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Changes in Prehistoric Settlement Patterns As a Result of Shifts in Subsistence Practices in Eastern Kentucky

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Changes in Prehistoric Settlement Patterns As a Result of Shifts in Subsistence Practices in Eastern Kentucky CHANGES IN PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AS A RESULT OF SHIFTS IN SUBSISTENCE PRACTICES IN EASTERN KENTUCKY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Andrew M. Mickelson, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Dr. William S. Dancey, Advisor Approved by Dr. Kristen J. Gremillion ________________________ Dr. Paul J. Sciulli Advisor Department of Anthropology UMI Number: 3081946 Copyright 2002 by Mickelson, Andrew Michael All rights reserved. ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081946 Copyright 2003 ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Copyright by Andrew M. Mickelson 2002 ABSTRACT This study examines the role of prehistoric subsistence change and its impact upon settlement systems in Eastern Kentucky. Eastern Kentucky’s rockshelters are well-known for their preservation of normally perishable organic plant remains. Archaeobotanical remains from rockshelter contexts have played a key role in the establishment of the region as an independent center of agricultural origins. By 4,000 to 3,000 years before the present (B.P.), prehistoric populations along the western edge of the Appalachian Mountains were engaged in the cultivation of weedy plants such as goosefoot, maygrass, sunflower, and squashes. The incorporation of domesticated plants into the diet has not received detailed examination in terms of its impact upon prehistoric settlement systems. This study acquired regional scale data to evaluate whether or not such an impact can be discerned. The results document that changes in the subsistence base did affect settlement configurations. Increased diet breadth throughout the Late Archaic period in upland contexts resulted in a reorientation of the settlement pattern in order to better fulfill subsistence requirements. In the case of the more rugged upland portion of the study area, prehistoric populations took advantage of mid-slope rockshelters to locate residential bases. Location of residences within rockshelters afforded foragers an even access to a heterogeneous environment. By gaining access to all available ecological strata, foragers were able to sustain a broad spectrum subsistence pattern in areas ii where richer floodplain settings were lacking. With the incorporation of cultigens into the subsistence base during the Early Woodland period, the use of rockshelters continued to be an energetically efficient settlement strategy. With the appearance maize by the end of the Late Woodland period, utilization of rockshelter settings as residences was no longer tenable. The advent of a field agricultural subsistence strategy based upon maize by the Late Prehistoric period marked the end of rockshelters used as permanent or semi-permanent residences. iii Dedicated to the Mickelson and the Robinson Families iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. William S. Dancey, for his guidance on methodological and conceptual issues encountered on the way to completion of this study. His assistance in keeping me on track, and his patience with this research project are greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank him for my initial introduction to Ohio Valley archaeology. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Gremillion for initiating me to the archaeology of the Cumberland Escarpment and for fieldwork opportunities in the region. I would also like to thank her for insight on the underpinnings of optimal foraging theory. I would like to thank Dr. Sciulli for his comments on this research project as well as for providing assistance with statistical issues. Dr. Marble of the Department of Geography at OSU provided theoretical insight into developing GIS models of human walking. I would like to thank Cecil Ison, Johnny Faulkner, and Don Fig of the USDA Forest Service for sharing their knowledge of the culture history of the region. I would also like to thank Cecil Ison for his support in obtaining funding for me to investigate the Gladie Creek site. Dr. Sissel Schroeder, then of the Kentucky Office of State Archaeology, provided me with a copy of the archaeology GIS dataset. GIS data support was enthusiastically v provided by Dan Carey of the Kentucky Division of Water, and Kevin Wente and Warren H. Anderson, both of the Kentucky Geological Survey. Rick Thomas provided access to a fast computer at a critical time, which facilitated a portion of this analysis. I am indebted to members of the Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society for initiating me to the excitement of archaeological fieldwork. In particular I would like to thank Paul Hooge. I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Pacheco and Dr. Dee Anne Wymer for allowing me to participate in the fieldwork enterprise with them. I would also like to acknowledge the generous support and hospitality granted to me by residents of the North Fork of the Red River. I am forever indebted to Tee and Lois Skidmore for granting me access to conduct research on their property, for giving me lodging, for friendship, and for warm conversations on cold fall nights. Dwaine Anderson also provided access to conduct fieldwork and supplied knowledge of the area. Shirley Crabtree cheerfully shared his knowledge of the archaeology of the region with me. Finally, I would like to thank my wife for sharing in fieldwork and the dissertation enterprises; she made them bearable, possible, and a source of unmitigated pleasure. vi VITA 1990. B.A. Anthropology, Beloit College 1991-1992 . Contract Research Management Archaeologist 1992-1994 . Archaeologist, West Virginia Department of Highways 1994 . M.A. Anthropology, The Ohio State University 1994-2000 . .Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. A. Mickelson, “Mitigation of the Upper Portions of the Gladie Creek Site (15MF410), Red River Gorge Geological Area, Daniel Boone National Forest, Stanton Ranger District, Menifee County, Kentucky.” Report Submitted to the USDA, Forest Service, Winchester, Kentucky (2002). 2. A. Mickelson, “The Salt Wall: A Probable Woodland Period Earthwork in Granville Township, Licking County, Ohio.” Ohio Archaeological Council Newsletter 13:1, 19-20 (2001). 3. A. Mickelson, “Recent Excavations at the Spring Creek Site. Greenbrier County, West Virginia.” West Virginia Archeologist (1999). 4. A. Mickelson, K. R. Mickelson, M. E. Mickelson, G. Crothers, C. Swedlund and R. Ward. “An Archaeological and Historical Review of Nitre Mining at Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.” In Proceedings of the 1997 Mammoth Cave National Park Science Conference, Mammoth Cave (1997). vii 5. A. Mickelson, “Phase I and Phase II Report on the Columbia Gas KA Line in Wyoming County West Virginia.” Gray and Pape Cultural Resources Consultants. Richmond, Virginia (1995). 6. A. Mickelson, “Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment of the Proposed Corridor L (US Route 19) Four- Lane Upgrade: Hico to Mt. Nebo, Fayette and Nicholas Counties, West Virginia.” West Virginia Division of Highways, Charleston (1992). 7. A. Mickelson, “The Development of Ethics in Socio-cultural Anthropology: The Thailand Controversy Examined." Paper prepared for a National Endowment to the Humanities Grant. Copy on file at the Beloit College Department of Anthropology Library (1989). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................. ii Dedication ............................................................ iv Acknowledgments .......................................................v Vita................................................................. vii List of Figures ........................................................ xii List of Tables..........................................................xv Chapter 1: Research Question..............................................1 Chapter 2: Research Design................................................7 2.1 Methodological Issues: the GIS Environment .........................7 2.1.1 GIS Vector Data Coverages ...............................9 2.1.2 GIS Raster Coverages ...................................12 2.2 Definition of the Study Area .....................................13 2.3 Archaeological Data Acquisition Strategy ..........................14 2.4 Construction of the Archaeology GIS Database ......................14 2.5 Acquisition and Development of Environmental Data Layers ...........16 2.6 Acquisition of Environmental Context for Sites ......................17 2.7 Distributional Analysis .........................................18 2.8 Synthesis of Distributional Data ..................................19 2.9 Summary of the Research Design .................................23 Chapter 3: Background to the Study Area ....................................24 3.1 Environmental Background of the Study Area .......................24 3.1.1 Physiography and Geology ...............................25 3.1.2 Bedrock Geology and its Control over Study Area Terrain .....26 3.1.3 Climactic and Geomorphological Considerations .............27 3.2 Flora and Fauna ...............................................28 3.2.1 Flora ................................................28
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