Federal Republic of Nigeria Public Disclosure Authorized

SFG1692 v10

IMO STATE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) Final Report

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site, Urualla, Ideato Public Disclosure Authorized North LGA, Imo State Public Disclosure Authorized

State Project Management Unit (SPMU), New Owerri, Imo-NEWMAP, Imo State Public Disclosure Authorized

July, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Table of Contents i List of Figures iv List of Tables v List of Plates vii List of Acronyms viii Units of Measure xi Chemical Elements and Compounds xii Executive Summary xiii

CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention 1 1.3 Rationale for NEWMAP Intervention 4 1.4 Rationale for ESMP 4 1.5 Scope of the Work 5

CHAPTER TWO 7 INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.1 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 7 2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects 9 2.3 International Conventions and Agreements 11 2.4 Institutional Framework 13

CHAPTER THREE 14 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 14 3.1 Project Area Description 14 3.1.1 Location and Extent 15 3.2 Traditional Setting of Urualla 15 3.3 Physical Environment 15

3.3.1 Climate and Meteorology 15 3.3.2 Wind Speed and Direction 16 3.3.3 Ambient Air Quality 17 3.3.4 Ambient Noise Levels 18 3.3.5 Soil 20 3.3.5.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils 20 3.3.6.2 Metal Content of the Soils 24 3.3.6.3 Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Surface Water Samples 25 3.4 Biological Environment 27 3.4.1 Ecosystem 27 3.4.2 Vegetation 27 3.4.3 Fauna and Wildlife Resources 29

CHAPTER FOUR 32 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 32 4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics 32 4.1.2 Population Characteristics of the Project Area 33 4.1.3 Socio-Economic Status 33 4.1.3.1 Infrastructures within Project Communities 35 4.1.4 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area 36 4.1.5 Source of Energy 38 4.1.6 Communities‟ Environmental Concerns (CECs) 39 4.1.7 Impact Evaluation of the Gully Erosion Intervention Activities 41 4.2 Public Consultations 41 4.2.1 Submissions 41 4.2.2 Concerns 42 4.2.3 Expectations 42

CHAPTER FIVE 44 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 44 5.1 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 44 5.1.1 Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 46 5.1.2 Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 46 5.2 Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 44 5.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase: Negative Environmental and Social Impacts 47 5.3 Construction Phase 47 5.3.1 Negative Environmental Impacts 47 5.3.2 Negative Social Impact 49 5.4 Operations Phase 50 5.4.1 Negative Environmental Impact of the Proposed Project 50 5.4.2 Potential Negative Social Impacts of the Proposed Project 50 5.5 Analysis of Alternatives 54 5.5.1 No-Action Alternative 54 5.5.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives 54 5.5.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Methods 54 5.5.3.1 Use of Civil Works 55 5.5.3.2 Bioengineering 55 5.5.3.3 Technological Methods 55

CHAPTER SIX 57 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN MITIGATION MEASURES 57 6.1 Pre-Construction Phase 57 6.2 Construction Phase 57 6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase 52 6.4 Monitoring: Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures 60

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6.5 Institutional Arrangement: Responsibilities and Accountabilities 76 6.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase 76 6.5.1.1 Key Agencies 76 6.5.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies 76 6.5.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up 76 6.5.2 Construction Phase 77 6.5.2.1 Key Agencies 77 6.5.2.2 Role of Concerned Agencies 77 6.5.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up 77 6.5.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 78 6.5.3.1 Key Agencies 78 6.5.3.2 Role of Concerned Agencies 78 6.5.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Actions for the ESMP at the Local Level 79 6.6 Training Programmes 79 6.7 Implementation Schedule 80 6.8 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis 82

CHAPTER SEVEN 83 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 83

References 84 Appendix I: NEWMAP Questionnaires 88 Appendix II: Minutes of the Town hall Meetings and FGDs 94 Appendix III: Attendance at Urualla Town Hall Meeting 98 Appendix IV: Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors 102

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines 7 Table 2.2: Triggered Safeguard Policies 9 Table 2.3: International conventions, agreements and protocols 11 Table 3.1: Monthly precipitation and temperature characteristics of the project area 15 Table 3.2: Results of ambient air quality and noise level measurements at the study area 18 Table 3.3: Geographic coordinates of the Air quality and Noise samples points 18 Table 3.4: Ambient noise levels for the project area 19 Table 3.5: Physico-chemical and microbial results of soil samples from the study area 20 Table 3.6: Geographic coordinates of the soil samples 22 Table 3.7: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the top soil (0–15 cm) 24 Table 3.8: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the sub soil (15–30 cm) 24 Table 3.9: Result of Physicochemical Analysis of Water Samples 25 Table 3.10: Water Sample Points 27 Table 3.11: Terrestrial Flora Species Recorded in the Study Area 28 Table 3.12: Terrestrial Fauna Species Recorded in the Study Area 29 Table 4.1: Questionnaires Administration and Public Consultation 32 Table 4.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Imo State 33 Table 4.3: Socio-economics of the Respondents in Proposed Project Communities 33 Table 4.4: Points of Interest within the proposed intervention site 36 Table 4.5: Type of Materials in the Building and Tenure Systems 37 Table 4.6: Source of energy for Various Uses 39 Table 4.7: Environmental Impacts of the gully erosion and Potential Impacts of the Project 40 Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, consequence severity, likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix 45 Table 5.2: Noise Emission Levels for Various Types of Construction Plant 48 Table 5.3: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utilities 52 Table 5.4: Appraisal of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 58 Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-construction Phase 53 Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 59 Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 61 Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socioeconomic Impacts during Construction Phase 62 Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase 63 Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase 64 Table 6.7: Monitoring for Pre-construction Phase 66

Table 6.8: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 67 Table 6.9: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 70 Table 6.10: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Socio-economic Impacts during Construction Phase 71 Table 6.11: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase 73 Table 6.12: Monitoring for Operation Phase 74 Table 6.13: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan 79 Table 6.14: ESMP Implementation Schedule 81 Table 6.15: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Project ESMP Implementation 82

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1: Gully‟s Finger1 incision along the bed 3 Fig. 1.2: Active nature of Gully‟s Finger 2 3 Fig. 1.3: The Catchment view of the Engineering Design of the proposed project 3 Fig 3.1: Ideato North LGA showing the Proposed Intervention site 14 Fig. 3.2: Monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze days 16 Fig. 3.3: Wind Rose during 0600 in the proposed project site 17 Fig. 3.4: Ambient air/noise sampling points 19 Fig. 3.5 Soil sampling points 23 Fig 3.6: Water Sample Points 26

Fig. 5.1: Five step tool for impact rating 44

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LIST OF PLATES

Plate 3.1: A cross-section of the vegetation type found in the area 28 Plate 4.1: A poultry farm abandoned due to the gully erosion 35 Plate 4.2: A market abandoned due to the gully erosion 35 Plate 4.3: The silted Agwara River 40 Plate 4.4: The de-silting of Orashi River 40 Plate 4.5: Town hall meeting at Eze of Urualla‟s Palace 43 Plate 4.6: A Woman contributing to discussion during town hall meeting at Eze of Urualla‟s Palace 43 Plate 4.7: Group Photograph after the town hall meeting 43 Plate 4.8: Group Photograph after FGD with women leaders at Eze of Urualla‟s Palace 43 Plate 4.9: Group Photograph after FGD with youth leaders 43

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ARAR - Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBOs - Community Based Organizations CITES - Convention Based Organizations CLO - Community Liaison Officer COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand DO - Dissolved Oxygen EA - Environmental Assessment EC - Electrical Conductivity EFCZM - Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIS - Environmental Impact Statement ESA - Environmentally Sensitive Area ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan ESO - Environmental Safeguard Officer FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment FMWR - Federal Ministry of Water Resources GPS - Global Positioning System GRA - Government Reserved Area

H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide HIV/AIDS - Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HSE - Health Safety and Environment IDI - In-Depth Interviews IEC - International Electro-technical Commission ISDS - Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ISO - International Organizational For Standardization KII - Key Informant Interviews Lexp - Exposure Levels LGA - Local Government Area Lmax - Maximum Noise Levels Lmin - Minimum Noise Levels MDAs - Ministries Departments and Agencies ix

MEAs - Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol MPN - Most Probable Number NCFC - Nigerian Construction and Foundation Company ND - Not Detected NESREA - National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NEWMAP - Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGOs - Non-Governmental Organization NIHSA - Nigeria Hydrological Service Agency NIMET - Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIWRMC - Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission NWRI - National Water Resources Institute ODS - Ozone Depletion Substance OP - Operational Policy PAD - Project Appraisal Document PAPs - Project Affected Persons PC - Project Coordinator PIM - Project Implementation Manual PMU - Project Management Unit POVINAA - Poverty in Africa alternative PPE - Personal Protective Equipment PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride RAM - Risk Management Matrix RAP - Resettlement Action Plan RBDAs - River Basin Development Authorities RCCC - Reinforced Concrete Chute Channel RPF - Resettlement Policy Framework SESA - Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SLO - Social Livelihood Officer SME - State Ministry of Environment SON - Standards Organization of Nigeria Sp - Species SPHM - Spoil Handling Management SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU - State Project Management Unit TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TOR - Terms of References

TSS - Total Suspended Solids VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds WHO - World Health Organization WMP - Waste Management Plan

Units of Measure

0C - degree Centigrade 0F - degree Fahrenheit % - Percentage µg - Microgramme cmol/kg - Centimoles per Kilogram ºE - Degree East ºN - Degree North ppm - Parts per Million mm - Millimeters cfu - colony forming units

CO2 - carbon dioxide dB - decibel ds/m - Decisiemens per Meter g - gram Ha - Hectare hr/h - hour kg - kilogramme km - kilometer kN/m - Kilonewton per meter L - litre m - metre max - maximum mg - milligram mg/l - Milligram per Liter ms-1 - metre per second

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Chemical Elements and Compounds

Ca - Calcium

CaCO3 - Calcium Carbonate Cl - Chloride CO - Carbon Monoxide Cu - Copper Fe - Iron

H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide HCN - Hydrogen Cyanide K - Potassium Mg - Magnesium Mn - Manganese Na - Sodium

NH3 - Ammonia

NO3 - Nitrate - NO3 - Nitrate ion

NOx - Nitrogen Oxides Pb - Lead AV.P - Average Phosphorus 3- PO4 - Phosphate

SO2 - Sulphur dioxide 2- SO4 - Sulphates TDS - Total Dissolved Solutes THC - Total Hydrocarbons TSS - Total Soluble Solids Zn - Zinc

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Executive Summary ES 1 Background Imo State has taken a bold step towards finding a lasting solution to the dehumanizing erosion problem in the State through the intervention of prioritized gully erosion sites. Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site in Urualla, Ideato North LGA of Imo State is one of the state‟s prioritized gully erosion sites marked for intervention by Imo state NEWMAP. The proposed project is aimed at rehabilitating and control of the gully from further expansion. It is also aimed at managing the sub-watershed to redress the factors promoting gullying in the area .Hence, the need to assess the impact of the proposed redevelopment plans on the entire environment and the social life of the project area has become imperative. This further necessitates the development of the socio- environmental instrument referred to as the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by the Imo State NEWMAP SPMU.

ES 2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The EzemazuUrualla Gully Erosion can be traced back to the early 1980‟s, when the construction of the Urualla (Afri-bank to Umuturu) drainage was awarded and carried out. The drainage, which was designed to carry runoff generated from other neighbouring communities (Osina and Akokwa) through Umuturu down to Agwura Stream and Urashi River, was abruptly terminated. Due to the abrupt termination of the channel, the runoff generated within these areas resulted in the scouring of the unprotected soil that resulted in rill erosion. Consequently, the resultant sediment was transported into the Agwura and Urashi Stream. The slope of the gully area together with the nature, characteristics of the incipient soil and man-made interferences are the main causes of the gullies of the area. The topography of Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site is characterized by the following:  A sloping land of about 5 to 8 % from north to center of the main Urualla gully;  A sloping land of 4 to 6 % from south to the center of the main Urualla gully; and  A sloping land of about 3 % from east to west. Hydrological/Engineering studies showed that the total watershed area of the gully site is about . This area is shared amongst catchment 1, catchment 2 (Gully 1) and catchment 3 (Gully 2) respectively. Catchments 1, 2 and 3, as delineated are of areas , and respectively.

ES 3 Rationale for the NEWMAP Intervention The psychological trauma and economic losses resulting from the devastating effect of Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion site cannot be over-emphasized. Large areas of ancestral lands and homes are being lost, and the possible loss that is bound to still occur if the erosion is not controlled cannot be estimated. The proposed intervention will restore the socioeconomic lives of the people. Access to community facilities and infrastructures will be enhanced while the entire ecological landscape including stream flow will be restored and redesigned. Above all, through all these, the sustainability of the environment will be enhanced.

ES 4 Rationale for the ESMP The primary objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision-making and to ensure that implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. Some of the activities to be carried out include construction, ensuring that civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally sound, encouraging community consultation and participation and enhancing social wellbeing. Specifically, the ESMP aims to provide a clear process, including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the NEWMAP.

ES 5 Scope of the Work The main objective of this study is to present an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Erosion Gully sub-project(s) in Urualla, Ideato North LGA, Imo State NEWMAP intervention site. The specific tasks include the following:  Describe biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies;  Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention;

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 Draw on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);  Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;  Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  Identify the monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above;  Provide a specific description of the institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency;  Define the technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;  Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and  Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.  Other tasks: o The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at the Federal and State levels; and (ii) disclose the finalized ESMP at the National, State, LGA and Community levels.

ES 6 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks The ESMP is guided by a number of policies including; National Policy on the Environment (1989 revised 1999), National Erosion and Flood Control Policy (2005), Legal/Regulatory Instrument, Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 (1992, FMEnv), The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (1991), National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999), National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 (1991), The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act (NESREA Act, 2007), The National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency Act (NOSDRA ACT, 2005) and Land Use Act of1978 and Modified 1990.

ES 7 World Bank Safeguard Policies Out of the eight safeguards policies of the World Bank triggered by NEWMAP, namely: Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Forest (OP 4.36), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) only five (5) were triggered by Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site Intervention project. These includes; Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) and Forests (OP/BP 4.10).

ES 8 International conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Imo State NEWMAP in the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site intervention project. International conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Imo- NEWMAP intervention project in Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site includes; Vienna convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal protocol for Control of Substances that deplete the ozone layer, xv

Convention on Biodiversity. Convention on climate change and World Health Organization (WHO) Health and Safety Component of EIA, 1987.

ES 9 Institutional Framework NEWMAP involves many federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society. This is because effective implementation of projects requires inter-ministerial coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity is to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. The various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/basin regulation. The investments for Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site in Urualla, Ideato North LGA, Imo State is being made through the Imo NEWMAP. However, the Imo State has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site.

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv responsible for the overall coordination. The Imo State Project Management Unit (Imo-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Imo State Ministry of Environment and Petroleum Resources is responsible for the coordination in Imo State, thus, Imo-NEWMAP is directly responsible for coordinating the activities of the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site intervention, including the implementation of the ESMP.

ES 10 Biophysical Environment An assessment of the biophysical environment of the study area covers the general climate and meteorology, air quality and noise level, hydrology, water and soil quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation and flora and fauna resources. Most parameters measured were in conformity with local and international standards.

ES 11 Socio-Economic Characteristics The socio-economic characteristics of the project area reveal that:  There are more male (75.0%) than female (25.0%) respondents.  Women, children and the aged are more vulnerable to the threat posed by the gully;  Most of the respondents are of the working class age-group with a good knowledge of the area with over a decade, thus have a sound knowledge of the gully history.  The community is relatively ethnically homogenous coming from the same ancestral kingdom of Urualla, they claim to belong to different autonomous communities which include; Urualla, Umuezemeazu, Uzoakoli, Ozu, Ozuomee, Umuago-Ndide, Umuakoli and Umuago.  A high proportion of married individuals with average family size of six members;  A high proportion of literate population with minimum secondary level of education attainment;  A high proportion of self-employed people with small-scale farmers, thus the proposed project might affect the small-scale farmers;  The mean income level of project affected people is about N30,000; and  There is a decline in standard of living in recent years and the continuous expansion of the gully in the communities has resulted in serious economic down turn and restricting economic base and sources of income.

ES 12 Public Consultations and Concerns The public consultation reveals that Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site in Urualla has led to destruction of farms, destruction of building and ancestral home, threats to the safety of all residents of all ages especially children and the aged persons/elders and massive damage to lives and property especially during epic of wet season. However, the community has made several efforts in the past at controlling Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully from expanding but the magnitude of the required rehabilitation activities is beyond the capacity of the community. The communities, however, expressed their readiness to corporate and work with Imo- NEWMAP in ensuring sustainable development of the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully watershed. The community association leaders and site committee, however, pleaded for the inclusion of qualify indigenes as xvi

workers during civil work, they also promise to fully participate in the construction activities by ensuring quality control to design specification through monitoring and supervision activities at no cost to Imo-NEWMAP.

ES 13 Impacts of Proposed Project Activities Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Rehabilitation of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land  Public Safety  Employment Opportunities  Increase Value for Structural and Landed Properties Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Minimization of Flood Activities  Rehabilitation of degraded lands (Flood Affected Lands) and their conversion into productive land  Reduction of disaster risks in the project area Negative Environmental and Social Impacts  Displacement of Land Properties and source of livelihoods;  Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood;  Proposed Project Induced Development; and  Loss of Flora and Fauna amongst others.

ES 14 Analysis of Alternatives The analysis of alternatives which includes; No Action, Delayed Action, Right Away Action, Biological works alone, Civil works alone and The Civil works (Biological & the construction of Hard Structures) for General Safeguard of Environment and Human Health (General protection mechanisms), Short-Term Usefulness and Long- Term Effectiveness and Permanence as the criteria reveals that the combination of the Civil and Biological works will provide long-term effectiveness for the sustainability of Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully sitewatershed in Urualla.

ES 15 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures were prepared for the identified impacts during pre-construction, construction and operational phases.

ES 16 Training Programmes Training programmes were developed for those who will be involved in the implementation of this Umuomeji- Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site ESMP. The training will not only improve capacity for the implementation of the ESMP but also address the interpretation of the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla watershed imagery for critical assessment of changes overtime.

ES 17 ESMP Implementation Schedule

Schedule timeline for the implementation of this ESMP from Pre-construction through Construction to Operation and maintenance phases was estimated at 24 months. This is not rigid as human circumstances might bring a modification and when such arise, all concern parties should be informed.

ES 18 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis A cost estimate of about Forty Nine Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty Five dollars ($49,855: 00) was estimated for the proposed mitigation measures. It was concluded that to enhance the benefits of the proposed intervention by the Imo-NEWMAP at all phases of the project execution, the mitigation measures provided in the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully siteESMP should be strictly followed.

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S/N ESMP Activities Cost Estimate ($) 1 Mitigation Measures (Included in Project cost) 2 Monitoring ( Implementation and Mitigation Measures) 49,855

3 Institutional Capacity reinforcement Programme 45,000

Grand Total 94,855 Conversion rate of Two Hundred and Ninety Naira per dollar was used.

ES 19 ESMP Disclosures After review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, State Ministry of Environment and the host LGA office as well as the World Bank Info Shop. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities; impacts anticipated and proposed environmental management actions.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Nigeria is presently facing severe soil erosion problems which manifest in the form of both sheet and gully erosions. These problems can be attributed to natural and human causes. Presently, over 6,000km2 of the country‟s land is affected by erosion while about 3,400km2 is highly vulnerable. Erosion has a devastating effect on many peoples‟ lives and destroys essential infrastructure for economic development and poverty alleviation. Specifically, gully erosion has severely contributed to environmental problems in Nigeria causing damage estimated at over $100 million annually (mostly in South-Eastern Nigeria). This has consequently undermined socio-economic growth and thus constitutes a threat to the Federal Government of Nigeria‟s “Vision 2020”.

Also, recent assessments of the situation in the country confirm that the scale of the problem transcends what communities, Local Governments, States and Federal Government can address without help from development partners. Consequently, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) has sought the support of the World Bank to tackle the age long, worsening problem of erosion and degraded watershed in some states of Nigeria. Some of these States are: Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu and Imo States. The support is sought through an eight-year project titled, “The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project”, henceforth in this report referred to as NEWMAP.

As one of the beneficiaries of the partnership, Imo State has taken a bold step towards finding a lasting solution to the dehumanizing erosion problem in the State through the intervention of prioritized gully erosion sites. Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site in Urualla, Ideato North LGA of Imo State is one of the state‟s prioritized gully erosion sites targeted for interventionby Imo state NEWMAP.The proposed project is aimed at rehabilitating and control of the gully from further expansion. It is also to manage the watershed to redress the factors promoting gullying in the area. Hence, the need to assess the impact of the proposed redevelopment plans on the entire environment and the social life of the project area has become imperative. This further necessitates the development of the socio-environmental instrument referred to as the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by the Imo State NEWMAP SPMU.

1.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention The origin of the EzemazuUrualla Gully Erosion can be traced back to the early 1980s, when the construction of the Urualla (Afri-bank to Umuturu) drainage was awarded and carried out. The drainage which was designed to carry runoff water generated from other neighboring communities (Osina and Akokwa) through Umuturu down to Agwura Stream and Urashi River was abruptly terminated. Due to the abrupt termination of the channel, the runoff generated

1 within these areas has resulted in the scouring of the unprotected soil, resulting in rill erosion with its resultant sediment transported into Agwura and Urashi Stream. The complete neglect of the problem on the side of the government has encouraged the continued increase of sediment transport into Agwura and Urashi Stream. This has further resulted in the siltation of part of the stream, which was evident in 1987. Also, the rill erosion created as a result of the continued scouring action of the unprotected soil, increased and propagated rapidly into a gully that has washed away residential buildings and cut-off roads leading to farmlands and neighbouring communities. Between 1999 and 2003, the gully had propagated dynamically both in width and length. During these periods, it resulted in the collapse of many buildings among which is the ancestral homes of the families of Late Mr Julius of Umuomeji-Umuturu and Late Mr. Bid Nwaopigbo of IkpaUmuturu; thus causing their relocation. At present, the gully had propagated about 3 km up to Umuezenwanagu (Umuezewudo), Elueama and Ozuakoli. The gully considering the direction of its path and its rapid rate of propagation, is heading toward the palace of the traditional ruler (Eze-Urualla) of Urualla. Owing to the devastation and the psychological trauma caused by the gully which has resulted in the loss of large areas of ancestral lands and homes, and the possible loss that is still bound to occur, there is urgent need to address the problem. Also, the gully development and its expansion have affected the aesthetic value of the area, the need for this design project became necessary in order to proffer long-lasting engineering control measures to arrest the problem. The slope of the gully area together with the nature, characteristics of the incipient soil and man- made interferences are the main causes of the gullies in the area. The topography of Umuomeji- Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site is characterized by the following:  sloping land of about 5 to 8 % from north to center of the main Urualla gully;  A sloping land of 4 to 6 % from south to the center of the main Urualla gully; and  A sloping land of about 3 % from east to west.

Figure 1.1 shows Gully 1 with incision along the bed has an estimated gully length of about 3km, depth of about 26m, and width of about 111m. This gully has two major fingers described as catchment one (1) and catchment two (2) in the engineering design. Figure 1.2 shows Gully 2, which is catchment three (3) in the engineering design. It has an estimated gully length of about 0.5 km, maximum depth of about 22 m, and maximum width of about 46 m, while Picture 7 shows a residential building engulfed by the gully. Hydrological/Engineering studies showed that the total watershed area of the gully site is about . This area is shared amongst catchment 1, catchment 2 (Gully 1) and catchment 3 (Gully 2) respectively. Catchments 1, 2 and 3, as delineated are of areas , and respectively. Figure 1.3 shows the catchment view of the Engineering Design for the proposed project.

Although the gully rehabilitation will bring about some level of environmental and social discomforts, the long-term goal will bring great relief and succor to the residents in the area and the entire people of Urualla who are currently on the verge of giving up on their predicament.

Figure 1.1: Gully‟s Finger1 Figure1.2: Active nature of incision along the bed Gully‟s Finger 2

Figure 1.3: The Catchment view of the Engineering Design of the proposed project

However, Ume, et al (2014) gave the indigenous traditional explanation of the causes of the gully which they linked to unseen forces such as the provocation of the gods of the land by activities that are not traditionally acceptable. Example of such activities include; catching of fishes in the now disappeared Agwura River, cutting down of trees in certain “evil forest” and killing of certain reptiles such as the royal python and revered wild animals and plants. Although, the traditional explanation of the provocation of the gods of the land might lack scientific validation, they are actually the traditional way of conservation to ensure sustainable environment and gross violation such as deforestation of designated “evil forest” now catalyzed the process of degraded environment.

1.3 Rationale for NEWMAP Intervention The psychological trauma and economic losses resulting from the devastating effect of Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion site cannot be overemphasized. Large areas of ancestral lands and homes are being lost, and the possible loss that is bound to still occur if not put under control cannot be estimated. The gully ditches have become homes to dangerous animals including reptiles and domestic animals such as goats that fall into the gully never returned home. They become food to the carnivorous animals in the gullies. Also, the damage that the gullies have caused to public utilities such as roads and electricity is monumental. Several roads have been washed away and communities separated by gully ditches. The communities have recorded some level of fatality. Additional environmental problems including river siltation and erosion have compounded the already pathetic situation of the people while the streams are no longer available to perform their ecosystem services to the communities. Therefore, the need for the proposed project at Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion site cannot be over-emphasized as different aspects of the socioeconomic lives of the area will be restored and enhanced in some quarters through the project. Access to community facilities and infrastructures will be enhanced while the entire ecological landscape including stream flow will be restored and redesigned in such a way that the sustainability of the environment will be enhanced. Also, the anthropogenic activities of the area will be properly re- organized.

1.4 Rationale for ESMP The major developmental objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision making and to ensure that during project implementation, the activities during project implementation are environmentally-friendly, that the civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally sound, encourage community consultation and participation are encouraged, and that social wellbeing in ways that are generally sustainable are enhanced. Specifically, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process, including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the NEWMAP. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:  Ensure the project is carried out in accordance with contemporary sustainable development tenets; 4

 Provide a structure/strategy for the integration of social and environmental consideration at all stages of the project planning, design, execution and operation of various sub- projects;  Ensure overall positive social and environmental impacts of sub-projects and avoid/minimize, and manage any potential adverse impacts;  Establish clear procedures and methodologies for incorporating environmental management requirements, including stakeholders engagement in the implementation of the project and all sub projects;  Provide guidelines to appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns of the program and sub-projects;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMP;  Comply with regulatory and policy requirements (local and international) that are applicable to the program and sub projects;  Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (rehabilitation, extensions of or new constructions in gully erosion sites, livelihood adaptation, etc.), whether positive or negative, and propose measures and plans to reduce or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project;  Identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project;  Establish clear directives and methodologies for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIAs) as might be needed for specific sub-projects;  Identify modalities for estimating and budgeting the costs for the implementation of the environmental Management Plan for the projects; and  Ascertain the agencies responsible for the implementation of the project‟s Environmental Management Plans and the projects‟ Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E).

This ESMP report, together with a separate report providing a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the proposed intervention at Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion rehabilitation site will be used by the Imo NEWMAP as environmental and social livelihoods safeguards during the project life cycle.

1.5 Scope of the Work The objective of this study is to present an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Erosion Gully sub-project(s) in Urualla, Ideato North LGA, Imo State intervention site.

The specific tasks include the following:  To describe biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub- watershed (Upper/Lower) and gullies;  To identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention;  To draw on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall);  To develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  To identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels;  To develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies;  To identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above(in a-e);  To provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency;  To define technical assistance programs that could strengthen the environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;  To provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and  To provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP as well as inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.  Other tasks: o The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at the Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at the National, State, LGA and Community levels.

CHAPTER TWO INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks A number of national and local environmental guidelines are applicable to the operations of the NEWMAP. Brief discussions of these are provided in Table 2.1:

Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines

S/N Policy Instrument Year Provision 1 National Policy on the 1989 revised This describes both the conceptual and Environment 1999 theoretical framework and strategies for archiving sustainable development in Nigeria 2 National Erosion and 2005 This addresses the need to combat erosion in the Flood Control Policy country through the procedure outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion and Technical Guidelines.

Legal/Regulatory Year Provision Instrument Environmental Impact 1 1992 (FMEnv) This provides guidelines for regulating the Assessment Act No. 86, activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects that require mandatory EIAs 2 The National Guidelines 1991 These represent the basic instrument for and Standards for monitoring and controlling pollution in Nigeria Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria National Guidelines on 3 1999 This establishes the requirements for an Environmental Environmental Management System (EMS) in Management Systems all organizations/facilities in Nigeria 4 National Air Quality 1991 This defines the levels of air pollutants that Standard Decree No. 59 should not be exceeded in order to protect of public health. 5 The National 2007 This makes provision for solid waste Environmental Standards management and its administration and and Regulations prescribes sanctions for offences or acts, which Enforcement Agency Act might run contrary to proper and adequate waste

(NESREA Act) disposal procedures and practices 6 The National Oil Spill 2005 This statutory regulation makes adequate Detection and Response regulations on waste emanating from oil Agency Act (NOSDRA production, exploration and its potential ACT) consequences to the environment Land Use Act of 7 1978 This is the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land comprised Modified in the territory of each state in the federation in 1990 the governor of the State and requires that such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act 8 Forestry Act of and 1958 This provides for the preservation of forests and the establishment of forest reserves Modified1994 9 Endangered Species Act 1985 This provides for conservation and management of wildlife in Nigeria and the protection of some of her endangered species from extinction as a result of over exploitation. 10 FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA 1995 These indicate the steps to be followed in the Procedural guidelines EIA process through the project life cycle. 11 S115 National 1991 This regulates the collection, treatment, and Environmental Protection disposal of solid and hazardous waste for (The Management of municipal and industrial sources. It also gives Solid and Hazardous the comprehensive list of chemicals and Wastes Regulations) chemical waste by toxicity categories. 12 S19 National 1991 These are imposed restrictions on the release of Environmental Protection toxic substances and requirements of Stipulated (The NEP (Pollution Monitoring of pollution to ensure that Abatement in Industries permissible limits are not exceeded. and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations) 13 S18 National 1991 This makes it mandatory for industrial facilities Environmental Protection to install anti-pollution equipment. It also makes (National Effluents provision for further effluent treatment, Limitations Regulation) prescribes maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed for discharge, and spells out penalties for contravention.

14 Public Health Law This deals with public health matters 15 Environmental Sanitation These deal with the general environmental Edits, Law and health and sanitation and their implementation Enforcements and enforcement in the state. 16 Workmen Component 1987 Revised This provides for occupational health and safety Act 2010 17 Imo State Ministry of This ensures good health and environment Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources.

2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are the cornerstones of the Bank‟s support to sustainable poverty reduction. The main objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harms to people and their respective environment in the developmental processes. These policies also provide guidelines for the Bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. Table 2.2 provides the World Bank policies triggered by NEWMAP and those triggered by the specific project site.

Table 2.2: Triggered Safeguard Policies Triggered Triggered by Applicability to project due How Project Safeguard Policies by Umuomeji- to Address Policy NEWMAP Umuturu, Requirements Ezeama, Urualla gully site Intervention project Yes No Yes No Environmental [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works with site-specific ESMF prepared for Assessment impacts; construction of NEWMAP and site (OP/BP 4.01) stabilizing walls and specific mitigation bioengineering / remediation measures developed stabilization of the gullies in in the ESMP. order to prevent further run off concentration that could lead to further expansion of the gullies. It also applies to the acquisition of land and resources for these activities which will lead to economic and potentially physical

displacement.

[ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works with site-specific ESMF prepared for Natural Habitats impacts in creating the NEWMAP and site (OP/BP 4.04) Buffer Zone. The activities specific mitigation outlined intervention requires measures developed the significant conversion of in the ESMP areas of natural habitats especially along the gullies course. [ x ] [ ] [ ] [x] There is no likelihood use of NA Pest Management pesticide during project (OP 4.09) implementation and operation. [ x ] [ ] [x] [ ] Civil works, including gully NA Physical Cultural stabilization will most likely Resources (OP/BP not be able to avoid all 4.11) cultural heritage sites as well as presently unknown sites that can be expected to be found in this area which is rich in cultural and historical values. [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Restriction of access to RPF prepared for Involuntary sources of livelihood.Part of NEWMAP and a Resettlement the proposed activities will standalone RAP (OP/BP 4.12) take place in residential and spells out site farming areas. specific issues to be addressed and how to address them [ ] [ x ] [ ] [x] The people in the area are by NA Indigenous Peoples the World Bank specification (OP/BP 4.36) not considered as indigenous peoples. [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for Forests (OP/BP forest area along the gullies NEWMAP and site 4.10) right of way. specific mitigation measures developed in the ESMP

[ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] NA NA Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)

[ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] NA NA Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)

[ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] Water will not be sourced NA Project on from the international International waterway and the catchment Waterways area does not discharge into (OP/BP 7.50) such.

NB: Where there is a gap of conflict between the National Law and World Bank OP 4.12, the higher standard shall prevail which in this case is the World Bank Policy

2.3 International Conventions and Agreements Several international regulations, protocols, treaties and conventions have been signed by the World. These are aimed at halting environmental degradation and thus protecting human health against possible adverse effects. Nigeria subscribes to a number of theseInternational regulations and conventions relating to environmental protection. Table 2.3 shows some of the international conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Imo State NEWMAP in the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site.

Table 2.3: International conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Imo State NEWMAP in the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site intervention project

Applicable Applicable to Applicability to project How project address International to Umuomeji- due to issues raised conventions, NEWMAP Umuturu, agreements and Ezeama, protocols Urualla gully site Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for convention for the forest area along the gullies NEWMAP and site protection of the right of way. There will be specific mitigation Ozone Layer and the a reduction in tree measures developed in Montreal protocol taxonomy and biomass the ESMP. Provision of for Control of leading to a reduction in vegetation measures Substances that carbon sink and release of following construction deplete the ozone ODS gasses. of the engineering

11 layer. measures.

[] [x] [ ] [ x ] ESMF and ESMP do not NA Basel convention on identify the use and or the prevention of generation of hazardous trans-boundary wastes in the project movement of lifecycle. hazardous wastes and their disposal. [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] No endangered species(s) NA Convention on the of any kind was identified prevention of the in the project area. international trade in endangered species (CITES). [ x ] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for Convention on forest area along the gullies NEWMAP and site Biodiversity. course. This will hinder specific mitigation biodiversity in the area. measures developed in the ESMP.Bioremediation measures are incorporated into the design of project. [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities will ESMF prepared for Convention on result in both systemic and NEWMAP and site climate change. cumulative environmental specific mitigation change thereby measures are developed contributing to sustained in the increase in temperature. ESMP.Bioremediation measures are incorporated into the design of project [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities may Bioremediation Convention on result in deforestation. measures incorporated Desertification. into the design of project. [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant will NA Convention on be used for activities Persistent Organic designed for the proposed Polluants. project during its lifecycle. [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities may be ESMF prepared for World Health

Organization (WHO) injurious to man and the NEWMAP and site Health and Safety environment specific mitigation Component of EIA, measures are developed 1987. in the ESMP.

2.4 Institutional Framework NEWMAP involves many federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society. This is because effective implementation of projects requires inter-ministerial and inter-state coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity is to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. The various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation. The investments for Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site in Urualla, Ideato North LGA, Imo State is being made through the Imo NEWMAP. However, Imo State has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv.is responsible for the overall coordination. The Imo State Project Management Unit (Imo-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Imo State Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources. is responsible for the coordination in Imo State, thus, he is directly responsible for coordinating activities of the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site intervention, including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the mainstreaming of environmental issues into the NEWMAP projects. The Imo State environmental officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Umuomeji-Umuturu, Ezeama, Urualla gully Site Committee and Community Associations will effectively participate in ensuring a full compliance during project implementation including civil work activities.

CHAPTER THREE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Project Area Description 3.1.1 Location and Extent The Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion site is located in Urualla, Ideato North Local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria within latitude north and longitude east. The gully is located precisely at the center of the community up to Urashi River coming from Eke Obodo-Ukwu-Obiohia junction and it is about 1.7km from St. John Catholic Church Urualla. Figure 3.1 shows the proposed intervention site in Ideato North LGA

Fig 3.1: Ideato North LGA showing the Proposed Intervention site The gully is located precisely at the center of the community up to Urashi River coming from Eke Obodo-Ukwu-Obiohia junction and it is about 1.7km from St. John Catholic Church Urualla.

3.2 Traditional Setting of Urualla Basically there are eight (8) major communities that constitute Urualla Town. These are Urualla, Umuezemeazu, Uzoakoli, Ozu, Ozuomee, Umuago-Ndide, Umuakoli and Umuago. Most of these villages have become autonomous communities in recent times. Traditionally, the political affairs of the regional Urualla is governed by the paramount traditional ruler-EzeUrualla and currently Eze Edwin Okosisi is the paramount regional ruler in line with tradition.

3.3 Physical Environment 3.3.1 Climate and Meteorology The project site is situated within the sub-equatorial south climatic region that is characterized by high annual rainfall, high relative humidity and temperatures. Rainfall distribution is double maxima rainfall. The mean annual rainfall is over 2500 mm while the mean annual temperature is between 24oC and 27oC. Relative humidity is normally over 90% in the early morning but falls to between 60% and 80% in the afternoon. Runoff is high and is estimated to be as high as 90% in the study area.

Climate in the study area is influenced by two air masses namely the Southeast trade wind and the Northeast trade wind. The Southeast trade wind is hot and humid as it blows from Atlantic Ocean and carries a lot of rain to most part of Imo State. The Northeast trade wind on the other hand is hot, dry and dusty because it originates from the Sahara desert. The Northeast trade wind prevails especially between the month of November and February and is often referred to as Harmattan. A zone of discontinuity called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) separates these two air masses. This zone moves North-South following the movement of the sun. This apparent movement of the ITCZ largely account for variations in weather and climate. The movement of these air masses results in the two weather seasons that is, the wet season from April to November, the dry season from December to March typical of the project area (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978). Annual precipitation and temperature summary of the project area is presented in Table 3.1 while figure 3.6 shows the monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze days (adapted from: NIMET & Abayomi et.al, 2007).

Table 3.1: Monthly precipitation and temperature characteristics of the project area Precipitation Temperature (o C) (mm) Months Maximum Minimum January 32.4 21.2 41 February 33.4 22.6 69 March 32.7 23.2 157 April 32.1 23.3 216 May 31.3 23 292 June 30 22.6 394

Precipitation Temperature (o C) (mm) Months Maximum Minimum July 28.7 22.3 445 August 28.7 22.4 394 September 29.3 22.3 409 October 30.2 22.3 310 November 31.2 22.3 175 December 31.8 21.3 50 Mean 31.0 22.4 246 Max 33.4 23.6 445 Min 28.7 21.2 41

3.3.2 Wind Speed and Direction The wind pattern in the area follows the migratory ITCZ. Thus, it is mainly southwesterly during the rainy season and northeasterly during the dry season. In general, the south and southwesterly swells are prevalent (Fig 3.2& 3.3). The wind speed varies between 2 and 5 knots for most of the year with an average speed of about 5 knots. Incidences of severe storms are more frequent with some rare occasion coming as high as 55 – 60 knots. These are frequently associated with thunder and lightning more than ever during the rainy season. In all, the wind direction reduces northwards with increasing distance away from the southwards and eastwards water body.

10 Frequency (%) of occurrenceFrequency

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month Fig. 3.2: Monthly frequency of occurrence of sea breeze days (adapted from: NIMET &Abayomi et.al, 2007)

Fig. 3.3: Wind Rose in the proposed project site

3.3.3 Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality was computed through the use of digital air quality equipment for NH3, SOx, CO2 and NOx. Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) were determined using photo-ionization detector. Concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in the ambient air were determined using digitalized handheld air monitor (Microdust Pro).

The SPM values recorded based on 8-hour daily measurements were low with an average of 0.028µg/m3 – 0.043µg/m3. The concentrations of noxious gases were equally low and in most cases below the detection level of the equipment as shown in Table 3.2. The values recorded revealed that the air quality is within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits. The concentrations obtained for SO2, H2S and NH3 were all less than 1 ppm while volatile organic carbon VOC had a range of 0.01 to 0.02 ppm. CO had a range of 0.15 to 0.31 ppm and a mean value of 0.222 ppm while NO2 had a range of 0.01 and 0.026 ppm.

Table 3.2: Results of ambient air quality and noise level measurements at the study area Sampling SPM CO NO SO VOC H S CO NH S/N 2 2 2 2 3 Code (μg/m3) (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) 1 A1 0.021 0.01 0.026 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.21 <0.01 2 A2 0.023 0.04 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.15 <0.01 3 A3 0.043 0.06 0.011 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.3 <0.01 4 A4 0.028 0.05 0.012 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.25 <0.01 5 A5 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.2 <0.01 Min. 0.028 0.01 0.01 0 0.01 - 0.15 -

Max. 0.043 0.06 0.026 0 0.02 - 0.31 -

Mean 0.0266 0.034 0.0178 0 0 0 0.222 0

FMENV 0.04- 0.25 NS 0.1 NS NS 10 NS Limit 0.06 Field Survey, February 2016 NS= Not Specified

Also, all the observed reading for SPM, NO2, NH3 and VOC were lower than the FMEnv regulatory limit of 0.25 for SPM, 0.10 for SO2, and 004-0.06 ppm for NO2 as shown in Table 3.2 above. The geographic coordinates of the air quality samples are tabulated in Table 3.3 and their location displayed in Fig. 3.4.

Table 3.3: Geographic coordinates of the Air quality and Noise samples points S/N Sample Code Latitude Longitude 1 S1 7.0503772 5.8751875 2 S2 7.0478141 5.8742030 3 S3 7.0500836 5.8693144 4 S4 7.0487242 5.8686653 5 S5 7.0510734 5.8632144 Field Survey, February 2016

3.3.4 Ambient Noise Levels The ambient noise level in the study area was measured using SOUND Pro - Real time analyzer. The ambient noise level recorded in the project area ranged from 28.7 to 46.7dB(A) with a mean value of 36.46 dB (A). The values obtained were below the FMEnv recommended standard of 90 dB (A) for 8 hours exposure (Table 3.4). Thus, the recorded ambient noise levels show that the project area is devoid of noisome activities that are detrimental to human and environmental health.

Table 3.4: Ambient noise levels for the project area Sampling Noise Level S/N Code dB(A) 1 A1 46.7 2 A2 35.4 3 A3 45.9 4 A4 28.7 5 A5 25.6 Mean 36.46 FMEnv Limits 90 Fieldwork, February, 2016

Fig. 3.4: Ambient air/noise sampling points

3.3.5 Soil The type and nature of bedrock to a large extent influence the soil, which developed upon it. This is reminiscent of the geology and the topographic nature of the land. In the project area, there are generic soil classified based on international soil classification system that is based on textural classes.

3.3.5.1 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soils The soil test was carried out in Department of Chemistry/Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. The laboratories are accredited to carry out Environmental Quality Monitoring. The result of the physico-chemical analysis of the soils in the project area is presented in Table 3.5 for the two essential soil layers viz. topsoil and subsoil respectively. Fig. 3.5 and Table 3.5 show the geographic coordinates and the spatial distribution of the sampling points for soil.

Table 3.5: Physico-chemical and microbial results of soil samples from the study area Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 Control 1 S5 Control 2 Top Sub Soil Top Sub Soil Top Sub Soil Top Sub Soil Top Sub Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Physico-chemical Ph 6.71 5.2 5.4 7.1 6.8 6.3 7.5 7.2 8.0 8.1 Electrical 53.78 59.23 57.12 56.23 51.01 58.21 59.10 58.26 56.66 58.12 Conductivity (µS/cm) Moisture content 7.1 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.6 7.9 7.4 9.5 11.2 10.9 (%) Total Nitrogen 21.72 20.12 23.29 25.29 21.15 20.98 25.65 24.66 26.48 21.21 (mg/kg) Sulphate (mg/kg) 40.12 41.21 49.58 43.26 48.48 44.12 40.12 38.29 48.12 44.21 Phosphate 16.32 17.32 15.31 19.18 19.21 17.97 16.66 18.28 19.89 19.27 (mg/kg) Chloride (mg/kg) 25.15 26.49 25.89 26.79 27.81 27.21 28.22 25.46 29.20 26.32 Nitrate (mg/kg) 30.25 33.21 33.91 33.28 33.48 33.97 32.18 35.21 34.12 34.66 Sodium (mg/kg) 78.31 86.45 88.12 92.26 76.23 98.05 80.39 81.96 88.89 90.64 Potassium 58.34 54.21 56.99 54.68 53.19 53.18 65.39 57.11 51.11 50.59 (mg/kg) Calcium (mg/kg) 63.28 67.29 66.64 69.12 70.12 68.19 64.27 65.54 68.89 63.26 Magnesium 40.12 44.12 44.29 45.29 41.28 49.12 45.11 46.96 42.33 44.46 (mg/kg) Copper(mg/ kg) 10.23 15.55 16.39 14.29 12.12 13.89 19.21 17.69 18.12 16.25 Zinc (mg/kg) 40.21 44.66 43.98 42.85 47.77 49.69 36.69 49.50 49.23 40.26 Iron (mg/kg) 558.3 556.9 659.3 665.7 698.32 514.1 505.44 504.66 512.29 516.16 Cadmium <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 (mg/kg) Lead (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

Chromium <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 (mg/kg) Nickel (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Mercury (mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Arsenic(mg/kg) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 THC(mg/kg) 1.62 2.40 <0.001 0.8 0.82 0.46 0.28 2.03 0.25 0.33 Microbiology (cfu/gm) Total 30 x 105 36 x 105 46 x 105 56 x 105 66 x 105 61 x 105 47 x 105 54 x 105 45 x 105 55 x 105 Heterotrophic Bacteria Total 4.1 x 4.0 x 5.2 x 6.3 x 4.9x 103 5.5 x 6.8 x 9.0 x 5.1 x 7.6 x Heterotrophic 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 Fungi Hydrocarbon 8.0 x 2.0 x 3.0 x 7.0 x 6.0 x 4.0 x 5.0 x 3.0 x 6.0 x 3.0 x Utilizing 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 Bacteria Hydrocarbon 2.0 x 1.10 x 1.23 x 1.39 x 1.25 x 1.35 x 1.39 x 1.58 x 1.65 x 2.30 x Utilizing Fungi 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101

Field Survey, February 2016

The pH of the soil samples from the project area ranged between 5.2 (slightly acidic) and 8.1 (alkaline) while the electrical conductivity of the soil samples ranged between 51.01mg/kg to 59.23mg/kg suggesting moderately dissolved ions content. The electrical conductivity of the soil expresses its total ionic strength (both cations and anions). Low total ionic strength indicates low dissolved salt content and vice versa.

The concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, and K recorded in the soils from the study area fall within the natural occurrence levels for tropical soils. Sodium ranged from 12.12mg/kg to 98.05mg/kg, calcium ranged from 63.26mg/kg to 93.21, potassium ranged from 50.59mg/kg to 65.39mg/kg while magnesium ranged from 40.12mg/kg to 49.12mg/kg.

Among the anions, nitrate and sulphate ions were the most prominent while phosphate recorded the least concentrations. Nitrate concentrations in the soil samples from the area ranged from 30.25mg/kg to 35.21mg/kg, sulphate ranged between 38.29mg/kg to 49.58mg/kg, chloride ranged from 25.15mg/kg to 29.20mg/kg while phosphate ranged between 15.31mg/kg and 19.89mg/kg.

Heavy metals concentrations were generally low at all the sampling stations. Iron (Fe) was the most abundant with a range of 504.664mg/kg to 698.32mg/kg followed by Zinc, then Copper. Zinc ranged between 36.69mg/kg and 49.69mg/kg while Copper ranged between 10.23mg/kg and 19.21mg/kg. Mercury, Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, and Vanadium concentrations in the soil samples were below the detection limit of 0.001mg/kg. The concentration of heavy metals

21 recorded in the soil samples suggest that the soil environment of the study area is not polluted. The heavy metals profile of the soil samples is within the naturally occurring heavy metals concentrations in soil (Cu, 50-100mg/kg; Zinc 10-100mg/kg; Cd, 0.03-0.3mg/kg; Ni, 5-50mg/kg; Pb, 2-20mg/kg)

The concentrations of measured THC in soil samples from the project sites ranged between<0.001mg/kg and 2.40mg/kg that falls within the limit 50mg/kg for mineral oil in soil. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) recorded in the soil samples ranged between 30 x 105cfu/g and 66 x 108cfu/g while total heterotrophic fungi (THF) ranged between 4.0 x 103cfu/g and 9.0 x 104cfu/g. The population of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) and hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF) in the soil samples were low compared to the THB counts. HUB ranged from 2.0 x 102cfu/g to 8.0 x 102cfu/g while HUF ranged between 1.10 x 101cfu/g and 2.30 x 101cfu/g. In all, the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils were within the national limit set by FMEnv as well as the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA).

Table 3.6: Geographic coordinates of the soil samples S/N Sampling Code Latitude Longitude 1 S1 7.0503772 5.875188 2 S2 7.0478141 5.874203 3 S3 7.0500836 5.869314 4 S4 7.0487242 5.868665 5 S5 7.0510734 5.863214 Field Survey, February 2016

Fig. 3.5 Soil sampling points

Soil pH: The pH values recorded for soils in the study area ranged between 5.3 and 5.4 with a mean of 5.37 for the top-soils and 5.4 to 5.5 with an average of 5.43 for the sub-soils. The soil pH is moderately acidic.

Total Nitrogen: Soils in the study area have total nitrogen ranging between 0.74 and 0.77mg/kg with an average of 0.75mg/kg for the top-soils; and 0.85– 0.92mg/kg (mean, 0.88mg/kg) in the sub-soils. Surface soils had higher total nitrogen content when compared to subsurface soils.

Available Phosphorus: Surface soils in the study area have available-phosphorus values ranging between 6.4 and 7.5 mg/kg (mean of 6.9mg/kg) and sub-soils have 6.2 to 6.9 mg/kg (average of 6.53mg/kg).

Sulphate: The top soils of the study area have sulphate content between of 3.0 and 5.0mg/kg, with an average of 4.0mg/kg. The sub soils have sulphate content of between 3.0 and 4.0mg/kg, with an average of 3.67mg/kg. The sulphate contents of the soils are considerably lower than 500mg/kg.

3.3.6.2 Metal Content of the Soils Data obtained from the study area for the basic and heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are presented in Tables 3.7 and 3.8, for the top-soils and sub-soils respectively.

Table 3.7: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the top soil (0–15 cm)

Sampling Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg) Locations Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+

S1 ND* 3.1 ND* 0.06 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 25.35 11.5 5.4 4.2 8.2 S2 ND* 2.6 ND* 0.02 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 24.26 12.5 5.3 3.6 11.1 S3 ND* 2.9 ND* 0.04 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 23.56 10.2 4.2 3.4 12.2 Min. 0 2.6 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 23.56 10.2 4.2 3.4 8.2 Max. 0 3.1 0 0.06 0 0 0 0 0 25.35 12.5 5.4 4.2 12.2 Mean 0.0 2.87 0 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.39 11.4 4.97 3.73 10.5

*ND- Not Detected (Source: Fieldwork, February 2016)

Table 3.8: Basic and heavy metal concentrations of the sub soil (15–30 cm)

Sampling Heavy Metals (mg/kg) Basic Metals (mg/kg) Locations Cr Cu Cd Fe Ba Hg Ni Pb V Zn Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ S1 ND* 2.1 ND 0.05 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 25.12 10.5 5.1 3.2 8.5 S2 ND* 2.6 ND 0.04 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 22.56 8.6 4.3 2.6 10.2 S3 ND* 2.5 ND 0.05 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND* 28.26 11.2 3.6 2.5 7.8 Min. 0 2.1 0 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 22.56 8.6 3.6 2.5 7.8 Max. 0 2.6 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 28.26 11.2 5.1 3.2 10.2 Mean 0 2.40 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 25.31 10.10 4.33 2.77 8.83

*ND- Not Detected (Source: Fieldwork, February 2016)

Basic Metals: The basic metals (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) with the exception of Na are important plant nutrients. It was observed that the basic metals‟ concentrations were dominated by Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+. Mg2+ had a mean concentration of 3.73mg/kg for the topsoil and 2.77mg/kg for the subsoil; Na+ had a mean concentration of 10.5mg/kg for the topsoil and 8.83mg/kg for the subsoil; K+ had an average of 4.97mg/kg for topsoil and 4.33mg/kg for subsoil. The mean concentration of Ca2+ for the topsoil was 11.4mg/kg and 10.10mg/kg for the subsoil. Heavy Metals: Concentrations of the heavy metals investigated in the study area are presented in Tables 3.8 above. The most prominent metal detected in the soils collected from the study area was Zn, with a mean concentration of 24.39mg/kg for the top soil and 25.31mg/kg for the

24 subsoil. Other heavy metals detected were Fe and Cu. The mean concentration of Fe was 0.04mg/kg for the top soil and 0.05mg/kg for the subsoil. Cu had a mean concentration of 2.87mg/kg for the topsoil and 2.40mg/kg for the subsoil. Ba, Pb, V, Ni, Hg were not detected. The values obtained for heavy metal concentrations were within the limits described as the normal range in unpolluted soils by Allen et al. (1974) and Alloway (1991).

3.3.6.3 Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Surface Water Samples The water test was carried out in Department of Chemistry/Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. The laboratories are accredited to carry out Environmental Quality Monitoring. The concentrations obtained for the physico-chemical parameters, the cations and anions and heavy metals are presented in Tables 3.9 and 3.10 shows the results of the physic-chemical analysis of surface water samples and geographic coordinates of the samples respectively. Figure 3.6 displays the spatial distribution in map.

Table 3.9Result of Physicochemical Analysis of Water Samples Sample Borehole Reservoir Stream water FMENV Water Water LIMIT Colour Clear Clear Clear Colourless Odour Odourless Odourless Odourless Odourless pH 6.6 6.2 5.9 6.5-8.5 Conductivity (µS/cm) 29 62 69 NS Acidity 29 28 21 200 Alkalinity 5.2 19.2 23.6 200

(mgCaCO3/L) Cl- (mgCl/L) 16 21 25 250 Salinity (ppt) 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.5 Hardness (mg 31 37 39 250

CaCO3/L) Oil and grease (g/l) ND ND ND 10

DO (mgO2/L) 6.7 5.9 5.6 >7.5

COD (mgO2/L) 362 347 360 NS TDS (mg/L) 20 40 40 500 TS (mg/L) 20 40 50 2000 TSS (mg/L) ND ND 13 30 Nitrates (mg/L) 1.3 2.5 4.2 20 Phosphates (mg/l) ND 0.5 0.8 < 5 Sulphate (mg/l) 0.30 5.7 7.2 250 Pb (mg/l) ND ND 0.3 0.1

Cu (mg/l) ND ND ND 3.0 Cr (mg/l) ND ND ND 0.1 Zn (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Fe (mg/l) 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.3 Cd (mg/l) ND ND ND 0.01 K (mg/l) 0.5 1.9 2.1 ND= Not detected; NS = Not specified As shown above, the pH of all the water samples apart from the borehole was outside the FMenv/WHO (Federal Ministry of Environment/ World Health Organisation) limits for drinking water. There is therefore a need for the water samples to be limed. The conductivities, total hardness, chloride, phosphate, nitrates, dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total solids and sulphates however all fall within the FMenv/WHO limits. The dissolved oxygen (DO) was outside the FMenv/WHO limit.

Fig 3.6: Water Sample Points

The water samples were observed to have very low inorganics, as most of the metals determined were below the limits, with the exception of lead and zinc in the stream water samples. The concentrations of these metals could be due to human activities that take place in streams where different kinds of containers are usually used to collect water samples from the stream. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed to be quite high. COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize both the organics and inorganics in a water sample. Since the amount of inorganics appears to be low, the high COD value could be as a result of the organics in the sample.

Table 3.10: Water Sample Points Sample Latitude Longitude Surface Water 7.00577 5.81984 Harvested Water 7.03246 5.81742 Borehole Water 7.03009 5.80061

3.4 Biological Environment 3.4.1 Ecosystem Overall, the observed ecology of the project area suggests a suburb landscape with nascent structures built along strands of farmlands and natural ecology. The farm plots located further down the gully suggest families in the study area depend on the farm output for survival.

3.4.2 Vegetation Vegetation is an integral part of the terrestrial environment. It performs several functions that are crucial to the sustenance of the environment. Some of these functions include: i. Protection of the fragile soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind; ii. Maintenance of soil fertility through continuous nutrient recycling; iii. Conservation of water resources through shading; iv. Preservation of water sheds; v. Regulation of air and soil temperatures; vi. Moisture balance; vii. Provision of habitat for countless terrestrial flora and fauna; and viii. Purification of the environment through the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the release of oxygen for human and animal respiration.

Three (3) vegetation types exist in the study area namely; freshwater swamp forest, lowland rain forest and open herbaceous re-growth (secondary grassland). The vegetation of the area has been greatly disturbed as most parts were cultivated farmland. The vegetation cover is two-storey with very few emergent trees (uppermost storey) that are sparsely scattered throughout the entire study area and a second layer dominated by herbaceous plant species as shown in Plate 3.1.

Plate 3.1: A cross-section of the vegetation type found in the area

Common plant species in all parts of the study area are presented in table 3.11 below.

Table 3.11: Terrestrial Flora Species Recorded in the Study Area S/N Common/Commercial names Scientific Names 1 Christmas bush Alchorneacordifolia, 2 Poison devil‟s pepper Rauvolfiavomitorra, 3 Twisted ginger Costusafer 4 Dragon‟s blood tree Harunganamadagascariensis. 5 Cassava Manihotesculata 6 Bananas Musa sapientum 7 Cocoyam Colocasiaesculenta 8 Plantain Musa paradiaca), 9 Pineapples Ananassativus 10 Yams Discoreaspp 11 Oil palm tree Elaeisguinensis 12 Avocado pear Persea Americana 13 Local pear Dacryodesedulis 14 Mango Mangiferaindica 15 Kola nut Cola acuminate 16 Oranges Citrus spp Field Survey, February 2016

The secondary grassland is made up mainly of the forbs, grasses and sedges. However, none of the plant species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the IUCN.

3.4.3 Fauna and Wildlife Resources The terrestrial fauna recorded in the study area is presented in Table 3.12 below. Faunas in the study area are not IUCN threat status classified.

Table 3.12: Terrestrial Fauna Species Recorded in the Study Area S/N Major Taxa/Species Common Names

A MYRIAPODA: Millipedes Diplopoda: Harbrodesmos; Oxydesmus, spirostreptus

B ARACHNIDA: Araneae Spiders

C INSECTA

1 Coleoptera Beetles

2 Carabidae: Anthia sp. Ground beetles

3 Chrysomelidae

4 Dictyoptera

5 Mantidae: Sphodromantis sp. Praying mantis

6 Diptera Flies

7 Bomdyliidae Boefly

8 Calliphoridae Blowfly

9 Glossinidae: Glossina Tsetse fly

10 Sacrophagidae Flash fly

11 Ephemeroptera: Coenagrion sp. Damsel fly

12 Hemiptera Bugs

13 Pentatomidae: Nzera viridula Sting bug

14 Reduvidae: Nulanda sp. Assassin bug

15 Hymenoptera

16 Apidae: Apis sp. Bees

17 Formicidae: Formica, Monomorium, Oecophylla Ants

18 Vespidae & Sphecidae: Polistes sp. Wasps

19 Lepidoptera Butterflies and Moths

20 Acracidae: Acraca sp., Hypoglycaena sp.

21 Orthoptera

22 Acrididae Grasshopper

23 Gryllidae: Gryllussp. Cricket

24 Gryllatalpidae: Gryllotaps Africana Mole-cricket

25 Tettigonidae: Bush cricket

D MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA

1 Achatinidae: Archachatina marginata Giant snail

2 Limicolariaflammea Garden snail

E AMPHIBIA

1 Bufonidae: Buforegularis Toads

2 Rhacophoridae: Hyperolius sp. Tree frog

3 H. picturatus Tree frog

4 Xenopustropicalis Clawed frog

F REPTILIA

1 Kinixys erosa Common tortoise

2 Varanidae: Varanus niloticus Monitor lizard

G AVES

1 Falconidae: Milvus migrans

2 Alcedinidae: Isipidina picta Black kite

5 Chadriformes: Actophilornis Africana African cormorant

6 Strixwood fordi Wood owl

7 Bucerotidae: Lophoceros semifasciatus Allied hornbill

8 Columbidae: Vinagro australis Green fruit pigeon

9 Turturafer Dove

10 Columba guinea Dove

11 Nectariniidae: Nectarinia olivacea Sunbird

12 Anthreptescollaris Sunbird

13 Apodidae: Apusaffiris Little swift

14 Accipiter badius Shikra

H MAMMALIA

1 Felicidae: Viverra civetta: Genetta maculata African civetus

2 Hystricidae: Hystrix cristata Porcupine

3 Sciieridae: Protoxerus sp. Nerus erythropus Squirrels

4 Thryonomyyidae: Thryonomys swinderrianus Grass cutter

5 Muridae: Cricetomys gambians Giant rat

6 Eidolon helvum Fruit bat

7 Epomops frangueti Fruit bat

8 Ratus ratus Common rat

9 Rattus morio Bush rat

10 Xerus erythropus Red-legged ground squirrel

11 Heliosciurus punctatus Sun squirrel

12 Protoxerus strangeri Giant squirrel

13 Perodicticus potto Bosman'spotto

CHAPTER FOUR

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS

4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics A summary of blend investigative methods used to acquire the socio-economic data is as follows:  Review of existing data;  Reconnaissance survey to identify project affected communities, identify sampling locations and alert the communities‟ leaders on the ESMP component of the proposed project;  Actual field survey including but not limited to: In-depth interviews with leaders of the project communities (traditional leaders, women leaders and youth leaders) as well as key investors in properties and assets.  Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders and project affected peoples (PAPs) in the focal community;  Field observations using strategic instruments and devices to record and note observation and detections by the consultants and interviewers;  Scientific tools used during FGDs, particularly for community mapping, and paired needs ranking and case studies determination;  Structured questionnaire to acquire needed baseline information and the perceptions of people using simple random sampling technique and  Population assessment using combined field survey and 2006 census figures by the National Population Commission (NPC). The survey method is displayed in Table 4.1. It depicts the groups of the sampled stakeholders and the proportionality of the questionnaire administered with FGD, IDI and the meeting held at the proposed affected communities.

Table 4.1: Questionnaires Administration and Public Consultation Categories of Questionnaire Questionnaire FGD IDI Community Stakeholders Sampled Administered Returned Meeting

Direct Project Affected 25 25 1 1 Persons (PAPs) Key Stakeholders 10 10 1 Other members of the 65 65 community Total 100 100 1 1 1

4.1.2 Population Characteristics of the Project Area An estimate of population for Imo State and Ideato North LGA is presented in Table 4.2. The figures are adapted from the 2006 population census and an estimate population given by the National Bureau of Statistics for 2016.

Table 4.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Imo State Location Year Population Figures

Imo State 2006 3,927,563

2016 5,184,383

Ideato North LGA 2006 156,161

2016 206,133

Source: Adapted from National Population Commission figures, 2006 4.1.3 Socio-Economic Status Key socio-economic variables of community members including PAPs have been documented and are presented in Table 4.3. The variables considered include gender, age, ethnic group, literacy and communication, marital status, occupation, average family size, residency, income, social infrastructures (health and water provision) as well as prior knowledge of the project and resettlement plans. Table 4.3: Socio-economics of the Respondents in Proposed Project Communities

S/N Socio-Economic Socio-Economic Findings Indicator

1 Gender There are more male (75.0%) than female (25.0%) respondents. 2 Age The highest proportion of the respondents (65.0%) falls within the age range of 45–65 years. This is followed by 18–45 years (25.0%) and 65 and above (10.0%). This shows that the bulk of the respondents are active population who might be engaged in one form of activity or the other along the corridor of the project. 3 Ethnic group Although, the entire community is relatively ethnically homogenous coming from the same ancestral kingdom of Urualla, they claim to belong to different autonomous communities which include; Urualla, Umuezemeazu, Uzoakoli, Ozu, Ozuomee, Umuago-Ndide, Umuakoli and Umuago. 4 Literacy Literacy level is on the average in the project area with 60% of the respondents level/Language(s) possessing formal education having attended primary and secondary schools while 40% spoken does not have above primary education level. Substantial parts of this have primary and less level of education does not have formal education. However, all the respondents

can communicate in at least Pidgin English. Table 3.4 contained amongst other things, list of educational infrastructures including their functionality status. 5 Marital Status Most of the respondents (90%) interviewed are married while widows/widowers make up the remaining 10.0%. There is high prevalence of early marriage amongst the people. Most female of 18 years and males of 20 years are married. Therefore, the youth leaders interviewed and most youth that answered the questionnaires were married 6 Occupation Fifty percent (50%) are farmers, 20% are self-employed, 20% are engaged in small scale business and trading, 10% are Artisans and employed salary. 7 Size of the Family The average family size in this settlement can be classified into four classes. The minimum family size is three (10%), four (20%), five (60%) and the maximum is six (10%). Hence, the family size tends towards an average of six. 8 Length of residence/ Over 90% of the respondents were born, and raised in the area while less than 10.0% Residential Status are those who are engaged as labourers in the village but have lived in the area for more than 10 years. 9 Income Level of The total income structure of the respondents showed that most (70%) earn less than respondents. N20,000 a month. These are basically farmers and artisans. 20% earn between N20,000–N50,000 a month while those that earn above N50,000 constitute 10% of the population. The last group is mainly self-employed individual. 10 Waste Management Most residents (80%) in this community deposit their waste at the backyard of their Approaches houses while about 20% burn their refuses. 11 Health Status Most of the respondents claimed they were healthy. Common household diseases are malaria, headaches, common cold, which are usually treated at the community health care center. Some respondents reported the use of local traditional medicine. The location and status of some health infrastructure can be found in table 4.4. About 70% of the respondents claimed they attend orthodox hospitals while 30% claimed that in addition to using the convectional health facilities, they equally seek medical care from traditional health practitioners. In general, there is no known outbreak of any deadly disease in the community and to ensure safe healthy environment workers should be prohibited from patronizing prostitutes and the use of alcohol and hard drugs. Already, public consumption of hemp is prohibited in the community due to the health and social effects. Records from the available public and private health institutions (table 4.4) within the project area reveals that malaria is the dominant ailment of the area. 12 State of infrastructure A good number of educational and health facilities exist in the proposed project site (health and education) (table 4.4). They are however in poor states with the public primary health facility in need of rehabilitation. 13 Sources of Water in the Twenty percent (20%) of the respondents claimed to use borehole, borehole and Orashi Proposed Project River (40%) while other sources such as rain harvest also covers 40%.There was no Affected Communities mention of the availability of a public tap water. The boreholes were self-efforts. 14 Ethno-cultural This settlement is historically homogenous. There are no records of ethnic clashes or Dynamics/resilience crises in the community. 15 Rating the Standard of 70.0% of the PAPs claimed to have experienced a decline in their living standard in Living in the Project recent years. This was reported to be as a result of a decline in crop productivity,

Affected communities particularly among farmers. There is the case of the closure of small and medium scale enterprises like a Poultry farms and a paper mill. There is also the case of abandonment of markets attributed to the gully erosion. Plate 4.1 & 4.2. In all, the continuous expansion of the gully in the communities has resulted in serious economic down turn and restricting economic base and sources of income. 16 Awareness of the The respondents in this area depict a community that has a good knowledge of the Proposed Project proposed project. They claimed that they have been properly informed and sensitized on the project.

Plate 4.1: A poultry farm abandoned due Plate 4.2: A market abandoned due to the to the gully erosion gully erosion

4.1.3.1 Infrastructures within Project Communities Table 4.4 shows the major infrastructures and other point of interest (POI) including schools, health facilities, markets, community centres, small and medium scales business enterprises within the communities. The POI types, status, and geographical location (coordinates) are indicated in table 4.4.With respect to education scheme, the communities do not have any special scheme apart from the government scheme on education. There are, however, five (5) primary schools identified in the community and One (1) secondary school (St Jonhs Secondary School). Apart from Ideato North Model Primary School which attracts pupils from nearby communities, most pupils from other schools are from the area. St Jonhs Secondary School also attracts student from nearby communities and beyond.

Table 4.4: Points of Interest within the proposed intervention site S/N Name Status Type Latitude Longitude Perennial 1 Agwura River Silted Stream 7.0478141 5.874203 2 Eluama primary Health Centre Functional Public 7.0513278 5.8757917 3 Eluama Town Hall Functional Public 7.0542389 5.8758972 4 Eluama Primary School Functional Public 7.060595 5.8743953 5 St Agatha Primary School Functional Public 7.0684639 5.8723917 6 Imao Filling Station Functional Private 7.0749603 5.8707733 7 Alandu Primary School Functional Public 7.0713514 5.8759639 Place of 8 St Andrews Catholic Church Functional Worship 7.0561331 5.8761231 9 Public Tap Functional Public 7.0542389 5.8758972 10 Umueze Aro Town hall Functional Public 7.0673806 5.8679639 11 Oriemiri Market Functional Public 7.0730375 5.8745075 12 Ideato North Model Primary School Functional Public 7.0776875 5.8701575 Place of 13 St Jonhs Catholic Church Functional Worship 7.0770917 5.8700111 14 St Jonhs Nursery & Primary School Functional Private 7.0770917 5.8700111 15 St Jonhs Secondary School Functional Private 7.0770917 5.8702194 16 Afuruala Market Abandoned Public 7.0784494 5.8700111 17 Udoka Matenity Functional Public 7.0812444 5.8545556 18 Eko Maaria Market Functional Public 7.0648806 5.8609694 19 Eko Maaria Town hall Functional Public 7.0662694 5.8612528 20 Amajuoyi Poultry farm Abandoned Private 7.0867389 5.8784472 Perennial 21 Orashi River Silted Stream 7.0487242 5.8686528

4.1.4 Housing Characteristics in the Project Area The housing characteristics have to do with the description of the materials used for the construction of houses in the proposed project area. This measure focuses on the essential socioeconomic parameters, essentially for determining the standard of living of the people, which is further used to correlate employment status and income structure. The higher the quality of materials used in the construction of the buildings, ceteris paribus, the higher the standard of living and the quality of life of a household. The distribution of housing materials used for the construction of the different sections of the building and the tenure systems of land and building is shown in Table 4.5. As shown in Table 4.5, most of the buildings (30%) in the project communities are made of plastered mud and cement block (60%). Roofing materials are made of corrugated roofing (70%) and aluminum (20%) while earthen (10%) and concretes (70%) make-up of the building floor

36 materials. The toilet facilities in the communities comprise of pit latrine (30%) and water closest (50%). Most of the buildings contain more than four rooms (80%) and are personally owned by the respondents (100%).

Table 4.5: Type of Materials in the Building and Tenure Systems

Building section Materials Proportion (%)

Wall Materials Plastered Mud 30 Cement block 60 Others 10 Total 100.0 Roofing Corrugated roofing 70 Aluminium 20 Asbestos 10 Tiles 0.0 Others 0.0 Total 100.0

Floor Materials Earthen 10

Concretes 70

Tiles 10

Others 10

Total 100.0

Number of Rooms 1-2 Rooms 10

3-4 Rooms 80 Others 10 Total 100.0 Toilet Facility Pit Latrine 30 Water Closet 50 Outside Dwelling 20 None 0.0 Total 100.0

Tenure of Housing Owned 100.0

Rented 0.0

Occupied for free 0.0

Others 0.0

Total 100.0

Tenure of Land Owned 100.0

Rented 0.0 Occupied for free 0.0 Others 0.0 Total 100.0 Source: Field Survey, February 2016

4.1.5 Source of Energy Availability and utilization of energy for domestic and commercial usage is mainly of two areas i.e. lighting and cooking. Undoubtedly, energy is a key household service necessary for socioeconomic assessment. Table 4.6 shows the ranking of the source of energy used for lighting and cooking by the residents of the proposed project area. In all, most of the residents rely on the usage of lantern (50%), followed by public electricity from PHCN (20%) and generator (20%). Other sources include torchlight and candle 10% of the sample frame. This however, shows that electricity supply to the area is inadequate and there is need for basic electricity public utilities so as to increase power distribution as the services in the area. The main source of energy for cooking in the project area based on ranking and choice is the use of firewood (80%). This is followed by the use of kerosene stove (10%) and charcoal stove (10%). This is detailed in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Source of energy for Various Uses Energy Source Lighting Cooking Percentage Distribution Electricity 20 0 Generator 20 0 Kerosene 50 10

Fire Wood/Residual/saw dust 0.0 80 Gas 0.0 0.0 Coal/Charcoal 0.0 10 Others 10 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 Source: Fieldwork, February, 2016

4.1.6 Communities’ Environmental Concerns (CECs) Despite the fact that the communities embraced the commencement of the proposed project, some environmental and socio-economic concerns were raised. Accordingly, Table 4.7 presents the adverse environmental impacts of the incessant gully erosion occurrence and the potential impacts of the proposed project intervention during construction and operation phases as suggested by the respondents. Without doubt, the gully erosion activities along the project sub-watershed have had much impact on the generality of the livelihood, lifestyle and the environment of the entire area. However, gully erosion induced loss of farm produce is the most obvious negative impact. This is followed by bad land, gully erosion induced surface water and groundwater pollution and poor drainage as is obvious in the disappearance of Agwara River and siltation of Orashi River (Plate 4.3 and 4.4) thereby, causing further environmental degradation

Plate 4.3: The silted Agwara River Plate 4.4: The de-silting of Orashi River

However, during the period of construction and other related civil works, there are environmental challenges that will be introduced into the project area. The potential environmental concerns raised with respect to the construction phase of the project include loss of farm produce, destruction of public infrastructure, air, surface water, groundwater and noise pollution, possible environmental degradation, poor drainage, and soil infertility. There are traces of degraded land and bad land. Only a handful of these environmental distresses were highlighted for the operation and maintenance phase of the project. The major concern expressed by the residents of the project area is related to air, surface water, groundwater and noise pollution and degraded land. Other concerns include development of soil infertility and environmental degradation.

Table 4.7: Environmental Impacts of the gully erosion and Potential Impacts of the Project Environmental Challenges Pre- Construction Operation construction

Soil Infertility + + + Poor Drainage + - - Bad Road + - - Low Visibility + - -

Bad Land + + -

Loss of Farm Produce + + -

Environmental Degradation + + + Degraded Land + + +

Destruction of public + + - infrastructure Pollution (air, surface water, + + - groundwater, noise)

NB: + Possible occurrence, - Not Likely Source: Field Survey, February 2016

4.1.7 Impact Evaluation of the Gully Erosion Intervention Activities For every enhancement or developmental project activities, there are perceived implications at the community level. At this scale, community perceptions will go a long way to underpin the extent of success such a project would achieve. For this proposed intervention project area, relevant questions were used to screen the respondents on their perceptions of the project. Awareness about the NEWMAP intervention project is high in the communities as the respondents concur that through the local Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site Committee and Community Associations, consistent and continuous information have been disseminated to virtually all concerned stakeholders about the gully erosion activities and the proposed intervention project activities. The medium of community information dissemination was through consistent community gathering. In fact, respondents claimed that the community gathers as soon as matters of urgency arise. Therefore, most of them claimed to have attended the community meetings where the proposed intervention project was discussed in details. Members of the community affirmed the fact that the community is accommodating and that, the proposed intervention project would not necessarily stimulate any form of youth restiveness as the case maybe. They however requested that the rehabilitation work should be given to a foreign contractor whose expertise they feel is required to properly address the environmental problem of high magnitude such as Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion.

4.2 Public Consultations The submissions, concerns and expectations of the community (Urualla ancient kingdom) during construction and operation phases of the proposed intervention at site works include: 4.2.1 Submissions That Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion site has become a disaster in the project area; That the impact of the gully erosion is multi-faceted among which are;  Destruction of farms  Destruction of building and ancestral home Threats to the safety of all residents of all ages especially children and the aged persons/elders;

 Damage to lives and property especially during epic of wet season;  Previous palliative efforts exacerbate the existing gully erosion problem  That the community has made several efforts in the past and that the magnitude of the required rehabilitation activities is beyond the capacity of the community; That local palliatives only reduce the damage but did not prevent the destructive potency of the gully erosion within the sub-watershed; That the landlords are ready to accommodate those coming for the project in their buildings at a reasonable renting rate; That the youth are ready to render their service since most of them are artisans; and That the women are ready to render cutlery services to the camp;

4.2.2 Concerns With regard to the proposed intervention, expectations of the people during construction and operation phases include:  With regard to the impact of the potential intervention project on the community, the people noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the project should not stop the intervention project;  No cultural or social issues can disrupt the implementation of the project;  The community members are ready to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor in the intervention project;  They want to be accommodated within the scope of the project;  They do not want local contractors; and  The community will hireand payan engineer to monitor the execution of the project and ensure quality control to design specification.

4.2.3 Expectations  Employment of the locals during the construction and operation phases of the project;  Adequate compensation to people whose properties will be lost due to the intervention, especially along the channel of the intervention project; Also, the communities assured of their total cooperation with the Imo NEWMAP, contractors and consultants. They promised adequate security and protection of lives, properties and equipment during construction and operation phases. Plate 4.3, 4.4, 4.5,4.6 and 4.7 show town hall meetings held at the palace of Eze-Urualla, the paramount regional head of Urualla where youth, women, elders amongst other were present.

Plate 4.6: A Woman contributing to discussion during town Plate 4.5: Town hall meeting at Eze of hall meeting at Eze of Urualla’s Palace Urualla’s Palace

Plate 4.7: Group Photograph after the town Plate 4.8: Group Photograph after FGD with hall meeting women leaders at Eze of Urualla’s Palace

Plate 4.9: Group Photograph after FGD with youth leaders 43

CHAPTER FIVE

POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities For the identification and rating of key issues and impacts that are likely to occur during the phases of this project and the significance of the associated impacts, a five steps “5-Step Tool” sequentially in order to rate the impacts of the various activities of the projects was used as shown in figure 5.1. Table 5.1 shows the probability of occurrence, consequence severity, likelihood ranking and risk matrix methodology. Table 5.2 shows the actual levels of potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts forUmuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site. The identified impacts were classified into four level of severity; low, medium, high and extreme.

Step 1: Impacts identification social sensitivities Interactions b/w project activities and environmental and social

Step 5: Impact Table Step 2: Qualification of Impacts Positive/Negative, List Impact source and ratings Direct/Indirect, Short/Long Terms, Reversible/Irreversible

Step 4: Degree of Impact Step 3: Rating of Impacts Significance Major, Moderate, Moderately Likelihood High, Moderately Low Figure 5.1: Five step tool for impact rating

Step 1: Identification of Potential Impacts Step 2 and 3: Qualification of Impacts Step 4: Degree of Significance

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, consequence severity, likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix

Probability Attributes Certain Impacts that reasonably be expected to occur during the project Likely Impacts that are likely to occur during the project Possible Impacts that might occur sometime during the project Unlikely Impacts that can reasonably be expected NOT to occur during the project Rare Impacts that are unlikely to occur expect in exceptional circumstance

Severity Attributes Negligible No detectable environmental and socio-economic impact Marginal Minimum environmental and socio-economic impact. Localized reversible habitat loss or minimal long term effects on habitat species or media/public health and safety. Critical Significant environmental and socio-economic impact. Significant widespread and persistent changes in species, habitat and media (e.g widespread habitat degradation/public health and safety) Catastrophic Detrimental environmental and socio-economic impact. Loss of a significant portion of a valued species or effective ecosystem function on a landscape scale/ injury and death is possible

Severity probability Negligible Marginal Critical catastrophic Certain Likely Possible Unlikely Rare

Low Medium High Extreme Impact Rating Low Risk: No response plans will be needed for these risks. Medium Risk: actions may be required to control acceptable risk. High Risk: adequate action and management attention are required to control risk. . There is need for some response planning for these risks. Extreme Risk: Significant additional action and high priority management attention will be required to control risk. There is need for an in-depth response plan for these risks.

5.1.1 Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities The positive impacts of the proposed project activities captured cover the periods of; pre- construction, construction and operation phases of the project. The essential positive impacts of the project are listed as follows.

 Rehabilitation of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land: The land degraded by gully erosion which has inhibit developments and effective utilization for various uses will be rehabilitated and the land resource can be put to more effective use.  Public Safety: The proposed project will in no small measure increase civil safety in the area. This is specifically with respect to safety of properties and human lives, which have been hitherto at the risk of the gully erosion. Safety of lives particularly during the epic gully erosion in rainy season will be reduced and the potential landed properties at the risk will diminish. As gathered from the field study, restriction of movement of schoolchildren whenever it rains as a result of high current of floodwaters running through the gully will also be reduced.  Employment Opportunities: Provision of employment opportunity to the project affected communities is an essential positive impact. The project will create significant temporary employment for construction workers, equipment maintenance and support staff. While a small number of senior project managers may come from elsewhere in Nigeria, the majority of project staff are expected to be recruited locally from the affected communities. There will be economic opportunities for local people (petty traders, food vendors and other artisans especially during construction).  Increase Value for Structural and Landed Properties: The execution of the project will increase the value of both structural and land properties along the hitherto gully erosion prone area. It should be understood that the proposed project area which is located in the middle of Urualla is undergoing serious urbanization process and the project will further enhance the economic value of structural and landed properties in the area encouraging the acquisition of construction of landed properties.

5.1.2 Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Minimization of Gully erosion Activities: Within the watershed of the proposed project, the velocity of floodwaters is high as a result of the movement down slope. This often leads to massive gully erosion that often affects buildings and agricultural lands in the area. Gully erosion is a critical issue at Urualla and the challenges associated with the Gully erosion, which include obstruction of movement within the community, loss of crops planted on the farmland, etc. are enormous. The proposed project will reduce the impacts of gully erosion on both tangible and intangible human values.  Rehabilitation of degraded lands (Gully erosion Affected Lands) and their conversion into productive land: The construction works will lead to a revolution of the land area. For instance, general impacts of gully erosion will be curtailed while the feeling of living in unsafe environment will be reduced. Residents will also experience reduced fear or perception associated with loss of property.

 Reducing disaster risks in the project area: The risk of gully erosion disaster will be greatly reduced. People will have more confidence to go about their businesses even during heavy rainfall while the fear of exposure to disaster will be removed.

5.2 Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities For the proposed project, potential negative impacts have been on the basis of whether they occur during the pre-construction, construction or operation phase in the subsequent sections. This is to facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures that are outlined in Environmental and Social Management plan (ESMP).

5.2.1 Pre-Construction Phase: Negative Environmental and Social Impacts  Displacement of Land Properties and source of livelihoods: The proposed development will lead to displacement of land properties at the risk of the gully erosion, particularly along the corridor of the proposed channel development. Also, some economic trees such as the palm tree that form the source of income to the residents of the community will be affected. A resettlement action plan based on the World Bank OP 4.12 is being developed to address these issues.  Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood: These are concerned with expectations of communities along the entire sub-watershed of the proposed project. The proposed project raised hopes of better infrastructure provision to the communities and includes an anticipation of general improvement, with a rise in economic activities as a result of civil work activities as well as potential employment opportunities offered by the project activities. This perception has an adverse impact on the project as residents may develop overwhelming expectation for the project.  Proposed Project Induced Development: With the proposed civil work, the hitherto Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion site will increase in popularity. The extent to which development becomes a positive or negative impact will be determined by the effectiveness of the planning framework. With an ineffective framework, the overall impact could be substantially negative.

5.3 Construction Phase A decisive requirement at the construction phase is the creation of buffer zone and right of way. Vegetation will be cleared from the gully erosion site, large drains will be constructed and other related constructions will be carried out. From the activities during the construction phase, the environment will be disturbed and affected. Broadly speaking, the key potential negative impacts are:

5.3.1 Negative Environmental Impacts  Potential Impacts on Flora and Fauna: Plant and animal life irrespective of size and extent of living footprints will be impacted. Birds and climbing animals as well as life forms attached to the soil of the project area will also be affected. Animals in high densities that have built adaptation mechanisms and those living naturally in the area will

be directly and indirectly displaced from their natural habitats. It was observed that most of the residents depend on the Orashi River for their domestic water supply. Thus, the construction activities especially the creation of bufferswill affect their access to the River. Therefore, a mitigation strategy is required.

 Potential Impact on Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat: The level of civil work anticipated at the construction site willhave significant effects on the general biodiversity of the project area. Since the site, especially the silted Agwuara River still has a lush vegetation of trees and other biological life forms, vegetation clearance will be limited to the channel alignment reduce the destruction of habitats. Nonetheless, the cleared vegetation will be recovered by planting small trees and plants. The construction works will not harm any major bird or animal migration routes.

 Soil/Land Excavation and Construction of Camp Sites: The nature of the gully erosion area will require some form of land excavations and other land clearance. This could stimulate further land degradation if defectively managed or executed. Thus, the activities should be done in line with engineering best practices. Depots and working camps should be located in such a way that they can either be used for other purposes after the time of construction.

 Potential Noise Impact: At the construction phase, permissible or acceptable human noise levels can be temporarily exceeded due to the operations of lorries and equipment in the working zone of the gully erosion site. Noise abatement measures including adequate work scheduling will be taken in the zones crossing the residential areas. The scheduling should also be designed to incorporate every form of social activities that might be affected in order to reduce any form of infringement. The environment is rural and the area where civil work will take place is located at the outskirt of the town. Traffic flow in this particular area is basically occasional and there might not be a single car passing for several hours of the day. Typical noise emissions for plant and equipment likely to be deployed are listed in with typical international standards in Table 5.1.

Table 5.2: Noise Emission Levels for Various Types of Construction Plant Distance between Plant and Typical International Observer Standard Type of Plant 5 m 20 m 50 m Day Night Loader 90 78 70 75 55 Grader 90 78 70 75 55 Vibration Roller 86 74 66 75 55 Bulldozer 86 74 66 75 55 Generator 98 86 78 75 55 Impact Drill 87 75 67 75 55

Concrete Mixer 91 79 71 70 55 Concrete Pump 85 70 62 70 55 Pneumatic Hammer 84 86 78 75 55 FMEnv 90 90 90 90 90

Figures in dB (A) Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site, Noise Impact Assessment, 2006

 Potential Impacts on Water and Water Resources: This is critical to the project area. The sub-watershed structure of the gully erosion area shows an interconnected drainage pattern, which links the Orashi River further down the basin. Hence, a point source of water pollution from the construction activities could lead to a severe impact on the surface water and groundwater resources of the area. Sources of waste-related point source and non-point pollution of water bodies could include: wastewater containing high suspended solids; oil residues and industrial fluids from washing of plant and vehicles that would spill into nearby water body and seep into groundwater; spill of fuel oil around fuel storage tanks that would seep into groundwater and nearby stream and waste oil, grease and de-greasing solvents from vehicle and plant servicing.

5.3.2 Negative Social Impact  Disruption to Communication Routes: The excavation of trenches and installation of concretes along the main roads within the Urualla town will result in considerable and unavoidable delays in traffic flows. Beginning from the time of construction till its completion, the overall impact upon the community would be characterized by difficulty of accessibility to free traffic flow. The impact on vehicular movement will generally be confined to increase journey time and other costs associated with delays, particularly during morning and afternoon peak periods. During this period, the majority of cases will only cause minor inconveniences.

 Disruption of Public Access: Besides, the general disruption of communications, civil works of the gully erosion affected area might result in the temporary loss of access to other areas as work progresses past individual property entrances. This will be most severe when crossing roads and in front of public building and emergency service centres as the case maybe.

 Workers’ Safety: Generally construction sites are inherently unsafe and for those employed on the project the risks are varied and omnipresent. Safety issues are for that reason crucial to all workers to maintain the principle of “safety first” in the execution of dedicated responsibilities. It is of utmost expectation that the inherent dangers would have been communicated to all site workers ensuring that the best safety practices are imbibed and followed strictly during construction works.

5.4 Operations Phase 5.4.1 Negative Environmental Impact of the Proposed Project During the operations phases, there are series of activities across diverse scales that will impact on the environment. Operational activities could stimulate issues such as air quality impairment, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues among others.  Air Quality: The operational phase is expected to bring about air quality issues, which will arise due to increased vehicular traffic in the project area. Dust particles and other potentially injurious particles will be released to the environment. This could prevent visibility and affect the general environment. These might be noticed by the residents or even traced with the hospital records close to the project area. It therefore becomes imperative to put a consistent structure to check the air quality of the project area during this phase.

 Traffic, Noise and Vibration: The operation phase of the project will attract a heavy traffic. In other words, the number of vehicles will increase and the facilities that will be used for the maintenance of the structures put in place will also generate noise in the area. This may not be beyond residential permissible limits of 90 ɖB for an 8-hour working period as established by FMEnv.

 Water Quality Issues: Water quality issues could occur from runoff from the roadways that crisscross the Urualla communities, community solid wastes, and agricultural wastes. The activities could raise water quality issues. It is therefore imperative to ensure that measures such as pH levels, turbidity, watercolour and other physical and chemical measures (BOD and COD) are examined from time to time.

 Occupational Health and Safety: Workers and other contractor staff members might be exposed to accidents at this stage. Thus, proper safety measures must be put in place while first aid materials must be made available. The contractor should conduct a risk-based assessment of all operations tasks, and provide apt safety measures. Also, the contractor should register with government hospital or certified private hospital with solid logistics for emergency situation.

5.4.2 Potential Negative Social Impacts of the Proposed Project The proposed project area is located within a residential area with adjoining land uses like farmland. The local populace is mainly engaged in small-scale agriculture sold at local markets. Hence, there will likely be large negative impacts owing to the dense population, the farmlands and economic trees in the watershed.  Cultural Impacts: Watershed alignment may cause damage to historical, archeological and cultural sites. Specifically, a strong attachment to the land was observed where residents despite being at the risk of the gully refused to vacate their homes. There are also a lot of graves along the gully corridor. Thus, the Imo State NEWMAP office will consult widely, in conjunction with the Gully erosion Site Committee and Community Associations, to monitor the operations of the contractors throughout the works period to

ensurethat graves, shrines, cultural buildings and any other archaeologically valuable are not destroyed.

 Immigration of New Comers: Immigration from within and outside the state in the search of employment opportunity will occur, with possible implication to generate negative social behaviours (including the expansion of sex immorality, drug use, alcohol abuse, insecurity, banditry, theft, STD, HIV/AIDS, etc.).

 Impact on Settlements and Community Facilities: Most of the impact on social lives will occur during the construction period. Favourable impacts include temporary markets for goods and services, including sources of employment for certain tasks (culinary services, etc.) during construction. Some of the recreation requirements of the work force are likely to cause negative impacts. Use of alcohol among the working crew may affect the local population negatively through increased violence and abuse of local women. There will also be an increased risk for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS in the project area.

 Impact on Ambient Air and Traffic: The air emissions from machinery should be minor and should have negligible impact on ambient air quality. Major access roads in Urualla community will be impaired during the rainy season. Thus, road signs and other road safety measures as well as traffic diversion signs will be used to properly direct traffic to ensure safety and proper movement of vehicles plying the road. The official gazette of National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Gazete No. 92, vol. 94) an agency under the FMEnv will be followed in controlling the ambient air quality. The particulate levels should be within the FMENV/ISEPA set limits of 250mg/m3.

 Solid Waste Management: There will be solid waste generated from the excavation works. Some of the excavated soil could be re-used as backfill while the rest will be disposed off to designated areas. Solid topsoil wastes from the sites will be the main form of solid waste. Other solid wastes will include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone debris. All the wastes will be disposed of according to the Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes. Regulations 1991.

 Health Issues: In this instance, the contractor remains the only responsible party to ensure that his or her workers are provided with the required health facilities. The facilities could either be put in place before the construction work commences or arrangement could be done such that the working personnel could get facilities from neighbouring communities. First aid box must be provided at the site office.

 Gender Issues: In order to care for women‟s concerns, it was gathered during the field survey that the livelihood of the women folk would be adversely impacted by the project. This is more so as women make up the major population of farmers in the area, which implies that, their farmlands will be lost to the project. It is therefore paramount to provide training for the women in alternative skills for survival. In addition, some also requested that they should be permitted to offer culinary services to construction workers during the construction phase.

 Safety Issues: At the construction phase, the work will involve the use of sharp objects, noisy machineries and dusty environment. Table 5.3: Potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed intervention at Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully erosion site.

Activities Potential Impacts Impact Level Low Medium High Extreme A Pre-Construction Phase 1. Mobilization of equipment Air quality deterioration from X and other materials to site release of dusts and emissions from vehicles transporting equipment to site Noise and vibration from X movement of heavy duty vehicles Traffic congestion and increased X risk of road traffic accidents and injuries as a result of movement of heavy equipment B Construction Stage 1 Site Clearing and land Removal of flora and fauna X acquisition for right of way Air quality deterioration from X release of dusts and gaseous emissions from exposed soil surfaces and vehicles Employment of local labour for X construction activities resulting in improved livelihood and welfare Noise and vibration from the use of X machineries and motorized equipment Generation of vegetal wastes from X site clearing activities 2. Installation of Equipment Generation of construction wastes X and Structures (Site Noise and vibration from the use of X offices, machineries and motorized Utilities, Workshops, etc.) equipment during construction of site structures Air quality deterioration from X release of cement dusts, and toxic fumes from equipment and machineries used during building and welding of site structures Earthworks - Excavation, 3. Noise and vibration from the use of X grading, and compaction machineries and vehicles during excavation, burrowing, backfilling and compaction activities

Air Quality deterioration from dusts generated during excavation , burrowing, filling, backfilling and compaction activities Disruption of public utility services X from damage to existing underground public utility cables and pipes during excavation works Risk of occupational accidents and X injuries from the use of equipment S/N Activities Potential Impacts Impact Level Low medium High Extreme 4. All Civil Engineering Noise and vibration from the use of X Works machineries and motorized equipment Contamination of surface and X underground water from waste water and spillages of oil and other petroleum products through leakages and/improper handling. Waste generation from cement and X concrete works such as cement bags and metal scraps Deterioration of air quality from X release of cement dusts and toxic fumes during construction of concrete structures Employment of local labour for X construction activities resulting in improved livelihood and welfare Occupational accidents and injuries X from the use of machineries and equipment C Operation and Maintenance Phase 1 Maintenance and Creation of employment by X operation training locals as maintenance officers Waste generation from de-silting X and other maintenance works Occupational accidents and injuries X as a result of falling and tripping during routine maintenance Reduced mortality/morbidity from X water related diseases

5.5 Analysis of Alternatives In the context of the ESMP, the analysis of the project alternatives refers to a comparison of possible alternatives to be considered with respect to the proposed project at Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion site. One of the stated alternatives is prescribed due to its outstanding merits over the others. The choice centers on the fundamentals of meeting with the threshold of criteria concerning all considered environmental and social variables that are paramount to the project (i.e. Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARAR)).

5.5.1 No-Action Alternative The assumption underlying this alternative is based on the impression that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion site. In specific terms, the prevailing gully erosion area will be left untouched, unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction works. The gully expansion at Urualla will be left to persist without any attempt at addressing the environmental challenge it poses. Consequently, the conditions at the gully erosion site and its watershed will worsen and this results in the destruction of houses, farmlands, roads and road infrastructures, public facilities, educational facilities etc. The situation may aggravate to the extent of damaging existing federal roads such as Urualla-Orlu road. With the no-action alternative, annual loss of farm produce, impaired access, unsafe status of lives and properties will increase; and thus, gully erosion will persist unchecked and uncontrolled. Other environmental and social unfavourable impacts such as reduction of existing road capacity, exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, high cost of transportation, destruction of soil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and likely surface and groundwater pollution will be strengthened. Basically, the current conditions will be left without any improved efforts. Due to these numerous effects, the no-action alternative is not recommended for this project.

5.5.2 Delayed-Action Alternative It is noted that the earlier action adopts a delayed tactics, which resulted into further damages and degradation of the watershed. Inflation and other economic forces may cause monumental changes in the cost of materials thereby increasing the financial burden of the rehabilitation.

5.5.2.1 Right-Away Action Alternative The right-away actions ensure an immediate attention to address the issues and benefit from both short-term and long-term effectiveness.

5.5.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Methods For the anticipated rehabilitation of gully erosion induced damage at Urualla, all elements of the watershed cum the environmental and social components should be considered. This approach will ensure that relevant components of the natural and human environment under the threat and risk of destruction such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities will be secured in the affected communities.

The procedure for the rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Consequently, construction works, bioengineering and technological approaches will be adopted in restoring and enhancing affected areas as envisioned according to the goals of the NEWMAP. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly reduced in such a way that the benefits will outweigh the demerits as necessary.

5.5.3.1Use of Civil Works The civil works will be concentrated at the areas closest to the erosion site and will ensure negligible adverse impacts on livelihood. The adverse impacts will be largely reversible, indirect and short term. The merit of the Civil Works totally outweighs the no-action option even though the cost implication of the former would be much more than for the latter.

5.5.3.2 Bioengineering The merit of the Bioengineering totally outweighs the no-action option even though the cost implication of the former would be much more than for the latter.

5.5.3.3Technological Methods The combination of the Bioengineering and Technological Alternative outweigh the No-Action Alternative and it is, thus, recommended. The two alternatives are presented in Table 5.3. As shown in Table 5.3, it can be summarised that the Civil Work, bioengineering and technological alternative will provide the solution that NEWMAP sought while the No-Action alternative will undoubtedly aggravate the problem being experienced in the area.

Table 5.4: Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action Delayed Action Right Away Biological works Civil works The Civil works Action alone alone (Biological & the construction of Hard Structures)

General This will not benefit This will not This will be the The remediation The The rehabilitation Safeguard of the concerned benefit the right step to of the biological implementation of degraded Environment stakeholders and concerned safeguard the life forms will of this proposed environment and Human community residents stakeholders and environment and lead to project will lead coupled with Health considering the community human wellbeing improvement of to improvement remediation of the (General observed level of residents. The from further life, properties of life. biological life form protection destruction the gully damage may degradation will be secured, Properties will will lead to mechanisms) erosion has had on the become lives saved, be secured, improvement of area. Private properties catastrophic and resources lives saved, life. Properties will and public the level of recovered, resources be secured, lives infrastructures have human and transportation recovered, saved, resources been severely affected material losses facilities transportation recovered, and this has led to loss may be well enhanced and facilities transportation of lives and landed beyond repair. general enhanced and facilities enhanced properties, land restoration of general and general degradation, loss of livelihood. It will restoration of restoration of

agricultural fields and benefit the Project livelihood. It livelihood. It will produce, etc. Adopting Affected People will benefit the benefit the Project this alternative will not and the residents. Project Affected Affected People benefit Project People and the and the residents. Affected People and residents. the environment in general.

Short-Term No-Action alternative Delayed action This will be The timeline for The timeline for The timeline for the Usefulness does not add any will contribute immediate the biological the civil work is civil and biological specific input to the nothing to short – derivable benefits works is long long term. works are long stated criteria. term usefulness. and a sustained term. Nevertheless, term. Nevertheless, long term benefit Nevertheless, the the benefits the benefits will be achieved. benefits derivable derivable are derivable are still are still better still better than better than a No- than a No-Action a No-Action Action and and Delayed- and Delayed- Delayed-Action Action Action alternatives alternatives. alternatives

Long-Term This option does not Already incurred This option The biological The Civil works The combination of Effectiveness meet the long-term damages may perfectively meet works alone will alone will the Civil and and effectiveness and obliterate the both the long- provide long-term provide long- Biological works Permanence permanence criteria. gains from long- term and short- effectiveness for term use for the will provide long- term effectiveness term effectiveness the watershed but watershed but term effectiveness and permanence may not be may not be for the watershed criteria. sustainable sustainable without the civil without the works. biological works

CHAPTER SIX

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 Pre-Construction Phase At this phase, the mitigation measures are provided to resolve the identified potential adverse impacts of the project prior to the commencement of civil works. The phase covers the preliminary works that predate the construction and developmental works. The two critical issues of cogent significance at this phase, as discussed below, are: land acquisition and community perception of the project.  Land Acquisition: It is critical to acquire land, particularly along the alignment of the proposed project sub-watershed affected by the gully erosion. This will cover the legally binding right-of-way for civil construction features such as large drains along the channel of the project. To mitigate this activity, comprehensive actions will be taken (Table 6.1), according to instructions contained in the RAP.

 Community Perception of the Project: It is highly important to manage the divergent perceptions of the host communities about the authenticity of the proposed NEWMAP intervention project.Often times communities‟ perceptions of project such as this could be based on the experienced laidback attitude to project by officials or previous experience in the community. In order to resolve such challenge, there are relevant steps to be taken as mitigation measures to checkmate any doubt about the legitimacy and authenticity of the project. These measures are shown in Table 6.1.

6.2 Construction Phase Civil work is anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts. Also, such impacts are expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental and socio-cultural components of the project area. As required, several governmental MDAs (State Ministries, Departments and Agencies) will be involved in mitigation process. Table 6.2-6.5 shows mitigation measures to various impacts during construction phase. Specifically, air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, health and safety issues will re-surface. For each of these, the specific mitigation measures are designed to separately curb the identified adverse impacts

6.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase During the operation phase, air quality issues, noise and vibration, water quality issues, traffic and transportation, health and safety issues will re-surface. For each of these, the specific mitigation measures are designed to separately curb the identified adverse impacts (see Table 6.6).

Table 6.1: Mitigation Measures for Pre-construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental Mitigation Measures Responsibility and Social Impact Land acquisition for Conflict from the members The RAP should outline the framework for Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, 1 the intervention of the community to vacate mitigation measures. Urualla Gully Erosion Site project areas allocated for the Committee and Community project Associations & RAP Implementation committee

Public Awareness Pessimistic Community 1. Proper awareness/sensitization of the host Imo State NEWMAP-PMU 2 perception can disrupt the community on the project proposed project activities 2. Executive members of the local monitoring committee should be contacted to act as local information dissemination 3. The community should be engaged using English and Igbo languages to cover all areas as much as possible. 4. Prospects and challenges of the project should be discussed with them to find a common ground for resolving emerging issues. 5. Posters, notices and signboards should be erected at strategic and vantage points to pass information to local people as necessary 6.Full involvement of community during preparation and implementation should be ensured. 7. Insistence of the community members on the use of foreign contractors should be carefully managed Sub-Total

Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Potential Mitigation measures Responsibility Project Environmental Activities and social impact Site Engineer 1 Excavating, Channel / River 1.Heavy duty machinery and filling material should be about and/or Contractor filling, Bank Failure 30m away from the channel  scooping of 2.Vibration induced machines should be avoided earth material and other 3. The overhand should be lowered before using excavator Related with a boom of at least 25 meters activities Site Engineer 2 Rock material cave 1.Heavy duty machinery and filling material should be about and/or Contractor in 30m away from the channel  2. Machines that can cause vibration should be avoided 3.Use manual efforts to reduce overburden 4. Ensure filling materials are compacted. Site Engineer 3 Mudflow 1. Possibly limit civil work to dry season and/or Contractor 2.Proper re-channelization of runoff before actual work  3.Temporary shoulder must be hydrologically stable to avoid been washed away 4.Temporary ballast and wicker work put in place Soil impacts on 1.Erosion control measures should be implemented. Site Engineer 4 activities such as 2.Planting of trees should be encouraged and/or Contractor excavating, 3.Localised environmental designs that took into grading, leveling, consideration the terrain and biophysical database of the compacting etc. environment should be implemented by the contractor and site engineer. In situ waste 1.Designated sites should be selected for waste management Site Engineer 5 management 2.Measures to ensure waste is properly handled should be and/or Contractor encouraged  3.Cover of waste collection materials 4. Construction waste could be recycled and reuse, this option should be prioritized

Land use Conflicts 1.RAP report should be properly followed. Site Engineer; 6 2.World Bank safeguard policy should be implemented based Imo State on the land use issues. Ministry of of Land and Survey Channelization of 1.Ensure free flow of storm water in drains to ease Site Engineer 7 flood waters construction activities. and/or Contractor 2.Where necessary, divert water to safe environment could be utilized 3.Watershed and bioengineering techniques should be implemented. Topographic 1.The construction works should be done according to local Site Engineer 8 alterations and relief and hydrology and/or Contractor other civil works 2.Old drainage systems should be maintained and new ones for remediation prioritized. purposes 3.Ensure that site-specific plans are designed with respect to local topography. Air Quality Issues 1.Use of breathing protection masks and routing water Site Engineer 9 (Dust) sprinkling to curtail dust and/or Contractor 2.Use of dust suppression method to minimize airborne particulate matter 3. Provide PPE as necessary 4.Reduce travel distances by placing constructions campsites close to work areas. 5.International standards for exhaust emission should adequately comply with Water Quality 1. Mobile toilet facilities should be provided near the site and Site Engineer 10 Concerns away from streams. It should be properly maintained based on and/or Contractor municipal sewage collection and treatment regulations  2. Ensure provision of proper storage facilities to foil leak into the water streams. 4. Development and implementation of proper Waste Management Plans (WMPs) Air Quality (Noise) If possible, construction activities should be limited to day Site Engineer 11 time  Increased Siltation Ensure stipulated water flow and safe environment designs are Site Engineer 12 and runoff adhered to and the high flow of water during rain should be and/or Contractor controlled using the stipulated construction guidelines pollution (The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes. Regulations 1991).

Sub-total

Table 6.3: Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Project Environmental Mitigation Measures Responsibility Activities and Social Impacts Clearing of Forest Impact on flora and 1. Identify Site of Special Scientific Interest. Site Engineer and/or 1 fauna 2. Co-operate with relevant MDAs at both federal and state levels Contractor such as the Federal Department of Livestock, Privately-owned wildlife conservation parks, Zoos and Zoological departments of Universities, for the housing of possible animals that may be relocated in this phase

3. Department of Forestry of the State Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Natural resources Impact on Wildlife Ensure that all the necessary World Bank safeguard policies on Site Engineer and/or 2 wild animals and their related habitats are addressed and strictly Contractor adhered to such policies include OP 4.04 and OP 4.36 on Natural Resources and Forestry respectively. Sub-total

Table 6.4: Mitigation Measures for the Socioeconomic Impacts during Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Project Potential Mitigation measures Responsibility Activities Environmental and social impacts Mobility of Traffic and The Contractor should liaise with state transportation and Site Engineer and/or the 1 machineries and transportation Impact traffic maintenance agency as well as Federal Government Contractor materials agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) throughout the construction phase to ensure that traffic safety is maintained and ensured during the period. Accidents and Road 1. All workers should be sensitized and monitored on the Site Engineer and/or the 2 Crashes need to keep the first rule of civil and construction works Contractor which is “Safety First”. 2. Contractor should conduct a risk-based assessment of all construction tasks and provide appropriate safety measures

Employment 1.Ensure that individuals from the project community are Site Engineer and/or 3 Opportunities given priority to improve any socioeconomic rife from local Contractor youths. 2.The campsite for workers should be located remotely away from the community to enhance the progress the civil work 3. Workers should be prohibited from patronizing prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs.

Human displacement 1. World Bank OP 4.12 should be applied for this issue on Site Engineer and/or 4 the affected areas Contractor 2.All issues of resettlement / compensation are being addressed in RAP

Aesthetics 1. Proper use of engineering practice should be adopted with Site Engineer and/or 5 the best available construction technology which recognizes Contractor the need to keep local aesthetics and an engineering expert in the field of aesthetics should be employed as part of the team

Sub-Total

Table 6.5: Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Project Environmental and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Activities Social Impacts Sexual Activities HIV/AIDS and STDs 1.HIV/AIDS and STD awareness programme should be Site Engineer and/or 1 prioritized Contractor 2. Other activities should include treating other sexually transmitted diseases, distributing condoms, and providing counseling, screening, and support services for employees. 3. Medical examinations on general health issues should be performed on new employees and repeated regularly throughout the term of employment. 4. Workers should be prohibited from patronizing prostitutes and the use of alcohol and drugs.

Domestic Water Water-borne diseases Good sanitation including hygienic water supply and proper Site Engineer and/or 2 Usage waste disposal at its operation and residential Contractor accommodations during the phase of the project

Malaria Malaria Issues Government programmes to improve existing medical and Site Engineer and/or 3 health services in the local communities should be Contractor supported as much as possible. This includes Mosquito control programmes such as the distribution of insecticide treated nets to affected community members.

Sub-Total

Table 6.6: Mitigation Measures for Operation Phase S/N Proposed Environmental Mitigation measures Responsibility Project and Social Impacts Activities 1 General General 1. Maintenance operations should be designed according to environmental safety guidelines of the Site Engineer maintenance maintenance department of Environmental Engineering and Ecology of Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and/or operations operations and Natural Resources and Federal Ministry of Environment. Contractor 3. 2 Air quality Air quality Issues 1. Periodic checks on ambient environmental quality particularly air; vehicles roadworthiness Site Engineer should be prioritized and regular checks on the nature of the road should be conducted with respect and/or to air quality parameters. Contractor

3 Noise and Noise and vibration Speed limits signboards should be placed at strategic locations along the major roads for the use of Site Engineer vibration Issues motorists and road users. and/or The local road transportation officials should be empowered to checkmate the activities of careless Contractor motorists. 4 Water quality Water Quality Ensure waste dumps are not situated close to the project area to avoid water pollution cases. Site Engineer issues Wastewater and sewage should be channeled according to safety guidelines. and/or 3. Contractor

5 Traffic and Traffic and Ensure free flow of traffic and traffic officials are strategically positioned at specific junctions to Site Engineer transport transportation provide safety guidelines and ensure free flow of traffic within the project area. and/or Issues Contractor

6 Health and Safety Health and safety Maintenance workers are expected to imbibe the workplace safety rules via proper sensitization Site Engineer Issues procedures prior to maintenance works. Ensure that workers utilize safety tools such as safety and/or boots, safety helmets, and other essential safety wears on-site, first aid tools are provided for minor Contractor injuries which are to be treated prior to being forwarded to a medical center for proper treatment, health, Safety and Environment (HSE) officer is available prior to and during operations works. 7 Sand Mining in Sand Mining in1. Ensure Mining is not done in the rehabilitated channel Site Engineer rehabilitated rehabilitated and/or channel. channel. Contractor

Sub-total 2.

6.4 Monitoring: Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures Pre-Construction Phase At this phase, the measures are provided to resolve that the activities that needed to be done for the smooth running of the project is done before proper civil works commence. Table 6.7 shows monitoring activities for pre-construction phase.

Construction Phase As mentioned in the section on mitigation measures, civil works are anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts; such potential impacts are expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental and socio-cultural components of the project area. The mitigation measures for the identified impacts have been stated. Therefore, both project implementation and mitigation measures implementation need to be monitored. Tables 6.8 -6.11 shows monitoring for both project implementation and mitigation measures to various impacts during construction phase.

Operation and Maintenance Phase Table 6.12 shows the monitoring activities for environmental and social issues identified and for which mitigation measures have been proffered.

Table 6.7: Monitoring for Pre-construction Phase

S/N Project Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Implementation Environmental and Indicators Activities Social Impact Project Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Implementation Measures Project mitigation Implementation measures Land acquisition Conflict from the As indicated in the As indicated As indicated in the All issues Imo State Umuomeji, 1 for the members of the RAP report in the RAP RAP report should be NEWMAP-PMU Umuturu, Ezemazu, intervention community to vacate report settled before Urualla Gully project areas allocated for the the starting of Erosion Site project civil works Committee and Community Associations & RAP Implementation committee Public Pessimistic Before Proper Periodically 1. Community Imo State 2 Awareness Community commencement of awareness/sen 1. Number of public during the pre- Based NEWMAP-PMU perception can disrupt the civil Works sitization of awareness campaign, construction, Organisations the proposed project and during civil the host 2. Number of adverts construction 2. Umuomeji, activities works. community placed in the media and Umuturu, on the project 3. Complaints made by Operational Ezemazu, Urualla Perception of the and the the project affected phases. Gully Erosion Site community competence community members Committee and members on the of Community competence of contractors Associations. 3. Imo NEWMAP contractors focal NGO.

Clearing of Impact on flora and Before 1. 1.Identify 1. Area cleared outside Daily during Site Engineer Imo State 3 Forest fauna commencement of design right the gully erosion clearance for and/or NEWMAP-PMU; the civil Works of way. remediation corridor. installation and Contractor Imo State Ministry 2. Restrict 2. Extent of area along the right of Agriculture, clearance to cleared for installation of way. Environment and the right of Natural Resources. way NESREA

Sub-Total

Table 6.8: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Potential Monitoring Monitoring Indicators Frequency Responsibility Project Environmental Activities and social Project Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring impact Implementation Measures Project Mitigation Implementation Measures  1.Distance of heavy duty  Every day Site Engineer Imo State 1 Excavating, Channel / River 1. Sighting 1. Sighting machines from the channel during the and/or Contractor NEWMAP; filling, Bank Failure during civil works construction  Imo State scooping of 2. Visual 2. Visual  2 Overhead position of phase Ministry of earth material Observation Observation. excavator with boom of at least Agriculture, and other During 3.Distance 25 meters. Environment Related implementation measurements  3. Vibration level of machinery and Natural activities of civil works using tape rule. during civil works. Resources.

 1.Location of heavy duty  Every day Site Engineer Imo 2 Rock material 1. Sighting 1. Sighting machines during civil works during the and/or Contractor NEWMAP; cave in 2.Visual 2.Visual  2 Overhead position of construction  excavator with boom of at least phase Imo State Observation Observation. 25 meters. Ministry of During 3.Distance  3. Vibration level of machinery Agriculture, implementation measurements during civil works. Environment of civil works using tape rule. and Natural Resources.

 1. Number of solid waste Every day Site Engineer Imo 3 Mudflow 1. Sighting 1. Sighting disposal bins and cabins during the and/or Contractor NEWMAP; Visual Visual available. construction  Imo State  2.Physical presence of objects, phase Ministry of Observation Observation fly rock etc. deposited along Agriculture, the courses of rivers. Environment  3.Runoff paths are re- and Natural channelized before construction Resources.

Soil impacts on Visual estimate 1. Number of trees planted.  Every day Site Engineer Imo 4 Visual estimate activities such as during and  2. Area of vegetated lawns during the and/or Contractor NEWMAP; during and after excavating, after created construction  implementation Imo State grading, leveling, implementation 2.Number of Community phase of civil works Ministry of compacting etc. of civil works complaints on soil/land Agriculture, degradation Environment

and Natural Resources. In situ waste Visual estimate 1. Availability of waste  Every day Site Engineer Imo 5 Visual estimate management during and management plan for the entire during the and/or Contractor NEWMAP; during and after after project cycle construction  implementation Imo State implementation 2. Number of waste bins phase of civil works Ministry of of civil works available. Agriculture,  3. Availability of designated Environment waste disposal vehicle. and Natural  2. System in practice to manage Resources. degradable waste  3. Number of complaints received from the community member over the improper waste disposal  4. Cleanliness of the specific work sites Land use 1.RAP report Three months Imo State 6 Conflicts As stated in the should be As stated in the RAP report before actual Imo State Ministry NEWMAP- RAP report properly construction of Land and PMU followed. Survey 2.World Bank safeguard policy should be implemented based on the land use issues. Channelization of  This should be Imo State 7 1. Sighting 1. Sighting 1.Number of flow obstruction Site Engineer flood waters set before the NEWMAP- material identified along the and/or Contractor starting of civil PMU; Visual Visual channel work on the Imo State Observation. Observation. 2. Direction of flow during gully erosion Ministry of

civil work. site. Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources. Topographic  1. Height of bank stabilization Before actual Site Engineer Imo State 8 Visual Estimate/ Visual alterations and to the local relief civil work on and/or Contractor NEWMAP- Estimate/ other civil works  2. Depth and area extent of the gully erosion PMU; Observation Observation for remediation during excavation. site Imo State purposes implementation  3. Number and area extent of Ministry of

of civil works cut and fill Agriculture,  4. Terraced areas (extent) Environment 68

and Natural Resources. Air Quality Issues  Daily check for Imo State 9 In-Situ 1. In-Situ 1. Suspended Site Engineer (Dust) adherence to NEWMAP- Measurement and/or Contractor Measurement Particulates (TSP, safety concerns PMU; 2.Visual  during Imo State Observation PM10, or smaller), Ministry of implementation 3.Water of civil works  SO2, NOx, CO, THC Agriculture, sprinkled  2. Number of time water is Environment records.. sprinkle on daily bases during and Natural construction Resources.  3. Level of airborne particulate matter during construction  4. Number of PPE provided  5. Number of time routine maintenance was done on equipment and machinery6. Number of community complaints received. Water Quality  1. Number of mobile toilet  Weekly during Site Engineer Imo State 10 In-Situ/ In-Situ Concerns provided the construction and/or Contractor NEWMAP- Laboratory Measurements 2. Type of storage facility phase of the PMU; Measurements •Visual provided project Imo State Observation  3. Regular cleaning of Ministry of •Visual workshop for maintenance. Agriculture, Observation Environment 4 Water Quality and Natural (pH, TDS, TSS, Resources. BOD, COD, Turbidity, THC,  heavy metals) measurement Air Quality  1. Noise level in dB.  Daily during the Imo State 11 In-Situ In-Situ Site Engineer (Noise)  2. Number of complaints construction NEWMAP-  Measurement Measurement received from the community exercises PMU;  3. Number of time heavy duties Imo State Complaint Complaint were maintained Ministry of register register Agriculture, . Maintenance Environment records •Visual and Natural Observation Resources. •Visual Observation

Increased  1.water level in channels Weekly and Site Engineer Imo State 12 In-Situ In-Situ Siltation and during construction more frequently and/or Contractor NEWMAP- runoff Measurement Measurement  2. Physical presence of objects, during wet  PMU •Visual fly rock etc. deposited along season •Visual Observation the courses of rivers Observation  3. Number of acceptable erosion control measures Sub-total

Table 6.9: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Project Environmental Indicators Activities and social Project Mitigation Measures Project Mitigation impact Implementation Implementation Measures Clearing of Impact on flora 1. Area cleared Daily Site Engineer Imo State 1 Visual Visual Forest and fauna outside the during and/or NEWMAP- Observation Observation gully erosion constructio Contractor PMU; remediation n phase  Imo State Visual Estimate Visual Estimate of Cover corridor. Ministry of of Cover 2. Extent of Agriculture, area cleared for Environment installation. and Natural 3. Number of Resources. ; trees planted NESREA and area extent of lawns developed

Impact on 1. Number and Site 2 Visual Visual Contractor; Imo Wildlife extent of Engineer State Observation Observation protected/conse and/or NEWMAP- rved area Contractor Visual Estimate Visual Estimate PMU; Federal developed  NEWMAP and 1. of Cover 2. of Cover 2. Number of Other relevant tree planted Ministries

Sub-total

Table 6.10: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Socioeconomic Impacts during Construction Phase

S/N Proposed Potential Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Implementation Project Environmental Indicator Activities and social Project Mitigation Measures Project Mitigation impacts Implementation Implementation Measures Mobility of Traffic and 1. Number of road Every day Site Engineer Imo State 1 Visual Visual machineries transportation signs and traffic during the and/or the NEWMAP- and materials Impacts Observation Observation officials present. constructio Contractor PMU; Imo n phase State Ministry

2. Number of of Transport Complaint community complaints Register received on traffic issues Accidents and 1. Number of road Every day Site Engineer Imo State 2 Visual Visual Inspection Road Crashes signs the corridor during the and/or the NEWMAP- Inspection of movement. constructio Contractor PMU; Imo 2. Number of n phase State Ministry traffic officials of Transport Incident Reports present during and construction. Environment 3.. Number of sensitization and awareness campaign conducted 3. Number of Complaints made by the project affected community members

Employment . Employment records 1. Availability of a Every day Site Engineer Imo State 3 Employment Opportunities functional unit during the and/or NEWMAP- records monitoring constructio Contractor PMU; Imo compliance status n phase State Ministry 2. Availability of of Transport staff job and descriptions Environment recruitments and engagement. 3. Number of local people employed at as both skilled and unskilled workers.

Human As spelt out in the RAP 1. No. of PAPs As spelt Site Engineer Imo State 4 As spelt out in displacement report 2. Amount of out in the and/or NEWMAP- the RAP report compensation paid RAP report Contractor PMU 3. No. of PAPs Imo State (requiring Ministries of involuntary Land survey resettlement)

Aesthetics Visual Inspection 1. 1. Number of Site Engineer Imo State 5 Visual Regularly ornamental trees and/or NEWMAP- Inspection during the planted Contractor PMU constructio 2. 2. Area extent of Imo State n phase garden and parks Ministries of provided. Land, Physical Planning Sub-Total

Table 6.11: Monitoring for the Project Implementation and Mitigation Measures for the Public Health Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Proposed Project t Monitoring Monitoring Responsibility Activities Projects Implementation Mitigation Measures Indicators Project Mitigation Implementation Measures 1 Sexual Activities HIV/AIDS Visual Inspection Visual Inspection 1. Number of Constantly Site Engineer Imo State and STDs Incident Report Incident Report HIV/AIDS and during the and/or Contractor NEWMAP- STDs awareness construction PMU; Imo State provided (training & phase on Ministry of awareness) weekly basis. Health 2. Preventive measures introduced 3. No of community complaints received. 4. No. of people affected by HIV and or STD 2 Domestic Water Water-borne Visual Inspection Visual Inspection 1. Availability of Daily during Site Engineer Imo State Usage diseases Incident Report Incident Report waste management the civil work and/or Contractor NEWMAP- plan for perusal by activities ()? PMU; Imo State the contractor Ministry of 2. System in Health practice to manage waste and water borne diseases 3. Cleanliness of the specific work sites 3 Malaria Malaria Visual Inspection Visual Inspection 1. Number of health Regularly Site Engineer Imo State Issues Incident Report Incident Report awareness campaign right through and/or Contractor NEWMAP- provided (training & the PMU; Imo State awareness) construction Ministry of 2. Preventive phase Health measures introduced 3. Number of complaints received from Community 4. No. of workers affected by malaria & other vector/water borne diseases from hospital records.

Sub-Total

Table 6.12: Monitoring for Operation Phase

S/N Proposed Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Frequency Monitoring Project and Social Indicators Activities Impacts Project Mitigation Measures Project Mitigation Implementation Implementation Measures General General Visual Inspection Visual Inspection 1. Number of Quarterly: Environmental Imo State 1 maintenance maintenance maintenance during the Officer, Imo PMU Ministries of operations operations Maintenance Maintenance reports conducted per Year. operation and Environmental Environment, reports phase of the officer Imo State Forestry & project Ministries: Transport Environment

Air quality Air quality  1. Noise level in db Weekly: Imo State 2 In-Situ In-Situ Environmental Issues during Operation. throughout the Ministries: Officer, Imo PMU  2. Number of time operation Environment & Measurement Measurement and Environmental water is sprinkle on phase of the Forestry Complaint register officer Imo State Complaint register daily bases during project. Ministries: Visual Observation dry season Visual Environment  3. Level of airborne Observation particulate matter   4. Number of community complaints received.

Noise and Noise and  1. Noise level in dB Weekly: Imo State 3 In-Situ In-Situ Environmental vibration vibration Issues during construction. throughout the Ministries of Officer, Imo PMU  operation Environment, Measurement Measurement and Environmental  2. Number of phase of the Forestry & project officer Imo State Transport Complaint register Complaint register community Ministries: complaints received. Environment 

Water quality Water Quality Visual Sighting  1. Number of mobile Weekly: Imo State 4 .In-Situ Environmental issues toilet provided throughout the Ministries: Officer, Imo PMU  2. Type of storage operation Environment, Measurement and Environmental facility provided. phase Forestry .Visual Sighting officer Imo State  3. Location of Ministries: Complaint register dumpsite. Environment

Traffic and Traffic and 1. Number of traffic Daily: for Imo State Relevant Imo State 5 transport transportation Visual Visual warders available traffic officers Ministries: Relevant Issues Observation Observation 2.Number of and Quarterly: Transport Ministries: awareness campaign for awareness Works and Transport ..Complaint ..Complaint conducted on safety campaign. Infrastructure Works and Register Register and driving issues throughout the Infrastructure 3. No of complaints operation Training and awareness received from the phase campaign records Community

Health and Health and 1. No. of complaints Quarterly Imo State Visual Inspection Visual Inspection 6 Safety safety Issues about pollution due throughout the Site Engineer Relevant Incident Reports Incident Reports to operations operation Ministries: .Safety talk records and and/or Contractor 2. Number of phase of the Transport reports workers with PPEs project Works and 1. 3.Number of FRSC Infrastructure and police present in the area. 2. 4 Number of safety talk and awareness conducted. 3. Sand Mining Sand Mining in Visual sighting 3. Visual sighting Weekly Environmental Imo State 7 in rehabilitated Officer, Imo PMU Relevant rehabilitated channel. and Environmental Ministries: channel. 1. Number of truck officer Imo State Transport load of sand Ministries: Works and evacuated from the Environment Infrastructure channel. Sub-total 4.

6.5 Institutional Arrangements: Responsibilities and Accountabilities Roles and responsibilities and adequate institutional arrangements are vital to the efficient execution of the environmental and social safeguard measures outlined in the present ESMP. Thus, details of institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the diverse institutions in the implementation of the ESMP are discussed as follows.

6.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase 6.5.1.1 Key Agencies Main Agencies with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction phase are: o The Federal NEWMAP-PMU; o The Imo State NEWMAP-PMU; o Imo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Health and Environment, Information, Land, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development, and Agriculture); o Community Based Organisations; o The Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site committee; and o The World Bank.

6.5.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies The key duty for monitoring the ESMP lies with the Engineer and the Ministry of health and Environment while the implementation of and reporting on the ESMP lies with the Contractor. At the initial stage ground works and preparatory meetings and consultations are being conducted with the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site Committee and Community Associations, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as well as members of the concerned communities in the area. The Contractor must liaise with the Imo State NEWMAP- PMU on issues raised in order to unearth a balance in responding to the issues to meet international safeguard polices of the World Bank. These concerns should be communicated to the appropriate Imo State Ministries with their respective departments and agencies (MDAs) for prompt action on issues raised.

6.5.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site Committee and Community Associations through its secretary should forward the details of the meetings held to the Imo State NEWMAP-PMU. This is to enhance a feedback, reporting and follow-up mechanisms for the issues raised and the respective means of their implementations. Any issues raised should be forwarded together with the contributions of the Imo State NEWMAP who would have reviewed the comments within the scope of the project and their suitability to World Bank needs. The Contractor must ensure the observed comments and notes are implemented strictly as agreed and the feedback relayed to the Imo State NEWMAP-PMU. This process continues through a chain of reporting-feedback, follow-up and response mechanism until the pre-construction phase is completed.

6.5.2 Construction Phase 6.5.2.1 Key Agencies Major Agencies with roles in the implementation of the ESMP during construction works are:  The Engineer/monitoring firm;  The Contractor (with specific relevant specialists);  Imo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Imo State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Health and Environment, Agriculture and Forestry);  Environmental Officers of the Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Environmental Officers of Imo State NEWMAP-PMU;  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), NESREA; and  World Bank. In addition to the key agencies, the Imo State Government through the MDAs will also have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation.

6.5.2.2 Role of Concerned Agencies The key responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of the ESMP lies with the site Engineer and contractors. Through its Environmental and Social Specialist (ESS) the Contractor will be responsible for regular supervision and reporting on ESMP implementation. The Engineer‟s ESS will have access to a team of experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant etc.) in order to ensure sufficient capacity to oversee implementation of ESMP. The implementation of the ESMP will be managed by Imo State NEWMAP-PMU through the Environment Officers and (EO) that will be primarily responsible for daily inspection and monitoring of ESMP implementation. The Imo State Ministries of Works and Infrastructure, Health and Environment, Agriculture and Forestry should monitor the ESMP implementation on the fundamentals of the internal mechanisms and policies as established by laws guiding their operations. These institutions may conduct site visits with representatives of Federal NEWMAP- PMU. The reports of the findings should be forwarded to the World Bank. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and NESREA should also send Environment Officers and officials monitoring the ESMP project under the Federal NEWMAP approved projects to observe the level of implementation of the provisions of the ESMP compliance. At the local level, the Imo State Ministries of Environment can also pay visits to the project site to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions Of the ESMP.

6.5.2.3Reporting and Follow-Up Follow-up process is duty-based, the Environmental and Social Specialists (ESS) of the Engineer/ Monitoring Firm must prepare, document and report incidents monthly, reports that would be submitted to the Imo State NEWMAP project coordinator for comments, observations, and recommendations. Afterward, the Imo State NEWMAP-PMU would send feedback to the Engineer through the consultant(s)/PMU Environmental Officer or directly when urgent act is

77 required. In core, checking and reporting on the implementation of follow-up action will also be part of the duties of the ESS. The Contractor and Site Engineer should submit monthly reports on the implementation of the ESMP to the Imo State NEWMAP-PMU. The ESS officers who will advise the project management unit should vet this report. In case of any discrepancy on environmental issues, the project coordinator should convene Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to discuss the way forward.

6.5.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase It should be stated that the mitigation and monitoring activities are not the sole responsibility of the Imo State NEWMAP or Federal NEWMAP during the operational phase. The Imo State NEWMAP and the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the rehabilitated Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion site has the responsibility to consider these measures, and to bring these to the attention of other government agencies especially the state ministry of health and environment for proper action.

6.5.3.1 Key Agencies At the operational phase, the main institutions, which Imo State NEWMAP will collaborate with suchas:  State Ministry of Health and Environment;  State Ministry of Agriculture &Forestry;  State Ministry of Transport;  State Ministry of Works and Infrastructure; and  Police. Also the Local government administrative council during the operational phase should have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation and in ESMP up-dating.

6.5.3.2 Role of Concerned Agencies The duties of the institutions that have a role in the process of the operation of the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion monitoring are stated as follows.  The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Imo State Ministry of Health and Environment should conduct constant visits to the site to check and confirm the gully erosion site is operated and maintained. Monitoring activities should be conducted within the legal and administrative capacity of the Ministry of Health and Environment through their respective departments, and agencies.  Imo State Department of Forestry should conduct constant inspections for compliance with afforestation plans, which should be in concordance with international standards.  The Ministry of Transport should check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area with respect to transportation safety and vehicular controls.  The Ministry of Works and Infrastructure will conduct normal checks on the nature of infrastructure given within the duration of the project and the period of assessment.

 Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the barest minimum in order to avoid wrong attachment of such events to the proposed project activities.

6.5.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Actions for the ESMP at the Local Level At this level, NEWMAP ESMF vested the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Committee and Community Associations. The Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site Committee and Community Associations has already been constituted by Imo State NEWMAP and the committee forms a critical mass of source of information and community liaison during the field activity for the preparation of this ESMP. The committee has several sub- committees including women wing and environmental sub-committee. Conversely, considering the various background of the committee members and the need for adequate knowledge on the environmental procedure of the project, the committee and sub- committee members‟ needs further capacity building on environmental and social issues on the implementation of the ESMP at all stages of the implementation. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully ErosionSite Committee and Community Associations and the Environmental sub-committee members is critical to the successful implementation of this ESMP. The content of the training should include but not limit to (i) Role of community during construction and post contraction (ii) Sustainable practice to ensure gully erosion stabilization and, (iii) Implementation of the ESMP at the local level.

6.6 Training Programmes The Imo State NEWMAP will develop, implement, and track training programmes at PMU and community levels. Table 6.13 describes the institutional capacity-strengthening plan, which should be followed at the PMU and community levels.

Table 6.13: Institutional Capacity-Strengthening Plan

S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Duration Cost Person (USS $) 1 Personnel require PMU Training In-depth Remote 4 days 30,000 appreciation of WB‟s, consideration of the sensing and seminar PC, Environment Federal/State mitigation measures environmental and safeguards environmental policies, as proffered by the science specialist, Project well as, an application of ESMP. Satellite specialist engineer and these policies in Image interpretation Social safeguards implementing the World of the Umuomeji, specialist. The Bank support for Umuturu, Ezemazu, estimated number Umuomeji, Umuturu, Urualla watershed of participant is Ezemazu, Urualla Gully imagery for critical ten (10) persons Erosion control. assessment of changes overtime 2 NEWMAP institutional Community General Remote 2 days 15,000 arrangement target environmental sensing and workshop Umuomeji, audience responsible for awareness seminar environmental Umuturu, site monitoring and liaise that will include science

between community and Ezemazu, Urualla ecological and specialist the Imo State NEWMAP Gully Erosion Site social science and contractors Committee and principles, as it Community affect Umuomeji, Associations Umuturu, Ezemazu, members. The Urualla Gully estimated number Erosion site. of participant is Mitigation measures Twenty Five (25) proffered in the persons. ESMP. Total 45,000

6.7 Implementation Schedule An implementation schedule gives a clear-cut direction on the timeline for the implementation of the stipulated mitigation measures. It is anticipated that each of the stated measures should be time-based for suitable implementation and appropriate monitoring. Table 6.14 documents the schedule for the mitigation measures with respective time lapse. However, this is not rigid as human circumstances might bring a modification and when such arise, all concern parties must be informed.

Table 6.14: ESMP Implementation Schedule Mitigation Mitigation Timeline (Monthly) S/N measures st nd rd th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th th for: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21th 22th 23th 24 1. Pre- construction phase Community sensitization about the project. ii. Land Acquisition 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts 2. Biological impacts 3. Socioeconomic impacts 4. Public health 3. Operation and maintenance phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic & transportation, and health and safety

6.8 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis The cost analysis illustrated here is structured to ensure that each of the identified mitigation measures is successful and proficiently implemented. It is designed exclusively for each of the activities identified for each of the phases of the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Rehabilitation project as shown in Tables 6.5 to 6.6. Hence, it covers the preconstruction, the construction and the operation phases‟ mitigation measures as essential. Therefore, the cost is designed for a global spread across the stated measures. Table 6.9 illustrates the synoptic details of the ESMP costing for the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Rehabilitation project with estimation in U.S. Dollar.

Table 6.15: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Project ESMP Implementation S/N ESMP Activities Cost Estimate ($) Mitigation Measures (Included in Project cost) Monitoring ( Implementation and Mitigation Measures) Pre-construction Phase 3,000

Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 15,105

1 Biological Impacts 4,500 Socioeconomic Impacts 6,750 Public Health Impacts 9,600 Sub-Total 38,955

Operation Phase 10,900 Total for Monitoring 49,855

Institutional Capacity reinforcement Programme

2 PMU 35,000 Community 10,000 Total for Institutional Capacity 45,000

94,855 Grand Total

ESMP Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as the World Bank Info Shop. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities; impacts anticipated and proposed environmental management actions.

CHAPTER SEVEN

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has provided a distinct modus operandi, including action plans to incorporate environmental and social considerations into the proposed gully erosion rehabilitation project at the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site positioned in Ideato North Local Government Area (LGA), Imo State, Nigeria. The study measures the basic biophysical and social baseline information of the proposed intervention site, identifies susceptible environmental parameters, which may be positively and or negatively impacted upon at the different identified phases of the project development, and presents the necessary mitigation measures for such identified impacts. However since the development objective of Imo NEWMAP project is to restore gully erosion induced damage and to reduce longer-term gully erosion vulnerability in the targeted areas, this ESMP designed for the proposed Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla gully project intervention, also adequately provides the guidelines for achieving the Imo NEWMAP objectives without compromising the tangible and intangible human and environmental values within the proposed project area.

The ESMP study has established that most residents in the area engage in rain-fed smallholder farming activities. Throughout the data assembly process, participants generally appraised their living standard and socioeconomic status as “average”, which is typical of a semi-urban and rural environment in the State. An assessment of the state of affairs illustrated that the nature and extent of the development of the gully erosion has increased the vulnerability of lives and properties within the watershed. This shows the extent of convolution of the gully erosion formation in the area. The proposed intervention works will positively impacts on human lives, flora and the general environment. Likewise, the residents of Urualla community have also drastically expressed their desires for the intervention, by calling for better drainage system and access road to enhance their socio-economic lives. Hence, the proposed gully erosion intervention project is a welcome development by the affected communities. Finally, to improve the dividend of the proposed project at all phases of project implementation, the mitigation measures provided in the current Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla ESMP should be stringently considered.

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APPENDIX I

NEWMAP Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Intervention Site

Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey. The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight on proposed NEWMAP intervention at Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion Site in Urualla, Imo State. This provides you the opportunity to contribute to the environmental and social components of the project implementation.

NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.

Settlement/Community: ………………………… State…………………../L.G.A: …….…………………… Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….…………… Date: ..……………..…………… Coordinates: Northing ………………………… Easting …………………………………

Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural

SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed 4. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Self Employed (g) Social Support (h) unemployed (i) Others specify…………………… 5. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non Resident, Visiting 6. Ethnic Group: (a) Igbo (b) Hausa (c) Yoruba (d) Ijaw (d) Other, specify……… 7. Religion: (a) Islam (b) Christianity (c) Traditional 8. Relationship to Household Head (HH): (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify…... 9. Size of the HH …………………………… No. of Adults (Above 18) Men Women No. of Children (below 18) Boys Girls

10. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 11. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ……………. (Location/LGA/State)

12. Education: (a) No formal education (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate

Education of young household member 12.1 Does anyone in your household A Yes b No currently attend school (If no, skip to 2)

8.2. What level of education are they? School Category Number (Place name) a Primary b Junior High

c Senior High/ Tech/ Voc d Post-Secondary

12.3. How long does it take to get to a <5 mins b 5-15 mins school? c 15-30 mins d 30-60 mins (Note response to each school accessed) e 60+ mins

12.4. What method of transport is used to a Foot b Bicycle get to school? c Mini bus d Taxi

(Note response to each school accessed) e Private Car f Okada g Tri-cycle

13. Are you in anyway affected by the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion (a) yes (b) no 14. If question 11 is yes, how (a) damage to Agric/farmland (b) Damage to building/property (c) loss of landed / Building property(d) Damage to household utensils/personal belonging (e) economic loss due to inability to access or operate means of livelihoods (f) others specify……… 15. Do Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion prevent children from going to school? (a) Yes (b) No 16. If question 15 is yes, how regular is the occurrence? (a) Often(b) frequently(c) rarely

SECTION B: Health Status 1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion? (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, in what way?(a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria (e)Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify…………………… 3. Does the prevalence / occurrence of the disease(s) become severeduring flood periods (a) Yes (b) No 4. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify…………………………. 5. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one. 6. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly?

Degree Degree Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never Ailment Always Sparingly Seldom Never

Whooping Cough Rheumatism Tuberculosis Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma

Hypertension Typhoid fever Congestive health problem Malaria

Sickle cell Pneumonia anaemia Sexually transmitted Epilepsy diseases

6. Do you think your health condition will be affected by the proposed intervention at Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion site? (a) Yes (b) No 7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify:…………………………………… 8. Please suggest how this can be averted during construction and implementation……………………………………………………………………………………….

SECTION C. Standard of Living / Socio-Economic Activities 1. Assets 1.1 Do you have any of the following items Item Quantity Item Quantity a. radio / tape k. beds b.recorder television l. furniture set

c. DVD player m. fan d. telephone (land n. computer e.line) mobile phone o. generator

f. stove p. mosquito nets g. fridge q. insect screens h. hunting trap r. other (specify)

1.2 What sort of transport does your family own Item Quantity Item Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)

1.3 What mode of transport do you frequently use Item Quantity Item Quantity a. bicycle f. car b. motorcycle/okada g. truck c. canoe h. taxi d. boat i. bus e. tri-cycle j. other (specify)

1.4 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - Walls Plastered mud c. Number of rooms 1-2 Cement blocks 3-4 Other (specify) Other (specify) b. Construction material - roofing Corrugated roofing d. Other structures on Animal Pen Aluminium plot Granary

Asbestors Shops

Tile Kiosks Other (specify) Other (specify) e. Construction material - floor Earthen Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of housing Owned Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify

2. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify……… 2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Palm (f) (g) (h) (i) Gas PHCN Generator Lantern Candle Oil Torchlight Wood Kerosene Lamp Battery

2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking? (a) Fire (b) Coal (c) (d) (e) Animal (f) Gas (g) Crop Others Wood Kerosene Electricity dropping Residue/saw dust

3.0 Sources of Water for drinking for cooking for bathing and washing a. Well Yes No Yes No Yes No b. Borehole Yes No Yes No Yes No c. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No d. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No e. Piped water outside Yes No Yes No Yes No f. Riverdwelling Yes No Yes No Yes No h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No k. Other (specify) Yes No Yes No Yes No

4.0 Income State your main income per month N

4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No 2. If yes, how much (per month) N

5.0 Other Income 1. Do you have other income streams Yes No 2. If yes, please specify the amount? YesN No 6. Total Income

1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? N

7. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? (a) Same (b) Better (c) Worse 8. Is the option in 7 propelled by the Gully Erosion problem (a) Yes (b) No 9. If 8 is yes, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation? (a) Yes (b) No 10. If 9 is yes specify how the project will improve the situation ……………………… 11. How do you ensure gender equity in the community? (a) Women are elected in public office (b) Females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) Quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community based organizations (d) Others specify…………………………………………...

SECTION D: Resources/ Cultural Property 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause can be linked to Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosioning ? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Bad lands

(e) environmental degradation (f) Degraded land (i) Destruction of infrastructures (j) Others (specify) ………………………….. 2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) …………………………. 3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) encroachment of land properties (j) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (k) Others (specify) ………………………….. 4. Do you think the proposed intervention project will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area? (a) Yes (b) No 5. If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property ………………………… 6. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: ……………………………

SECTION E: Intervention Project Activities Impact Evaluation 1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) Yes (b) No 2. If yes, from which source (a) Community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify……………………………. 3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) Yes (b) No If 3 is yes how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness? (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: …………………………… 5. How will the proposed intervention project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

6. Can you name some of the animals and other habitat at the gully erosion site that may be affected by the proposed intervention project? ……………………………………………………………………… 7. What do you expect from the activities of NEWMAP intervention? (a) employment of Locals during construction (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify…………………….. 8. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the intervention project in your area, please state clearly? ……………………...…………………………………………………………………………

APPENDIX II: Minutes of the Town hall Meetings and FGDs

Items Description Name of Stakeholder : Urualla Community, Ideato North LGA, Imo State Date: 07/02/2016 Venue: Eze of Urualla‟s Palace Language of Communication: Igbo, Pidgin-English, English Participants present ESMP consultants Imo NEWMAP social livelihood officer Imo State NEWMAP Assistant Environmental Safeguard Office Urualla community members Opening Remarks The Social livelihood officer introduced the consultants and briefly explained the reasons for their visit; their aims and its relationship with the proposed intervention project. The NEWMAP livelihood officer further sensitized the community members about the intervention and emphasized the need for their cooperation. There was a general introduction of community members among which are:  Community elders  Youth leader  Women leader ESMP Consultant‟s Remarks The ESMP consultants explained in details the need for the ESMP in and Queries preparation for the project execution. He also emphasised the need for public consultation which is designed to elicit from the residents their perception about the proposed project. He thanked the members of the communities for their cooperation and solicited that this should be extended to other consultants and contractors coming. He thereafter asked them the following questions:  The history of Gully Erosion in the area  The impact of the Gully Erosion on the social and economic status of the area  The knowledge of NEWMAP and the proposed intervention  Perception of the communities of the proposed intervention project  Social and Cultural issues that may trigger conflicts that will disrupt the intervention project  Assistance the communities are ready to give to consultants and contractors  Suggestions on environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness The Head of the community (Eze of Urualla) welcomed the consultant Community Response and the NEWMAP officials. He thereafter asked for the name of the ESMP consultancy firm and their location. He further explained that gully erosion problem in the community has come be an annual hazard in the project area The impact of the menace is multi-faceted among which are: o Destruction of farms o Destruction of building (ancestral homes) o Deaths(12 direct fatalities) o Massive emigration out of the community o Siltation of River Orashi which is the main source of drinking water in

the community o Destruction of raffia palms leading to the shortage of palm wine o Inhibition of flood plain farming o Destruction of business (abandoned markets, paper mill and poultry) o Destruction of roads leading to reduced access to health centers and other basic service facilities o Fear, anxiety among others  With reference to their knowledge of NEWMAP and proposed intervention project, most of them opined that they are aware and wished it sees the light of the day and it is holistic.  They passionately seek been involved in the execution of the project based on their past experience.  They also want the project to be given to a foreign contractor since they do no longer have confidence in local construction firms.  With regards to the impact of the potential intervention project on the community, they noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the project should not stop the intervention project.  No specific cultural or social issues can trigger or disrupt the implementation of the project. When any of such arise they would be treated in such a way as they do not jeopardise the successful execution of the project.  The community members are ready to give their best advice, skills and other required assistance to the contractor in the intervention project.  Specifically: o The landlords are ready to accommodate those coming for the project in their buildings at a reasonable rate o The youth are ready to render their service since most of them are artisans o The women are ready to render cutlery services to the camp o Adequate security for the contractors and their equipment is assured  In addition to intervention project, the community wants the following: o Good drainage system to forestall future erosional problems o Participation in the project by supplying construction materials o Monitoring of the project with their own engineers o Good schools o Potable water for domestic use o Health center o Queries and Concerns Queries  The engineering design of the project to be provided to inform the community members of the project alignnment  When the project will commence  Genuineness of the Project  The Safety of the project corridor Concerns  The neglect of qualified and available workforce in the area during construction and operation will potentially cause conflict  The involvement of the youth and other members of the community in the implementation of the project will also engender ownership and protection of the project.  Public smoking of Indian hemp and intake of other hard drugs is seriously frowned at in the community  Married women are taboo and should not be sexually involved with even if they desire it Closing Remark The consultant thanked all those present for their response. He promised to report their concerns in the ESMP report.

Items Description Name of Stakeholder : Sir Innocent Okoroama (Community Leader) Date: 08/02/2016 Venue: Sir Innocent Okoroama’s House

Language of Communication: Igbo, Pidgin-English, English ESMP consultants Participants present Imo NEWMAP social livelihood officer. Imo State NEWMAP Assistant Environmental Safeguard Office. Youth leader and some community elders. Opening Remarks The youth leader introduced the consultants and briefly explained the reasons for their visit; their aims and its relationship with the proposed intervention project. He further sensitized the consultant and all those present about the contribution of the stakeholder in the mitigation of gully erosion in the community. ESMP Consultant‟s Remarks and The ESMP consultant explained in details the need for the ESMP in Queries preparation for the project execution. He also emphasised the need for public consultation which is designed to elicit from the residents their perception about the proposed project. He thanked the members of the communities for their cooperation and solicited that this should be extended to other consultants and contractors coming. He thereafter asked them the following questions:  The history of Gully Erosion in the area  The impact of the Gully Erosion on the social and economic status of the area  The knowledge of NEWMAP and the proposed intervention  Perception of the communities of the proposed implementation of the proposed intervention project  Social and Cultural issues that may trigger conflicts that will disrupt the intervention project  Assistance the communities are ready to give to consultants and contractors  Suggestions on environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness

The impact of the gully erosion is multi-faceted and include: Community Response o Destruction of farms o Destruction of building o Deaths o Loss of business premises and times o Disruption of movement  Regarding their knowledge of NEWMAP and the proposed intervention project, the respondent opined that he is aware. Specifically, he noted that he is one of the community members who engendered the coming of the NEWMAP intervention project to the community emphasising that it is one of the priority sites in the state.  Several palliative measures have been undertaken in the past.  He was responsible for grading and construction of drainage in the community to reduce the impact of the gully erosion  Survey of the area was carried out even before the coming of NEWMAP using personal income  The prepared survey was built upon by the NEWMAP  With regards to the impact of the potential intervention project on the community, he noted that the temporary potential adverse impact of the project should not stop the intervention project.  No specific cultural or social issues can trigger or disrupt the implementation of the project.  Full cooperation and support will be given to the contractor

Queries and Concerns Queries include:  The execution date for the project  The exact areas that will be affected by the project Concerns  The engagement of foreign contractors for the construction  The neglect of qualified and available workforce in the area during construction and operation will potentially cause conflict  The involvement of the youth and other members of the community in the implementation of the project will also engender ownership and protection of the project. Closing Remark The consultant thanked all those present for their response. He promised to report their concerns in the ESMP report.

APPENDIX III: Attendance at Urualla Town hall Meeting

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Appendix IV:Indicative Environmental Code of Conduct and Clauses for Contractors

1. Environmental Code of Conduct for Infrastructure Development

SN Potential Impact Codes of Conduct Pre-construction/Construction Phase . Channel alignment may pass through cultivated and forested land resulting . Plan infrastructure such as road/channel alignment to in a permanent loss of the resources. minimize loss of resources. . While the landowner has to part away 1 Land Use . Avoid width of infrastructure such as road of more than 4.5 m with his land ownership, the in hilly area. environmental effects can amplify if . Demarcate RoW to avoid encroachment. proper operation and maintenance schedules are overruled. . Excess extraction of local resources, such as wood, sand, soil, boulders, etc. . Degradation of forests, erosion and . Extract materials only on need basis. 2 Material Use landslide at steep locales due to . Avoid sensitive areas, such as steep slopes and water-ways. boulder, stone extraction. . Change in river/stream ecosystem due to unchecked sand extraction. . Extraction of forest products and . Extract carefully and secure the top soil within 25 cm from cutting of trees in the steep slopes the surface. increases soil erosion/landslide due to . Limit down grading of the infrastructure such as channel to loss of soil binding materials. design specification. . Wrong alignment can trigger slope 3 Slope Stability . Keep optimum balance in extraction and filling of soil works. failure . geo-hazardous assessment and mapping . Haphazard disposal of construction . Use designated disposal site and avoid side casting of spoil waste can disturb slopes . Provide proper drainage . Improper drainage facilities can result . Use bio-engineering on exposed slopes in erosion and landslides . Wildlife habitats at forests, shrub land . Avoid as much as possible areas with high biodiversity. within watershed catchment / channel . Efficient movement of machinery and other traffic. alignment such as road alignment are . Control poaching activities and regulate movement of labor affected from the infrastructure such force and their dependents into the forest area. 4 Wildlife as road construction activities. . District Forest Office and its subsidiary body should be . Wildlife and human conflicts increase involved in monitoring the activities of the construction workers as wildlife might destroy the crops or and officials to minimize wildlife harassing, trapping and attack the construction worker. poaching. . Higher flow rate of surface water and water logging induce landslides, . It is strongly recommended that the cross drainage outlets erosion. must be channeled to the confirmed natural drains. 5 Drainage . Quality of infrastructure such as road . If horizontal slope exceeds 5%, construction of flow control diminishes due to poor drainage such device necessary every 20m. as water logging, immense flow rate of surface water. . Protected areas and highly forested . Use minimum and efficient use of wood products for areas. construction. Protection of 6 . Degradation of forest areas. . Initiate plantation at damaged and damage prone areas. Vegetation . Degradation of agricultural land. . Increase liability of local forest user groups. . Avoid protected areas or densely forested areas . Selected spoil dumping sites should be used. . After disposal, the area should be leveled and compacted. Disposal of . Dumping of wastes along the . It is recommended to conserve the soil by planting indigenous 7 Construction infrastructure such as road or plants including grasses. Wastes elsewhere. . Wastes could also be used as leveling materials along the infrastructure such as roadside. . Unmanaged sanitary waste disposal Disposal of . Proper sanitation area needs to be demarked. 8 creating health problems and public Sanitary Wastes . Check for hygiene of work force. nuisance. Impacts on . Infrastructure such as road crossings 9 amenities along at water supply, irrigation lines may . Avoid as much as possible the crossing over such amenities. RoW be disturbed/damaged.

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. Dust generation from construction . Possibly construction period should be during August to activities, construction vehicular December when soil moisture content is most. movement increases air pollution. . Consider construction of channels such at 50 m buffer from . Noise pollution likely from 10 Pollution settlement. construction machinery operation and . Enforce speed limit of vehicles and construct the vehicular movement. infrastructure such as road according to volume and size of traffic . Sanitary problems likely at the movement. construction and workforce quarters. Operation Phase . Unmanaged settlement, construction 1 Encroachment . Establish RoW properly and enforce its limits. along the RoW. . Cross drain structures, namely pipe culverts, slab culverts, . Concentrated flow left unattended box culverts, need to be maintained. Interruption of might have severe impact at the . Outlet of these structures would be carrying the concentrated 2 Water Flow downhill alignment of the run off flow of the respective catchment, which will be quite high along RoW infrastructure such as road and during rainy season, which in turn would require proper planning existing channels. of drainage systems. . Dust generation from vehicular . Enforce speed limit of vehicles. Pollution/Vehic movement increases air pollution. 3 . Maintain traffic size movement. ular Emission . Noise pollution likely from vehicular . Discourage use of horns. movement. . construction activity is likely to increase landscape scars along the infrastructure such as road alignment. . Such damage cannot be avoided but can be minimized . In addition if the construction spoils 4 Aesthetics through re-plantation of indigenous species and greenery are disposed off improperly, the development. ground vegetation would be destroyed which will be visible from a distance.

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Appendix -2: General Environmental Management Conditions For Construction Contracts

General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in the Umuomeji, Umuturu, Ezemazu, Urualla Gully Erosion site Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Environmental Officer (EO) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the EO for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor‟s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access infrastructure such as roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access infrastructure such as roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Edo State NEWMAP and other supervising agencies for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the EO, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-

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physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.

Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations.

7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.

8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally.

9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.

10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the infrastructure such as road, but removed and reused or disposed ofon a daily basis.

11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

Material Excavation and Deposit 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.

15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.

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20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or infrastructure such as road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.

Traffic Management 39. Location of access infrastructure such as roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access infrastructure such as roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access infrastructure such as roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access infrastructure such as roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions.

Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels.

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Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client‟s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.

Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate infrastructure such as road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner‟s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation.

Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:

 For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor‟s EHS performance.

55. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor‟s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.

EHS Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed in Annex 6. It is expected that the Contractor‟s reports will include information on: 107

 EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;  Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);  Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his ownrecords on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as Annexes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE‟s reports to the Client.

Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:  EHS in general (working procedures);  emergency procedures; and  social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).

Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for Compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact.

3. Example Format: EHS Report

Contract: Period of reporting: EHS Management Actions/Measures: Summarize EHS management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), EHS training, specific design and work measures taken, etc.

EHS incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.

EHS compliance: Report on compliance with Contract EHS conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.

Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects.

Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor Representative

EHS Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

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Originators Reference No:......

Date of Incident:...... Time:......

Location of incident:......

Name of Person(s) involved:...... Employing Company:...... Type of Incident:...... Description of Incident:

Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date):...... Contractor Representative

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Stakeholder Consultation with Sir Okoroama Washing and Bathing at Orashi River

Desilting of Orashi River

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