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African Homo Erectus: Old Radiometric Ages and Young Oldowan Assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia Author(S): J

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African Homo Erectus: Old Radiometric Ages and Young Oldowan Assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia Author(S): J African Homo erectus: Old Radiometric Ages and Young Oldowan Assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia Author(s): J. D. Clark, J. de Heinzelin, K. D. Schick, W. K. Hart, T. D. White, G. WoldeGabriel, R. C. Walter, G. Suwa, B. Asfaw, E. Vrba and Y. H.-Selassie Reviewed work(s): Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 264, No. 5167 (Jun. 24, 1994), pp. 1907-1910 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2883979 . Accessed: 30/12/2012 10:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Association for the Advancement of Science is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Science. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sun, 30 Dec 2012 10:38:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS REFERENCESAND NOTES Honda, D. A. Yuen, S. Balachandar, D. Reuteler, J. Earth Sci. 30, 881 (1993). Science 259, 1308 (1993)], a number of errors in 15. C. W. Wicks Jr. and M. A. Richards, Science 261, 1 G. F. Davies, J. Geophys. Res. 89,6017 (1984); K. the implementation of phase effects, including the 1424 (1993). C. Creager and T. H. Jordan, ibid. 91, 3573 limiting of the phase-related body forces to the 16. G. T. Jarvis and D. P. McKenzie, J. Fluid Mech. (1986); J. Phipps Morgan and P. M. Shearer, phase boundary, prevented significant asymmet- 96, 515 (1980). Nature 365, 506 (1993). ric phase effects from being seen. 17. S. A. Weinstein, P. L. Olson, D. A. Yuen, Geophys. 2. D. P. McKenzie, J. M. Roberts, N. 0. Weiss, J. 7. R. Bohler and A. Chopelas, Geophys. Res. Lett. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 47, 157 (1989). Fluid Mech. 62, 465 (1974); F. M. Richter and D. 18, 1147 (1991). 18. W. L. Zhao, D. A. Yuen, S. Honda, Phys. Earth P. McKenzie, J. Geophys. 44, 441 (1978). 8. T. Kato and M. Kumazawa, in Dynamic Processes Planet. Inter. 72, 185 (1992). of Material Transformation in the Earth's 3. C. R. Bina, Rev. Geophys. (suppl.) 29 (1991). Interior, 19. E. Ito and E. Takahashi, J. Geophys. Res. 94, M. Marumo, Ed. (Terra, Tokyo, 1990), pp. 277- 10637 4. D. L. Anderson, J. Geophys. Res. 92, 13968 (1989). 208. 20. S. Honda and D. A. Yuen, Earth Planet. (1987). Sci. Lett. 9. Y. Fei, S. K. Saxena, A. Navrotsky, J. Geophys. 96, 349 (1990). 5. Other phase effects include latent heat that is Res. 95, 6915 (1990). 21. P. J. Tackley, D. J. Stevenson, G. A. Glatzmaier, either absorbed (endothermic) or released (exo- 10. A. E. Ringwood, in The Earth, Its Origin, Structure G. Schubert, Nature 361, 699 (1993). thermic) during phase transitions. The effects of and Evolution, M. W. McElhinny, Ed. (Academic 22. D. L. Anderson and J. Bass, ibid. 320, 321 (1986); latent heat are generally in the sense opposite to Press, New York, 1979), pp. 1-58. R. Jeanloz and E. Knittle, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. that of the local body forces associated with the 11. M. Liu and C. G. Chase, J. Geophys. Res. 94, London Ser. A 328, 417 (1989). distortion of phase boundaries Schubert, D. A. [G. 5571 (1989); M. McNutt, Geophys. Monogr. Am. 23. B. H. Hager and M. A. Richards, Philos. Trans. R. Yuen, D. L. Turcotte, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. Geophys. Union43, 1 (1987). Soc. London Ser. A 328, 309 (1989). 42, 705 (1975)]. However, the dynamic effects of 12. U. R. Christensen and D. A. Yuen, J. Geophys. 24. Supported by the Research Board of the Univer- latent heat and other phase effects are usually Res. 90, 10291 (1985).' sity of Missouri. I thank C. Chase, J. Engeln, and much smaller than the buoyancy force induced by 13. M. Liu, D. A. Yuen, W. Zhao, S. Honda, Science P. Nabelek for reading an early version of the phase-boundary distortion (12). 252, 1836 (1991). manuscript. 6. Although multiple phase boundaries were consid- 14. P. Machetel and P. Weber, Nature 350, 55 ered in (13) and some follow-up studies [(18); S. (1991); L. P. Solheim and W. R. Peltier, Can. 8 February 1994; accepted 10 May 1994 AfricanHomo erectus: Old RadiometricAges uted in this area. We do not follow a previousstratigraphic framework formulat- and YoungOldowan Assemblages in the ed for the MiddleAwash (6, 7) becauseof MiddleAwash Valley,Ethiopia the difficulty in correlating sedimentary units acrossa broadregion markedby con- siderablefaulting and lackingprecise chro- J. D. Clark,*J. de Heinzelin, K. D. Schick, W. K. Hart, nometric control. Our fieldworkconcen- T. D. White, G. WoldeGabriel,R. C. Walter,G. Suwa, B. Asfaw, tratedon MiddlePleistocene archaeological E. Vrba, Y. H.-Selassie and paleontologicaloccurrences extending across the modem Bodo, Dawaitoli, and Fossils and artifacts recovered from the middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia's Afar depression Hargufiacatchments (Fig. 1). These are sample the Middle Pleistocene transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. Ar/Arages, incorporatedin fluvial sediments derived biostratigraphy, and tephrachronology from this area indicate that the Pleistocene Bodo fromwadis or seasonalrivers on the eastern hominid cranium and newer specimens are approximately 0.6 million years old. Only side of the basinand a majorriver along the Oldowan chopper and flake assemblages are present in the lower stratigraphic units, but basinaxis. These MiddlePleistocene depos- Acheulean bifacial artifacts are consistently prevalent and widespread in directly overlying its are in fault contact with a sequence of deposits. This technological transition is related to a shift in sedimentary regime, supporting LowerPleistocene and Pliocene depositsto the hypothesis that Middle Pleistocene -Oldowan assemblages represent a behavioral the east. The Middle Pleistocene deposits facies of the Acheulean industrial complex. are succeededby a formationexposed as a fault block to the west that bears typical Middle Stone Age artifacts provisionally attributedto the Late Pleistocene. A Homo cranium was found at Bodo, Acheulean artifacts has been widely as- Most of the in situ Middle Pleistocene MiddleAwash Valley, in Ethiopia'sAfar in sumedbased on theirmorphologies (2), but depositsin the Bodo-Hargufiaarea are in a 1976 (1). An age of-3-50,000 yearsfor this in the absence of radiometricdating. A sedimentaryunit now informallydesignated fossil and stratigraphically associated second hominid's parietal was found in "u" (Fig. 1). This -35-m-thick package 1981 (BOD-VP-1/1) (3, 4) and a distal comprisesfour cyclical sedimentaryunits J. D. Clark, T. D. White, Y. H.-Selassie, Laboratory for humerusfragment was recoveredin 1990 and is dividedinto subunitsul to u4 (u4 is Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Anthro- (BOD-VP-1/2). These specimens straddle typicallytruncated by later erosion). Each pology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, the traditionalmorphological interface be- subunitconsists of gravel sand to clay silt USA. tween J. de Heinzelin, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles Homo erectusand Homo sapiens-a with calcic soils and concretionsat the top. de Belgique, 1040 Brussels, Belgium. transitionwhose age is poorlydefined. The Sand and silt of ul and u2 are indicativeof K. D. Schick, Department of Anthropology, Indiana Bodo craniumexhibits cut marksindicating deposition in a stabilized alluvial plain. University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. defleshing (5). This specimen is W. K. Hart, Department of Geology, Miami University, usually Those of u3 and u4 reflect increasingly Oxford, OH 45056, USA. referredto as "archaic"Homo sapiens,as shifting silty overbankand sandy channel G. WoldeGabriel, EES-1/D462, Los Alamos National have other inadequatelydated specimens deposits. A normal fault (fault 6) to the Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA. from Europe (Arago, Petralona)and Asia R. C. Walter, Geochronology Center, Institute of Hu- west separates ul to u4 from a 15- to man Origins, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA. (Yunxian). 20-m-thick sequence of deposits that ap- G. Suwa, Department of Anthropology, University of We recently recoveredadditional Mid- pearsto representthe continuationof unit Tokyo, 113 Tokyo, Japan. dle Pleistocene vertebratefossils at Bodo. u. We informallydesignate the latter B. Asfaw, Post Office Box 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethio- beds pia. In this report, we establish chronostrati- as unit u-t. These beds contain abundant E. Vrba, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale graphic control for deposits at Bodo and Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fossils in- University, New Haven, CT 0651 1, USA. elucidate the relations between Oldowan cluding the three fossil hominidsfrom the *To whom correspondence should be addressed. and Acheulean assemblageswidely distrib- upper Bodo sand unit (UBSU) (1). They SCIENCE * VOL. 264 * 24 JUNE 1994 1907 This content downloaded on Sun, 30 Dec 2012 10:38:51 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions also include a number of occurrencesof N A vAas ier Acheuleanartifacts. The UBSU is separat- A - Acheuleanstone tool location (A#) * Hargufia s, ed from the top of ul by at least four * 4 Oldowanstone tool location(A#) eDawaitoli sedimentarycycles of unknownduration. o ?- Fossilvertebrate location (VP#) * Bodo We sampledtwo differentvitric tephra _u0 Volcanichorizon (MA prefix) horizonswithin units u and u-t for Ar/Ar \-Geochemicalcorrelation ;<-;i ...I... Sandand unit8< tipaa>>Sg dating (Fig. 1). One of these [MA90-20 gravel (Hargufia) = MA90-7 (Dawaitoli) = u-t MA90-23 (Bodo)] separatesul and u2 and Bodocranium; is correlatedon the basis of stratigraphic BOD-VP-1/1;A, - BOD-All1 Fault6 Dawaitoli Hargufia position, similaritiesin glass morphology = BOD-VP-1/2 u4 _ R -u-BO3D-A2,8 w u3 AHAR-A3 (up.), and phenocrystcontent, and geochemistry o~~~~~~~~~~AI A4 This correlationis emphasized 9-4 A O DAW-A5 Ao HAR-A2,A3 (Table 1).
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