Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 103

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF STAND-UP COMEDY PERFORMANCES BY THREE FAMOUS AMERICAN COMICS

Fadly Dzil Ikram Universitas Bengkulu [email protected]

Safnil Arsyad Universitas Bengkulu [email protected]

Gita Mutiara Hati Universitas Bengkulu [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan retorika di bagian narasi berdasarkan model dari Labov dan teknik stand-up comedy yang paling dominan digunakan oleh Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, dan Bill Burr di penampilan mereka. Ceklis observasi digunakan di penelitian ini. Lima belas topic penampilan yang berbeda dari setiap penampil stand-up comedy dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode deskripsi, menggunakan kuantitaif juga kualitatif. Dari hasil ditemukan bahwa ketiga stand-up comedy menggunakan bagian narasi yang disarankan Labov. Bagian narasi itu adalah abstrack, orientasi, perumitan masalah, dan koda. Juga, teknik yang paling sering digunakan oleh ketiga stand-up comedy adalah rule of three dan one liner. Teknik ini adalah teknik yang paling efektif yang dapat mengundang tawa penonton. Hasil terakhir dari penelitian ini, ada dua pola umum yang dihasilkan oleh ketiga stand-up comedy berdasarkan model Labov tentang bagian narasi.

Kata Kunci : Retorika, stand-up comedy, model narasi, teknik stand-up comedy, pola umum

ABSTRACT

This research aimed at finding the rhetorical of narrative section based on Labov’s model and the stand-up comedy techniques which dominantly used by Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, and Bill Burr on their performances. The observation checklist was used in this research. Fifteen different topics performance from each stand-up comedian were analyzed by using descriptive method, using quantitative as well as qualitative data. From the result it was found that three stand-up comedians used narrative section suggested by Labov. The narrative section is abstract, orientation, complicating actions, resolution, and coda. Also, the most frequent techniques used by three stand-up comedians are rule of three and one liner technique. Those techniques are the most effective technique that can trigger audience Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 104

laughter. The last finding of this research, there are two common patterns created by three stand-up comedians based on Labov’s model of narrative sections.

Key Words : Rhetoric, stand-up comedy, narrative model, stand-up comedy techniques, common pattern

INTRODUCTION known as comic from Sydney, Australia and Humor brings two kinds of benefit for then he moved to America. He is known as people, psychologically and socially. the good comic with his Australian accent According to Melinda (2010), psychologically, and sarcastic style proved to be major hit in humor helps people to stay emotionally America. Jefferies is also known as most healthy because it has power of changing famous stand up comedy in 2016. Jefferies moods by taking out of depression. Socially, has performed at numerous festivals, humor strengthens relationship by triggering including the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Just positive feelings because when people share for Laughs Festival and Melbourne humor, a positive bond is created (Ziv, International Comedy Festival. He has also 1986:176). appeared on various British and US TV panel One of humor perfomance is stand up shows and radio programs. In 2016, he has comedy. According to Attardo (2001:62), his own US Comedy Central program, The Jim stand up comedy is a highly artificial, scripted Jefferies Show. His stand up comedy genre perfromance which a single comedian performances are already filmed and start a performance in front of audiences. become famous. One of his successful films is Stand-up comedy can be described as a Freedumb in 2016. This film contains of many humorous monologue (although the sarcastics jokes that related to people’s life, comedian usually starts his show with an the way he told his joke is really inviting attempt to engage the audience in a audience to get laugh. dialogue), presented to an audience in Second is Ricky Gervais. He is a british seemingly spontaneous and conversational comedian and a television producer. Gervais manner (Misje, 2002:87). The performer is is known as the most influential British commonly known as a comic, stand-up comic comedian. He began his stand-up career in or comic. In a stand up comedy, the the late 1990s. Gervais also won many comedian usually recite a grouping of awards, for example British Comedy Award, humorous stories, jokes and monologue. The Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award. He performer is not about simply convincing an already did many stand-up comedy audience that you are funny, although that is performances and also filmed. One of the neccessary; it is also teaching the audience most successful stand-up comedy is Out of that there is a different way to think about it. England that brought jokes that happen in (Sankey, 1998). It means comic should be society for example obesity, fund raising, able to convince and persuade the audience nazis and more. to laugh within his jokes. Dealing with Third is Bill Burr. He is an American convincing audience, it inlines with the idea comic, actor, and writer. He has released six of rhetoric. stand-up specials. In 2017, Rolling Stone There are three comics that become the ranked him 17th on its list of the 50 best object of this research. They are Jim Jefferies, comics all of time. His style in stand-up is an Ricky Gervais and Bill Burr known as famous elaborate act that fuses words and physical stand up comedian. First is Jim Jefferies, reactions together to create humor. Burr is Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 105

known as an aggresive comic that is not There are three previous studies relating affraid to enter topics that are to this research. First, the research from uncomfortable to bring up in ordinary Muhammad (2017) was talking about the conversation. However, it is with these topics stand-up comedy techniques that is that he has talent to defuse the discomfort commonly used by stand-up comedian Indo with humor with type of comedy that PKU Pekanbaru. It showed the most frequent surprise the audience with physical techniques are rule of three, one liner, impersonation. Through his tone, volume, roasting technique for triggering audience and facial expression that seem ridiculous to laughter. The second research from Rutter hear are the source of his talent to capture (2001), talking about rhetoric in stand-up the audience to laugh with him. comedy, on how the stand-up comedians in Stand-up comedy is kind of monologue america perform in front of the audiences. that perform humor. Humor is one of The research concern on the ways which language art, that is would become a successful comedian use rhetorical narration. It shows about humor that made techniques in comic to develop their joke. He from narration. Good comic is someone who identifies four techniques in stand-up has ability to create a good narration and comedy. successfully deliver the humor itself. Jim The first and the second previous studies Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, and Bill Burr have an found the techniques that used by stand up ability to persuade audience’s laughter with comedians but in different type of analysis. their jokes. The researcher would like to The second previous study classified the analyse their narrative sections on creating stand-up comedy techniques in four different story, by using Labov’s model that look types, meanwhile the first previous study in narrative section in stand-up comedy eleven types. The third previous study from performance. Ishara (2016), it was talking about rhetorical In America stand-up comedy, the comics structure of the debater in order to create a usually created a story on their performance, narrative on convincing the adjudicator. The therefore they need to create a good researcher used the theory from Labov, and narration and deliver it in front of the analyse the narrative section that used by audiences. They often combine story of their eight debaters. The correlation between the joke with stand-up comedy techniques in third previous study and this research is both order to enhance their performance and of discourses are spoken discourse. Also, trigger audience laughter. The idea on both of elements should convince the creating narration on stand-up comedy will audience. be in line with Labov’s narrative theory which Stand-up comedy is one of language art is on his theory the good narration should that has same generic feature of narrative. have five elements of narrative section. Generic feature of narrative text is a model On the education point of view, this that developed by Labov (1972), consist of research will be useful for the teacher. The Abstract, Orientation, Complication, good teacher is someone who can make their Resolution, and Coda. This model will be student put an attention with teacher useful in order to analyse whether they have explanation. One of method is through the a complete narrative sections or not in every comedy itself, by putting the essence of performance and also to examine Labov’s comedy in classroom activity, it will make model in delivering the jokes and strories. On students attract with teacher explanation. delivering the stories, there are several This research will help teacher to create a techniques that commonly used in stand up good narrative of humor. comedy performance, they are rule of three, Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 106

one liner, impersonation, roasting, as what, why, and how many. It is concerned comparison, simile, observation, and with meaning than measuring. Next, callback. These technique will be useful in Arikunto (in Perdasari, 2008:21) stated that order to trigger audiences’ laugher. descriptive research does not test the The researcher sees Jim Jefferies, Ricky hypothesis but only describes what was Gervais, and Bill Burr as famous comedians in being seen, faced, observed and known. America. They have a different background, The object of this research were and could be different way to create humor. transcript of monologue by Jim Jefferies, The researcher would like to analyse the Ricky Gervais and Bill Burr stand-up comedy narrative sections from Jim Jefferies, Ricky performances. The duration of each stand-up Gervais, and Bill Burr by using the theory comedy perfromance videos about developed by Labov (1972). In the other approximately 7 minutes. The object of this hand, the researcher would like to see the research consisted of ten videos transcript of techniques used by all of them, also to find Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, and Bill Burr the most frequent techniques used by these stand-up comedy performances. three comics. Last objective of this research, The instruments which were observation it would like to find the common pattern checklists. The sheet would analyse the used by all of three comics based on Labov narrative feature and stand-up comedy narrative’s model. The researcher would find techniques of each stand-up comedy the common pattern used by all of three performance by Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, comic in order to create a narrative on their and Bill Burr. Observation checklist became story. guidance to analyze the data, and then observation checklist gave to co-rater in METHOD order to gain inter-rater aggrement. This This research was constructed as a instruments analysed two element, first is descriptive qualitative and quantitaive (mix the narrative section based on Labov’s method) study. The descriptive study was model, second is the stand-up comedy appropriated to expose facts related to the techniques used by comic. The observation problem which is going to be discussed. checklist for the co-rater helped the According to Gay (1991), descriptive method researcher proved the data analysis was is considered appropiate to describe the correct or not. present condition of research subject. There were several steps in order to do Arikunto (2002) also stated the descriptive this research. First, watching the videos of research as a research that explains or monologue by Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, describe the present condition. Based on the and Bill Burr stand-up comedy performance. opinions, the researcher design this research Second, the videos would be transcripted, as descriptive research. The data of this study therefore the data could be analyzed. Third, was analyzed by using both qualitative and identifying the narrative section in the quantitative method (mix method). monologue of Jim Jefferies, Ricky Gervais, Descriptive qualitative method was used and Bill Burr by using Labov’s model. Fourth, since the researcher needed to describe the identifiying the technique used by those result of the data. Meanwhile, quantitative comics. Fifth, identifying the common method was used since the researcher pattern that used by all of them. Sixth in needed to calculate the data to get order to check the reliability of the data percentage before describing it. Keegan analysis, the co-rater would analyse sample (2009:11) stated that qualitative research is of the monologue ot its narrative section and less easy to define. It explores question such rhetorical techniques. Seventh, the result Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 107

would be compared with those of previous study by Hyland (2004). Cohen’s investigator. Inter-rater aggreement would kappa is a statistic which measures inter- be calculated, and then the data would be rater agreement for qualitative (categorical) calculated. Finally the data would be items. This inter-rater reliability will give displayed in table or figure. score of how much homogeneity or According to Moleong (2001:125), data consensus between corpus. analysis is a process of organizing and The process of ensuring the reliability clasifying data into a certain pattern, using Cohen’s Kappa will be using SPPS, category, and basic unit of analysis so that however, the basic formula of Cohen’s Kappa the theme can be found. First of all, the is shown as below: researcher would transcript all stand-up 푃표 − 푃푒 comedy performance by three of them. After 퐾 = 1 − 푃푒 that, reading the trancript and uderstanding the transcript. The researcher created checklist which consisted of the narrative Description: analysis section and stand-up comedy K = Cohen’s Kappa coefficient techniques. After that, the researcher Po = Proportion of observed agreement analysed the stand-up comedy techniques Pe = Proportion of expected agreement used in every part of narrative section. 1 = Constanta Collecting the possible narrative sections and The result of Kappa can be interpreted as stand-up comedy techniques found in all follows : stand-up comedy transcript. The researcher Table 1. Scale of aggreement of Cohen’s choosed one co-researcher in order to Kappa ≤0 Indicating no agreement helped researcher to conduct the research by analyse the sample of the research. In order 0.01 – 0.20 None to slight 0.21 – 0.40 Fair to choosed the sample, the researcher would do random sampling before given to the co 0.41 – 0.60 Moderate 0.61 – 0.80 Substantial researcher. The researcher will give two weeks in 0.81 – 1.00 Almost perfect agreement order to analyse the sample. The co- This interpretation allows for very little researcher also analysed the narrative agreement aong raters to be described as section of comics and techniques. When “substantial”. For percent agreement, 61% there was disagreement between the agreement can immediately be seen as researcher and co-researcher in coding problematic. Almost 40% of the data in the possible narrative sections and stand-up dataset represent faulty data. This could lead comedy techniques found in Jim Jefferies, Bill to recommendations for changing practice Burr, and Ricky Gervais performances, it based on faulty evidence. The recommended would discuss it to find out the reason for the agreement is 80% as the minimum difference and to produce a better result. acceptable interrater agreement. Accepting Last, the researcher drew conclusion and 0.40 – 0.60 as “moderate” may imply the suggestion based on the data analysis. lowest value (0.40) is adequate agreement. To ensure the validity and reliability of Kappa values below zero, although unlikely the analysis, the researcher would use to occur in research data, when this outcome validity and reliability, by choosing a co- does occur it is an indicator of a serious researcher to validate the data which have problem. A negative kappa represents been found and an inter-rater reliability agreement worse than expected, or index of 0.81 (Kappa) such as used in the disagreement. Low negative values (0 to Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 108

−0.10) may generally be interpreted as “no Table shows that abstract, orientation, agreement”. A large negative kappa complicating action, and resolution are found represents great disagreement among in all comic with frequency of 32 times or raters. Data collected under conditions of 100%. There is a difference with coda part in such disagreement among raters are not narrative section. Coda part has the lowest meaningful. frequency rathen than any part of narrative with frequency is 27 times or 84,37%. In their RESULT AND DISCUSSION performances, comics have different Result frequency in using narrative sections this In order to analyse the verbal language thing happen because on some topics, that told by those comics, the researcher comics told more than one stories in one transcript their performances in every topic topic. These are the example of narrative of story. Total utterances from those comics section based on Labov’s model. are 3.475 utterances. The result of validity and reliability with Example 1 Now...I got my girlfriend co-researcher using Cohen Kappa showed, pregnant after knowing her for the reliability stand-up comedy techniques in six weeks. I feel... Yeah, no, it's narrative sections (Labov’s Model) used by not good, six weeks. I think she Jim Jefferies, Bill Burr, and Ricky Gervais is wants to get married, and the good. After being calculated by Cohen Kappa reason I think that is 'cause she system, it is showed that the data between says that a lot. HHHH (Audiences’ researcher (rater 1) and co-researcher (rater laughter) And I don't want to get 2) have 85% of agremeent and 0,868 Kappa. married. (JJ2) According to Fleiss (1981), equally arbitrary guideliness which characterize kappas over The above example is an abstract section 0.85 is excellent reliability. Meanwhile, the found in JJ2 (Jefferies, topic 2) talking about validity of the data is good. Jefferies’ girlfriend and concent about The Narrative Section (Labov’s Model) used marriage. He put his girlfriend as object of by Comics the story and potray it to the audience which Research question number 1 asked marriage is not a compulsory matter in about the sections of narrative are frequently America. He said that in the last utterance found in narrative monologue by Jim “cause she says that a lot”, and the audience Jefferies, Bill Burr, and Ricky Gervais in their laugh with the joke. That means, he does not stand-up comedy performances that each of want to marry his girlfriend because he meet them performed in 5 different topic of her just for six weeks. comedy. Abstract is the beginning of the story. It Table 2. Narrative Sections of Comedy is summary of the whole story with one or Name of The Comic several clauses at the very beginning of the Narrative Jim Bill Ricky Tota Percen narrative. It also provide signals to mark the Sections l tage Jeffer Bur Gerv transition of the narrative. In this part, the ies r ais Abstract 9 10 13 32 100% comic was trying to build up the background Orientation 9 10 13 32 100% of the story, and also as transition to move Complicating 9 10 13 32 100% from another topic of stand-up comedy. Action Example 2 Everyone in my life is pressuring Resolution 9 10 13 32 100% me into getting married. I hate Coda 8 8 11 27 84,37% when my mother rings me up and

goes, "Why don't you marry the Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 109

girl? You have a child with her." But she works out every day and And I'm like, "Yeah, I've got a kid. she eats kale just to spite me. An 18-year commitment. I've HHHH (Audiences’ laughter). Six signed onto that like a bad weeks, she got pregnant. Six fucking phone contract." I'm a weeks! I feel like I missed out on great dad. I got 15 years left, then something. Six weeks is very I'm fucking off. Hhhh (Audiences’ quick to get pregnant. I missed laughter) But marriage is until out on the new girlfriend. The death. It's a shit contract. HHHH new girlfriend's the best time of (Audiences’ laughter) Hundred your life. That first three months years ago, the life expectancy of of the new boyfriend or girlfriend, an American was 52. Now it's 83. the new relationship, where the Fuck that! HHHH (Audiences’ person's fucking perfect. And laughter). I've got a life to live! If I you're like, "Oh, my God... I love was gonna die at 52, sure, let's this person." After a month, have some company. hhhh you're like, "This..." You're (Audiences’ laughter) (JJ2) drinking with her like, "She's drinking beer. Do you wanna Example two is orientation part of the watch Star Wars?" And narrative sections in stand-up comedy. In she's like, "I do." And you're like, orientation part, it can find the information "Fucking hell!" HHHH (Audiences’ of the story. It could about time, place, laughter) Yeah, and she's getting persons involved, and situations in the story. along with your friends. Your In this part, comic giving the information mother's like, "I think she's the about the characters and the situation on the one." You go, "I think she's the story. The characters that told by comedians one as well." hhhh (Audiences’ are kid, girlfriend and people who pressure laughter) 'Cause women can hold him to get married with his girlfriend. The the psycho down for three comedians also provide situations, that his months. HHHH (Audiences’ life will be in suffered condition when he got laughter). For three months, they a kid in his life. can walk around like a Example two tells about he is not ready functioning member of society. to have a marriage life even if he has a child Showing up at your work parties from his girlfriend, because when he marries and not crying. Hhhh (Audiences’ his girlfriend, it means he needs to take care laughter). At three months and the kid for eighteen silly contract that one day, you come out of the probably put him in bad situation. He said shower, and she's huddled over that he is not a good father for his kids. Also your phone like Gollum. Just... he said marriage until death is worse HHHH (Audiences’ laughter). So I contract, because he should live his wife for went from the new girlfriend, his entirely life even if he does not love his best feeling in the world, to wife anymore. dating a pregnant chick. Now, no Example 3 I would have got married in the one has ever said this and never Dark Ages, when 50% of women recorded anything like this. No died during childbirth. I would one's ever said it in a public have rolled the dice on that bad forum, but the pregnant are the boy. Hhhh (Audiences’ laughter). worst people on Earth. HHHH Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 110

(Audiences’ laughter) For some reason, society has told us that The above example is a complicating they have some type of glow or actions in narrative of stand-upcomedy. some shit. The pregnant are a Complicating actions provide the bunch of cunts, the pregnant. informations about what happened. It can be HHHH (Audiences’ laughter). called as the core of the story. Complicating They... They cry when they're action is longer than any other of narrative happy, when they're sad. You sections, because it contains all of the don't know what fucking cry... information of the story. It contains And you ever tried fighting with a chronological order, provide the referential pregnant person in a public function of the narrative, reporting, ‘a next place? Hhhh (Audiences’ event’ in response to the potential question. laughter). Doesn't matter how Smith (2006) also steted that complicating right you are? HHHH (Audiences’ action provides the backbone of the story laughter) Me and Kate, she was and are the most reportable event. If there is seven months pregnant, were no complicating action, there will be a walking around the supermarket, narrative. right? Walking around... and I got In the example three, the comic was some Coco Pops to put in the telling the story that relating to the trolley. Now, you call them Cocoa characters that already told in the Krispies in this country. How orientation part. On that example, the different our cultures are hhhh complicating actions is talking about woman (Audiences’ laughter) And... I put has potentially died during childbirth. It the Coco Pops in the shopping means he should rise his bad children by cart. "Trolley." And, uh...And Kate himself. Then he move to another kind of picked them up and put them joke. He said his girlfriend only act as a good back on the shelf. It was very person for three months, after three month confusing 'cause I'd never seen he would take everything in his life. He Coco Pops go in the opposite potrayed the situation which commonly direction hhhh (Audiences’ happen in relationship. The worst thing is laughter) And my brain skipped a when his girlfriend get pregnant and he can bit, and I went, "Uh..." "I think you not againts him in any kin situation. Because made a mistake there, Kate." And people would say that he is crazy when he try I went to get them back, and she to offend pregnant woman in front of public. goes, "You're not having them." And I went, "But I... I always have Example 4 You ever been in a bar at 4:00 a.m., them." And she went, "You're talking to some guy, and he's getting fat." HHHH (Audiences’ telling you how shitty his life is? laughter) So I did my drop-the- And he's like, "My dad, my dad's mic moment. I picked up the Coco an asshole. Didn't even know my Pops and went... And she dad. Walked out on my mum snapped and went, "Do you want when she was pregnant with me to lose this baby?" And I went, me." And I used to think, "What a "Um, fuck, that was quick! Of dick." And now I'm like... "I'm course I do. You're a fucking sure he had his reasons HHHH nightmare!" HHHH (Audiences’ (Audiences’ laughter). Who am I laughter) (JJ2) to judge, eh?" (JJ2) Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 111

The above example is a resolution part in verbal language that trigger audience narrative of stand-up comedy. On the laughter. In this research the researcher resolution part, comedian should explain classified stand up comedy techniques into 8 how the story will end. Resolution should part, they are rule of three, one liner, contain how complicating action was impersonation, roasting, comparison, simile, resolved and resulted is expressed in this observation, and callback part. On that point, a resolution part should contain in every narrative, because it Table 3. Stand-up Comedy Techniques used contains how the story resolved. in Narrative Name of Comic Tot Example four talks about Jefferies who Bill Ricky al give up with his girlfriend and hear the Jim Technique Burr Gervais someone’s story at the bar that talk about Jefferies (Comi (Comic (Comic 1) how worse his father. The funny thing of this c 2) 3) section is the person does not even know his Rule of Three 8 10 13 31 father, because he left him when the mother One Liner 9 10 12 31 pregnant with him. That is what the comic Impersonation 0 1 6 7 Roasting 3 4 1 8 would do through his girlfriend. Comparison 3 5 1 9 Simile 1 2 6 9 Example 5 So she gets pregnant. We got to Observation 3 6 5 14 go to these baby classes. We go Callback 3 2 0 5

to baby classes at the hospital, where they teach you how to The researcher count the techniques were put nappies on and shit. And implemented when those jokes successfully you swaddle. You've got the trigger audience laughter. There are techniques dummy, and you swaddle it. used in every narrative section by all of three And then the lady goes, "That's comics. a good swaddle." And you go, "I Table 3 showed that one liner and rule of three techniques are the most techniques used thought it was. I've been by comics with frequency is 31 times in every practicing."hhhh (Audiences’ story. Also, observation technique is used by laughter) (JJ2) comics in total frequency is 14 times. Observation The above example is a coda in narrative technique is third highest technique that used by of stand-up comedy. In Labov’s model, coda three of them. Comic 1 only used observation is the last part of narrative section. Coda is technique in 3 times of his whole stories. The functional device for returning the verbal second comic is the comedian who use more perspective to the present moment. Coda as observation techniques than any others with 6 closing of the story by bridging narrative times in all story. Callback technique is the less content and the present. In the example 5, technique that used by all comic. the comic tells about he is in baby classes at Table 3 also shows that there are two comic who do not use one particular technique. Comic hospital with his girlfriend. The class taught 1 do not use impersonation technique in his about how to take care a baby. performance, he never use it in every narrative. Also comic 3 do not use callback technique in his The Implementation of Stand-up Comedy performance in order to trigger audience Techniques used by Comics laughter. Research question number 2 asked These are all of the examples of stand-up about the common techniques used by all comedy techniques that implemented by all comics in every part of narrative section. comics in their performances. These are the Basically, the researcher concerns in the Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 112

examples of the stand-up comedy techniques enough on your uncle's Christmas that used by three of them, as stated below : present." HHHH (Audiences’ Rule of three is the most frequent laughter) (RG 3) technique used by all of three comics in order One liner is a simple technique that to tigger audience laughter in every story of comic currently use in every performance. narrative. There are several examples from On the example seven of BB3, the comic use each comic, as stated in example below : the word “bitching” which means insulted Example 6 Don't Shake the Baby is 40 minutes the marriage. On the example of RG3, the long. You don't need to watch Don't comic put God as his object of the joke. He Shake the Baby. All the information said “Jesus killed your puppy”, it means that you need is in the title. HHHH god killed the puppy and that is god’s plan by (Audiences’ laughter) (JJ 2) killing the puppy.

Since impersonation technique only You talk about life, right? "What's that, son? Uh, we're not going to used by two comics, there will be less church today. HHHH (Audiences’ example of this technique. laughter) (BB 3) Example 8 My girlfriend doesn't like it Example six is the rule of three technique 'cause she says I have a temper, used by all of three comics. Rule of three you know? She's like, "You contain of three utterances to trigger know, it's just not that you're audience laughter. On this technique, the trying to fix things, it's that you comics should make the last utterances as get frustrated, you punch the the funny part of the joke. In example six, the wall, the dog starts shaking. I last utterances are the punchline of the joke. just don't think it's a good idea. On JJ 2, the punchline means the comedian You know, you're a comedian. does not need to watch the whole video in You should tell jokes. “He's a order to get the meaning of video. BB 3 is plumber. He should plumb, talking about people activity that usually go right?" (BB 3) with their son to go to church, the punchline when he potray the contradict activity that They call him up, do they? Ring he will not go to church with his son. In ring. Ring ring. "Yello?" "Uh, can America, parents often take their children to I speak to God, please?" the church in order to make the children be "Speaking." "Oh, I didn't think religious person. The contradictive is you'd answer the phone potrayed in BB3, where he does not want go yourself." "What do you want?" to church and say it to his child. hhhh (Audiences’ laughter) These are several example of one liner "Oh, um, that volcanic ash technique in stand-up comedy performances cloud... Was that you?" "Yeah as stated in example 7 below : yeah. Hhhh (Audiences’ laughter) Yes, that was an act of Example 7 Anytime anything broke in the me, all right." "So I shouldn't house, five minutes into fixing it, pay out?" "No, don't fucking he was bitching about his pay 'em a penny, son, no." marriage. HHHH (Audiences’ HHHH (Audiences’ laughter) laughter) (BB 3) "Brilliant brilliant. While I've got you here, did you make a tree Jesus killed your puppy on his fall on Steve Baxter's car?" birthday 'cause you didn't spend "There's a lot of Steve Baxters." Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 113

"Steve Baxter, 2 Acacia Road, are you just gonna wax the Hounslow. It happened at 2:15 Fender on your car then that's on the 3rd of June this year." it, and the rest of it looks all "2:15, 3rd of... No, that wasn't shitty? "Well, maybe I'll just do me. I was in Africa that day the hood. And maybe I'll do the giving AIDS to babies." HHHH back." That's how it happens. (Audiences’ laughter) (RG 1) Then you look like one of those From those examples, comics had real housewives... Face all successfully imitate or creating a persona twisted up. Fucking idiots. Hhhh that they wanted. On first part of the (Audiences’ laughter) "Hey, do I example eight, the comedian imitate his look... "yeah, they're idiots! "Do girlfriend by acting or speaking like his girl. I look like I'm in my 20s?" No, Also he change the voice in order to fit in with you look weird. HHHH the persona. On the second part example (Audiences’ laughter) You look eight, the comedian was acting like he had a fucking weird. You still look conversation with god, and also he was likeyou're in your 50s. I just acting he is a god. He potrayed the god who can't guess what year anymore is almighty and can do anything to his because I've never seen that creature. The funny thing is when the comic year. I've never seen that shiny said “I was in Africa that day giving AIDS to fucking look. It's almost like you babies”, which means there are a lot of case discovered a new age between about babies who infected by AIDS and all 52 and 53. HHHH (Audiences’ those things happen because of God’s desire. laughter) (BB 2) Roasting technique is technique that put In example nine at JJ 1, comedian puts person or group of people as an object of the Bill Cosby as his object of the joke. He made jokes. It means the comics made someone or a joke that relating to Bill Cosby and it was group of people into their joke. Comic 2 has successfully trigger audiences laughter. It used this technique for 4 times, and comic 3 dealing with the fact Bill Cosby is rapist who only used this technique one times in his rape more than 50 women. The ironic thing whole performances. These are the examples is Bill Cosby known as good person who of roasting technique as stated in example 9. would not do such kind of raping someone. The comic put him as central of the joke, and Example 9 Bill Cosby. Now, I don't know if put it as a punchline of the joke. In other you get all the news here in hand at BB 2, comedian tried to put women Nashville...but I may say who do plastic surgery as an object of joke. something that's very upsetting He told that women who are in 50 years old to many of you. It turns out that and tried to look younger is a silly thing. Bill Cosby is a rapist. HHHH Plastic surgery is silly thing for old people, the (Audiences’ laughter)(JJ 1) comic said that "Hey, do I look... "yeah, they're idiots! "Do I look like I'm in my 20s?" Who do they think they're No, you look weird.” fooling with their stupid... You Comparison is technique that comic try know? And then you lie to to compare one thing to another. The yourself: "I'm just gonna do a punchline of the joke is in the differenciation little...just gonna do this.Just between thing that differenciated by comic. gonna have this done." No, These are the example of comparison you're not. You're not. What, technique by comics as stated in example ten Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 114

HHHH (Audiences’ laughter) Example 10 Now, the gun control routine (RG 2) has been shown in most news This technique expose the exegerated outlets. It was shown in the and ironic forms of jokes. This is the main New Yorkeras an article. purpose of simile technique. In example It was shown in the eleven at BB1, he said that people who have Washington Postas an gun at their home would have bigger chance article. It was shown on CNN as to get shot. Also at RG 2, he potrayed the news, and it was shown on Fox ironic joke tha fat people would like to treat for different reasons.HHHH as farmyard animal. (Audiences’ laughter) (JJ 5) Move to another techniques, there are several examples used observation No, but I mean...But we've gotta technique in stand-up comedy performance, do something. We've gotta as stated below: intervene. And people say, "No, Example 12 The new girlfriend's the best it has nothing to do with you. time of your life. That first three It's up to them. It's their body. months of the new boyfriend or It's their life." And that's true, girlfriend, the new relationship, but we don't say that about where the person's fucking wearing crash helmets. Or if perfect. And you're like, "Oh, you've got a heroin addict in the my God... I love this person." family, you don't go, "Oh, it's his After a month, you're like, life. He loves heroin." HHHH "This..." You're drinking with (Audiences’ laughter) (RG 2) her like, "She's drinking beer. Example ten at JJ 5, the comedian tries Do you wanna watch Star to potray news outlet that show about gun Wars?" And she's like, "I control. At his last utterance, he potrays Fox do." And you're like, "Fucking news that basically contain sport news. At RG hell!" HHHH (Audiences’ 2, he let people who become as heroin laughter) Yeah, and she's addict. getting along with your friends. Simile technique, the comic three (RG) Your mother's like, "I think she's has the highest frequency on using this the one." You go, "I think she's technique. These are the examples of simile the one as well." Hhhh technique. (Audiences’ laughter) (JJ 2) Example 11 So I was like, "What's wrong Let somebody else go in there... with getting a pistol?" He goes, Take the fucking beach.You lay "I'll tell you why,buddy. 'Cause back...Wait it out. They're just life...Life ain't a movie. You feel lying to people. "No, no, it looks me?"I'm like, "No,can you great. Looks great. Put a little please stop speaking in these ice on it,we'll see youin a couple backwoods riddles? HHHH of weeks. All right, take it easy. (Audiences’ laughter) (BB 1) Jesus Christ! What the fuck I mean, there's your first clue. happened? Hhhh (Audiences’ When did that happen? When laughter) We followed every did fat people just give up? step. Did we miss something? When did they go into a shop Hhhh (Audiences’ laughter) Oh, and go, "Oh, fuck it. Just treat hey, hey, hey! Oh, here's your me like a farmyard animal." Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 115

keys. Here's your keys.There is Bill Cosby, and put it into another joke. Bill you go, there you go. Almost Cosby in this case become the strong didn't recognize you,you look so punchline of the joke. The callback technique young. Hhhh (Audiences’ recognized when the comic made Bill Cosby laughter) All right, take it easy. as punchline again in his performance. He She gone?All right, she's gone. said that “If you wanna know, my actual Shred everything.Shred it!" No, opinion is this. I don't wanna be raped by Bill you're nuts.You wait it out. (BB Cosby”, it showed that when he said about he 2) does not want to be raped by Bill Cosby, it In observation technique, comics can trigger audience laughter. relating his personal life with jokes. On the Common Pattern of Stand-up Comedy used first example, the comic put his personal life by Comics with his girlfriend and make this as a joke Research question number 3 asked with attracted language. At JJ 2, the about the common pattern used by all comedian create a joke when the new comics of narrative sections. In this case, girlfriend is the best in his life, but it change there are two common pattern in narrative when one motnh relationship. The example story of stand-up comedy performances 22 at BB2, the comic expose the life of people based on the result of narrative section used who would try getting younger than their age by all of three comics. or doing plastic surgery. Based on the two figures, there are two In callback technique, only two of three common pattern used by all of three comics. comedian who used callback technique in First is the complete form of narrative section performing jokes. Callback means retelling based on Labov’s model. Second is the the joke that already told before, and make incomplete form of narrative section based this into new jokes that can trigger audience on Labov’s model. On the figure 2, there is no laughter. These are examples that used coda section in comics narrative story. callback technique in order triggering They just move to another story when all audience laughter. of them finish part of resolution, but it is only Example 13 Bill Cosby. Now, I don't know if happened in the same topic. When they have you get all the news here in more than one story in one topic, it means Nashville...but I may say the story is not really long. They left coda as something that's very upsetting a transition part in order to move to another to many of you. It turns out that story, but it is not happen when they would Bill Cosby is a rapist. (Roasting) like to move to another topic of stand-up HHHH (Audiences’ laughter) comedy. The criteria for justifying and ...... If you wanna know, my classifying the frequencies are defined actual opinion is this. I don't according to Kanoksilapatham (2005). If a wanna be raped by Bill Cosby. particular part occurs in every topic of stand- (Callback) HHHH (Audiences’ up comedy (100%), it is regarded as laughet) He's a horrible fucking ‘obligatory’, if the occurrence of a narrative man and should go to prison. part is below 60 %, it is ‘optional’, and if the That's what my real opinion is. occurrence ranges from 60-99%, the move (JJ 1) will be classified as ‘conventional’. So, The above example is the example of abstract, orientatin, complicating action, and callback. The punchline of the previous joke resolution categorized as obligatory and coda has retold by comic in order to triggerring categorized as conventional. audience laughter. The punchline of the joke Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 116

Discussion knowledge frame. Therefore, on applying The finding of this research is three of one liner technique for creating one liner comics tend to use Labov’s model in their joke, the comic should be able violate what performances, with five sections. They are the listener expect from the utterance in abstract, orientation, complicating action, order to trigger audience laughter. resolution, and coda. According to Labov Meanwhile according to Papana (2012), (1972), a good narration should have 5 rule of three technique can create strong components in order to create a good one. punchline of the joke. From rule of three Stand-up comedy performance is one of a technique, the strong punchline can be kind narrative, that is why all of the comic released to the surprise and absurdity should have a good sections of narrative. contained in the third utterance. In rule of Also stated by Brodie (2014), stand-up three technique, the comics violate the comedy is kind of performance that need sets expectation of the audience to another of technique and narrative histories. The framing of knowledge and make it as a narrative section also helps the comics in punchline of joke. The previous study also order to persuade the audience to follow the found the similar findings, according to story that given by comics. Therefore, the Muhammad (2017), rule of three and one narrative section is needed in stand-up liner techniques are strong techniques in comedy performances. order to triggering audience laughter on Labov’s model can be implemented in comic performances. stand-up comedy performance. All of three The third finding of this research is the comics already used the narrative sections most common pattern used by three comics that suggested by Labov. This is probably of narrative sections. The researcher found because Labov’s model is already used by the that abstract, orientation, complicating majority of famous comic in order to attract actions, resolution of the narrative sections audience attention with their narrative story. are exist in all `of stand-up comedy They tend to use narrative section based on perfomances. It means that these three Labov’s model properly. comics used narrative model that suggested The second finding is the most common by Labov. technique used in all of comics on their Meanwhile in some stories, three comics performances. The result of this research, do not use coda on their narrative story. rule of three and one liner techniques are the Coda in narrative section as a sign of story most technique used in every story of three transition or the signal that one story has comics. These techniques are the most ended. In this case, when they do not use simplest technique that can implement in coda as the signal for changing the story, they stand-up comedy performances. It is proven use resolution part in order to move to by both of techniques are frequently found in another story. Based on the result, there are every story of three comics. Rule of three and two kinds of pattern in narrative sections. one liner techniques are the most effective First is complete narrative section which use technique that can trigger audience laughter all narrative section and the second is in each of stand-up comedy stories. incomplete narrative section which does not According to Stark et al (2005) one liner jokes use coda part in narrative section. The are humorous because they violate the initial researcher assumed that part of coda will not expectations of the listener, and that this change the narrative performed by all of violation is resolved by shifting from the three comic. It means whether or not coda initial knowledge frame used to understand part is exist in the story, it will not affect the the joke to another completely different audience laughter. This is also stated by Safnil Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 117

(2010), coda in narrative story is only an Labov. The narrative section help the comics additional thing or it can be categorized as a in order to persuade audience to follow the peripheral element. Therefore, three comics story, therefore the audiences can get the sometimes leave coda in their narrative story jokes that given by comics. of stand-up comedy performance. The second finding showed that there Based on the result of this research, are two most common technique used by narrative section and stand-up comedy three comics. Stand-up comedy techniques techniques effect the comics’ performance. help the comics in order to strengthen the They should make audiences interested with jokes, rule of three and one liner are the most the performance by creating good narrative effective and simplest technique in order section, so the audience can follow the story triggering audience laughter in every given by comics. The comics is not about narrative section. Stand-up comedy simply convincing an audience that they are techniques help the comics to deliver their funny, although that is neccessary; it is also ideas or critics on comedy performance in teaching the audience that there is a effective way and the audiences still count different way to think about it. (Sankey, them as a joke. 1998). It means the stand-up comedy deliver The third finding of this research, the their idea or critics toward people through common pattern currently used by three comedy performance. The stand-up comedy comics on performing narrative story of techniques help the comics in order to make stand-up comedy is Labov’s model. Even if their idea or critics become funny. Therefore, one of part narrative section is not used in the narrative section and stand-up comedy comics’ stand-up comedy performance, it techniques are important in stand-up still counts as narrative section that comedy performance. suggested by Labov, because the coda part is The limitation of this research is only a peripheral element in narrative sections focusing on stand-up comedy techniques On performing stand-up comedy, the which can trigger audience laughter and also comics is not only creating good narrative, analyse the narrative section used by all of but also they used the stand-up comedy three comics in every performance. The techniques in order to strengthen the jokes. researcher assumed all of three comic are successful to performing joke in front of their Suggestion audiences, because all of them are well English teacher should be familiar with known comics. This research would not narrative sections and stand-up comedy measure the quality of the jokes performed techniques if they want to use comedy in by all of three comics. teaching and learning material. Teacher also can use stand-up comedy technique in order CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION to delivering joke in classroom activity. Conclusion Through comedy in teaching material, The research was aimed at finding the students could pay attention or attracted frequently section of narrative based on toward the material that given by the english Labov’s model, the most common technique teacher. Therefore, it can enhance the used by three of comics in order to triggering qualitiy of the teacher, because the students audience laughter and common pattern used like the teacher who have sense of humor in by three comics in narrative section. classroom activity, The narrative section is already used by The future researchers who want to three comics in order to help them create the conduct the similar research or related to good narrative story that suggested by stand-up comedy. The future researchers are Journal of English Education and Teaching (JEET) Vol.2.No.4.2018 118

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