Multilingualism in LUCIDE city report

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1 Errata and updates, including broken links: www.urbanlanguages.eu/cityreports/errata

Authors: Joseph Lo Bianco University of Melbourne © LUCIDE Project and LSE 2015 All images © University of Melbourne unless otherwise stated Design by LSE Design Unit Published by: LSE Academic Publishing

This report may be used or quoted for non-commercial reasons so long as both the LUCIDE consortium and the EC Lifelong Learning Program funding are acknowledged.

www.urbanlanguages.eu www.facebook.com/urbanlanguages @urbanlanguages

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

ISBN: 978-1-909890-17-6

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author(s), and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Contents

Abstract 2 1. Introduction 2 2. Melbourne – a multicultural community 3 3. The LUCIDE network 8 3.1. Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the education sphere 8 3.2. Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the public sphere 9 3.3. Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the economic sphere 9 3.4. Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the private sphere: community services and facilities 9 4. Conclusion 11 References 12

1 Abstract This document provides an account of the multilingual and multicultural contexts in the city of Melbourne, . The report provides some background information and only a brief overview and should not be considered a definitive account of the current multicultural situation in this city.

1. Introduction Melbourne is the capital of and is located in the south-eastern part of mainland Australia. The city has an area of 37.7 sq km, it comprises a central business district (CBD) and 8,806 sq km of suburbs which spread for approximately 40 km to the south, 30 km to the east and 20 km to the north and also the west. The entire Melbourne metropolitan area has a population of 3,999,982 (in 2011) and each year the city hosts over a million international visitors. The population comprises people from many different cultures and, whilst the official language is English, more than 100 languages are spoken by the people living in this city.

2 2. Melbourne – a multicultural community The city of Melbourne is a culturally diverse community comprising groups of people from over 140 nations.

Migration The multicultural population originated from a wide range of countries and arrived in Victoria by four waves of immigration. Displacing the area’s original inhabitants, the first wave of immigration originated from Europe, it was mainly Anglo-Celtic and occurred in the 1830s. The second wave, which saw the arrival of a considerable number of Chinese, occurred in the 1850s during the Gold Rush. The third wave of immigration was after WWII and consisted of refugees and displaced people as well as assisted migrants from Europe. The fourth wave of immigration, mainly from Cambodia and Vietnam, occurred after the 1970s. Most recently, since 2006 the largest number of migrants has originated from India, China, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Other countries with large number of arrivals include Afghanistan, Vietnam, Pakistan, Sudan and Burma. Moreover, a considerable number of international students contribute to Melbourne’s multicultural community.

Demographic profile According to the 2011 Census, Melbourne is home to 3,999,982 people and 18,025 Aboriginal and make up 0.5 per cent of the population. Of the 1,257,388 overseas born residents, just over 24 per cent of the people living in Melbourne come from countries where English is not the first language whilst 287,560 come from English speaking countries.

Place of birth Approximately 44 per cent of the population in Melbourne is born overseas and includes traditional migration sources such as the United Kingdom, and countries in Asia. Most commonly, the place of birth of Melbourne residents is: Australia, Malaysia, China, the United Kingdom, Indonesia and New Zealand. Two emerging communities, that is, Somali and Korean born people are included in the top ten countries of birth of Melbourne’s residents for the first time.

3 Overseas population countries of origin – Ranked by size Country of birth Number % Country of birth Number % United Kingdom 165,487 4.1 Egypt 11,911 0.3 India 106,549 2.7 Mauritius 11,191 0.3 China 90,934 2.3 Cambodia 11,089 0.3 Italy 68,799 1.7 South Korea 9,787 0.2 New Zealand 67,076 1.7 Thailand 9,549 0.2 Vietnam 67,041 1.7 Fiji 9,025 0.2 Greece 48,292 1.2 Afghanistan 8,931 0.2 Sri Lanka 42,674 1.1 Pakistan 8,757 0.2 Bosnia and Malaysia 38,059 1.0 8,532 0.2 Herzegovina Philippines 33,923 0.8 Cyprus 7,851 0.2 South Africa 21,806 0.5 Iran 6,958 0.2 Germany 21,501 0.5 Chile 6,864 0.2 Malta 18,058 0.5 Canada 6,516 0.2 Hong Kong 17,559 0.4 Sudan 6,399 0.2 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 17,378 0.4 Japan 6,230 0.2 Lebanon 15,601 0.4 Russian Federation 5,765 0.1 Turkey 15,491 0.4 Ukraine 5,456 0.1 Poland 15,100 0.4 Taiwan 5,371 0.1 Serbia/Montenegro (fomer Yugoslavia) 14,733 0.4 Burma (Myanmar) 5,071 0.1 Indonesia 14,682 0.4 Romania 5,050 0.1 Croatia 14,645 0.4 France 4,946 0.1 United States of America 14,329 0.4 East Timor 4,854 0.1 Netherlands 13,986 0.3 Bangladesh 4,834 0.1 Singapore 13,021 0.3 Hungary 4,802 0.1 Ireland 12,346 0.3 Ethiopia 4,328 0.1 Iraq 12,060 0.3 Nepal 4,120 0.1

Source: http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/2GMEL

4 Languages spoken Melbourne’s population is linguistically diverse and an indication of this diversity is the percentage of the people who speak a language other than English. Including English, around 122 languages are spoken by people living in Melbourne and, as well as diversity, this information also indicates to which degree the various ethnic groups retain their language and details the abilities and communication needs of the city’s population. In summary, 2,652,580 people, 66.3 per cent of Melbourne residents, speak only English at home and 1,162,853 (29.1 per cent) speak a language other than English.

Languages spoken at home – Ranked by size Language (excludes English) Number % Language (excludes English) Number % Greek 113,455 2.8 Urdu 10,690 0.3 Italian 112,682 2.8 Korean 10,035 0.3 Mandarin 100,639 2.5 Assyrian/Aramaic 9,842 0.2 Vietnamese 85,112 2.1 Gujarati 9,046 0.2 Cantonese 71,240 1.8 Malayalam 8,388 0.2 Arabic 65,432 1.6 Japanese 7,695 0.2 Hindi 31,617 0.8 Samoan 7,189 0.2 Turkish 31,199 0.8 Telugu 7,044 0.2 Punjabi 29,533 0.7 Dutch 6,865 0.2 Macedonian 29,384 0.7 Thai 6,771 0.2 Filipino/Tagalog 28,286 0.7 Chinese, nfd 6,721 0.2 Spanish 27,626 0.7 Hungarian 6,628 0.2 Sinhalese 27,433 0.7 Bengali 6,526 0.2 Croatian 18,849 0.5 Albanian 6,139 0.2 Maltese 17,213 0.4 Bosnian 5,800 0.1 Persian/Dari 17,056 0.4 Somali 5,573 0.1 Tamil 16,941 0.4 Hakka 5,500 0.1 German 16,273 0.4 Non-verbal so 5,302 0.1 Serbian 16,272 0.4 Min Nan (incl.Hokkien) 5,204 0.1 Russian 15,843 0.4 Hebrew 4,871 0.1 Polish 15,150 0.4 Romanian 4,848 0.1 French 14,941 0.4 Portuguese 4,782 0.1 Indonesian 13,288 0.3 Nepali 4,388 0.1 Khmer 11,589 0.3 Malay 4,014 0.1

Source: http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/2GMEL

5 Indigenous Melbourne Melbourne is located on the traditional land of the Kulin Nation which was originally made up by five language groups – the Boonerwrung, Djajawurrung, Taungurong, Wathaurung and Wurundjeri – and named “Kulin” after their common word for human being.

To recognise, promote and support Indigenous culture in Melbourne, the city works with its indigenous community and offers many programs and a range of services, including grants, employment opportunities, initiatives and advocacy.

Impact and visibility of multicultural history Including Melbourne’s original indigenous inhabitants, the city’s population is made up of people from all over the world and about 140 cultures are represented. Some people are recent immigrants while others, such as the Chinese, Italian, Greek and Vietnamese communities, have been part of Melbourne’s history for a long time and have contributed considerably to the city’s identity.

The Chinese community After gold was discovered in the 1850s, thousands of Chinese immigrants came to Melbourne and the Victorian goldfield.

The impact of the Chinese is evident throughout Melbourne and in particular around Little Bourke Street, Melbourne’s “Chinatown”, which is a lively and colourful precinct filled with shops and restaurants.

The Italian community The main destination for Italian immigrants between the 1920s and 1950s was Carlton. Over the years the percentage of Italian residents has declined but Lygon Street is the heart of Melbourne’s “Little Italy” and it is where the city’s famous café culture was born.

Every October, the Lygon Street Festa celebrates Melbourne’s Italian heritage.

6 The Greek community Melbourne has a very large Greek community and Greek migration to Melbourne dates back to 1827 with the majority of Greek immigrants arriving between 1945 and 1982.

Melbourne’s Greek precinct is located around Lonsdale Street which is also the focal point of the Antipodes Festival celebrated every March. The precinct had its beginnings in the 1930s and today the area has many Greek cafes, restaurants, cake shops and music stores.

The Vietnamese community After the fall of Saigon in 1975, the number of Vietnamese migrants has increased considerably. Victoria Street in Abbotsford is where the Vietnamese migrants congregated and this vibrant shopping strip is the heart of the Vietnamese community.

Other culturally diverse precincts There are other culturally and linguistically diverse places in Melbourne including the Arabic precinct in Road, Coburg; the Asian precincts in Glen Waverley, Richmond, Box Hill, Footscray and Springvale; the Greek precinct in Oakleigh; the Jewish precinct in Carlisle St, St Kilda; and the Turkish precinct in Broadmeadows. These locations have been strongly influenced by migration and whether it is shops, restaurants, advertisement or simply multilingual signs, Melbourne’s and multilingualism is evident throughout the city.

7 3 The LUCIDE Network LUCIDE (Languages in Urban Communities: Integration and Diversity for Europe) is composed of university and civic partners from thirteen European cities, along with research teams from Ottawa and Melbourne. The aims of our network are to depict how communication occurs in multilingual cities and to develop ideas about how to manage multilingual citizen communities. In LUCIDE’s research activities, we are therefore interested in the real-life complexities faced by individuals in various spheres and aspects of city life. The five overarching topics we have set out to explore are:

1. Good practice in the provision of language learning opportunities for immigrants: How do immigrants learn the language of the host country and how are they helped to maintain their own languages? What happens in schools and also in adult education?

2. Social inclusion: How do cities support social inclusion through linguistic support in social services, health etc. and what kind of training is desirable in these areas? What happens about translation and interpreting?

3. Neighbouring languages: How do cities provide for communication and cultural exchange with “neighbouring languages”? What do we mean by neighbouring languages in a city context?

4. Intercultural dialogue: How do cities promote intercultural dialogue and understanding by celebrating community cultures in common spaces? What is the culture of a multilingual city?

5. New patterns of migration: Do particular challenges confront cities in countries that have traditionally been countries of emigration but are now receiving many immigrants? How do they respond to this changed perspective and what is the impact on civil society?

Our approach to researching multilingualism and plurilingualism in our cities considers language in its communicative processes and practice rather than from a more static perspective (eg, counting people/languages). These communicative processes and practices may be understood within a typology of language use:

• Symbolic/representational use of language (bottom-up, realities of everyday life – how we use language to send messages)

• Transactional/communicative (eg, pragmatic use/unofficial acceptance of ML/PL by authorities on the ground, for communicative efficiency)

• Authoritative/directive (official, uni-directional, tends towards monolingualism)

3.1 Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the education sphere Melbourne and its surrounding state of Victoria are the site of the original multicultural education movement that swept Australia in the 1970s with its related community languages focus. Since that time education in Victoria has remained the most responsive to languages other than English. In 1935 a new agency concerned with weekend language education was created, this has grown till today. The Victorian School of Languages offers some 85 languages to some 9000 students, supporting small languages, or multiple language offerings in schools, or servicing remote and rural locations. The state has a strong languages offering in schools, some 25 per cent of students complete schooling with a second language, the highest figure in Australia, and more than 47 languages are accepted for university admission scores. Community or heritage languages are supported through state and national funding and some 150 language communities benefit through such subsidies, including financial support, teacher training programs, inclusion in general provision of curriculum assistance. From 2014 Australia implements its first ever national curriculum, languages feature strongly in the curriculum but the state of Victoria is well ahead in provision of full bilingual programs and overall offerings of languages and numbers of students.

8 3.2 Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the public sphere Interpreting and translating services Melbourne residents can access information about rates, aged and disability services, waste, parking and fines, family and children’s services by ringing the Multilingual Information Lines. This service offers a translator or recorded information in a number of languages so that the needs of the city’s multilingual residents are met.

The Multicultural Language Service is an initiative provided by the Victorian Multicultural Commission to improve interpreting and translating services so this support can be more readily accessible to people with limited English proficiency.

Multicultural hub Together with the Adult Multicultural Education Services (AMES), Australia’s largest provider of education, employment and training to refugees and recently arrived migrants, the city of Melbourne manages a Multicultural Hub which provides venues where people from different cultures can meet, learn, and share their knowledge. The Multicultural Hub provides library service facilities and a number of events such as English conversation classes, help with finding employment opportunities and a music play group for children and parents.

3.3 Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the economic sphere The economy of Victoria is based on traditional manufacturing buttressed by a strong rural, dairy, fruit and agriculture sector as well as coal and other natural resources. With such a wide and mixed basis to the economy the state has become a principal place of initial settlement for immigrants, and traces its post- Aboriginal multiculturalism to the great cultural diversity found on the gold fields during the Gold Rush era of the middle of the 19th century. As a result the economy is export oriented and languages feature in the promotion of the state’s economic plans. Education exports are also a feature of the modern economy and the city of Melbourne as host to five large universities has one of the largest concentrations of international students of any city in the world.

3.4 Multilingualism and plurilingualism in the private sphere: community services and facilities Melbourne offers numerous community services and facilities tailored specifically to support its multicultural and multilingual community. Below are some examples.

Community directory The Community Directory is an online guide to local community organisations and associations and this service is provided by the Victorian Multicultural Commission.

Community language schools Under the auspices of the Ethnic Schools Association of Victoria (ESAV), over 200 community language schools offer language education in 55 languages. These courses are offered in mainstream and weekend schools.

9 Ethnic Schools – Statistical Data Language Schools Students Teachers Language Schools Students Teachers Albanian 1 52 5 Oromo 1 54 10 Arabic 21 2,942 146 Persian 1 93 9 Armenian 2 151 17 Polish 2 292 31 Assyrian 2 241 10 Portuguese 1 24 3 Bengali 2 156 12 Punjabi 1 104 8 Cambodian 1 56 13 Romanian 2 72 4 Chinese 29 11,767 351 Russian 6 559 36 Croatian 2 93 6 Serbian 3 209 8 Dinka 1 51 4 Sinhala 6 733 41 Filipino 1 53 7 Slovak 1 19 2 German 3 192 16 Slovenian 1 12 3 Greek 40 6,599 136 Somali 5 911 37 Hararian 2 313 25 Spanish 2 152 5 Hebrew 1 136 23 Swedish 1 99 6 Hindi 1 17 2 Tamil 2 365 30 Hungarian 2 71 5 Thai 2 74 15 Italian 3 905 40 Tigrinya 1 32 4 Japanese 1 437 35 Turkish 5 378 19 Korean 2 179 15 Ukrainian 1 160 23 Latvian 1 54 17 Vietnamese 18 7588 247 Maltese 1 40 4 Summary Data Languages Schools Students Teachers 42 182 36,794 1,312

Source: http://www.esav.org.au/DataSummary.php

Community radio Sixty-four community groups are connected with 3ZZZ, Melbourne’s community radio, and about 400 volunteers broadcast in 57 languages each week.

10 4. Conclusion Melbourne is a richly multicultural city, with the initial migration dating back 150 years. Some suburbs tend to be linked to specific ethnic groups, originally closer to the city centre these locations have now moved to the outer suburbs but some of the original precincts still remain. The richness that multilingual communities bring to the city is easily evident as are the networks and support structures. One of the challenges facing Melbourne is the complex linguistic repertoire, often fraught with a history of conflict with regards to language policy and practices which many of its migrant communities bring with them, but this is a challenge that would be common to other multilingual and multicultural cities.

11 References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australian 2006 Census (Census data). Retrieved 25 September 2013, http://www.abs.gov.au/census

City of Melbourne. (2006). City of Melbourne community demographic profile. Retrieved fromhttp://www.melbourne. vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/Statistics/Documents/Demographic_Profile1_Multicultural_Community.pdf

City of Melbourne. Celebrate indigenous Melbourne. Retrieved from http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ AboutMelbourne/indigenousculture/Documents/Celebrate_Indigenous_Melbourne.pdf

City of Melbourne. Melbourne in numbers. Retrieved 25 September 2013, from http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ aboutmelbourne/statistics/pages/melbournesnapshot.aspx#location

City of Melbourne. (2007). Census 2001 to 2006 – Key changes. Retrieved from http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ AboutMelbourne/Statistics/Documents/City_of_Melbourne_ABS_Census_-_2001_to_2006_Key_Changes1.pdf

Sharifian, F., and Musgrave, S. (2013). Migration and multilingualism: focus on Melbourne. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-14

12 13 Multilingualism in Dublin: LUCIDE city report (AUGUST 2013)

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