Geriatric Neuropsychology STUDIES on NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, NEUROLOGY and COGNITION
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Geriatric Neuropsychology STUDIES ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, NEUROLOGY AND COGNITION Series Editor: Linas Bieliauskas, Ph.D. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Other titles in this series: Fundamentals of Functional Brain Imaging: A Guide to the Methods and their Applications to Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience. Andrew C. Papanicolaou Forensic Neuropsychology: Fundamentals and Practice. Edited by Jerry J. Sweet Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis. Konstantine K. Zakzanis, Larry Leach, and Edith Kaplan Minority and Cross-Cultural Aspects of Neuropsychological Assessment. Edited by F. Richard Ferraro Ethical Issues in Clinical Neuropsychology. Edited by Shane S. Bush and Michael L. Drexler Practice of Child-Clinical Neuropsychology: An Introduction. Byron P. Rourke, Harry van der Vlugt, and Sean B. Rourke The Practice of Clinical Neuropsychology. A Survey of Practice and Settings. Edited by Greg J. Lamberty, John C. Courtney, and Robert L. Heilbronner Neuropsychological Rehabilitation: Theory and Practice. Edited by Barbara E. Wilson Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports. An International Neuropsychological Perspective. Edited by Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, and Michael W. Collins Methodological and Biostatistical Foundations of Clinical Neuropsychology and Medical and Health Disciplines. Edited by Domenic V. Cicchetti and Byron P. Rourke A Casebook of Ethical Challenges in Neuropsychology. Edited by Shane S. Bush Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives. Volume I Foundations and Methods. Stanley Berent and James W. Albers Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives. Volume II Peripheral Nervous System. James W. Albers and Stanley Berent Brain Injury Treatment: Theories and Practices. Jose Leon-Carrion, Klaus R. H. Von Wild, and George Zitnay Geriatric Neuropsychology Practice Essentials Edited by Shane S. Bush & Thomas A. Martin Psychology Press Taylor & Francis Group New York London Published in 2005 by Taylor & Francis 7KLVHGLWLRQSXEOLVKHGE\3V\FKRORJ\3UHVV 3V\FKRORJ\3UHVV 3V\FKRORJ\3UHVV 7D\ORU )UDQFLV*URXS 7D\ORU )UDQFLV*URXS 7KLUG$YHQXH &KXUFK5RDG+RYH 1HZ<RUN1< (DVW6XVVH[%1)$ First issued in paperback 2014 Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Typeset in Times by Macmillan India, Bangalore, India All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geriatric neuropsychiatry : practice essentials / Shane S. Bush & Thomas A. Martin, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-84169-443-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Geriatric neuropsychology. I. Bush, Shane S., 1965– . II. Martin, Thomas A., 1965– RC451.4.A5G468 2005 618.97Ј68–dc22 2005012733 ISBN13: 978-1-84169-443-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-1-138-00997-4 (pbk) This book is dedicated to: Dana, Sarah, and Megan S.B. My parents, whose support knows no bounds. My brother, Brad, whose spirit is with me always. And Rhoda, Lauren, Dalton, and Kyle who have brought unimaginable joy to my life. T.M. This page has been left blank intentionally Contents List of plates and figures xiv List of tables xvi About the editors xvii List of contributors xix From the series editor xxi Preface xxiii Section I Introduction 1 Introduction 3 SHANE S. BUSH AND THOMAS A. MARTIN Settings 3 Referral questions 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 4 Consumer education/prevention 5 Conclusion 5 References 5 Section II Assessment 9 1 The clinical interview 11 JACOBUS DONDERS Understanding the referral 11 Making the first contact 12 Beginning the interview 13 History of the presenting problem 14 viii Contents Other personal history 15 Wrapping up 17 Conclusion 18 References 18 2 Selection and use of screening measures in geriatric neuropsychology 21 JEAN LENGENFELDER AND JOHN DELUCA Screening for mental status/cognitive functioning 23 Screening for depression and other psychiatric symptoms 31 Screening for behavioral or functional impairment 32 Conclusions 34 References 34 3 Neuropsychological batteries for older adults 41 JOHN L. WOODARD AND BRADLEY N. AXELROD What is neuropsychological assessment of the older patient? 42 Complicating variables with older adults 42 Special needs of older adults during neuropsychological assessment 45 Neuropsychological batteries for older adults 46 Fixed battery approaches 49 Flexible battery approaches 56 Functional capacity 64 Symptom validity testing with older adults 71 Summary 72 References 73 4 Applications of technology to assessment and intervention with older adults 85 PHILIP SCHATZ Applications of Internet use with older adults 85 Applications of technology to assessment of older adults 86 Technological adaptations in neuropsychological assessment 89 Summary 92 References 92 5 Test accommodations in geriatric neuropsychology 97 BRUCE CAPLAN AND JUDITH A. SHECHTER Pertinent professional standards and guidelines 98 Factors that may warrant nonstandard modification in the assessment of older adults 102 Contents ix Research on specific modifications 104 Conclusion 109 Notes 110 References 110 6 Cultural considerations in the neuropsychological assessment of older adults 115 DESIREE A. BYRD AND JENNIFER J. MANLY Definition of culture 116 Culture and geriatric assessment 116 Dementia 125 Sources of cultural effects on neuropsychological test performance 125 Conclusions 130 References 131 7 Structural and functional neuroimaging findings in normal and pathological aging 141 JAMES T. BECKER, HOWARD AIZENSTEIN, AND MERYL A. BUTTERS Structural neuroimaging 141 Functional neuroimaging 148 Summary and conclusions 155 Acknowledgements 155 Note 155 References 155 Section III Neuropsychological disorders 165 8 Neuropsychology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 167 RONALD F. ZEC AND NICOLE R. BURKETT Chapter overview 167 Epidemiology 168 Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease 168 Neuropathologic criteria for the diagnosis of AD 171 The use of neuropsychological assessment in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease 172 Early detection of Alzheimer dementia 174 Brief mental status tests and neuropsychological batteries for evaluation of dementia 175 Attention 177 x Contents General cognitive slowing in aging and AD 178 Executive functioning and problem solving 178 Awareness of deficit 179 Memory impairment in AD 180 Language 185 Visuospatial functioning 187 Mild cognitive impairment 189 Differential diagnosis of AD and other dementing disorders 190 Treatment and case management 200 Conclusions 205 References 206 9 Cerebrovascular disorders: Neurocognitive and neurobehavioral features 219 STEPHEN N. MACCIOCCHI, AMY L. ALDERSON, AND SARA L. SCHARA Epidemiology and risk 219 Pathophysiology 221 Neurocognitive–neurobehavioral networks and stroke 222 Neurovascular syndromes: Neurobehavioral and neurocognitive features 225 Functional outcome 236 Summary and conclusions 239 References 239 10 Neuropsychology of Parkinson’s disease and its dementias 243 ALEXANDER I. TRÖSTER AND STEVEN PAUL WOODS Historical perspectives 243 Epidemiology and genetics 244 Neuropathology and pathophysiology 246 Neurobehavioral features of Parkinson’s disease 250 Purposes of clinical neuropsychological assessment 263 Process-oriented assessment of the patient with Parkinson’s disease 264 Comments on differentiating Lewy body, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s dementias 273 Impact of pharmacological and surgical treatments on cognition 273 Acknowledgement 278 References 278 Contents xi 11 Traumatic brain injury and the older adult 301 THOMAS A. MARTIN AND BRICK JOHNSTONE Neuropathology of traumatic brain injury 302 Neuropsychological sequelae of traumatic brain injury in the older adult 305 Neuropsychological assessment of older adults with traumatic brain injury 308 Interpretation of data for older adults with traumatic brain injury 312 Treatment considerations for older adults with traumatic brain injury 314 Conclusion 317 References 317 Section IV Clinical considerations 325 12 Co-occurring psychiatric and neurological impairments in older adults 327 MARY R. HIBBARD, SABRINA BREED, TERESA ASHMAN, AND JULIE WILLIAMS Unique diagnostic issues in older adults 327 Depression in older adults 328 Anxiety disorders in older adults 336 Psychotic disorders in older adults 340 Psychiatric interventions with older adults 341 Psychotherapeutic interventions with older adults 342 Conclusions 349 Acknowledgements 350 References 350 13 Sleep disorders and geriatric neuropsychology 363 MANFRED F. GREIFFENSTEIN Basic sleep terminology 363 Measurement issues in sleep medicine 365 Sleep and aging 369 Neuropsychological studies 375 Concluding comments 378 References 378 xii Contents 14 Geriatric pain and neuropsychological assessment 385 FELICIA HILL-BRIGGS, JENNIFER JACOBSON KIRK, AND STEPHEN T. WEGENER Pain classification, prevalence, and underdiagnosis 385 Neurological mechanisms of pain in aging and dementia 386 Pain assessment in older adults 388 Pain assessment in populations with severe cognitive impairment 390 Neuropsychological functioning in chronic pain patients 390 Clinical recommendations 395 References