P Age URDU SS BHATTACHARYA 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Urdu As a Language Urdu Is One of the New Indo Aryan Languages of Indi
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
URDU S.S. BHATTACHARYA 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Urdu as a Language Urdu is one of the New Indo Aryan languages of India. It has been evolved from ShauraseniApabhramsha through the local dialects spoken in and around Delhi during 13th and 14th century and it incorporated a large number of words from Turkish, Arabic and Persian languages. The word ‘Urdu’ is derived from the Turkish word ‘Ordu’ which means army or crowd. Modern standard Urdu is a homogenous language. It is said that the earliest literary activities in this language started from 1442 A.D. in case of Dakkhini Urdu and since 1721 for Delhi Urdu. However, there are divergent dialects in Urdu. The dialects of Delhi and Lucknow, differing only in minor points, are considered standard Urdu with some minor divergences. Actually, the dialect is called Dahlavi, Hindvi, Khariboli and later Hindustani developed two styles viz., Hindustani and Urdu. In the process of standardization Urdu emerged as the language of the Muslim elites with a definite influence of Persianism and the Hindi or more appropriately High Hindi as the language of the Hindu elites.Generally, it can be said that there is hardly any difference as far themorphological and syntactical structure of Hindi and Urdu are concerned. Though they share almost same basic vocabulary, Urdu has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian, Arabic and to some extent Turkish languages whereas Hindi borrowed primarily from Sanskrit. Urdu, one of the major literary languages of India is specified in the schedule VIII of the Constitution. The speakers of Urdu are found to be distributed in all the States and Union Territories of India. Yet they do not constitute a majority in any State or Union Territories. Urdu is the official language in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and it is the second official language in the states of Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Telengana, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.According to 2011 census Urdu is spoken by 5,07,72,631 speakers in India. 1.2. Distribution of Urdu Language in India DISTRIBUTION OF URDU LANGUAGE IN INDIA - CENSUS 2011 Area name Total Rural Urban Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 INDIA 5,07,72,631 2,61,80,481 2,45,92,150 2,11,27,388 1,08,43,253 1,02,84,135 2,96,45,243 1,53,37,228 1,43,08,015 JAMMU & 19,956 11,137 8,819 8,609 4,803 3,806 11,347 6,334 5,013 KASHMIR HIMACHAL 5,320 3,200 2,120 3,745 2,136 1,609 1,575 1,064 511 PRADESH PUNJAB 27,387 15,348 12,039 10,715 5,706 5,009 16,672 9,642 7,030 CHANDIGARH 10,595 6,205 4,390 244 156 88 10,351 6,049 4,302 UTTARAKHAND 4,25,752 2,24,247 2,01,505 1,86,893 98,095 88,798 2,38,859 1,26,152 1,12,707 HARYANA 3,74,353 1,97,206 1,77,147 3,28,070 1,71,827 1,56,243 46,283 25,379 20,904 223 | P a g e NCT OF DELHI 8,67,673 4,62,112 4,05,561 2,921 1,631 1,290 8,64,752 4,60,481 4,04,271 RAJASTHAN 664915 342301 322614 1,13,738 58,751 54,987 5,51,177 283550 2,67,627 UTTAR 1,08,20,232 56,10,185 52,10,047 48,51,370 2,502,603 23,48,767 59,68,862 31,07,582 28,61,280 PRADESH BIHAR 87,70,002 45,39,650 42,30,352 71,22,078 36,80,912 34,41,166 16,47,924 8,58,738 7,89,186 SIKKIM 2,001 1,342 659 597 469 128 1,404 873 531 ARUNACHAL 1,294 829 465 615 415 200 679 414 265 PRADESH NAGALAND 1,095 683 412 326 203 123 769 480 289 MANIPUR 247 183 64 168 130 38 79 53 26 MIZORAM 113 80 33 35 24 11 78 56 22 TRIPURA 526 354 172 427 282 145 99 72 27 MEGHALAYA 2,129 1,194 935 290 158 132 1,839 1,036 803 ASSAM 8,293 4,542 3,751 5,147 2,818 2,329 3,146 1,724 1,422 WEST BENGAL 16,63,519 8,81,862 7,81,657 3,31,765 1,71,952 1,59,813 13,31,754 7,09,910 6,21,844 JHARKHAND 19,6,5652 10,18,392 9,47,260 10,61,383 5,47,423 5,13,960 9,04,269 4,70,969 4,33,300 ODISHA 6,70,572 3,41,283 3,29,289 3,72,590 1,86,947 1,85,643 2,97,982 1,54,336 1,43,646 CHHATTISGARH 79,962 41,608 38,354 10,593 5,592 5,001 69,369 36,016 33,353 MADHYA 9,16,608 4,71,380 4,45,228 153,735 80,009 73726 762873 3,91,371 3,71,502 PRADESH GUJARAT 4,79,206 2,50,005 2,29,201 18,695 10,372 8,323 4,60,511 2,39,633 2,20,878 DAMAN & DIU 1,032 681 351 104 88 16 928 593 335 DADRA & 1,089 658 431 238 158 80 851 500 351 NAGAR HAVELI MAHARASHTRA 75,40,324 39,31,539 36,08,785 16,40,718 8,37,608 8,03,110 58,99,606 30,93,931 28,05,675 ANDHRA 75,05,623 37,98,603 37,07,020 25,06,042 12,58,234 12,47,808 49,99,581 25,40,369 24,59,212 PRADESH KARNATAKA 66,18,324 33,60,902 32,57,422 21,42,104 10,87,181 10,54,923 44,76,220 22,73,721 22,02,499 GOA 41,242 21,239 20,003 5,163 2,707 2,456 36,079 18,532 17,547 LAKSHADWEEP 32 24 8 0 0 0 32 24 8 KERALA 13,122 6,608 6,514 4,002 1,984 2,018 9,120 4,624 4,496 TAMIL NADU 12,64,537 6,30,059 6,34,478 2,43,487 1,21,512 1,21,975 10,21,050 5,08,547 5,12,503 PUDUCHERRY 8,627 4,124 4503 600 270 330 8,027 3,854 4,173 ANDAMAN & 1,277 716 561 181 97 84 1,096 619 477 NICOBAR ISLANDS Though Urdu was flourished in and around Delhi and Lucknow, Urdu was taken to different parts of the country by soldiers, saints and sufis and also by the common people. Keeping in view the interesting nature of development of a language like Urdu it was decided to explore some of the varieties spoken in various parts of the country under the LSI scheme. Patna was selected for two reasons: (i) Under LSI, Bihar was the target state, (ii) since Bihar had a strength of 1,099,850 Urdu speakers in 1981 census and Urdu was declared as Second Official language of the state. 224 | P a g e 1.3.Present Study of Urdu The description of Urdu in Bihar is based on my fieldwork in and around Patna city in October-November, 1988. A variety of Urdu with heavy interference from Maithili/Bhojpuri/Magahi serves as a domestic partois among the Muslims who have lived in Bihar for generation. But standard Urdu is used on formal occasions. The data is largely taken from Mr.Reza Naqvi Wahi, who is a retired state Govt. official living in the city for a long time. He is a poet who was rewarded with Galib Award from the President of India. But the data was updated and verified from other Urdu speakers numbering at least ten. One thing, which is important to note regarding the data is that there are sub-dialectal variation in Urdu. The differences between local dialects of Hindi and Urdu is minimal, so far the structure of the languages are concerned. However, large number of lexical items which are exclusively used by the Urdu speaking Muslims are not generally used by the non- Muslims. But the standard Urdu is used as superposed variety generally by the educated Muslims in the formal occasions. As a result, we set two co-existing methods at expression in their speech. For example, the category of gender concord fluctuates sometimes in similar context even in the speech samples of a single individual. A thorough verification of their variables was not possible because of limited size of the sample. The description, which is supplied here, is more or less free from those variations. As such, this speech could be described as the speech of the educated speakers of the speech community. In my analysis I found that influence of Urdu of Patna in the process of standardization of Urdu in general is not much. Because, standard Urdu and Hindi are taught in the schools, regular programme is broadcast from All India Radio and with the development of other mass media, peoplehave learnt to restrict use of local variety in informal situation. These speakers are generally bilingual and as well as bi-dialectal and the situation is diglossic. 1.4.Districtwise distribution of Urdu Language in Bihar According to 2011 census, districtwise distribution of Urdu speakers in Bihar is presented below. DISTRICT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF URDU LANGUAGE IN BIHAR - 2011 CENSUS LANGUAGE Total Rural Urban Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 42,30,35 71,22,07 36,80,91 34,41,16 16,47,92 8,58,73 7,89,18 BIHAR 87,70,002 45,39,650 2 8 2 6 4 8 6 PashchimChampara n 1,17,021 61,179 55,842 83,043 43,534 39,509 33,978 17,645 16,333 PurbaChamparan 3,74,023 1,94,196 1,79,827 3,10,693 1,61,018 1,49,675 63,330 33,178 30,152 Sheohar 51,036 26,226 24,810 49,452 25,382 24,070 1,584 844 740 Sitamarhi 4,77,771 2,47,005 2,30,766 4,57,182 2,36,165 2,21,017 20,589 10,840 9,749 Madhubani 5,76,873 296545 280328 5,46,535 2,80,724 2,65,811 30,338 15,821 14,517 Supaul 2,07,409 1,06,448 1,00,961 1,88,876 96,818 92,058 18,533 9,630 8,903 225 | P a g e Araria 8,07,246 4,18,643 3,88,603 7,59,837 3,93,877 3,65,960 47,409 24,766 22,643 Kishanganj 5,51,427 2,82,175 2,69,252 5,06,446 2,58,882 2,47,564 44,981 23,293 21,688 Purnia 6,07,723 3,15,291 2,92,432 5,61,320 2,91,200 2,70,120 46,403 24,091 22,312 Katihar 2,79,870 1,45,671 1,34,199 2,42,957 1,26,449 1,16,508 36,913 19,222 17,691 Madhepura 1,14,300 58,927 55,373 1,06,577 54,997 51,580 7,723 3,930 3,793 Saharsa 1,82,800 94,743 88,057 1,59,927 82,745 77,182 22,873 11,998 10,875 Darbhanga 8,13,914 4,18,692 3,95,222 7,19,667 3,69,758 3,49,909 94,247 48,934 45,313 Muzaffarpur 3,67,263 1,91,684 1,75,579 3,01,883 1,57,402 1,44,481 65,380 34,282 31,098 Gopalganj 45,145 22,748 22,397 40,277 20,322 19,955 4,868 2,426 2,442 Siwan 1,43,329 72,961 70,368 1,19,706 60,821 58,885 23,623 12,140 11,483 Saran 89,911 46,126 43,785 66,558 34,052 32,506 23,353 12,074 11,279 Vaishali 1,67,869 87523 80,346 1,43,995 74,993 69,002 23,874 12,530 11,344 Samastipur 3,58,065 1,8,6425 1,71,640 3,42,678 1,78,427 1,64,251 15,387 7,998 7,389 Begusarai 2,83,084 1,47,655 1,35,429 1,96,833 1,02,620 94,213 86,251 45,035 41,216 Khagaria 98,285 51,737 46,548 86,651 45,658 40,993 11,634 6,079 5,555 Bhagalpur 3,12,695 1,63,320