. Maryland, George Washington, Another addition was Norm and UNC, Sloan, of Lawrence Central Coach Case's the latter Frankfort High School, near Indianap- by a 50-48 Hot Dogs won olis. Harold "Whitey" Snow score. This the 1936 state of Anderson joined the championship. finding early season oppo- defeated archrival University was State's team, though he had played Front row: nents, since many of the of North Carolina 48-46 in first South- professional basketball for Loren Joseph, North Carolina schools overtime in Chapel Hill, ern Confer- Ralph Vaughn, the Anderson Packers the rarely played before Christ- State fans were ecstatic. ence title Coach Everett season before. Snow was mas. Case put together a The only problem was that since 1929 Case, Jay able to play because he had McCreary, and schedule that included mili- few people could watch but would signed no contract with James Miner; tary teams, amateur clubs, Case's exciting team. While not be its back row: the professional team. Case and two Indiana colleges, construction continued on the last. State Merlin Good- introduced a fast-paced, Anderson College and new coliseum, State played did not get night, Glenwood high-scoring game that over- Witsman, Ralph Franklin College. By the time its home games in Thompson an invitation whelmed opponents and Montgomery, most Southern Conference Gym, capacity approximate- to the NCAA enthralled fans. Before long John Slaven, teams began their seasons, ly 3,400. Before the war this tournament Max Livezey, these "Hoosier Hotshots" State had already played modest facility was rarely (only eight and Ansel Street.

Fall 1993 9 teams did in 1947) but in the Sugar Bowl Tourna- tate's program was and 1949, while State sat on did go to the New York- ment in , when at its peak during the outside looking in. In based National Invitational officials mistakenly awarded these years. Confer- 1950 Case offered to play Tournament (NIT), which a State basket to Holy Cross. ence titles, all-Amer- Rupp in a sort of quasi-play- then was at least as presti- The Wolfpack captured icans, and high off for the right to play in gious as the NCAA tourna- the Southern Conference national rankings the NCAA. Although there ment. Case's team defeated title again but was upended Senabled State fans and were precedents for such an St. John's, lost to , in the first round of the NIT alumni to strut their pro- arrangement, Rupp refused and defeated West Virginia by DePaul, when mumps verbial smff as never before. to have anything to do with for third place. His first State. The NCAA committee season in Raleigh was a called Rupp's bluff and spectacular 26-5. By com- selected State. State won its parison the previous four opening match against Bob State teams had won a mere Cousy's Holy Cross team but 28 games combined, against lost in the semifinals (not yet 45 losses. called the Final Four) 78-73 Case's inaugural campaign to City College of New York. in Raleigh was simply a CCNY went on to win the prelude. His second team title, while State won the was bolstered by the arrival consolation game for third of high-scoring Sammy place. This would be the Ranzino, a native of Gary, closest Case would come to Indiana. A 6'2" forward, an NCAA title. Rupp and Ranzino would become one Case never made amends. of State's greatest players. In 1951 the tournament Ranzino later gave some was expanded to sixteen insight into how Case teams. State made it back to worked his home state: "I the NCAA that season but never knew where North was handicapped by an Carolina was, really. When arcane NCAA rule that Coach Case came to talk to allowed freshmen to play me, I asked where NC State varsity ball but only per- was. He said it was where all mitted players to be eligible the good Indiana players for the NCAA tournament were going." Also arriving three seasons. Thus seniors that year was another Gary Ranzino, Bubas, and Paul import, , a man Horvath, all of whom had who would figure in the played as freshmen in 1947- basketball lore of Tobacco kept Dickey out of the The one Hotly recruited 48, were ineligible for the Road for decades to come. game. It ended the season title that by both Coach 1951 tournament. Minus its Led by Dickey and Ranzino, at 29-3. eluded Case three stars, State pulled a and Coach Case, was the State spent part of the Dickey and Ranzino led Ronnie Shavlik remarkable upset in the first season ranked number one State to a 25-8 record in national chose North round, beating Villanova in the wire service polls. 1949 and its third con- champion- Carolina State 67-62. Case later called it Fire marshals canceled secutive Southern Confer- ship. Dur- over Kentucky. his greatest win. The out- another home game, this ence title. The Wolfpack ing much manned Wolfpack lost the time against Duke Univer- repeated its conference of this period only one team next game to Illinois. State's sity, after which State moved championship in 1950, 1951, from the southeast region 1952 NCAA journey ended its home games off campus and 1952, an astonishing could be invited to the in its first game against St. to Memorial Auditorium. and unprecedented six con- NCAA tournament, and John's. The Redmen were State was defeated only secutive championships. Kentucky's Adolph Rupp, the coached by Frank McGuire, twice in the regular season, Case's 1953 club lost 71-70 Baron of the Bluegrass, con- a man who would loom large a four- loss to West in overtime to Wake Forest sidered this invitation his for in Case's future. Virginia and a controversial in the conference tourna- the asking. Kentucky won Case was busy not just win- overtime loss to Holy Cross ment finals. the NCAA title in both 1948 ning basketball games but

10 TRACES also promoting the game he named Case "Tar Heel of In 1954 Case had a new owever, there were loved. He became a regular the Week," an honor usually playground. Following the clouds on the speaker at civic affairs across reserved for politicians conclusion of the 1953 aca- horizon for Case the state. His greatest inno- or business leaders. The demic year the Big Four, and North Caro- vation came in 1949 and was influential paper recog- along with the University of lina State. In a directly related to the open- nized Case's impact: Maryland, the University of very real sense he ing that fall of Reynolds Coli- South Carolina, and Clem- Hwas a victim of his successes. seum. Case was convinced Since the little man came son University, left the His ACC rivals worked assid- that several of his close loss- here from Indiana . . . basket- Southern Conference to uously to catch up with the es could be attributed to Wolfpack behemoth. Rival "homer" officiating. His North Carolina lost to Case solution was to bring the top HE WAS A WINNER BECAUSE HE RECRUITED TALENT. an agonizing fifteen straight teams to Raleigh, a possibili- IT'S BASICALLY WHAT ALL THE COACHES DO TODAY, times. Fed up with these ty now that State had a show- ONLY HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST ONES HE TOOK HIS galling losses to a school it place arena. He came up TALENT DOWN WITH HIM WHEN HE TOOK US TEN considered its inferior, UNC with the Dixie Classic, a FRESHMEN FROM THE NORTH. HE WASN'T A STRICT fought back by hiring Frank McGuire, the same man who three-day, eight-team tour- DISCIPLINARIAN, BUT YOU BETTER BE ABLE TO TAKE nament held during the had ended Case's 1952 sea- CARE OF HIS PRACTICES. HE REALLY WORKED YOU OUT. interval between Christmas son. The feisty McGuire and New Year's Day. The I THINK I LOST TWENTY-FIVE POUNDS BEFORE THE tapped into his own recruit- format was simple. North SEASON STARTED. BUT YOU WERE READY TO PLAY ing pipeline, this one leading Carolina's so-called Big Four— WHENEVER YOU WENT ON THE FLOOR. ALL THE GUYS south from New York City, North Carolina State, the Uni- CAME OUT OF SERVICE, AND MOST OF THEM PLAYED and quickly brought that versity of North Carolina, SERVICE BALL NOW ME. WE BEAT HIM TO DEATH school back into the basket- Duke, and Wake Forest— ball spotlight. Duke, Wake WHEN I WAS IN HIGH SCHOOL AT ANDERSON AND would host four outside Forest, and Maryland also HE WAS COACHING FRANKFORT AND HE REMEMBERED schools. The winners would elevated their programs, play each other, and eventu- IT WE CAME IN AS FRESHMEN AND STATE HAD A upgrading facilities and ally a champion would be TEAM THAT PLAYED THE YEAR BEFORE. THE LEFTOVERS spending more money on crowned. Over the years the FROM THAT TEAM DIDN'T EVEN COME OUT. WELL recruiting than had previ- Dixie Classic would become SOME OF THEM CAME OUT, BUT THEY COULDN'T MAKE ously been the case. a holiday fixture, attracting THE TEAM THAT HE BROUGHT DOWN. THAT FIRST Case's recruiting skills attention across the country YEAR WE WERE SECOND IN THE NATION. also caused him problems. and luring such prominent -Harold "Whitey"Snow, North Carolina State, 1947-49. Emboldened by constant basketball schools as Holy Interviewed by Douglas E. Clanin. winning and refusing to set- Cross, Seton Hall, Oregon tle for second best, Case bent State, Iowa, Louisville, Day- ball has almost supplanted establish the Atlantic Coast the rules, just as he had in ton, and State. In politics as the favorite topic Conference; the University Indiana. Recruiting high 1958 the University of Cincin- of discussion in the North of Virginia joined the fol- school basketball players to nati, led by the great Oscar Carolina capital. This interest lowing year. Case gave early colleges was just as competi- Robertson from Crispus . . . is evident all across the evidence that he would tive in the 1950s as it is today, Attucks High School in Indi- State, which has reacted by dominate the ACC as easily although not as well publi- anapolis, came to Raleigh building scores of additional as he had laid waste to the cized. Case's favorite tactic ranked number one and left high school gyms and insist- Southern Conference. His was to invite prospects to with a pair of hard-fought loss- ing on better coaching mate- 1953-54 team won 28 highly competitive tryouts. es. Case's Wolfpack captured rial. Game attendance has games and captured a thrill- Although legal in the 1940s, the Dixie Classic title seven picked up everywhere and ing first ACC tournament this procedure was contro- times in its twelve-year run. makeshift goals have been title, defeating North Car- versial. In 1948 L.V. Phillips, Case's success gave State erected in the most unlikely olina by one point, Duke Commissioner of the Indi- an unprecedented publicity places—on trees, on the sides by four points, and Wake ana High School Athletic bonanza. In 1951 the Saturday of barns, in tobacco ware- Forest by two points (in Association, declared that Evening Post wrote a glowing houses—where budding colle- overtime) for the title. State these tryouts violated that report titled "Basketball Bug giate stars spend their week- lost in the NCAA to eventual group's prohibition of off- Bites Dixie." The same year ends working to perfect their national champion La Salle and season basketball. Phillips the Raleigh News and Observer basketball technique. its all-American . informed Case that "Indiana

Fall 1993 11 is proud of its basketball Wake Forest. He valiantly ing five New Yorkers, Frank cer in 1971, offered numer- and is opposed to this state attempted to play with McGuire's Tar Heels com- ous contradictory testimo- being turned into a 'farm his wrist in a cast in State's piled a perfect 32-0 mark, nies to NCAA officials. system' for Mr. Case or any NCAA match against Cani- capturing the NCAA title Nonetheless, the probation, other coach." sius. He scored 25 points that forever eluded Case. the most severe in NCAA Case feigned ignorance but underdog Canisius won UNC's success was the history at the time, stuck. It and replied that he had no 79-78 in four overtimes. least of Case's worries dur- kept Case's 1958-59 ACC intention of circumventing champions from competing Gary, Indiana high school regula- Indiana, in the NCAA. This club, tions. The incredulous Phil- native which featured 5'9" ball- lips responded: "When this Sammy handling wizard , letter is published in our Ranzino finished the season 22-4. It official bulletin, I am sure shoots captured Case's last Dixie against the reference to Mr. Case's Classic title, beating Cincin- Colgate in ignorance of the rules will December nati with , make both interesting and 1950 Dixie and Michigan State with its amusing reading for school Classic ail-American Johnny Green. officials and fans in the title game, It would be Case's last twenty- won 85-76 Hoosier state." win season. by State. In the early 1950s the During the 1950s the wily NCAA outlawed the tryout Case was known as the "Old NC State's system. However, it had been 1949 Southern Gray Fox." During the early good to Case, and he saw no Conference 1960s he simply seemed old, reason to change. In 1954 champions. as much of the competition the NCAA placed the Wolf- Vic Bubas of had passed him by. In addition pack on probation for the Gary, Indiana, to North Carolina's perennial is wearing 1954-55 season, primarily the net powers, Duke had become a for conducting tryouts. Some around his powerhouse. Vic Bubas, who of these tryouts had involved neck, and had remained at State as Case's star recruit, Ronnie Dick Dickey Case's right-hand man follow- Shavlik, a 6'8"scoring ma- of Alexandria ing his graduation, moved is seated chine from Denver, Colo- far right. down the road to Duke in May rado. Case had outrecruited 1959. The following spring Rupp for Shavlik's services, Bubas's Blue Devil team cap- and Case always suspected Case called it the "toughest ing the 1956-57 season, tured the ACC title, the first Rupp of turning him in. game I ever lost." however. In the fall of 1956 of many for that school. Far- Rupp consistently refused he loss to Canisius the NCAA hit State with a ther west in Winston-Salem, to play State, and by all ac- marked the conclu- massive four-year probation Wake Forest was preparing counts the two giants devel- sion of Case's first that prohibited all State for its best years, under the oped a genuine animosity decade at State. All teams, not just the basket- tutelage of colorful coach toward each other. Although in all it was a re- ball team, from partici- Horace "Bones" McKinney. the Wolfpack captured the markable ten years. pating in postseason play. In 1962 Wake Forest would 1955 ACC title, it was pro- THis teams compiled a Again Case's recruiting advance to the NCAA Final hibited from going to the 267-60 record and captured zeal had gotten the best of Four, along the way introduc- NCAA tournament. Runner- the Southern Conference him. The target this time ing guard Billy Packer to a up Duke went instead. or ACC title nine times, was Louisiana prep phenom national audience. McGuire Case was nothing if not losing the tenth by one Jackie Moreland. The NCAA continued to recruit the resilient. Shavlik turned out point. However, the Cani- determined that State had cream of New York's prep to be as good as advertised. sius loss also signaled a made a number of illegal crop to Chapel Hill. Faced State captured the 1956 ACC downturn for Case in offers to Moreland, includ- with this kind of competi- title and finished the regular Raleigh. The next season ing a seven-year scholarship tion, an outmanned State season ranked second in his Wolfpack limped to a (including medical school) team struggled to a shocking the country. Unfortunately, listless 15-11 mark. The for his girlfriend. Case pro- 11-15 mark in 1959-60. Shavlik broke his wrist in the plaudits instead went to tested his innocence and The final blow to the Case tournament finals against rival North Carolina. Start- Moreland, who died of can- empire came in the 1960-61

12 TRACES season. During the season diagnosed as suffering from tournament to Oklahoma numerous times. He is a several curious State perfor- myeloma, cancer of the bone A&M. But the sport attract- member of the Naismith mances raised Case's sus- marrow. Yet Case continued ed little attention and gener- Memorial Basketball Hall of picions. In an early contest to coach until the beginning ated little enthusiasm before Fame, the North Carolina against Georgia Tech, the of the 1964-65 season, when the arrival of Case. No one Sports Hall of Fame, and the Wolfpack lost most of a he was forced to resign after in the Tar Heel state had put Indiana Basketball Hall of 26-point second half lead, the second game, a disap- such a complete package Fame. Frankfort High School before holding on for a pointing loss to Wake Forest. together as did the Old Gray now plays in Case Arena, 6-point win. Case had seen The close contest had left Fox. To borrow a phrase while North Carolina State enough basketball to know Case weak and dizzy. His from football, Case was a has its Case Athletic Center. when a team wasn't giving its final record at State was "triple-threat." He coached The most valuable player in best effort. 377-134. Case's health wors- an exciting brand of basket- the Atlantic Coast Confer- In the early 1950s the ened until his death on 30 ball, recruited talented play- ence Tournament is awarded world of college basketball April 1966. The Old Gray ers well-suited to play that the Everett Case Award. had been rocked by a nation- Fox had one last surprise. brand of ball, and promoted In a perhaps apocryphal wide point-shaving scandal Although the lifelong bache- the game relentlessly. Case story Everett Case was once in which players accepted lor left the bulk of his estate did not build just a team; he congratulated on a successful money from gamblers to to his sister Blanche, he also built a program. He lipped season. He is said to have told ensure that their teams left shares to fifty-seven for- the basketball ante and his admirer that he would kept the scoring margin be- mer State basketball players, forced his opposition to fol- only be a success when he neath a certain agreed-upon every living player who had low suit. Several of Case's saw a basketball hoop nailed spread. No North Carolina earned a degree. This group former players became top to every barn and tree in schools were involved in this included Dickey, Bubas, college coaches. Included in North Carolina. Before he scandal, and Case aimed to Sloan, and Ranzino. that group are Hoosiers died he came close to seeing keep it that way. He regularly Everett Case didn't invent Bubas, who took Duke to that dream fulfilled. In less invited law enforcement rep- basketball or introduce it to three Final Fours in the than two decades in North resentatives to talk to his North Carolina. The game 1960s, and Sloan, who Carolina, Everett Case success- club about gamblers. These was played in that state prior coached his alma mater to fully transplanted Hoosier efforts fell short. Four State to Case's arrival, and the 1974 NCAA title. Most Hysteria to his adopted state players, Don Gallagher, Stan played well, at least important, Case made fans and helped make basketball a Niewierowski, Anton Muehl- on occasion. For of casual observers and way of life in North Carolina. bauer, and Terry Litchfield, example, UNC's made these fans care pas- Jim L. Sumner is a curator at accepted money from gam- undefeated 1924 sionately about the sport. the North Carolina Museum of blers to shave points in sev- club was voted For much of the 1950s State History in Raleigh and author of eral games during the national champs led the NCAA in total at- A History of Sports in North 1960-61 season. by the Helms Ath tendance. Carolina (Raleigh: North Carolina Everett Case normally was letic Foundation, Case's Department of Cultural Resources, the most optimistic of men. while the occa- 1990). has written that 1946 Tar sional Case "always looked like he Heel club walks FOR FURTHER READING had just gotten out of bed finished on the Barrier, Smith. On Tobacco Road: and was full of life, always second in wrong Basketball in North Carolina. New York: Leisure Press, 1983. side of the going in high gear." Yet even the NCAA Beezley, William H. The Wolfpack: Case's will couldn't carry rule book also Intercollegiate Athletics at North him past this hurdle. He set an exam- Carolina State University. Raleigh: never recovered from the Vic Bubas ple that has North Carolina State University, point-shaving scandal. Uni- poses been followed 1976. in 1949 Hoose, Phillip M. Hoosiers: The versity officials eliminated too often; North wearing the Fabulous Basketball Life of Indiana. the Dixie Classic and re- Wolfpack's Carolina State has New York: Vintage Books, 1986. stricted recruiting at both number been under NCAA pro- Morris, Ron. ACC Basketball: An State and UNC, which also seventy-four; bation under Case's Illustrated History. Chapel Hill, had players involved. State later in his successors Sloan and N.C.: Four Corners Press, 1988. career he Williams, Bob. Hoosier Hysteria: won only 29 games in the . switched to Indiana High School Basketball. three seasons following the seventy- Everett Case South Bend, Ind.: Icarus Press, scandal. In 1962 Case was eight. has been honored 1982. NORTH CAROL! STATE ARCHIVES Fall 199 3 13 DAN QUAYLE CENTER & MUSEUM Chronicling the Life of Indiana's Newest Favorite Son

ndiana has been very always been something to boast lucky when it comes about. That attitude is evident to to producing men to any traveler that enters the com- fill the United States's munity on US. 224. Visitors are second highest office, greeted at the city limits by a earning a distinction sign reading: "Welcome to Hun- as the "Mother of Vice tington: Home of the 44th Vice Presidents." Five men President Dan Quayle." The city's from the Hoosier state have pride in its favorite son was made Ibeen elected vice president: even more manifest recently Schuyler Colfax in 1868, with the opening there of the Thomas A. Hendricks in 1884, Dan Quayle Center and Museum. Charles W. Fairbanks in 1904, Housed in a former Christian Thomas R. Marshall in 1912 and Science church located near 1916, and J. Danforth Quayle in Quayle's old elementary school, 1988. When it comes to luck the museum opened its doors to after being elected, however, the public on 17 June 1993, just Hoosier vice presidents have not in time for Huntington's Heri- been very fortunate. Some of the tage Days celebration. missteps experienced by these The museum has been a politicos include Smiler Colfax's popular attraction since its implication in the Credit Mobi- opening, averaging about one lier scandal during Ulysses hundred visitors a day, according Grant's first term; Hendricks's to Jean Nelson, former Dan dying just eight months after Quayle Commemorative Foun- being sworn in; teetotaler Fair- dation Incorporated executive banks's embarrassment over the Quayle 1992 reelection Dan Quayle director. Part of that daily attendance infamous "cocktail affair" at his Indi- effort, Quayle has been and family, included hordes of broadcast and print anapolis home; and Marshall's anxious under intense (some have 1988. journalists who descended on the city uncertainty about his role after a said brutal) examination by the of approximately seventeen thousand stroke incapacitated Woodrow Wilson. nation's media. Richard Fenno, Jr., a to record the historic occasion. The The state's vice presidents might agree University of Rochester political museum's opening drew representa- with Texas Congressman John Nance scientist who studied Quayle's Senate tives from the major television net- "Cactus Jack" Garner's description of career, told the Washington Post when it works, the New York Times, Washington the office as not being "worth a bucket produced a series of articles on the Post, and New Yorker magazine. Time of warm spit." vice president that "if one wanted to magazine contributor Richard Stengel But perhaps no vice president from prescribe a sitting-duck target for the called the institution "not so much a the nineteenth state has had to endure community of political reporters who museum as a kind of genial time more pressure than Quayle, the sur- were rushing to judgment, one could capsule about a small-town boy who prise choice of George Bush as his hardly have improved upon J. Dan- made good." In its "The Talk of the GOP running mate in the 1988 presi- forth Quayle. I believe there was a Town" column, the New Yorker titled its dential contest with Democrat Michael cultural—almost a tribal—element in piece on the Quayle Museum, "The Dukakis. From the first questions their [the media's] early reception and End of History." about his service in the Indiana treatment of him." Huntington and the national media National Guard during the Vietnam To the folks in Huntington, Indiana, have never enjoyed cordial relations. War to his unfortunate misspelling of however, association with th,e coun- After Quayle received the GOP's nod the word potato during the Bush/ try's forty-fourth vice president has as its vice presidential candidate, he

14 TRACES Dan Quayle Center and Museum, Senator Dan Quayle and family pose with President Ronald Reagan. journeyed back to Huntington on 19 Colfax in a letter to his wife, GOP repeatedly by his rivals." It is that Dan August 1988 for a rally on the south insider Carl Schurz described the Quayle, not the perpetrator of numer- lawn of the Huntington County abilities of the Speaker of the House as ous malapropisms, who is celebrated Courthouse. The several thousand "not distinguished but . . . just suf- in the Dan Quayle Center and Muse- people who cheered the hometown ficient to make him acceptable to the um. The institution's main exhibition, boy who made good did not offer the masses. They are fond of happy medi- "Huntington to Washington: The Dan same greeting to the national media ocrity." Humorist Finley Peter Dunne Quayle Trail," which had been on dis- that grilled Quayle about his service in warned President Theodore Roosevelt, play at the Huntington Township the Indiana National Guard during the contemplating a trip on a new navy Public Library for a time, concentrates Vietnam War and the means by which submarine, that he "really shouldn't do on Quayle's life in the small Hoosier he gained a place with a Guard unit. it, unless you take Fairbanks with city twenty-three miles southwest of Questions asked at a press conference you." A Boston newspaper described Fort Wayne, Indiana, and his rise to following the rally, which was broad- Hendricks as a "politician of the shilly- the vice presidency. cast to the crowd over a public address shallying order." And one of Indiana's Born in Indianapolis on 4 February system, drew chants of "Boring, own, Marshall, didn't help matters 1947, Quayle and his family moved to Boring" from the partisan crowd. The when he proclaimed that the nine- Huntington a year later, living in a event, according to Washington Post teenth state "has perhaps had no house at 1317 Polk Street. His father, reporters Bob Woodward and David S. towering mountain peaks, but it has James Quayle, was employed as busi- Broder, "became one of the ugliest surely furnished as many first-grade ness manager for the Huntington confrontations in the annals of press second-class men in every department Herald-Press. The museum's exhibit and politics." Recalling the incident, of life as any state in the Union." features a clipping from the Lebanon Quayle himself commented: "There Quayle's vice presidential reputa- Reporter, which was owned by Dan was almost a feeling of hate out there." tion, torn to tatters early in office, has Quayle's grandfather, Eugene Pulliam, Quayle, however, was not the first undergone some repair in recent years. that announced: "James C. Quayle, Indiana vice president to receive hos- In its series of articles on Quayle, advertising manager and sports editor tile attention. It seems that making which ran from 5 to 12 January 1992, of the Reporter, who has been in a state sport of Hoosier politicians, trapped the Washington Post concluded that, all of virtual collapse for the past two in an office called "about as useful as a joking aside, "Dan Quayle has proved days, is resting comfortably. His wife, cow's fifth teat" by Harry S. Truman, himself to be a skillful player of the the former Corinne Pulliam, pre- has been a time-honored tradition political game, with a competitive sented him with a baby boy today at among political pundits. In discussing drive that has been underestimated noon in Methodist Hospital in India-

Fall 1993 15 napolis. He has been named James DePauw University. It was while at the 1975. Despite a less than stellar aca- Danford and will be another Greencastle university that Quayle had demic record while at DePanw, Qnayle booster, or perhaps assistant writer for the opportunity to meet a political idol, was able to gain entrance into the Daddy's sports page." Those early days Ronald Reagan. The exhibit includes a Indiana University at Indianapolis Law in Huntington are also represented in photograph of Quayle and the future School. It was in law school that he the exhibit by a footprint of baby president during a dinner at the met his future wife, Marilyn Tucker. Quayle taken by Indianapolis's Metho- Indiana State Fairgrounds in 1968. The two married on 18 November dist Hospital, a photograph 1972, and both received of a freshly diapered Dan, their law degrees two a photograph of the young years later. The museum Dan with Shawn McEachum features a reproduction of as king and queen of a Marilyn Quayle's diploma swimming festival at the and an actual copy of Dan Fort Wayne Country Club, Quayle's sheepskin, minus and Quayle's Little League a few pieces thanks to the baseball uniform. efforts of former family When he was eight years dog Barnaby (whose pic- old, Quayle and his family ture is framed with the law degree). Another muse- um highlight is the original "Quayle and Quayle Attor- neys at Law" shingle the couple hung out when they moved to Huntington in 1975. While living in the Hoosier town, Mari- lyn ran the couple's law office, and Dan worked as associate publisher at Huntington makes it easy for the Huntington Herald-Press. visitors to find the city's Quayle's successful Indi- newest museum. ana political career (rep- moved to Phoenix, Ari- resented in the exhibit by zona, where his father numerous campaign but- worked as public relations tons, signs, and bumper and personnel director stickers) got its start in for the Arizona Republic 1976, when Allen County and Phoenix Gazette. For Republican Party Chair- inquiring reporters still man Orvas Beers and Fort investigating Quayle's aca- Wayne Nexus-Sentinel Editor demic record, the exhibit has a smok- Top: Dan Quayle (left) and Chris Quayle Ernie Williams asked him to run ing gun: his fifth grade report card (right) pose with the family dog, Choppy, against incumbent Democratic Con- from Mrs. Luvisa's class at Kiva Grade in a 1956 Christmas photo. gressman J. Edward Roush, who had School in Phoenix. Quayle received Bottom: Dan Quayle (lower right) was been in office for sixteen years. Run- excellent marks in such subjects as one of the winners at the 1961 Phoenix ning an aggressive campaign, Quayle J. C. Jr. Golf Tournament. reading, arithmetic, and spelling. In upset the popular Roush by 19,401 1963, when Quayle's father purchased votes. Reelected to Congress with 64.4 the Huntington Herald-Press from Eugene This photograph has not received the percent of the vote in 1978, Quayle set Pulliam, the Quayles moved back to same media attention as the photo of his sights on a higher political post: Huntington. After graduating from President Bill Clinton as a youth shaking U.S. Senator. In the 1980 election, he Huntington High School (now Crest- hands with President John F. Kennedy. took on Democrat Birch Bayh, who had view Junior High School), where he Graduating from DePauw in 1969 defeated Republican Homer Capehart was a member of the varsity golf team with a bachelor of arts degree in politi- for the Senate seat in 1962. On election and wrote for the high school news- cal science, Quayle joined the Indiana day, Quayle was once again victorious paper, The Whisper, Quayle attended National Guard, serving there through over a long-term Democratic incum-

16 TRACES bent, capturing 53.8 percent of the vote obtaining merchandise from the building, where Quayle served as asso- to Bayh's 46.2 percent. museum. Also, on its second floor, ciate publisher; the eighty-seven-year- As a senator, Qnayle cosponsored the the institution is planning to open old Huntington County Courthouse, Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) an audiovisual center featuring where Bush and Quayle opened their with Democratic Sen. Ted Kennedy. His presentations on the Quayle vice campaign for the White House in 1988 name would not be known nationally, presidency (the museum has kept a (a historical plaque marks the site); however, until George Bush picked row of pews from the old Christian Nick's Kitchen, located at the corner of him as his running mate Jefferson and Washington at the 1988 Republican streets, "unofficial head- National Convention in quarters" for Quayle's New Orleans. Bush's sur- political campaigns where prise announcement was visitors can dine on the trumpeted in the Huntington "Quayle-burger"; and the Herald-Press on 17 August First Presbyterian Church 1988 with the bold head- where Quayle and his line "Dan's the Man," which siblings attended Bible is reproduced in the muse- school in the early 1950s. um display. Also in the exhibit is a framed photo- graph of Quayle's debate with Democratic vice pres- idential candidate Lloyd Bentsen, compliments of the Commission on Presi- dential Debates. (Bentsen's pointed remark about Quayle being no John Ken- nedy is not mentioned.) Along with photographs from Quayle's four years as vice president under Bush, the museum has been able to obtain some Quayle's DePauw University of the elaborate gifts the graduation photo, 1969. Quayles received while in Though the national office, including a black media may have their prob- lacquer box with mother lems with Dan Quayle, the of pearl inlay from historical jury is still out Roh Tae Woo, Republic of regarding his ultimate Korea president, and an accomplishment and place antique silver tea service given to in history. To the people of Hunting- Marilyn Quayle by the wife of the Top: Memorabilia from Dan Quayle's politi- cal career is featured in the museum's exhi- ton, however, he will always be the Republic of Indonesia president. bition on the forty-fourth vice president. most favorite of Indiana's favorite sons. Along with the first-floor exhibit Bottom: Prior to his election to Congress in The Dan Quayle Center and Muse- on Quayle's life and career, which will 1976, Dan Quayle and his wife, Marilyn, um, located at 815 Warren Street in lived in this Norwood Addition home in change as new artifacts are added to Huntington, Indiana. Huntington, Indiana, is open free to the museum's already large collection, the public from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. the museum includes a gift shop Science Church to use as seating for Tuesday through Saturday, and 1 P.M. to offering t-shirts, pens, pencils, mag- approximately forty people). 4 P.M. on Sundays. Donations are nets, and even Marilyn Quayle's Through a pamphlet issued by the welcome. For more information write novel, Embrace the Serpent, which she Dan Quayle Commemorative Founda- or call the museum at P.O. Box 856, co-wrote with her sister, Nancy North- tion, visitors to the city can also follow Huntington, IN 46750; (219) 356-6356. cott. Nelson noted that she has re- "The Quayle Trail," a walking/driving ceived telephone calls from all over tour of Dan Quayle's Huntington. Sites RAY BOOMHOWER the country from people interested in on the tour include the Herald-Press Contributing Editor

Fall 199 3 17

omen have traditionally been the dtay-at-home workers, keeping the housed, jetting the tabled, and, modt important, bearing and rearing the nations children. It id by now com- monly accepted that ad home make rd they have been ill-derved by the writing of hid tory. Practicing mundane and impermanent artd devot- ed to maintaining dtability in the lived of thode in their care, women in their domestic roled have been invidible to hidtoriand concerned pri- marily with dignificant eventd that dignify change and progredd. Women'd domestic lived, to the contrary, have generally been occupied with leddening the impact of change or avoiding it altogether. Only recently have docial hidtoriand recognized and chronicled the intrindic worth of homemaking. In do doing, they have didcovered an alarming lack of documentation. The Hoodie r Home make rd project wad orga- nized to fulfill thid need for information about women'd lived and to foe lid attention on the importance of their domed tic roled. In 1979 the Indiana Extendion Homemakerd Addociation (IEH A) wad contemplating ltd deventy-fifth annive/vary. Since 1915 women have come together at IEHA club meetingd (known by varioud named in the early yeard) to receive educational material from the Coopera- tive Extendion Service of Purdue Univerdity on home, family, and community. The IEHA dtate board decided to undertake a long-range oral hidtory project to explore both the organizationd beginningd and the lived of the women who make up ltd primarily rural and dmall- town memberdhip. With financial aid from the Indiana Humanitied Council and extendive condultation with the Indiana Hidtorical Soci- ety and the Indiana State Library, the project got under way. There wad an urgency to the project from ltd inception. The arrival of electricity had dradtically changed the chored of homemaking, and the numberd of thode who remembered the dpecial dkilld and craftd that were once neceddary to everyday life were dwindling rapidly. We needed to record their memoried of putting out a well-done white wadhing on the line and churning dweet, good-tadting butter, of baking dix and eight loaved of bread at a time and feeding thirty men at thredhing dinnerd. Volunteerd interviewed more than 550 women in all ninety-two Indiana countied. From thede interviewd came a dlide and tape dhow, a video, a readerd' theater, and dix bookd. Aldo, ad a direct outcome of the dtate project, a dimilar national project evolved. Called Voiced of American Homemakerd, thid project had a book, a dlide and tape dhow, and a readerd' theater to itd credit, ad well ad 250 interviewd from forty dtated. Initial pland for the Indiana project called for one book, but ad the interviewd began to come in, it wad apparent that no dingle book could embrace all the rich material. With the exception of intro- ductory material, the bookd are all in the narratord' own wordd. ELEANOR ARNOLD The illustrations are pictures brought in by the women themselves from all over the state, supplemented at times from other collections. Why has the project been so successful? What propelled a fairly small plan forward to become so comprehensive? Many think it is the truth of the memoirs. In their warm, comfortable Hoosier accents these strong women tell the true story of an earlier time, a time that is all but gone, with only the memo- ries remaining. It is a story told by those who lived in the era and who speak authoritatively as they describe it to us. From the beginning the project had two stated aims. One was to make a record of a largely undocu- mented segment of society: rural women from about the 1890s to the 1940s. The other aim was to prove to these women themselves that their lives have had dignity and worth. We hope we have succeeded in both.

"My mother sure raised a lot of chickens. Them days you didn't Doing the have incubators to dishes. hatch them; they had to hatch them under "We never had water the old hens. Then in the kitchen. We had Mother would have a coal stove that had a about two hundred reservoir on the side of little chickens she it that had hot water in would have hatched it. It always had hot out and [she would] water that you could use raise them for eating to wash dishes. I've washed and keeping a few hens a lot of dishes that way." over for laying." —RUTH BATEMAN, —MASA SCHEERF.R, DAVIESS COUNTY HUNTINGTON COUNTY

"Our first stove was bought for five dollars. It was a huge old coal and wood cookstove that filled the room. But, you know, in a way they were nice." —BEULAH GRINSTEAD. HAMILTON COUNTY

20 TRACES "We started a hot school lunch while I was in, and it was the first hot lunch that I had heard of any place around." —DELLA ACXERMAN, a/iaft NOBLE COUNTY

Serving hot cocoa. "My mother would go in the kitchen, and she would build a fire in the stove with wood. She had kin- dling, and she put in about two tablespoonsful of kero- sene and two sticks of hick- ory wood. Then she would wash her hands—in almost ice water if it was winter— and make the bis- A Globe cuits. By the time wood- the biscuits were burning mixed, rolled out kitchen and cut and in the range. pan, the oven was ready. Then she would bake the biscuits. She always said that she baked biscuits on three sticks of wood." —BEULAH MARDIS, JOHNSON COUNTY

"When I was a child there were threshing dinners, silo-filling dinners, and hay-making dinners. Dur- ing harvest there were just dinners constantly. You furnished all the food, but didn't do all the work your- self. The women went from home to home and helped each other. Mother and I used to go to the backyard and dress six, eight, or ten chickens. Sometimes real early, before eight o'clock, we'd have that many chick- ens dressed and ready for the skillet."

—BEULAH GRINSTEAD, Dressing HAMILTON COUNTY chickens.

Fall 199 3 23 Mm %-i-Jfw< 4 ' u.-

"One of the ladies we were Making Sweeping "My mother taught me working on started to faint. dress with a if I would put [the broom] We were so nearly finished forms. broom. down in a little warm water and we didn't want to spoil the dress and then sweep, it would keep the form, so three of the girls held her up dust down. Because you know there while the other one cut the dress form. was always dust and dirt on the rug." We were so excited Below: Cleaning —GABY MOON, that we cut her un- with an electric CLAYCOUNTY derwear off, too." vacuum. Bottom "We were married at home; just a right: A good start —HELEN MUSSELMAN, on life together. small wedding. My folks made ice HAMILTON COUNTY cream and we had cake." —HELEN RUSHTON, HANCOCK COUNTY

22 TRACES Dorothy "I worked in the "There was water to Pumping Arnholt, field with the horses. pump into the tank water. 1930s. I loved to drive the for the cows and mowin' machine. The plow I horses, water to carry in from hated. I hated to harrow the cistern pump, rainwater, to because you walked behind it. fill the reservoir on the cook- But when we got far enough stove. . . . You had to carry in along that we was able to your drinking water and water afford a riding plow, then I to bathe in." plowed for my dad." —ALMA KNECHT, —EDNA WINTERS, WABASH COUNTY PULASKI COUNTY

"Milking was a chore for me. . . . "When electricity came it But we had fun when we milked. was wonderful. The biggest The children would grab a tin thrill, I think, was when we cup out of the kitchen and want didn't have to wash the lamp me to milk them a tin cup full of globes any more. Well, they'd milk. They would drink this smoke, you know. And lots of warm milk with foam all over times your kerosene would be the top, and just seemed to poor and you'd have smoky dearly love it. And once in a lamp globes. And when you while we'd squirt at the cat and did reading, you wanted a the cat would open his mouth good lamp to read by." Reading by Giving and he'd get him some milk." —BESSIE WERNER, kerosene the cat —BEULAH GRINSTEAD, PULASKI COUNTY lamp. a drink. HAMILTON COUNTY

Fall 1993 25 A Sunday "Mother used to tell us that if we evening didn't cut out dancing in the front picnic. room we'd have all the bristles wore off of her rug. . . . Mable, my sister, she always swept the rug and she'd say to me, 'Gee whiz, look at all that wool coming off this rug.' And I said, 'Gather it up and don't let Mom see it, or she'll make us quit having big parties and dancing.'" —MASA SCHEERER. HUNTINGTON COUNTY

RUSH COUNTY

Left: Formal "In those days the huckster club meeting. wagon came around to the door each week and I'd trade eggs or hens for my gro- ceries. Sometimes, if I had a dollar, I might take that. . . . You know, I would go out there with a * dollar and come in with almost all I could carry." —BEULAH GRINSTEAD, HAMILTON COUNTY

26 TRACES "There has been quite a change in the Lesson emphasis of Extension work since it on car started. ... It has taken in most every care, 1950s. aspect of living. Today we take up legal rights of women, how to make a will, child abuse, drugs and all the social problems of society, as well as sewing, cooking and canning." —NELLIE FRAKES, PERRY COUNTY

"In 1905 we girls got the most Girls with rag beautiful dolls I ever saw. They and bisque had bisque heads and lovely curly dolls, 1917. hair, and my mother had them dressed so pretty. We girls had those dolls all this while. . . . We took good care of them." —MASA SCHEERER. HUNTINGTON COUNTY

Fall 1993 25 Left: Washing clothes on a washboard.

Center: Electric wringer washer, 1926.

Right: Using a gasoline iron on a wooden ironing board.

"Oh, my mom could put "I said the first thing I "As soon as breakfast out white clothes. And do, when I get married, is I was over and the kitchen she could make a wash- am going to buy a washing cleaned up, you'd start board sing, just sing. She machine. Before we were ironing. If you were like had a knack. She had a even married, I had started me and had two girls, rhythm, just like someone making payments on the well, it took you one day a-strummin' his guitar washing machine. . . . We to iron their dresses, ruf- for a rhythm. She had a got electricity . . . because I fles, and puffed sleeves, rhythm on the washboard wanted to use my electric besides all the shirts, when she rubbed 'em." washing machine." aprons, and dresses." —EDNA WINTER, —INEZ WALTHER, —BETTYALVEY, PULASKI COUNTY JASPER COUNTY HOWARD COUNTY

Hanging wash, 1930s.

28 TRACES it mmm^ 6 . wS. kV!.

"We just started our Home Ec club work. We wanted someplace to go. We thought it would be a good idea for the farm women to get together and have something to work for and things to do. . . . Any lessons we had were interesting then, because we weren't used to being out in public with other people." —BESSIE WERNER, PULASKI COUNTY

Costumes from newspapers, 1930s.

"I 've been a member of IEHA almost forty yearn. ... ltd a wonderful thing to belong to a wonderful organization." —IRENE RED1NGTON, DECATUR COUNTY

"Our clubs had parties. Above:

. . Once we had an Easter Homemade bonnet party. We were sup- Easter posed to come with home- bonnets. made bonnet that we had made out of home things. We had a real good time." —DOROTHY MCGILL, CLINTON COUNTY

"It was just a four-room Right: An house, but oh we thought evening it was so pretty and I guess at home- we were poor, but we didn't know it. . . . We were just as happy as we could be. We just enjoyed every minute of life." —CI.EO BORDERS. MARTIN COUNTY

Fall 199 3 29

4 .'k* ^ :,»• Cv * -4 "I worked at a tomato canning factory. I worked there until I was seventy-Ax years old. I worked fifty years altogether. They always wanted me because I could peelfast. We peeled the tomatoes into buckets.... We had a card on our back and the checker would punch your card every time you filled a bucket. I think when we started we got seven cents a bucket, for a twelve-quart pail. I believe the last time I got eighteen cents a bucket.... The tomatoes came down awfully hot> so you would be hot on a hot day> but cold on a cold day. The season wentfrom August to October." —MARY SHIELDS, BLACKFORD COUNTY

MARILYN IRVIN HOLT WEST INDIANA to on the RPHAN TRAINS OR HIS RAGS-TO-RICHES, up-by-the-bootstrap stories, Horatio Alger drew many characters from the real boys he met at the New York Children's Aid Soci- ety's lodging houses for newspaperboys. This was surely the case for Alger's 1894 Julius the Street Boy in which Julius left New York for the West under the Fcare of the Children' s Aid Society Alger called the society "an ad- mirable Association," and Julius was portrayed with unbounded opportunities to become a "respected prosperous" citizen. The story of Julius reflects the actual experiences of perhaps 200,000 children and teenagers who were transported out of eastern cities to rural communities. In the nineteenth century the practice was called "relocation" or "placing out"; today, it is

Fall 1993 31 covered by the phrase "orphan Brace, a minister educated at Yale Divinity School and trains." At least five thousand Union Theological Seminary, was not the only one to pro- children and teenagers came pose this idea. He was, however, the first to put it into to Indiana under protection of large-scale action. His reasoning was simple. The East had the Children's Aid Society or too much of everything—immigrants, the unemployed, the other charities. Not all, how- destitute. The West had lots of space but not enough labor- ever, were true orphans. Many ers to develop the country. In the 1850s most easterners had at least one living parent like Brace thought of the West as states of the Old Northwest who found it impossible Territory, and each, including Indiana, begged for more to keep a child because of workers. This was especially true by the mid-1850s when poverty, intemperance, or the many of the state's residents headed for territories newly lack of supportive relatives. opened beyond the Mississippi. Complained an Indianapolis Among the relocated were newspaper in 1857: "[railroads are] almost daily landing Andrew H. Burke and John passengers in our city destined for Kansas. The tide of emi- Green Brady. The two arrived with a group in Noblesville, gration is strong. Indiana and Ohio are losing members of Indiana, in the summer of 1859. Burke was nine years old the better class of their population." Meanwhile, Ohio news- and Brady was eleven. Both were recent residents of a New papers appealed for girls willing to work on farms, and the York orphanage. Burke was a true orphan; Brady had a Illinois press worried that "the improvements in the West father who abused the boy until Brady fled. Burke later require more laborers than can be obtained." spoke for the many when he remembered "the long railway ride on the Erie route, the tearful eyes, the saddened WHEN ADULTS WERE UNAVAILABLE AS FARMHANDS OR hearts, the arrival at Noblesville on that clear, sunshining domestics, children and teenagers could, and did, serve in day, the dread I experienced on awaiting to be selected by their place. After all, the productive child contributed to one of those who had assembled in the Christian Church." the national economy while learning moral values inherent For Burke and Brady and the twenty-five others with them, in the American work ethic. Brace neatly dovetailed the this was their orphan train experience. It was one shared by need to save children from a demoralizing urban environ- at least 200,000 others between 1853 and 1929. It was, for ment and the desire to fill western states with workers. Americans in general, an experiment in child rescue. The relocation plan was based on the idea that self-help he need for some form of rescue was apparent was better than charity and that homes were better than by the mid-1800s when cities on the Eastern institutions. Thus, children and teenagers were taken out Seaboard faced a multitude of problems, not of orphanages and pauper prisons. They were removed the least of which was a rising population of from streets by city missionaries and charity workers. One destitute children and teenagers. Thousands of the children they found was Henry Danker who, with his Tlived with parents or relatives in extreme poverty. They widowed mother and several siblings, immigrated from worked under unimaginable conditions in sweatshops and England only to face hard times in New York. The children factories. Many thousands, labeled "street arabs," were roamed the streets at will until the day one of Henry's sis- abandoned or orphaned and homeless on the streets. Some ters ran screaming, "Mama, Mama, the Methodists have found marginal employment selling newspapers or flowers. Henry." The Methodists did have Henry, and he soon found Not a few turned to crime. City and county governments himself transported to a farm in northern Illinois. Some met the problem with more orphanages, juvenile asylums, youngsters went freely to the Children's Aid Society's news- and pauper jails. Private charities responded with addi- paperboy lodging houses and asked to go west. They saw tional institutions. Still, the numbers rose in direct correla- the society as a sort of employment service that would place tion to immigration and economic downturns. Family them with farmers willing to pay for their labor. Sometimes crises during the Civil War coupled with inadequate wel- parents wept as they brought children to the organization. fare safeguards for families who through no fault of their They saw relocation as a chance to give their children bet- own suddenly found themselves without means for support ter lives than they could provide in the city. also added to the rising numbers. Some teenagers traveled alone to their new homes, but What to do with the street arabs, the indigent, and chil- more commonly, the children went in groups escorted by dren of the poor was a growing worry for government offi- an Aid Society agent. For their trip, they were cleaned up cials, charities, and reformers. The answer, said Charles and given new clothing, since they usually came to the Loring Brace of the New York Children's Aid Society, was society dirty and ragged. Before their arrival in a town, relocation. Take the poor out of eastern cities and put them handbills and local newspapers announced their coming. in wholesome country surroundings. Railroads, always Customarily, leading citizens formed a committee to evalu- reaching deeper into the nation's interior, would provide ate applicants wanting a child or teenager. There were the transportation. always more applicants than available children. Upon

32 ENGRAVINGS COURTESY OF KANSAS STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRACES Street Arabs, Barelegged, Brace neatly dovetailed the need to save children Mulberry Street, ca.1890 from a demoralizing urban environment photographed by Jacob A. Riis. and the desire to fill western states with workers.

33 Fall 1993 arrival, the group went to a Whether another boy, known only as "George," remained in church or an opera house or his Williamsport, Indiana, home is unknown, but he was the county courthouse where noted for posterity by a teacher: "One of my best boys was a they were displayed for selec- New York waif. He was sent west with a lot of other chil- tion. Of the process, Brace dren, who were adopted by people in this, and adjoining warmly explained, "Farmers Counties. George is tall for his age—13. He has a very good come in from twenty to twenty- face and good manners. I wonder about his parentage. I five miles round, looking for have been told that he now has a very good home." Perhaps the 'model boy' who shall do the teacher favored George because he showed initiative. the light work of the farm . . . ; When the school caught fire, it was the New York waif who childless mothers seek for chil- climbed to the roof and "pounded the fire out with his dren that shall replace those hat." When classmates brought cattails to school, he that are lost; housekeepers demonstrated soaking them in coal oil to make torches and look for girls to train up. ... In stripping them for pillow stuffing. a few hours the little colony is placed in comfortable Through occasional newspaper stories, Indiana residents homes." Adults taking the placed out were expected to pro- learned about the orphan trains. At times, they were vide a good home environment. There was no obligation to bemused by the new arrivals. In 1858 a gentleman in adopt or indenture, although both occasionally happened Muncie informed the Indianapolis Daily Journal that all the after families took children. children settled around his area were doing well. The only It was the agent's duty to visit the placed out in their new problem was a girl who ran away, headed for Indianapolis, homes, and when circumstances and claimed that she was forced demanded, remove a child. This onto the train after being chloro- seldom happened, but when thir- formed. Most did not believe her. teen-year-old William Mathews The relocation plan was based Public opinion decided that she arrived in Centerville, Indiana, on the idea that self-help was "a little out of her head." What in 1861, he found himself quickly happened to the girl was not re- moved from one family to another. was better than charity ported. The Muncie informant was The details of his case remain un- and that homes were much more interested in additional known, but overwork, mistreatment, better than institutions. children coming into the area since or a poor religious environment "girls are always in demand, and as were good reasons for removal. soon as spring opens, boys can find ndiana received its first plenty of places at fair wages." group of Aid Society children in 1855, and during Those placed out by the New York Children's Aid Society the next forty years, it was one of nine states (includ- were joined by children and teenagers from other insti- ing Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan) to receive the tutions. One of the earliest attempts to duplicate the majority of children relocated by the New York Chil- Children's Aid Society's practices began not in an eastern Idren's Aid Society. The placed out were American born city but on the Illinois-Indiana state line in Vermilion or recent immigrants from Ireland, England, or Ger- County, Illinois. There, the Reverend Enoch Kingsbury, many. A few were Italian, Jewish, or Slavic. The numbers a Presbyterian missionary, took it upon himself to bring and their ancestry are sometimes easier to identify than the New York children to Illinois and Indiana. During 1855 and children themselves. Most of the names and faces are lost in 1856, the reverend made at least three trips to New York time and memory. Their journeys ended in Logansport or City, each time returning with youngsters (at least one hun- Muncie or Indianapolis, but their lives forever changed dred each trip). They were placed in homes around Indi- when they stepped, confidently or timidly, off the train. anapolis and with farmers in Illinois. These placements dif- Of the individuals, there are only tantalizing glimpses. fered from those of the Aid Society in one important way. These may ask as much as they answer, but they add a While the Aid Society asked for no legal ties between fami- human dimension to relocation. A young man, identified ly and child, Kingsbury required indenture. This was a con- by the Aid Society only as 'J. O.," wrote to those in charge: tract between parties that bound the placed out to an adult "It is with pleasure that I now take my pen in hand to until the minor reached legal age. The adult promised inform you where I am at present. . . . When Mr. Brace room and board while the minor learned a trade, most sent me out West, I got a place in Indiana, and lived there often stipulated as the "art of farming" or the "domestic eighteen months for my board and clothes. ... I am now in arts of housewivery." Kingsbury's placements, said the local Illinois [Iroquois County] and getting $10 a month." J. O. press, allowed children to "become useful to themselves was, in fact, one of the many who exasperated the Aid and to the world." Where Kingsbury found these adoles- Society over the years by not staying where they were sent, cents and teenagers was never explained, but since he

34 TRACES became an agent for the New York Juvenile Asylum in 1860 tute, and Indianapolis worried and the asylum sent its charges (all indentured) to Illinois that more city institutions were and Indiana, it is likely that the reverend found his place- needed. To meet demands, Indi- ments in that institution. anapolis had the Asylum for Colored Friendless Children ANOTHER ORGANIZATION TO EXPLORE INDIANA WAS and an Orphan Asylum; Rens- the New England Home for Little Wanderers (sometimes selaer had St. Joseph's Asylum called Baldwin Place Home for Little Wanderers). Orga- and Manual Labor School; and nized in Boston in 1865, this charity cared for the immi- there were the Male Orphan grant poor and children left destitute or orphaned by the Asylums in Lafayette and Vin- Civil War. It took in children of every racial, ethnic, and cennes. To deplete the institu- religious background. The New England Home sought fam- tionalized population, the ily homes for its charges and followed the relocation exam- Children's Aid Society of Indi- ple set by the Children's Aid Society. The New England ana recommended relocation. Home, however, strongly encouraged adoption. Like By 1893, the Society packed off at least seventy-five the Children's Aid Society, it disapproved of children a year to Nebraska, "that state of vast indenture. Of his duties, an agent for the possibilities." Following suit were charities charity wrote: "The first company I pio- in Illinois. neered went to Rochester, Indiana. The image is one of trainloads of After finishing my assignment there, children crossing state lines bound I went to Warsaw, fifty miles away, for who knew where. Certainly, most and visited a company placed there of the children had little idea of a year ago [1865]. I found all their destinations. Indiana took doing well but two, who had to be children from Boston and New changed." Later, in 1888, the York charities. It took children Goshen, Indiana, newspaper from Ohio. Then, Indiana's reported: "The presence of 30 dependent children were sent waifs from the Baldwin Place farther west. To many observers Home, Boston, set Goshen all and professional child care work- agog. . . . Yesterday morning the ers, relocation was out of control. flock was divided and attended Criticism mounted against the divine services at the Presbyterian orphan train scheme. and Methodist churches. . . . The ser- At the 1876 National Prison Con- vices were of the most impressive gress, representatives from Michigan, character, and many eyes were be- Illinois, and Indiana accused the Chil- dimmed with tears." Possibly those tears dren's Aid Society of sending juvenile swelled when seven of the waifs, with delinquents into their states. The result was a "remarkably clear voices," added their songs to "crowding of Western prisons and the choir. The New England Home found Indiana, as well reformatories." This was an exaggeration as Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois, willing to take its children, Founder and longtime leader since, of the thousands relocated, only but by the late 1800s, it stopped much of its relocation of the New York five were known to be incarcerated. One work. The reason was simple: "Applications have come to Children's Aid young woman was in Indiana's Girl's us from 25 States and Territories for children. The call for Society, Charles Reformatory and Women's State Prison, Loring Brace is children far exceeds the supply, therefore we have declined and four males were inmates of the Indi- the distant calls and placed them as near home as possible." credited with creating the ana State Reform School. Nevertheless, orphan trains. accusations continued with the Chil- evertheless, out-of-state children still sought dren's Aid Society a prime target. In 1889 homes in Indiana. As the nineteenth century the Indiana Board of Charities complained that the state came to a close, those children were as likely, was "a dumping ground for dependents from other states," however, to come from neighboring Ohio. As and in 1899 the state legislature tried to control relocation the states once considered the West became with home placement laws. In response, the Children's Aid thNe urbanized Midwest, their own destitute and orphaned Society sent fewer children to Indiana. Said Brace of the populations increased. Thus, orphanages in Cleveland, situation before his death in 1890, "We are continually Ohio, and the Children's Home of sent chil- forced, also, towards the newer and more distant states, dren, at least two hundred each year, to Indiana. Mean- where labor is in demand, and the temper of the popula- while, Indiana grappled with a growing number of desti-

Fall 1993 35 tion is more generous." Society children bypassed Indiana of Home Missions. In Sitka, for Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa—until those states Brady established a school too complained. for native children, became a trader, worked for civic im- EVEN WHILE CHARGES WERE LEVIED AND LEGISLATION provements, and was appoint- was passed to curtail relocation, the Children's Aid Society ed territorial governor. gathered its supporters for a counterattack. First, the society Burke and Brady, along with used as its most telling evidence the relocated. Most had many others, were proof that positive experiences in their new homes, and over the years relocation worked. Still, there hundreds wrote to express their thanks to the Society. were concerns. By the turn of Offered an Indiana placement whose adoptive parents paid the century, most charities for an education at Yale: "I shall ever acknowledge with ended their programs either gratitude that the Children's Aid Society has been the because of complaints or be- instrument of my elevation." Even sad human dramas cause they found other options served the society's arguments. When an Indiana minister for child care. The New England Home for Little Wander- wrote that he was cast aside by a drunken mother at the age ers, for example, concentrated on foster care and special of five or six and then relocated, the society used his story educational needs of children. The Children's Aid Society, to advantage. Once an outcast New York waif, he was now a however, continued its program until 1929 when it respected clergyman because of the society's work. Actual- finally turned to other child protection and welfare ly, the society ignored part of the minister's letter; the man programs, including in-city and in-state foster care and wanted help in finding that tenement reform. drunken mother. All the years had Before the orphan trains end- not erased a basic need for home. ed, however, thousands of the The Children's Aid Society Their journeys ended in poor and orphaned lived out the stressed shining success stories. Logansport or Muncie admonition voiced in Julius the The relocated became ministers, or Indianapolis, but Street Boy: "Go out West. . . . Pros- businessmen, farmers, doctors, per and grow up respectable." lawyers, and teachers. Michael their Lives forever changed Certainly, not every relocated Jordan became a physician when they stepped, child or teenager achieved that in Logansport. Alfred Lowry confidently or timidly, dream in his or her new home, served Goshen as mayor. Chief but Brace and his supporters among these good examples, of f the train. would argue that at least they however, were Andrew H. Burke had the chance. and John Green Brady who fol- lowed very different paths from Noblesville, Indiana, to reach the status of governor. Burke Marilyn Irvin Holt is a former editor of Kansas History and author of was a one-term governor of North Dakota (1891-93); Brady The Orphan Trains: Placing Out in America (Lincoln: University of was territorial governor of Alaska (1897-1906). Nebraska Press, 1992).

Burke's was a checkered career. When he was twelve FOR FURTHER READING years old he joined the Seventy-fifth Indiana Volunteer Nonfiction: Infantry as a drummer. (Brace conveniently ignored the Fry, Annette Riley. "The Children's Migration." American Heritage fact that Burke ran away from his Indiana home after only (December 1974): 1-13. Jackson, Donald Dale. "It Took Trains to Put Street Kids on the Right three years.) When the Civil War ended, Burke returned to Track Out of the Slums." Smithsonian (August 1986): 95-103. Indiana and worked through a series of jobs, including one Langsam, Miriam Z. Children West: A History of the Placing-Out System of the with an Evansville newspaper. He then headed west, ended New York Children's Aid Society, 1853-1890. Madison: State Historical Soci- up in Dakota Territory, took a bank job, presented himself ety of Wisconsin, 1964. to the populace as a strong Republican, and was elected Vogt, Martha Nelson and Christina Vogt. Searching for Home: Three Families governor. Burke supported the Children's Aid Society's from the Orphan Trains. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Triumph Press, 1983. Wheeler, Leslie. "The Orphan Trains." American History Illustrated work, and in 1894 a Forum magazine article allowed him to (December 1983): 10-23. assert pride in his humble beginnings. Fiction: John Green Brady displayed less of a wanderlust, but his Magnuson, James and Dorothea G. Petrie. Orphan Train. New York: life's work took him far from the kind Indiana home of Dial Press, 1978. (Adult readers) Nixon, Joan Lowery. A Family Apart. New York: Bantam Books, 1987; and Judge John Green. Educated at Yale and then Union Theo- Caught in the Act. New York: Bantam Books, 1988. (Juvenile fiction) logical Seminary, John Brady asked for and received a mis- Talbot, Charlene Joy. An Orphan for Nebraska. New York: Atheneum, 1979. sionary assignment to Alaska from the Presbyterian Board (Juvenile fiction)

Fall 1993 37 BOOMHOWER rvington, a planned community on Indianapo- lis's eastside, has been home to a number of famous Hoosiers through the years. One day in the 1910s a camera-laden tourist was searching through the neighborhood for the home of Frank McKinney "Kin " Hubbard, creator of cracker- barrel philosopher Abe Martin, whose folksy brand of humor graced the 's back page for twenty-six years. Finally finding Hubbard's home, the visitor approached a disheveled- looking gardener working on the author's lawn and asked him if he thought Mr. Hubbard would mind if he took a few snapshots of the house.

Fall 199 3 UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED ALL ILLUSTRATIONS ARK COURTESY OF THE INDIANA STATE LIBRARY. 39 ONSTABLE Newt Plum raided C a card club yisterday an' got FELLER never ort' t' git a pair o' green lisle hose, a hand- IPTON Bud's wife is so dash A married till he's absolutely painted plate an' a shirtwaist T blamed stingy thet she peels sure he kin break away from th' pattern. pertaters with a safety razor. bunch et th' segar store.

"What if Mr. Hubbard does care?" the man asked the editor who often suffered for his political beliefs. During tourist. "How'll he ever know?" the Civil War when he was editing a Democratic weekly, the The tourist was closer to his favorite author than he knew. Empire, in Dayton, an angry crowd threw the crusading The man he had questioned was Kin Hubbard himself, who journalist out of a second-story window. Luckily, Hubbard's was involved in two of his favorite hobbies: gardening and fall was broken by an awning, and the editor moved on to being mischievous. His behavior with the tourist merely friendlier surroundings in Bellefontaine, where he estab- reinforced a fellow News employee's observation that Hub- lished the Weekly Examiner. bard was "a genial Dapper Dan with the soul of an imp." Reminiscing about her husband's family, Josephine (Jack- perating out of the fictional town of Bloom Center son) Hubbard, whom Kin married in 1905, said that the in Brown County, Abe Martin delighted millions Hubbard family would often gather around the fireplace in of readers across the country with such sage wis- the evening to discuss the day's events, especially the dif- dom as, "It's no disgrace t' be poor, but it might as ferent characters who wandered into the newspaper office. Owell be," and "When a feller says, 'It hain't th' money, but The discussions, however, soon turned into arguments that the principle o' th' thing,' it's the money." Hubbard, the became so heated, according to Josephine, that the family News noted upon its faithful employee's death on 26 would all leave the room. Eventually, the family ended up December 1930, had the uncanny ability "of seeing life back in front of the fireplace. "It was the strangest family clearly, and touching it kindly in the places where it should you ever saw, loyal but opinionated," she said. be touched." Although biting at times, Hubbard's humor Amid these interesting surroundings, Kin displayed an could always be counted on to produce a laugh and leave artistic flair at an early age. In an autobiographical sketch behind no trace of bitterness. Hubbard's brand of wit still he provided the News a few years before his death, Hubbard resonates with today's readers, as Abe Martin's sayings con- said that from the time he was old enough to hold a pair of tinue to be reprinted in the News. scissors, he could "cut from blank paper any kind of an ani- Born on 1 September 1868 in Bellefontaine, Ohio, Hub- mal with a correctness and deftness that was almost bard was the youngest member of a family that included creepy." This artistic talent, however, did not translate into five older brothers and sisters. Fred C. Kelly, who chroni- classroom success, as Hubbard dropped out of school cled his friend's career in The Life and Times of Kin Hubbard, before the seventh grade and took a job in a paint shop. remarked that Kin, who was named after his father's friend, His father must not have been too upset with his youngest an Ohio politician, was part of an eccentric family. "Neigh- child, however. He once complained to a teacher who made bors often said the Hubbards were 'the best people on his son stay after school that if Kin did not "get his lessons, earth and the queerest,'" Kelly remembered. Kin's father, it's because ybu don't know how to teach." "Besides," he Thomas Hubbard, was a fiercely Democratic newspaper rationalized, "the boy's needed for errands at home."

40 TRACES HE feller thet's alius tellin OU can't fool all the people all OME fellers er jist naturally T what a wonderful woman his Y th' time, but you kin fool S intelligent an' others have long wife is generally haz t* smoke in enough o' them all th' time t' flowin whiskers. th' kitchen. hold your head up in society.

A Ithough displaying no enthusiasm for schoolwork, Hubbard's love for the theater, however, paid off in a way / \ Hubbard, like fellow Hoosier humorist that set the course for his future career. After performing (who figured prominently in the artist's subse- and writing for the Grand Bellefontaine Operatic Minstrels quent career), displayed a passion for the theatri- and Professor Tom Wright's Operatic Solo Orchestra, Hub- cal. Throughout his life, Hubbard would drop whatever he bard wrote to a friend in Indianapolis about the show, was doing if a circus came to town. He also was a familiar embellishing his remarks with some drawings. Impressed presence at Bellefontaine's Grand Opera House, where he with Hubbard's artwork, the friend showed the drawings to was the official seat duster. Asked by his employer at the John H. Holliday, Indianapolis News owner and editor. The paint shop what he wanted to be, Hubbard had a career in friend wrote to Hubbard and urged him to come to Indiana mind: "I want to be the sole proprietor of a good, well- and try for a job on the Neivs. Hubbard agreed, but once in painted, comprehensive, one-ring circus." the city he sat in University Park for nearly a week before Politics, however, provided Hubbard with another liveli- gaining enough courage to approach the newspaper for hood. With the election of Democrat to work. Finally given a job, Hubbard remembered the editor his first term as president in 1884, Hubbard's father was remarking as a salary was agreed upon ($12 a week), "I rewarded for his lifelong devotion to the Democratic party reckon you've got to live." with an appointment as postmaster. Kin clerked at the post Hired in 1891, Hubbard office for a time, but the job did not cure his ambition for remained at the News for the theatrical life. During his employment, he made trips to three years. During that the South as a silhouette artist and even enrolled in the Jef- time he produced a number ferson School of Art in . That experience, however, of works for the newspaper, lasted only a short time, as Hubbard complained that the but, as he remembered, school was "too tame." was "always handicapped by In looking back over these years, Hubbard blamed his wan- not knowing how to draw. I derlust on the fact that he had a secure home to rely upon. "I could execute rude, sketchy knew during those formative years that I could always return caricatures that were read- home, walk up to the desk behind the general delivery win- ily recognized, but I knew nothing of composition, light dow and go to work at a living wage in the post office," he and shade, and perspective." Although apprehensive about said. Although always busy in one occupation or another, his position, Hubbard did manage to enjoy his life in Hubbard realized that his life lacked direction. "While I Indianapolis. Given an annual pass to local theaters, he worked hard, 1 dilly-dallied. I paid a big price for the knowl- never missed a show or, when they came to town, a circus. edge that I had a soft place to alight, back home," he recalled. Admittedly not advancing his skills as a newspaper artist,

Fall 199 3 41 IMS C5785 Kin Hubbard as the "Dapper Dan" (above) and with his sleeves rolled up at his drawing board (below).

William Herschell. .

TRACES 42 Hubbard was nevertheless "storing up a who made a habit of comment- vast amount of theatrical knowledge ing on legislators' foibles all the and incidentally accumulating a fine way from the wild country of assortment of canes and overgaiters." Brown County. The hiring of a new managing editor In 1904, while traveling on trains who wanted, according to Hubbard, during campaign trips by Democratic "a real artist who could draw anything," presidential candidate William Jen- signaled the end of his first stint at the nings Bryan and Republican vice presi- News. Called upon by the editor to produce a drawing of dential candidate Charles Fairbanks, Hubbard found that at an angel for Easter, Hubbard didn't panic, but hurried to campaign's end he had some extra material. After first the city editor, who liked the young man, and asked for experimenting with such names as Seth Martin, Steve Mar- his help. The sympathetic editor found an art student to tin, and Abe Hulsizer, Hubbard finally hit on the right furnish the needed illustration (described by Hubbard one—Abe Martin. On 17 December 1904 the Abe Martin as a "production that would have made a circus wagon character made his first appearance. The drawing showed woodcarver turn green with envy") and Hubbard's job was a smiling, whiskered gentleman staring at a playbill featur- saved for a time. ing a scantily clad (for those days) woman. At the drawing's His days at the bottom, the char- News, however, acter commented: were numbered. "If I thought that Called upon to blamed troupe draw for the news- done everything paper pictures of it has pictures fer, the intricately re- I'd stay over this stored interiors of evening and go a number of city home on the inter- banks, Hubbard urbin." The feature, threw up his hands Hubbard laconi- and departed Indi- cally recalled years anapolis for the later, "caused some safety of the fami- favorable comment ly home in Belle- and it was decided fontaine. During to continue it." the next few years, On 4 February Hubbard kept busy 1905 Hubbard by again visiting moved Abe Martin the South, driving to Brown County, a mule team in where he would Chattanooga, serv- remain for the rest ing as a gatekeeper for a Cincinnati amusement park, and of his career. The artist described the area as "a rugged, working as an artist for the Cincinnati Tribune and Mansfield almost mountainous, wooded section of Indiana without (Ohio) News. In 1899 the thirty-one-year-old Hubbard telegraphic or railroad connections—a county whose received a letter from the Indianapolis Sun inviting him to natives for the most part subsist by blackberrying, sassafras- work for the newspaper. He accepted the offer and during mining and basket making." Finding that sometimes he had the two years he worked at the Sun "really made more things to say that Abe Martin would be unlikely to utter, progress as an artist . . . than I had in all the years before," Hubbard added to his cast such delightful country neigh- he said. Hubbard rejoined the News as an artist in the fall of bors as spinster Miss Fawn Lippincut, senior citizen Uncle 1901 and worked there for the rest of his life. Niles Turner, Professor Alexander Tansey, owner and pub- pon his return to the News, Hubbard became well- lisher of the Bloom Center Weekly Sliphorn the Hon. Ex-Editor known for his caricatures of state political figures, Cale Fluhart, businessman Tell Binkley, and many others. particularly Indiana legislators. In working with In naming his characters, Hubbard sometimes used the politicians as subjects, he preferred to draw those names of people he knew in Bellefontaine. Kentucky jury Uwith whiskers and hair, as caricaturing bald lawmakers was lists also proved to be good sources. "just like drawing a coconut." Although a collection of An immediate hit with Neivs readers, Abe Martin found these drawings was published in 1903, Hubbard won lasting an expanded audience in 1905 when Hubbard himself, just fame not with politicians, but with a rustic character in time for the Christmas season, released a book featuring

Fall 199 3 43 MISS FAWN LIPPINCUT NILES TURNER HON. EX-EDITOR CALE FLU HART

TELL BINKLEY TAWNEY APPLE

PROFESSOR ALEXANDER TANSEY

MISS FAWN LIPPINCUT WITH HAT

YOUNG LAFE BUD

INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY ACES Abe and his humorous remarks—a seasonal publishing William Jennings Bryan, Hubbard took Bryan's last defeat tradition that continued for years to come. Along with Abe in stride. Ducking into a darkroom at the Nexus after Martin's remarks, the first collection included an introduc- Bryan's campaign went down in flames, Hubbard soon tion by Meredith Nicholson and a poetic tribute to the appeared swathed head to foot in bandages and support- character from the Hoosier Poet himself, James Whitcomb ed by crutches. Herschell noted that his friend "limped Riley, who immediately recognized that the Ohio native through the editorial rooms. He neither smiled nor had in his hands a potential gold mine. spoke, but went on his battered way, the rest of us roaring hortly after the first book was released, Hubbard our delight at his satire." happened to meet Riley on the street. Hubbard lthough he had repeated job offers from other noted that Riley told him: "Kin, your book is bully: newspapers, Hubbard remained at the News, where You've found yourself. You've got a great character he eventually left the "Idle Ward" for a private Sin Abe and there is no end to his possibilities. I want you to office. "He was very devoted to the News," his stick right with him, and some day (taking a pencil from wife Josephine noted. "The News had been good to him his pocket and holding it up) you'll be receiving checks— and he'd been good to them." Along with Abe Martin's money—and you'll be amazed at what a lead pencil and a success, Hubbard also produced for the newspaper a pop- little thinking will do." ular weekly series of humorous essays for the Sunday sec- Hubbard's career received an additional boost in 1910, tion called "Short Furrows." When asked why he stayed in again thanks to a Hoosier author. In May of that year an Indianapolis, Hubbard quoted a friend of his whose uncle article about the Abe Martin feature appeared in American wanted him to relocate to Denver to run a drugstore: "He magazine. The article's author, the aforementioned Ade, said, 'I'd rather stay here where I'm known and can play lavishly praised Hubbard's work. "His comments on men in the band.'" and affairs prove him to be a grim iconoclast, an analytical Despite the critical and popular acclaim Hubbard philosopher and a good deal of a cutup," Ade said of his fel- enjoyed for his work, he often seemed uneasy with low Hoosier humorist. Before the article had appeared, his fame. His wife remembered enduring her husband's Hubbard's friend Kelly had been trying to find a firm to anger when she listed his occupation in the city directory syndicate Abe Martin nationally. Kelly was turned down by as artist. "Well he just went clear to pieces. He said, the McClure Newspaper Syndicate in New York because 'Don't ever call me an artist 'cause I'm not.' I said, 'What that agency thought Abe Martin was merely a local phe- are you?' He said, 'Well, I suppose you'd just call me a nomenon. Ade's piece changed that view in a hurry, as syn- writer. I don't know,'" Josephine Hubbard told an inter- dication offers poured in after its publication. Hubbard viewer. She also remembered that Hubbard didn't like signed with the George Matthew Adams Syndicate, and Abe being called a genius. "He didn't take it seriously ever," Martin eventually entertained newspaper readers in she said. approximately two hundred cities. On 26 December 1930, at his new North Meridian Hubbard's working environment at the News was con- Street home, the sixty-two-year-old Hubbard died from a ducive to creating humorous comments. He worked in heart attack. Just the day before he told his wife and two a section of the newspaper that came to be dubbed the"Idle children that it had been the happiest Christmas of his Ward." Along with Hubbard, other members of that delight- life. Tributes to Hubbard flooded the Netvs following his ful company included ace reporter William Herschell and death. Although touted as "the humorists' humorist" by cartoonist Gaar Williams. The trio was productive, but D. Laurance Chambers of Indianapolis's Bobbs-Merrill Kelly noted that the men "seemed idle to others because Company, Hubbard probably wouldn't have let the they always had time for talk." Herschell, best known today praise go to his head, preferring to remember what Abe for his poem "Ain't God Good to Indiana?," had Martin once said: "Flattery won't hurt you if you don't fond memories of those days at the swallow it." Ne ivs with Contributing Editor Ray Boomhower wrote "Nobody Wanted Us: Black Hubbard. Aviators at Freeman Field" for the last issue of Traces. Herschell recalled one FOR FURTHER READING incident that high- Hawes, David S., ed. The Best of Kin Hubbard. Bloomington: Indiana Uni- lighted Hubbard's versity Press, 1984. ability to find Interview with Josephine Jackson Hubbard, Indiana State Library, Indiana humor not only Division, Oral History Project, 1972. Interview conducted by Thomas K. in others but in himself Krasean. as well. A devoted fan Kelly, Fred C. The Life and Times of Kin Hubbard. New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1952. of perennial Democrat Shumaker, Arthur W. A History of Indiana Literature. Indianapolis: Indiana ^residential candidate Historical Bureau, 1962.

Fall 1993 45 Toons & Doodles Indiana Cartoons &Cartoonist s Fom the antics of fat-cat Hogan's Alley," generally credited as the first Garfield to the cracker-barrel published American comic strip. Richard F. philosophy of Brown County Outcault's strip featured a young urban rascal savant Abe Martin, the many with no hair, large eyes, and a bright yellow creations of Hoosier cartoonists nightshirt, which led to him being named are highlighted in the Indiana "The Yellow Kid." As the twentieth century Historical Society exhibition "Toons and began, comic strips became permanent fix- Doodles: Indiana Cartoons and Cartoonists," tures in American newspapers. which will be on display at the IHS through As in the rest of the nation, newspapers Friday, 31 December. led the way in introducing cartoons to the Thanks to their work on the comic page Hoosier public. Ray Banta, in his book and the editorial page, Indiana artists have Indiana's Laughrnakers (1990), reports that entertained and informed (with syndication) humorous drawings first began appearing in millions of newspaper readers across the coun- Indianapolis newspapers in the 1850s, with try. The exhibit explores the amusing goings- caricatures by James Dunlap appearing in the on of characters from comic strips like Chick Locomotive. One of the first political cartoons Jackson's "Roger Bean," which featured the to be printed in Indiana, Banta adds, was cre- lives of a typical Hoosier family, to the editori- ated by Frederick A. Hetherington and al musings of Pulitzer Prize-winning artist examines the life and work of such Indiana appeared on 21 December 1878 in The People. John T. McCutcheon, who was a fierce oppo- cartoonists as "the dean of America's editorial nent of America's entrv into World War II. cartoonists," Evansville's Karl Kae Knecht; artists from the Crawfordsville area known as the Sugar Crick School of Art; "the first black political cartoonist," Henry Jackson Lewis, who worked for the Indianapolis Freeman; Abe Martin creator Frank McKinney "Kin" Hub- bard; Richmond's Gaar Williams, who earned a designation as the 'James Whitcomb Riley of the pencil"; and Muncie'sjim Davis, responsi- ble for bringing Garfield to life. America trailed behind Europe in using picture-stories in newspapers, periodicals, and books during the nineteenth century. In the 1860s, however, humor magazines like Puck and Life began using drawings. Political car- toons came of age in the 1870s, popularized by Thomas Nast's work in exposing the cor- rupt Tammany political ring in New York City. By the end of the nineteenth century, the With help from local, state, and national talent age-old practice of telling stories with pictures (including the many artists featured in the Drawn from the collections of the Society, underwent a revolution as Sunday "funnies" exhibition), Indiana newspapers soon began Indiana State Library, and other institutions were born. In 1894 Joseph Pulitzer's Neio York feeding a steady diet of cartoons to their hun- throughout the state, the exhibition also World successfully used color to print "Down gry readers.

46 TRACES FOCUS

"KEEPING UP THE SKEER" A Letter from Nathan Bedford Forrest

n an interview with author Shelby Foote conducted by Ken Burns for his award- winning Public Broadcasting System documentary The Civil War and published in the illustrated history book based on the film, Foote responds to a question regarding his Iattraction to Confederate cavalry commander Nathan Bedford Forrest:

Forrest was a natural genius. Someone said he was born to be a soldier the way John Keats was born to be a poet. He had some basic principles that, when you trans- late them, fit right into the army manual. When he said, "Get there first with the most men," he's saying, "Take the interior lines and bring superior force to bear." He had some very simple things. He used to say, "Hit 'em on the eend," and he used to say, "Keep up the skeer." And these were good military principles expressed in Forrest's own way. Gen. Nathan Bedford The collection ing lists as well: "Good Union Men," Forrest poses with centers on Lt. "Guerillas operating between Hunts- one of the thirty Edward F. Reid ville and Fayettville Tenn.," "Citizens From the time Forrest was appointed horses that was and the Thirteenth harboring and giving aid to. . . shot from under him brigadier general in July 1862 until the during the Civil War. Indiana Cavalry guerillas," and "Union men living near end of the war, he engaged in bold cav- (131st Regiment). Concord Church who can be relied on alry raids against Union communica- Recruited during for information." tions positions and posts behind Union the fall and winter of 1863-64, the cav- Also in the collection are three lines. He was known for his lightning alry organization was the last raised in letters, all dated 30 September 1864. raids, surprise attacks, and his threats the state. With Col. Gilbert M. L. The first is to Colonel Johnson from of no quarter. He also had a reputation Johnson in command, it received a Brig. Gen. Abraham Buford. for being unable to spell and for month's instructional camp in Nash- expressing himself in quaint dialect, ville, Tennessee, that spring and then I am here in command of the advance such as that referred to by Foote. moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where it [of] Genl. Forrest's army with instructions to A Forrest letter recently discovered remained until November 1864. The demand the surrender of this city, the Fort & in a small Civil War collection in the collection consists primarily of a note- garrison. An answer to this demand must be Indiana Historical Society's William book in which Reid describes the atti- made before nightfall. Henry Smith Library provides a tudes of various Huntsville residents good example of the general's ability toward the Union cause. It also If refused, the citizens must leave the city to "Keep up the skeer," as well as some provides some evidence that he did at once—Certain conditions will attend the evidence that he was not, in fact, a undercover work behind enemy lines. surrender which conditions Col. Kelly—the bad speller. Reid's notebook contains some interest- bearer—will acquaint you with.

Fall 1993 47 Col. Johnson replied: ing for the purpose of allowing noncom- moved on to operate against the batants to remove beyond the lines. defenses of Mobile, and after the city's Gen. Granger directs me to say that fall, it took off on an 800-mile raid for the sake of humanity he makes the At the expiration of the third hour of the across Georgia, Alabama, and Mis- following propositions. coming day I shall commence offensive oper- sissippi. After the Thirteenth Cavalry ations unless another communication is If you will pledge your self that your was mustered out at Vicksburg in received from you before that time. forces shall not occupy any position of the November 1865, Reid became a teacher city he will not occupy it except that portion Despite Forrest's grandiloquent threat, in Ohio and later lived in Illinois. which is in immediate vicinity of Fort which the attack was held off. The Thirteenth Nathan Bedford Forrest was made is essential. lieutenant gen- eral in February If you will not at- 1865. He met his tack us on the South final defeat in Side of the city we Selma, Alabama, will withdraw our in early April. forces to the fort and After the war he meet you there. returned to his Or if you will desig- cotton plantations nate some portion of and had some in- the city which shall volvement with be held sacred, the the Ku Klux Klan. citizens shall be re- His presidency of moved there & we the Selma, Marion will not occupy it & Memphis Rail- with our troops. road ended in financial disaster, These propositions and he died at are made solely to Memphis, Tennes- give protection to see, on 29 Octo- defenseless citizens. ber 1877. These proposals Though histo- drew response from rians have ques- Forrest in his own tioned the wis- hand. dom of the Con- federate army's Your communica- policy in utiliz- tion addressed to Brig. ing the cavalry, Gen. Buford concern- they seldom ques- ing the positions to be tion Forrest's bril- assumed by the two liance in execut- belligerent parties has ing the policy. this moment been re- Forrest was mild ferred to me. mannered and quiet until he was I respectfully de- in a fight, during cline acceding to them. which he could I expect to attack you Cavalry moved back to Nashville. Early become vicious. Reputed to have had tomorrow morning from every rock house in December Colonel Johnson was thirty horses shot from under him and tree & shrub in the vicinity & feeling confi- given temporary command of the to have killed thirty-one men in hand- dent of my ability to succeed in my anticipat- Second Brigade Seventh Division and to-hand combat, he is claimed to have ed attack now bid you prepare yourself for appointed Reid his acting assistant said, "I was a horse ahead at the end." the fray. adjutant general. After participating in I however cheerfully accept the proposi- a battle near Nashville on 15-16 tion you made to Brig. Gen. Buford viz. to December, the regiment traveled to CHARLES LATHAM, JR. allow two hours of daylight tomorrow morn- New Orleans. From there the regiment IHS Library

48 TRACES

Wearing a black coat and scrunched hat, Abe Martin bears little resemblance to his creator, Kin Hubbard, who was known as a sharp dresser. Ray Boomhower looks at the man whose drawings and wit continue to entertain almost ninety years after they were penned.