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INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA Ministry of Shipping, Government of India Public Disclosure Authorized

“CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF NATIONAL WATERWAY.1” (Jal Marg Vikas Project)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORTS Public Disclosure Authorized

VOLUME-2A: Basin Level Study on Critical

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Resources (CER)

May 2016 (Revised September 2016) Public Disclosure Authorized

EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. In JV with IRG Systems South Asia Pvt. Abnaki Infrastructure Applications & Ltd. Integrated Development Pvt. Ltd. Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS ...... 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ...... 6

1.0 BACKGROUND ...... 6 2.0 STUDY BRIEF, APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 6 3.0 FORMAT OF THE REPORT ...... 12

CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL WATERWAY (NW) -1 PROJECT . 13

2.0 INTRODUCTION...... 13 2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NW 1...... 13 2.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT...... 15 2.3 IWAI’S PROPOSED PRIORITY INTERVENTIONS / DEVELOPMENT IN NW-1...... 18

CHAPTER 3: LEGISLATIVE, REGULATION AND POLICY CONSIDERATION ...... 19

3.0 INTRODUCTION...... 19 3.1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ...... 19 3.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND AGREEMENTS...... 21 3.4 OTHER CONVENTION AND POLICIES ...... 27

CHAPTER 4: INVENTORY OF CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT RESOURCES (CERS) ...... 28

4.1 INTRODUCTION...... 28 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 28 4.3 CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT RESOURCES IN NW-1...... 68 4.6 CONCLUSIONS ...... 71

CHAPTER 5: STANDARDS ...... 72

5.1 INTRODUCTION...... 72

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 78

6.1 INTRODUCTION...... 78 6.1.1 CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NO GO AND RESTRICTED AREAS:...... 78 6.2 ANALYSIS ...... 78 6.2.1 EXCLUSION (NO GO) AREAS IN GANGA BASIN AND NW-1 (WITH RESPECT TO WILDLIFE PROTECTED AREAS) ...... 78 6.2.2 RESTRICTED AREAS ...... 83 6.2.1 EXCLUSION (NO GO/RESTRICTED) AREAS IN GANGA BASIN AND NW-1 (WITH RESPECT TO ARCHEOLOGICAL PROTECTED AREAS WITHIN 300 M RADIUS OF NW-1) ...... 87 6.2.4 DETERMINATION OF AREAS HAVING MINIMUM IMPACTS ...... 89 6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 89

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1.0: STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF GANGA RIVER ...... 10 TABLE 2.1: CURRENT MAJOR IWT TERMINALS OF NW-1 AND THEIR NEAREST EXISTING RAIL AND ROAD LINKS (AS PER THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM IWAI) ...... 14 TABLE 2.2: ORIGIN AND NATURE OF CARGO, DISTANCE FORM NEAREST TERMINAL ...... 16 TABLE 3.1: KEY ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AT A GLANCE ...... 19 TABLE 3.3 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND AGREEMENTS...... 22 TABLE 4.1: ERS WITHIN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 28 TABLE 4.2: BIOSPHERE RESERVES LOCATED IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 29 TABLE 4.6 LIST OF IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS IN GANGA BASIN ...... 45 TABLE 4.8: STATE-WISE FOREST AND TREE COVER IN GANGA BASIN STATES ...... 55 TABLE 4.9: POPULATION STATUS OF DOLPHINS IN THE GANGA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES 56 TABLE 4.10: STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION AND OF FRESHWATER TURTLES IN RIVER GANGA .. 58 TABLE 4.11: NESTING SITES OF TURTLES BETWEEN BIJNOR TO KANPUR ...... 59 TABLE 4.12: BREEDING STATUS OF FRESH WATER TURTLES OCCURS IN THE GANGA RIVER BETWEEN RISHIKESH AND KANPUR ...... 59 TABLE 4.13: CHARACTERISTIC VERTEBRATE TAXA (TURTLES, GHARIALS AND DOLPHIN) OF MIDDLE GANGA STRETCH...... 59 TABLE 4.14: TOTAL NUMBER OF FISHES (TAXA) IN RIVER GANGA ...... 60 TABLE 4.15: CRITICAL DOLPHIN STRETCHES ALONG GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 63 TABLE 4.16: LOCATION OF HILSA SANCTUARIES (PROTECTED AREA FOR HILSA) IN RIVER BHAGIRATHI, WEST BENGAL ...... 65 TABLE 4.17: LIST OF ARCHEOLOGICALLY PROTECTED MONUMENTS IN THE DISTRICTS LOCATED IN NW-1 ROUTE ...... 65 TABLE 4.18: LIST OF ARCHEOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AREA/HERITAGE SITES IN BASIN AREA ...... 67 TABLE 5.1: STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENTS ...... 72 TABLE 5.2: SURFACE WATER BODY CLASSIFICATION, CPCB ...... 73 TABLE 5.3: CRITERIA FOR LEVEL OF EUTROPHICATION...... 74 TABLE 5.4 STANDARD FOR PERMISSIBLE LEVEL OF WATER QUALITY INDICATOR ...... 75 TABLE 5.5: CRITERIA FOR HARMFUL BOTTOM SEDIMENTS, JAPAN (UNIT: MG/L) ...... 76 TABLE 5.6: CRITERIA FOR OFF-SHORE DUMPING OF DREDGED MATERIAL (UNIT: PPM OR PPB) ...... 76

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TABLE 5.7: APPROXIMATE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT GENERATION FROM DREDGING OPERATION ...... 77 TABLE 6.2: RESTRICTED AREAS W.R.T CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT RESOURCE IN NW-1...... 83 TABLE 6.3: RESTRICTED AREAS W.R.T ARCHEOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AREAS IN NW-1 ..... 88

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.0: SUMMARY OF OVERALL APPROACH & METHODOLOGY FOR SEIA/EIA/EMP FOR NW 1...... 7 FIGURE 1.1 MAIN RIVER BASIN’S OF INDIA (GANGA RIVER BASIN IS YELLOW MARKED AS 2A). 8 FIGURE 1.2: LINE DIAGRAM FOR RIVER GANGA AND ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES ...... 9 FIGURE 1.3: GANGA RIVER BASIN MAP ...... 10 FIGURE 2.1: THE GANGA-BHAGIRATHI-HOOGHLY RIVER SYSTEM COMPRISING NATIONAL WATERWAY – 1 (HALDIA TO ALLAHABAD) ...... 13 FIGURE 4.1: LOCATION OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 30 FIGURE 4.2: LOCATION OF NATIONAL PARKS IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 31 FIGURE 4.3: LOCATION OF TIGER RESERVES IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 35 FIGURE 4.4 LOCATION OF WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN GANGA RIVER BASIN...... 38 FIGURE 4.5 LOCATION OF IMPORTANT BIRD AREA IN GANGA BASIN ...... 44 FIGURE 4.6: LOCATION OF IMPORTANT WETLANDS IN GANGA BASIN ...... 50 FIGURE 4.7: RESERVED FORESTS IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 54 FIGURE 4.8: CRITICAL STRETCHES OF DOLPHIN MOVEMENT IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 62 FIGURE 4.9: LOCATION OF HILSA SANCTUARIES ...... 64 FIGURE 4.10: IMPORTANT PROTECTED /HERITAGE AND CULTURAL SITES IN GANGA BASIN .. 67 FIGURE 4.11: MAP OF PROPOSED SITE AT RAMNAGAR TERMINAL AND TURTLE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY IN NW-1...... 68 FIGURE 4.12: RAMNAGAR FORT AND OTHER ENVIRONMENT FEATURES IN 10 KMS FROM THE PROPOSED RAMNAGAR TERMINAL...... 69 FIGURE 4.13: LOCATION OF PROPOSED TERMINAL AT HALDIA AND HILSA SANCTUARIES PROPOSED TERMINAL AT SAHEBGUNJ, SAHEBGUNJ DISTRICT, JHARKHAND AND NAVIGATION LOCK AT FARAKKA, MURSHIDABAD DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL...... 70 FIGURE 4.14: LOCATION OF VIKARAMSHILA GANGETIC DOLPHIN SANCTUARY (NW-1). UDHWA LAKE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY AROUND SAHEBGUNJ AND HILSA SANCTUARIES IN FARAKKA (NW- 1) ...... 71 FIGURE 6.1: EXCLUSION (NO GO AREA) IN TURTLE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (TWS) AND 10 KMS RESTRICTED AREA AROUND TWS...... 81 FIGURE 6.2: EXCLUSION (NO GO AREA) IN VIKARAMSHILA GANGETIC DOLPHIN SANCTUARY (VGDS) AND 10 KMS RESTRICTED AREA AROUND VGDS ...... 82

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Abbreviations

AFS : Anti-Fouling System A&M : Approach and Methodology CER : Critical Environmental Resources COLREG : Convention on International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CSC : Convention for Safe Container DGPS : Digital Global Positioning System DWT : Dead weight Tonnage EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan ER : Environmental Resources GIS : Geological Information System GB : Ganga Basin HNS : Hazardous and Noxious INTACH : Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage IMO : International Maritime Organization IWAI : Inland Waterway Authority of India IWT : Inland Water Transport LAD : Least Available Depth MoEFCC : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change NRCD : National River Conservation Directorate NTPC : National Terminal Power Corporation NW-1 : National Waterway-1 ODC : Over Dimensional Cargo OPRC : Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation PA : Protected Areas RAP : Resettlement Action Plan RIS : River Information System SEIA : Social and Environmental Impact Assessment SEIAA : State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority SFV : Safety of Fishing Vessel SOLAS : Safety of life at Sea SPCB : State Pollution Control Board STCW : Standard of Training, Certificate and Watch STP : Special Trade Passenger TOR : Term of Reference VECS : Valuable Environmental Components WLS : Wildlife Sanctuary WHO : World Health Organization

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Executive Summary

1.0 Introduction

From the beginning of history, human sensitivity has revealed an urge for mobility leading to a measure of Society's progress. The history of this mobility or transport is the history of civilization. For any country to develop with right momentum modern and efficient. Transport as a basic infrastructure is a must. It has been seen throughout the history of any nation that a proper, extensive and efficient Road Transport has played a major role. Where roads are considered as veins and arteries of a nation, passenger and goods transported are likened to blood in circulation, water transport is the cheapest and the oldest form of transport for heavy goods and bulk cargoes.

Inland waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is a statutory body under Ministry of Shipping, Govt. of India. IWAI is primarily responsible for development, maintenance and regulation of Inland Water Transport (IWT) in the country specifically on National waterways. In this context, the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system from Allahabad to Haldia has been declared as National Waterway-I (NW-I). It is a natural highway of about 1620 km in length and passes through the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. One of the limitations on viable Inland waterway transport on NW-1 is a week navigation infrastructure. Therefore, IWAI has proposed the Capacity Augmentation of navigational infrastructure of NW-I between Allahabad to Haldia with technical and financial assistance from The World Bank.

Objective of the Study

The main objective of basin level critical environmental resources study is to identify the environmentally sensitive areas within the Basin where the project footprints should be avoided and the areas where project will have negligible effect.

Methodology

This study has been supported by ground truthing to firm up resource mapping. The findings and mapping inputs would be useful to the feasibility preparation and ensure that the recommendations of this output are duly incorporated. This will help in environmentally feasible development of the project. This study has been carried out using secondary data and GIS platform for inventorying Critical Environment Resources (CERs) and generating maps. Spatial and non-spatial data sets include inventory of CERs, Satellite imageries, toposheets and secondary data collected from published studies and other sources. Main sources of include Basin level studies undertaken by IIT consortium, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, National Mission on Clean Ganga, National Ganga River Basin Authority, secondary data from ENVIS centres, notifications of on Eco-sensitive

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A zones, Protected areas. National Wetland Inventory and Assessment, MoEFCC, Archaeological Survey of India, etc.

Basin Understanding

A river drainage basin is an area drained by a river and all of its tributaries. A river basin is made up of many different watersheds. A watershed is a small version of a river basin. Every stream and tributary has its own watershed, which drains to a larger stream or wetland. These streams, ponds, wetlands, and lakes are part of a river basin. Ganga River Basin: The Ganga River flows through the five states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The extent of the entire Ganga basin is, however, spread over six more states (Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Rajasthan) in addition to the aforementioned five. In the entire basin, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand together share the maximum basin area of 34%, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand.

2.0 Brief Description of NW-1

NW-1 is a waterway of national significance passing through four states and potentially serving the major cities of Haldia, Howrah, Kolkata, Bhagalpur, Patna, Ghazipur, Varanasi and Allahabad, their industrial hinterlands, and several industries located along the Ganga basin. The waterway, opened on 27th October, 1986 covers a distance of 1620 Km between Allahabad and Haldia making it the longest waterway. Currently, NW-1 is catering to the requirements for the thermal power plants, cement companies, fertiliser factories, oil refineries, the Food Corporation of India. It carries products like the coal, fly-ash, cement and clinker, stone chips, edible oils, petroleum products, food grains and other cargos. IWT terminals (25) of NW-1 have comparatively good connectivity to the road as well as the railway network.

Though, currently the above mentioned items are being transported in some stretches of NW 1, its potential need to be fully realized. In the recent past, a substantial demand for waterway transportation has emerged which includes coal, fly-ash, food grains, cement, stone chips, edible oil and over dimensional cargo. These are some of the cargos which can be transported on NW-1 in large quantities.

Need of the Project

The development of infrastructure on NW-1 would lead to increased cargo traffic on large vessels between Haldia and Farakka, also reduce transport cost for shippers, reduces congestion and accidents on highways and provide savings in carbon emissions for traffic on NW-1.

Since the rail and road corridors of this region are already saturated, the development of NW-1 would result in a viable supplementary mode of transport for huge quantities of bulk cargo. It is cost effective and provides a drainage channel. In addition, Inland waterway transport is expected benefit the air quality and decrease traffic congestion on the roads.

3.0 Legislation & Regulatory Policy

The GOI has detailed legislative framework imposing large nos. of restrictions for developments inland & water areas. The attempt has been made to summarize the legislations which will

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A determine the no go/restriction areas for project foot prints. The key legislations related to the study are:  Wildlife Protection Act  Forest Conservation Act  Environmental Protection Act  Archaeological Act

4.0 Critical Environment Resources (CERs)

The CERs along the Ganga river basin have been identified and mapped followed by CERs identification in the context of NW-1. These are Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, wetlands, Tiger Reserves, Reserved Forests, Breeding and nesting grounds for aquatic species (Schedule-I species), fish habitats and fish range, heritage sites and regulated buffer area of above as applicable.

CERs in Ganga Basin are located in ecologically fragile zones which need to be protected on account of their importance for providing suitable habitats for forests and wildlife, humans, and their role in sustaining ecological functions. About 22 percent of the National Parks in India are located in Ganga Basin along with 12 percent of Wildlife Sanctuaries protecting some of the endangered species like Bengal Tiger, Ganga Dolphin, and Turtles etc. Mangroves which are more resilient and very unique ecosystem are also located in the Ganga basin at Sundarbans (West Bengal).

5.0 Analysis, Conclusion & Recommendation

As per the Scope of Work, Basin Level Critical Environment Resources (CERs) have been identified, inventoried and mapped. Criteria for identifying exclusion (No Go areas) and restricted areas is evolved based on identification of these CERs and provisions of related regulation to these CERs.

Criteria for Identification of NO Go and Restricted Areas: The presence of Wildlife Protected areas (Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve, Protected Wet Land) are considered as No Go activity area for project footprint. The buffer areas of above protected areas and other areas (like Reserved Forest, Critical stretches for Conservation of Dolphins (NGRBA), Hilsa Sanctuaries and 300m buffer of archeologically protected monuments) are considered as restricted area. The area other than No Go and restricted areas are considered as minimal impact areas.

NO Go Areas along Ganga Basin: Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) is declared as a Ramsar Site. Moreover, Ganges Dolphin Conservation Zone Garhmukteshwar – Narora Barrage has been recommended to be declared as “No Go area” for which detailed studies have been done by WWF- India. Given the recognition of Upper Ganga River as a Ramsar site and in line with finding of previous studies and recommendations, this stretch is further recommended to be Exclusion (No go area). Since, this river stretch is outside the purview of NW-1, it would not be directly impacted by plying of IWAI’s vessels. However, hydrological interventions for augmenting flow in the NW-1 should avoid this area for planning any hydrological interventions.

No-Go Areas- NW-1 stretch

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Two notified wildlife sanctuaries i.e Turtle WLS, Varanasi and Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bhagalpur are located within the main stem of river Ganga in NW-1. The Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary stretch (the 7 Km long river stretch) at Varanasi and the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary stretch located in Bihar State (starting from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon pahad, about 50 km+ stretch) is recommended to be exclusion (No Go area) in NW- 1 from the point of IWAI’s interventions.

Restricted Area

The restricted areas are identified as per the criteria defined in above section. As per this criteria the buffer zone of two sanctuaries i.e. Turtle WLS1, Varanasi and Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bhagalpur located within NW-1 (the No Go areas) and one sanctuary located about 9 Km away from NW-1 is identified as restricted areas.

Further 300 m radius around any archeologically protected areas shall also be the restricted area. If any intervention or activity is to be undertaken within 300m radius of any archeologically protected monuments/heritage site than prior permission shall be obtain from Archeological Survey of India. There are certain culturally sensitive locations (like Ghat at Varanasi, Patna ). The construction activity shall be planned such that these do not interfere with any such religious activities. Further details about this sensitivity shall be available based on social impact assessments of respective intervention to be undertaken following the identification of each intervention.

Recommendations

IWAI and vessels plying in NW-1 through restricted and critical stretches as identified above should take adequate environment and social safeguards.

1 State Wild Life Board recomonded zero buffer area for Turtle Wild Life Sanctuary. 5

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Chapter 1: Introduction & Background

1.0 Background

Inland waterway development requires the improvement or development of navigation and related infrastructure. To sustain navigation, waterways must be safe and reliable, with certain physical characteristics related to depth, clearance, width, alignment and current velocity. To sustain the ecological character and environmental quality of river waterways must also maintain their ecosystem functions (their natural physical, chemical and biological processes). Therefore, sustainable waterway development and management necessitate strik ing a balance over the intermediate and long run between the objectives of various water users and the carrying capacity of the natural system.

In this regard, IWAI has commissioned Social & Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) studies to map and understand potential environmental and social impacts associated with navigation improvement of NW-I and to prepare plan for effective mitigation and management of the Impact associated with the project. IWAI has hired a joint venture of EQMS India Pvt. Ltd (Lead Partner) along with M/s IRG System South Asia Pvt. Ltd. & M/s Abanaki India Pvt. Ltd. to conduct the SEIA/ EIA studies and prepare social & environmental management plans for capacity augmentation of the NW-I. This report, Basin Level Critical Environmental Resources Study is being submitted as the first output of the SEIA study. The following sections describe SEIA study brief, overall approach and methodology, basin understanding, application of methodology, tools and techniques used for basin level critical environmental resources study and format of the report.

2.0 Study Brief, approach and methodology

The current study is being conducted as per following activities as identified in TOR:

Section A

I. A basin level Critical Environmental Resources Study II. A cumulative Impact Analysis Study III. EIA & EMP study for for Local interventions IV. EIA & EMP study for for barrages & Locks V. Revised & Updated Cumulative Impact Analysis Study VI. Preparation of stand Alone EMP Document 6

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

VII. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements

Section B

I. Social impact Assessment Study II. Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) including institutional and implementation arrangement. III. Stakeholder consultation at strategic locations and state.

A very comprehensive approach and methodology (A&M) has been adopted to carry all the activities/ components identified in Section A and Section B. This A& M is based on the combination of individual level A&M applied for different activities and integrated to achieve desired outcomes. A schematic diagram showing summary of overall A&M is given in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.0: Summary of Overall Approach & Methodology for SEIA/EIA/EMP for NW 1

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 1.0 indicates that “Basin Level Critical Resources Study” is the first major activity of the current study. Therefore, it is important to have a basic understanding of the Ganga basin.

c. Basin Understanding

Ganga River: National River Ganga originates in the Himalayas with several major head- streams – Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Bhilangana, Dhauliganga, Mandakini, Nandakini and Pindar, which progressively join together on or before Devaprayag. Descending in the plains, the river flows approximately southeast and is joined by several large streams such as Ramganga, Yamuna, Kosi, Gandak, Gomti, Sone, Karamnasa and Ghaghra to become an immense river in the plains below Allahabad. The river then flows through the Rajmahal hills and divides into two streams. The eastern branch – River Padma – flows southeast through Bangladesh to join the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers before flowing into the sea. The south-flowing branch – River Hooghly – is joined by Rivers Damodar and Mayurakshi before reaching the sea. Map showing major River Basin in India is provided in Figure 1.1. The combined outfall of the two branches together forms the world’s largest delta (Sundervan Delta covering about 60,000 sq.km.) stretching Bangladesh and West Bengal. Overall, River Ganga is more than 2500 km long. Line diagram of river Ganga is given in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.1 Main River Basin’s of India (Ganga River basin is Yellow marked as 2a) (Source: India-WARIS-2012)

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 1.2: Line diagram for River Ganga and Its Major tributaries (Source: MoWR 2014)

Ganga River Basin: The Ganga River flows through the five states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The extent of the entire Ganga basin is, however, spread over six more states (Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Rajasthan) in addition to the aforementioned five. The extent of river Ganga within these states is given in Table 1.0 and Figure 1.3. In the entire basin, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand together share the maximum basin area of 34%, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 1.3: Ganga River Basin Map (Source: Status paper on river Ganga, NRCD, MoEF, 2009)

Table 1.0: State wise Distribution of Ganga River Total Sr. Per Cent of Total Geographical State Geographical No. Area Area (Sq Km) 1 Uttar Pradesh & Uttarakhand 294364 34.2 2 Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh 198962 23.1 3 Bihar & Jharkhand 143961 16.7 4 Rajasthan 112490 13.1 5 West Bengal 71485 8.3 6 Haryana 34341 4.0 7 Himachal Pradesh 4317 0.5 8 Delhi 1484 0.2 Ganga Basin (Total) 861404 100.0 (Source: Status paper on river Ganga, NRCD, MoEF, 2009)

The main objective of critical environmental resources study is to identify the environmentally sensitive areas within the Basin where the project footprints should be avoided and the areas where project will have negligible effect. This has been supported by ground truthing to firm up resource mapping. The findings and mapping inputs would be useful to the feasibility preparation and ensure that the recommendations of this output are duly incorporated. This will help in environmentally feasible development of the project.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

This study has been carried out using secondary data and GIS platform for inventorying Critical Environment Resources (CERs) and generating maps. Spatial and non-spatial datasets include inventory of CERs, Satellite imageries, toposheets and secondary data collected from published studies and other sources. Main sources of include Basin level studies undertaken by IIT consortium, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, National Mission on Clean Ganga National Ganga River Basin Authority, secondary data from ENVIS centers, notifications of on Eco-sensitive zones, Protected areas. National Wetland Inventory and Assessment, MoEFCC, Archaeological Survey of India, etc.

Further, ground truthing and primary data collection have been done for proposed sites of IWAI’s intervention to identify, map and delineate critical environmental features / resources. An exercise for stakeholder’s consultation has been initiated to collect baseline secondary data on existing and planned projects/ schemes in the basin, and to understand and examine critical issues and concerns to build them into the early stages of Cumulative Impact Assessment. These stakeholders include central and state government and various other organizations namely the State Industrial Development Corporations, National and State Highway Authority of India, PWDs, Ministry of Environment Forests and Climate Change, Government of India, CPCB, State Forest Department. Environment Departments, other concerned line departments, select NGOs in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Methodology used for GIS: The methodology adopted for mapping using GIS includes following:

Inventory and maps of Critical Environmental Resources (CERs) as per Scope of Works namely National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Wetlands, Reserved forests, Biosphere Reserve, known breeding and nesting grounds for aquatic species (as per Schedule I of Indian Wildlife Act), Fish habitats, fish range, Heritage sites, etc in Ganga Basin using GIS platform have been prepared, Critically Polluted Areas as identified by CPCB have also been marked in project area keeping in mind the potential of growth in industries and allied sectors in immediate hinterland of NW-1. The proposed capacity augmentation of NW-1 and connection with other mode of transportation (with existing and new road/rail network) is likely to spur industrial growth, supply chains and other logistical requirements which may be needed/developed in the immediate hinterland.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

CERs have been identified and mapped with following steps:

 Inventorying of CERs in Ganga Basin as per Scope of Works. In addition, Tiger Reserves and Biosphere reserves have been inventoried and mapped.  Marking locations of critical environment resources at the Ganga Basin level and Project intervention (NW -1) level.  Delineation of rregulated buffer areas of each of the above CERs. Ten (10) kms have been taken as buffer zone of Protected Area (PA) or distance as specified in the notification of Eco sensitive Zone of the PA.  Marking location of proposed and existing locations of IWAI interventions in Ganga Basin/project intervention (NW-1) level and CERs located within 10 kms for each proposed locations.  Detailed maps of each of the proposed locations and CERs located in 10 kms.  Based on the above said steps, no go areas and restricted areas from environmental view point have been identified for the purposes of feasibility of the proposed project locations and interventions. This has been discussed in Analysis and Recommendations and Conclusions sections of this report.

3.0 Format of the Report

This report has been presented in four chapters. The first chapter describes the introduction, approach and methodology, basin understanding and approach and methodology for critical environmental resources study. The second chapter describes the IWAI project and interventions. The third chapter describes the inventory of resources. The fourth Chapter describes the inventory of Environment Resources (ER). Chapter 5 describes the applicable standards. Chapter 6 describes the analysis, conclusions and recommendations.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Chapter 2: Overview of National Waterway (NW) -1 Project

2.0 Introduction

This chapter provides introduction to the NW-1 project, need for the project, proposed development in NW-1 including terminals and navigation lock and priority interventions. It also provides site description and various features of the planned development in NW-1. Each of these items is described in the following sections.

2.1 Brief Description of NW 1

Figure 2.1: The Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system comprising National Waterway – 1 (Haldia to Allahabad)2

Currently, NW 1 is catering to the requirements for the thermal power plants, cement companies, fertiliser factories, oil refineries, the Food Corporation of India. It carries products like the coal, fly-ash, cement and clinker, stone chips, edible oils, petroleum products, food grains and other cargos. IWT terminals (25) of NW-1 have comparatively good connectivity to the road as well as the railway network. Current major IWT Terminals of NW-1 and their nearest existing rail and road links are shown in Table 2.1.

2 http://www.iwai.nic.in/index1.php?n=1&lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=145&lid=164 13

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 2.1: Current major IWT Terminals/Jetty of NW-1 and their nearest existing rail and road links (as per the information available from IWAI) Name IWT Terminal Neares t Railhe ad Type of S. No. Gauge Land area Berth Size Nearest NH/SH Nearest terminal

1. Haldia NH-41 Haldia BG 10930 Sq. m 70 m berth Floating & 200 m Terminal water front

2. Botanical NH-34 Shamilar No data 996 Sq. m 35 m berth Floating Garden Jetty available & 50 m Terminal water front

3. BISN Jetty & No data Shamilar No data 30409.64 Sq. 70 m berth Floating GR Jetty -1 available available m & 100 m Terminal water front

4. Tribeni SH-6 Tribeni No data Pontoon 35 m Floating available placed on Terminal water front 5. Shantipur NH-34 No data No data 8000 Sq. m 35 m berth Floating available available & 100 m Terminal water front

6. Swaroopganj No data No data No data 2337 Sq. m 35 m Floating available available available Terminal

7. Katwa NH-6 Katwa BG Pontoon 35 m Floating placed on Terminal water front

8. Hazardwari SH Murshidabad BG Pontoon 35 m Floating placed on Terminal water front 9. D/s Farakka NH-34 Farakka BG Pontoon 35 m Floating placed on Terminal water front 10. U/s Farakka NH-34 Farakka BG 4800 Sq m 35 m Floating Terminal

11. Farakka RCC NH-34 Farakka BG No data 115 m Fixed Jetty available RCC Jetty (Farakka Barrage Project) 12. Pakur RCC NH-80 Farakka BG No data 60 m Fixed Jetty available RCC Jetty (Farakka Barrage

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Name IWT Terminal Neares t Railhe ad Type of S. No. Gauge Land area Berth Size Nearest NH/SH Nearest terminal

Project)

13. Manglahat NH80 Rajmahal No data Pontoon 35 m Floating (Rajmahal) available placed on Terminal waterfront 14. Sahebganj NH-80 Sahibganj BG Pontoon 35 m Floating (Samdaghat) placed on Terminal water front 15. Bateshwarst NH80 Vikram Shila No data Pontoon 35 m Floating han available placed on Terminal water front 16. Bhagalpur NH-80 Bhagalpur BG 1000 Sq. m 35 m Floating Terminal 17. Munger NH 80 No data No data 3.40 acre 35 m Floating available available Terminal 18. Semaria NH 31 No data No data Pontoon 35 m Floating available available placed on Terminal water front 19. Barh NH-30A Barh BG No data 27 m Floating available Terminal 20. Buxar NH84 Misraulia No data Pontoon 35 m Floating available placed on Terminal water front 21. Ghazipur NH19 Ghazipur No data Pontoon 35 m Floating available placed on Terminal water front 22. Rajghat NH-7 Mugalsarai BG Pontoon 35 m Floating (Varanasi) placed on Terminal water front

23. G.R.Jetty-2 SH Kidderpore BG 14606 Sq. m 216 m Fixed (Kolkata) RCC Jetty 24. Patna NH-19 Gulzarbagh BG 3.24 Acre 46.6 m Fixed (Gaighat) RCC Jetty 25. Allahabad NH-35 Karchhana BG 8.759 35 m Floating Hectare Terminal

2.2 Need for the Project

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A edible oil and over dimensional cargo. These are some of the cargos which can be transported on NW-1 in large quantities. Details of origin and nature of cargo, distance form nearest terminal3 is given in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Origin and nature of cargo, distance form nearest terminal Origin and nature of cargo Nearest terminal location Distance in kms Haldia (Coal) Kolaghat 60 kms Sagardighi (Coal) River front 18 kms Pakur (Stone) Pakur Terminal 12 kms Barauni (Fertilizer, POL) Semaria 15 kms Semaria (Coal) Barauni 15 kms Patna (Coal) Muzzafarpur 60 kms Phulpur (Fertilizer) Allahabad 60 kms Chunar (Coal) Rihand 135 kms Chunar (Coal) Vindyachal / Singrauli 135 kms Chunar (Coal) Renu Sagar / Anpara 112 kms Chunar (Coal) Obra 67 kms Robertsganj/Churk/Dala (Cement) Chunar 67 kms Phulpur (Fertilizer) Allahabad 50 kms Rewa (Cement) Allahabad 119 kms Satna (Cement) Allahabad 166 kms Sidhi (Cement) Allahabad 211 kms Jagdishpur (Fertilizer) Allahabad / Varanasi 138/187 kms Shahjahanpur (Fertilizer) Allahabad / Varanasi 380/429 kms Raniganj Coalfield Shantipur 205 kms

Presently, this waterway is being used by cargo vessels, ODC carriers, tourist vessels and IWAI vessels etc. Under the project of transportation of 3 MTPA of imported coal from Haldia/Sand- heads to NTPC’s power plant at Farakka through NW-1 by M/s Jindal ITF Ltd., about 20 barges of 2000 DWT capacity each started moving between Haldia / Sand-heads and Farakka since October 2013 and about 0.26 MT coal has reached Farakka up to May 2014. Several power companies are planning to setup thermal power plants along NW-1 and extensive movement of Over Dimensional Cargo (ODC), imported coal for NTPC projects is expected on NW -1 during the next 4 - 5 years.

The trial movements of 2600 tonnes fertilizer of M/s Tata Chemicals from Haldia to Fatuha (Patna) and another 2500 tonnes of M/s IFFCO Phulpur from Fatuha (Patna) to Kolkata respectively was done successfully during 2013-14. Further, Inland tourist vessel RV Bengal Ganga of M/s Heritage River Cruise Pvt. Ltd. and ABN Sukhapha of M/s Assam Bengal Navigation Co. Pvt. Ltd. made their voyages successfully on NW-1 in Kolkata - Semaria - Kolkata and Kolkata - Patna - Kolkata respectively during 2013-14.

There is an urgent demand for operationalization of the entire NW-1 right upto Allahabad as many potential shippers (thermal power plants, cement companies, fertilizer companies, edible oil companies, Food Corporation of India) have evinced interest to use NW-1, if it is developed with adequate infrastructure to facilitate navigation by bigger vessels of 1200-1500-2000 Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT). Hence, it is necessary that NW-1 should be developed with IWT infrastructure of a level on which navigation by relatively bigger vessels is facilitated.

3 Inland Waterways Authority of India 16

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Depth on the navigational channel is the foremost requirement for making a waterway navigable and commercially viable. Large alluvial Himalayan rivers like Ganga typically have more depth in their lower reaches compared to upper reaches since these are joined by tributaries carrying discharge from their own catchment areas. Therefore, lower reaches of NW-1 naturally have more depth than the upper reaches.

During the year of 2013-14, IWAI had been targeting a Least Available Depth (LAD) of 3.0 meters between Haldia (Sagar) & Farakka (560 km), 2.5 meters in Farakka - Barh (400 km), 2.0 meters in Barh - Ghazipur (290 km) and 1.2 to 1.5 meters in Chunar - Allahabad sector (370 km).

Currently, large fluctuation of the water level in National Waterway-1 during summer to monsoon months have been observed. River Ganga carries heavy silt load. It becomes difficult to navigate for the barges and bigger vessels. Year round navigation possibility in the National Waterway No-1 faces major challenges like inadequate depth and width required for free movement of IWT Vessels of reasonable size, inadequate terminals for loading and unloading of the Cargo, inadequate connectivity with road and rail network, shortage of IWT vessels and inadequate navigational aids for safe navigation during day and night. Due to the unavailability of adequate depth and width and navigational infrastructure facilities, navigation of the large cargos is becoming a problem area.

Considering the traffic potential of NW-1 with many thermal power plants and other big industries planned along the river Ganga, IWAI plans to improve its navigability by increasing Least Available Depth (LAD) as well as width of navigable channel and development of IWT terminals along the NW-1.

Further, the IWAI has plans to augment their dredging fleet in the coming years. With the deployment of additional dredgers along with bandalling, IWAI is planning to provide an enhanced minimum depth of 2.5 meters in Farakka - Buxar stretch instead of Farakka - Barh i.e. about 235 km stretch with enhanced target of 2.5 meters depth against 2.0 meters. Further, IWAI has plans to develop 2.0 meters LAD up to Varanasi in place of Ghazipur i.e. about 133 km stretch with enhanced target of 2.0 meters depth against 1.5 meters.

It is estimated that the proposed project would require an expenditure of Rs.4200 crore (US$ 700 million) for developing NW-1 from Haldia to Allahabad. IWAI approached World Bank for Technical Assistance and Investment Support for the project. In July 2014, World Bank indicated their support for the programmatic approach with an initial loan assistance of US$ 50 million including Technical Assistance. The project envisages the mitigation measures for the environmental and social impacts associated with the project development.

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Basin level study is aimed to identify the critical resources to avoid potential damage to these critical resources from such a large water based development activities.

2.3 IWAI’s Proposed Priority Interventions / Development in NW-1

To achieve adequate navigability standards on NW-1, a substantial capital expenditure is involved. The expenditure would cover strengthening of open river navigation techniques, river training and conservancy, structural improvement and hardware which includes, dredging, modern river information system (RIS), Digital Global Positioning System (DGPS), night navigation facilities and modern methods of channel marking. Construction of terminals at Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh, Sahibganj in Jharkhand and Haldia in West Bengal are proposed to facilitate transhipment and movement of bulk cargo on NW-1. A navigational lock at Farakka is also proposed. Description of proposed priority interventions / development include IWAI terminals at Varanasi, Sahebganj and Haldia and a navigation lock at Farakka

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Chapter 3: Legislative, Regulation and Policy Consideration

3.0 Introduction

The GOI has detailed legislative framework imposing various restrictions for developments of inland & water areas. The attempt has been made to summarize the legislations which will determine the No Go/restriction areas for project foot prints.

The key legislations are 1. Wildlife Protection Act 2. Forest Conservation Act 3. Environmental Protection Act 4. Archeological Act

Various national parks & sanctuaries are notified under above acts which imposes ban of any activities without following a defined clearance process going up to Supreme Court level. Such areas have been considered as no go areas wherever applicable in the basin and project intervention areas. Other areas identified like reserve forest, Hilsa sanctuaries are also notified but with much lesser degree of restrictions, and these has been identified & presented in the Chapter 4.

For quick reference purposes, various legislations and the requirement with stage of activities are given in the following sections.

3.1 Regulatory Requirements

Various laws and regulation are framed by Government of India for protection and conservation of natural environment. These legislations with requirements and likely applicability to this project are summarized at table 3.1. Table 3.1: Key Environmental Legislation at a Glance Name Key Requirement Likely Applicability Controlling Authorities Acts/Rules Environment To protect and improve Applicable at stage of full MoEFCC Protection overall environment terminal development. Act-1986 and Rules 1987-2006 various Environment To protect the Separate environment MoEFCC/SEIAA Notification, 2006 environment from the clearance should be taken for and amendments4 impacts of new , borrow areas and quarries as modernization and applicable

4 As per EIA notification Inland Water Ways project does not attract Environmental Clearance. As per MoEF manual for Ports and Harbours, EIA notification for such terminal are applicable only in coastal front. As per experts assessment, EIA notification may not be applicable for such terminal construction on river front. However this is suggested to be confirmed from MoEF&CC. 19

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Name Key Requirement Likely Applicability Controlling Authorities expansion projects listed in schedule 1 of EIA report, 2006 The Forest To protect forest by Applicable if forest land is Forest Department, (Conservation) Act, restricting conversion of diverted or tree cutting is MoEFCC 1980 and forested areas into non- involved. amendments forested areas and The Forest deforestation (conversion) Rules 1981 and amendments

Wild Life To protect wildlife Applicable, project passes Sate Wild Life Protection Act, through notifying through the sanctuary area or Departments and 1972 National Parks and its eco sensitive zone. MoEFCC Sanctuaries and buffer areas around these zones Air (Prevention and To control air pollution Applicable for construction SPCB Control of Pollutants from the activities like setting up hot Pollution) Act, construction and mix plants, batching plants 1981 operation activities Water Prevention To control water Applicable for construction SPCB and Control of pollution Pollutants from activities for setting up Pollution) Act, the construction and construction camps involving 1974 operation activities discharges of liquid waste Noise Pollution The standards for noise Applicable for all construction SPCB/MoEFCC (Regulation and for day and night have and operation phase activities Control Act) 2000 been promulgated by the and amendment till MoEFCC for various date land uses. Hazardous Wastes The rules prescribe the Applicable for managing SPCB (Management details of management hazardous waste that can be Handling and of hazardous industrial generated during construction Trans-boundary) solid wastes from its & operation phase Rules, 2008 generation to final . disposal (cradle to grave) and fixes responsibilities on the generator, the transporter and the disposal agent. Ancient Conservation of cultural Applicable for river stretches Archaeological Dept. Monuments and and historical remains located within 300 m of such Archaeological found in India monument Sites and Remains Act, 1958 Explosive Act 1984 Safe transportation, Applicable only if large Chief Controller of storage and use of quantity of fuel is stored. Explosives explosive material Central Motor To check vehicular air Applicable, for construction Motor Vehicle Vehicle Act 1988 and noise pollution. vehicles Department

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Name Key Requirement Likely Applicability Controlling Authorities Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989 and amendments till date Prevention of Regard to precautions Applicable for development of IWAI Collision on required by the ordinary the terminal for all the vessel national practice of Seamen and plying in National Waterway Waterways limitation of the vessel Regulations, 2002 National ensuring safety of Applicable for development of IWAI Waterways, Safety navigation and shipping the terminal for all the vessel of Navigation and on the national plying in National Waterway Shipping waterways Regulations, 2002 The National Provision for regulation Applicable for development of IWAI Waterway-1 Act, and development of that the terminal for all the vessel 1982 river for purpose of plying in National Waterway shipping and navigation on the NW-1 and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto New Inland Vessel Economical and safe Applicable for development of IWAI Act, 2015 & Rules transportation through all the vessel plying in National Under IV Act inland waters Waterway

3.3 International Conventions, Protocols and Agreements

International Maritime Organization Conventions: India is member state of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Therefore, all activities relating to shipment through the port shall have to be done strictly in compliance with the standards set by the IMO, particularly the conventions, protocols and agreements. IMO Conventions/ Protocols related to environment & pollution are given in Table 3.3 for reference purposes and inputs for design requirement.

The World Bank Operation Policies are also applicable to the project but are not summarized here as these would be followed while developing the mitigation measures in the EIA reports.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 3.3 International Maritime Conventions, Protocols and Agreements Sr. No. Issues International Maritime Remarks Conventions, Protocols and Agreements 1. Maritime safety SOLAS Convention, The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is generally regarded as the 1974 most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships. The 1974 version includes the tacit acceptance procedure - which provides that an amendment shall enter into force on a specified date unless, before that date, objections to the amendment are received from an agreed number of Parties. The Convention came into force on May 25, 1980 2. Measurement of ships Load Lines It has long been recognized that limitations on the draught to which a ship may Convention,1966 be loaded make a significant contribution to her safety. These limits are given in the form of freeboards, which constitute, besides external weather tight and watertight integrity, the main objective of the Convention. 3. Preventing collisions at Convention on The 1972 Convention was designed to update and replace the Collision sea International Regulations Regulations of 1960 which were adopted at the same time as the 1960 SOLAS for Preventing Collisions Convention. One of the most important innovations in the 1972 COLREGs was at Sea (COLREG), 1972 the recognition given to traffic separation schemes - Rule 10 gives guidance in determining safe speed, the risk of collision and the conduct of vessels operating in or near traffic separation schemes. 4. Prevention of Pollution International Convention The MARPOL Convention is the main international convention covering from Ships for the Prevention of prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or Pollution from Ships accidental causes. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 (MARPOL), 1973, as respectively and also includes the Protocol of 1997 (Annex VI). It has been modified by the Protocol updated by amendments through the years. of 1978 relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997( MARPOL) Convention on The Convention's main objectives are to prevent unnecessary delays in maritime Facilitation of traffic, to aid cooperation between Governments, and to secure the highest International Maritime practicable degree of uniformity in formalities and other procedures. In particular, Traffic (FACILITATION), the Convention reduces the number of declarations which can be required by London, 1965 public authorities. 5. Safety of maritime Convention for The The main purpose of the convention is to ensure that appropriate action is taken navigation Suppression of Unlawful against persons committing unlawful acts against ships. These include: Acts of Violence Against  the seizure of ships by force; the Safety of Maritime  acts of violence against persons on board ships; and Navigation (SUA  the placing of devices on board a ship which are likely to destroy or convention), 1988 damage it. The convention obliges Contracting Governments either to extradite or prosecute 22

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Sr. No. Issues International Maritime Remarks Conventions, Protocols and Agreements alleged offenders. 6. Environmental Safety Convention Relating to Contracting States are empowered to act against ships of other countries which Intervention on the High have been involved in an accident or have been damaged on the high seas if Seas, 1969 there is a grave risk of oil pollution occurring as a result. 7. Standards of Training, International Convention The main purpose of the convention is to ensure the safety of seagoing Certification and Watch on Standards of Training, personnel. Convention in explained in two codes A & B. Code A is mandatory keeping for Seafarers Certification and Watch while Code B is recommendation. It intends to help parties implement the keeping for Seafarers convention. ( STCW ) as amended, including the 1995 and 2010 Manila Amendments 8. Safe containers International Convention The 1972 Convention for Safe Containers has two goals. for Safe Containers  to maintain a high level of safety of human life in the transport and (CSC) 72/77 handling of containers by providing generally acceptable test procedures and related strength requirements  to facilitate the international transport of containers by providing uniform international safety regulations, equally applicable to all modes of surface transport to avoid proliferation of divergent national safety regulations The requirements of the Convention apply to the great majority of freight containers used internationally, except those designed especially for carriage by air. As it was not intended that all containers or reusable packing boxes should be affected, the scope of the Convention is limited to containers of a prescribed minimum size having corner fittings - devices which permit handling, securing or stacking. 9. Safety of Fishing vessel The Torremolinos The Protocol applies to fishing vessels of 24 metres in length and over including International Convention those vessels also processing their catch. The general trend in modern designed for the Safety of Fishing fishing vessels, if they are to be economically profitable, must include Vessels (SFV),1977, improvements in machinery and fishing gear, improvements in safety features as superseded by the The a whole and better working conditions for fishermen. The safety provisions 1993 Torremolinos include automatically controlled machinery spaces, improved life-saving Protocol; Cape Town appliances, immersion suits and thermal protective aids, satellite communication Agreement of 2012 on systems and other components of the global maritime distress and safety the Implementation of system. the Provisions of the 1993 Protocol relating to

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Sr. No. Issues International Maritime Remarks Conventions, Protocols and Agreements the Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels 10. Standards of Training, International Convention General Provisions & certifications of Safety of Skippers, Officers, Engineer Certification and Watch on Standards of Training, Officers and Radio Operators. keeping for Fishing Certification and Watch Vessel Personnel keeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995 11. Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Following the International Conference on Special Trade Passenger Ships, Special Trade Ships Agreement (STP), 1971, IMO, in cooperation with other Organizations, particularly the World Health Passenger Ships, 1973 1971 and Protocol on Organization (WHO), developed technical rules covering the safety aspects of Space Requirements for carrying passengers on board in special trade passenger ships (ships carrying Special Trade Passenger large nos. of unberthed passengers such as in pilgrim area) Ships, 1973 12. Prevention of Marine Convention on the London Convention, one of the first international conventions for the protection Pollution by Dumping of Prevention of Marine of the marine environment from human activities, came into force on 30 August Wastes and Other Pollution by Dumping of 1975. Since 1977, it has been administered by IMO. It contributes to the Matter Wastes and Other international control and prevention of marine pollution by prohibiting the Matter (LC), 1972 (and dumping of certain hazardous materials. In addition, a special permit is required the 1996 London prior to dumping of a number of other identified materials and a general permit Protocol) for other wastes or matter. 13. Oil Pollution International Convention As per convention, Ships are required to carry a shipboard oil pollution Preparedness, on Oil Pollution emergency plan. Operators of offshore units under the jurisdiction of Parties are Response and Co Preparedness, also required to have oil pollution emergency plans or similar arrangements operation Response and Co- which must be coordinated with national systems for responding promptly and operation (OPRC), 1990 effectively to oil pollution incidents. Ships are required to report incidents of pollution to coastal authorities and the convention details the actions that are then to be taken. The Convention calls for the establishment of stockpiles of oil spill combating equipment, the holding of oil spill combating exercises and the development of detailed plans for dealing with pollution incidents. Parties to the convention are required to provide assistance to others in the event of a pollution emergency and provision is made for the reimbursement of any assistance provided.

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Sr. No. Issues International Maritime Remarks Conventions, Protocols and Agreements 14. Preparedness, Protocol on Convention aims to establish national systems for preparedness and response Response and Co- Preparedness, and to provide a global framework for international co-operation in combating operation to pollution Response and Co- major incidents or threats of marine pollution. Parties to the OPRC-HNS Protocol Incidents by Hazardous operation to pollution are required to establish measures for dealing with pollution incidents, either and Noxious Incidents by Hazardous nationally or in co-operation with other countries. Ships are required to carry a Substances and Noxious shipboard pollution emergency plan to deal specifically with incidents involving Substances, 2000 hazardous and noxious substances. (OPRC-HNS Protocol) The OPRC-HNS Protocol ensures that ships carrying hazardous and noxious substances are covered by preparedness and response regimes similar to those already in existence for oil incidents. 15. Control of Harmful Anti- International Convention Under the terms of the AFS Convention, Parties to the Convention are required fouling Systems on the Control of to prohibit and/or restrict the use of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships flying Harmful Anti-fouling their flag, as well as ships not entitled to fly their flag but which operate under Systems on Ships (AFS), their authority and all ships that enter a port, shipyard or offshore terminal of a 2001 Party. Anti-fouling paints are used to coat the bottoms of ships to prevent sealife such as algae and molluscs attaching themselves to the hull – thereby slowing down the ship and increasing fuel consumption. n the early days of sailing ships, lime and later arsenic were used to coat ships' hulls, until the modern chemicals industry developed effective anti-fouling paints using metallic compounds. These compounds slowly "leach" into the sea water, killing barnacles and other marine life that have attached to the ship. But studies have shown that these compounds persist in the water, killing sea-life, harming the environment and possibly entering the food chain. One of the most effective anti-fouling paints, developed in the 1960s, contains the organotin tributyltin (TBT), which has been proven to cause deformations in oysters and sex changes in whelks. 16. Safe and The Hong Kong Convention aimed at ensuring that ships, when being recycled after reaching the Environmentally International Convention end of their operational lives, do not pose any unnecessary risk to human health Sound Recycling of for the Safe and and safety or to the environment. Ships Environmentally It intends to address all the issues around ship recycling, including the fact that Sound Recycling of ships sold for scrapping may contain environmentally hazardous substances Ships, 2009 such as asbestos, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, ozone depleting substances and others. It will address concerns about working and environmental conditions in many of the world's ship recycling facilities. Regulations in the new Convention cover: the design, construction, operation and preparation of ships so as to facilitate safe and environmentally sound recycling, without compromising the safety and operational efficiency of ships; the operation of ship recycling facilities in a safe and environmentally sound 25

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Sr. No. Issues International Maritime Remarks Conventions, Protocols and Agreements manner; and the establishment of an appropriate enforcement mechanism for ship recycling, incorporating certification and reporting requirements. Ships to be sent for recycling will be required to carry an inventory of hazardous materials, which will be specific to each ship. 17. Control and International Convention Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one Management of Ships' for the Control and region to another, by establishing standards and procedures for the Ballast Water and Management of Ships' management and control of ships' ballast water and sediment. Sediments Ballast Water and Under the Convention, all ships in international traffic are required to manage Sediments, 2004 their ballast water and sediments to a certain standard, according to a ship- specific ballast water management plan. All ships will also have to carry a ballast water record book and an international ballast water management certificate. The ballast water management standards will be phased in over a period of time. As an intermediate solution, ships should exchange ballast water mid-ocean. However, eventually most ships will need to install an on-board ballast water treatment system 18. Salvage Convention, International Convention As per convention, "special compensation" to be paid to salvors who have failed 1989 on Salvage (SALVAGE), to earn a reward in the normal way (i.e. by salving the ship and cargo). The 1989 compensation consists of the salvor's expenses, plus up to 30% of these expenses if, thanks to the efforts of the salvor, environmental damage has been minimized or prevented. The salvor's expenses are defined as "out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by the salvor in the salvage operation and a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably used". 19. The United Provinces The Fisheries Act Definition of fish is a broad one under the Act and includes a wide gamut of Fisheries Act, 1948 provides for the aquatic biodiversity including “turtles, dolphins, aquatic plants, fisheries, whale prohibition and licensing and fish in all states in its life history”. of fishing in selected waters. For the purposes of regulating fishing, the rules made under this Act provides for selected waters where there is prohibition for fishing. However, this excludes ‘private waters’ 5and ‘religious waters’6. The authority constituted under this Act has been vested with power of arrest without warrant, compound certain offences as well as prohibit the sale of fish in such area as may be specified.

5 Private waters are exclusive property of any person or religious body or institution where such persons or institution has exclusive right of fishery. 6 Religious water means water belonging to a religious body or institutions and which have never been fished before on account of any restrictions on religious grounds. 26

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3.4 Other Convention and Policies

International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG-code): The IMDG code relates to methods of safe transport of dangerous cargoes and related activities. It sets out procedures for documentation, storage, segregation, packing, marking and labelling of dangerous goods

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Chapter 4: Inventory of Critical Environment Resources (CERs)

4.1 Introduction

During the early phases of developing and evaluating transportation projects and their alternatives, environmental resources are identified, assessed, and evaluated for the potential impacts of the project. Critical Environmental resources (CERs) can be defined as elements of the human environment, and include both natural and built resources. Three major categories of resources are socioeconomic, cultural and natural7. CERs are sensitive features of the natural environment. Criteria for CER’s is based on significant historical, cultural, or scenic value or sensitive archeological resources and religious or cultural resources important and Wildlife resource (including habitat for endangered, threatened, or sensitive species, or habitat essential for maintaining species diversity).

The chapter provides inventory and mapping of CERs in Ganga basin and National Waterway -1. Further, based on inventory and mapping of CERs in Ganga basin, proposed project specific map and CERs in 10 kms of the proposed site has been prepared. The project has been screened versus applicable policy, Act, Rules on navigation, Waterway, Dam and Diversions and Biodiversity as described in Chapter 3.

4.2 Environmental Resources in Ganga River Basin

At first CERs along the Ganga river basin have been identified and mapped followed by CERs identification in the context of NW 1. These are Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, wetlands, Tiger Reserves, Reserved Forests, Breeding and nesting grounds for aquatic species (Schedule-I species), fish habitats and fish range, Heritage sites and regulated buffer area of above as applicable.

Table 4.1: ERs within the Ganga Basin i. Hydrological interventions within the basin; ii. Biosphere Reserve; iii. National Parks; iv. Tiger Reserves; v. Wildlife Sanctuaries; Environmental Resources vi. Wetlands; vii. Reserved forest; viii. Aquatic Biodiversity; ix. Breeding and Nesting grounds of aquatic Species (Schedule-I species);

7 http://250interchange.org/index.php/2013-03-20-13-49-38/10-environmental/16-environmental-resources 28

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x. Fish Habitats and Fish Range xi. Heritage Sites.

I. Biosphere Reserves

The Government of India has established 18 Biosphere Reserves of India, (categories roughly correspond to IUCN Category V protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (i.e. more than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary) and often include one or more National Park and / or Reserves, along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities which inhabit these regions and their ways of life.

The Ganga basin has two Biosphere reserves, namely the Nanda Devi Biosphere and the Sundarbans National Park, which are also a part of the World Network of Biosphere reserves. The details of these biosphere reserves are given below in Table 4.2. Map showing biosphere Reserves in GRB is given in Figure 4.1.

Table 4.2: Biosphere Reserves located in the Ganga Basin8 Distance Location Nearest Date of Area in from Name Type Co-ordinates details Tributary Notification Sq. Km NW-1 (in km) Sunderbans Part of delta Tiger 70 of Ganges Reserve Gangetic 22002’17.34”N and Ganga 29/03/1989 9630 (West Delta 88051’03.59”E Bengal) Brahmaputra river system

Part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Chamoli, West 30°25′07″ N 600 Pithoragarh Ramganga 18/01/1988 5860.69 Reserve Himalayas 79°50′59″ E and Almora (Uttrakhand) Districts

II. National Parks

A National Park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by the Government of India and set aside for human recreation, animal and environmental protection and is restricted from most development. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its World Commission on Protected Areas has classified National Parks under its Category II type of protected areas.

At present India has 94 National Parks, spread all across the country, out of which 21 National Parks are within the Ganga basin. The total area cover of National Parks in the Ganga Basin is a little over 15,858 km2, with only a little less than half coming from Uttarakhand. A list of national parks within the Ganga basin, including district, adjacent tributary co-ordinates and settlement information is given below in Table 4.3. Map showing National Parks in GRB is given in Figure 4.2.

8Forest and Wildlife Statistics, India, 2014, MoEFCC

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Figure 4.1: Location of Biosphere Reserves in Ganga River Basin Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 4.2: Location of National Parks in Ganga River Basin

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 4.3: National Parks in Ganga River Basin9 Distance Regulated Location Nearest Nearest Area from NW- Sr. No National Park State Coordinates buffer Zone (District) tributary Settlement (Sq.Km.) 1 Km radius (in km) Valmiki National West 27°23'7.55"N 0 Bihar Koshi Narkatigang Bagha 335.65 195 10 Park Champaran 84°8'33.66"E Kalesar National 30°20'14.31"N 1 Haryana Yamuna nagar Yamuna JagadhriYamunanagar 46.82 703 5 Park 77°33'24.73"E Sultanpur 28°27'50.08"N 2 Haryana Gurgaon Yamuna Gurgaon 1.43 592 5 National Park 76°53'28.63"E Betla National 23°52'23.72"N 3 Jharkhand Palamau Koel Daltongani 231.67 196 10 Park 84°11'17.77"E Sanjay National Madhya 23°55'36.72"N 4 Sidhi/Sarguja Son Sidhi 1938 148 10 Park Pradesh 81°48'36.59"E Panna National Madhya Panna, 24°35'40.26"N 5 Son Satna 543 208 10 Park Pradesh Chatarpur 80°1'4.71"E Bandhavgarh Madhya 23°37'55.31"N 6 Shandol Son Katni 105.4 213 10 National Park Pradesh 81°0'19.69"E Madhav National Madhya 25°26'53.15"N 7 Shivpuri Chambal Shivpuri 337 428 10 Park Pradesh 77°42'59.33"E Van Vihar Madhya 23°14'4.93"N 8 Bhopal Narmada Bhopal 4.45 519 10 National Park Pradesh 77°22'1.04"E Fossil National Madhya 23°5'2.84"N 9 Mandla Son Katni 0.27 283 10 Park Pradesh 80°42'56.58"E Ranthambore 26°1'39.46"N 10 Rajasthan SwaiMadhopur Chambal SawaiMadhopur 392 549 10 National Park 76°28'11.70"E Sariska National 27°22'0.33"N 11 Rajasthan Alwar Banas Alwar 273.8 594 10 Park 76°26'20.51"E Keoladeo 27°9'53.85"N 12 Rajasthan Bharatpur Yamuna Agra 28.73 483 10 National Park 77°31'5.63"E Dudhwa National Uttar Lakhimpur- Ganga, 28°31'45.42"N 13 Dhangadhi 490.29 375 10 Park Pradesh Kheri Sarda 80°39'4.79"E Nanda Devi 30°20'19.46"N 14 Uttarakhand Pithoragrh Ramganga Vishnuprayag 5860.69 124 10 Biosphere 79°57'30.18"E

9 Source: NGRB Report (ESA volume-I), Forest Statistics India 2010. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Respective State Forest Department Websites, Respective National Park Official Website 32

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Distance Regulated Location Nearest Nearest Area from NW- Sr. No National Park State Coordinates buffer Zone (District) tributary Settlement (Sq.Km.) 1 Km radius (in km) Reserve Gangotri National 31°12'38.65"N 15 Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Ganga Gangi 1552.73 600 10 Park 79°3'40.79"E Haridwar, Rajaji National 30°0'25.12"N 16 Uttarakhand Dehradun, and Ganga Rishikesh 820.42 648 10 Park 78°3'26.84"E PauriGarhwal Corbett National Nainital and 29°35'8.00"N 17 Uttarakhand Yamuna Yamunanagar 521 552 10 Park PauriGarhwal 78°51'43.00"E Govind Pashu 31°8'39.07"N 18 Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Bhagirathi Uttarkashi 957.97 719 10 Vihar 78°15'21.83"E Valley of Flowers 30°44'22.33"N 19 Uttarakhand Pithoragrh Ramganga Joshimath 87.5 630 10 National Park 79°37'31.62"E North and Sundarbans West 22°2'17.34"N 20 South Ganga Haldia 1330.1 70 10 National Park Bengal 88°51'3.59"E Paraganas Note: Default area of 10 km from the boundary of PA will be the Eco-sensitive zone of such protected area whose ESZ have not been notified.

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III Tiger Reserves

Among the 510 wildlife sanctuaries across India, 28 have special significance for the conservation of the Bengal Tiger and therefore designated as Tiger Reserves. Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation program initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers, governs these reserves, which are meant to be representative of various regions throughout India. The programme strives to maintain a viable population of this conservation-reliant species in their natural environment.

Out of the 28 designated tiger reserves, 7 Tiger reserve are located near the project area in the Ganga Basin, and comprise a total core area of over 7138 km2; core area refers to the primary protected area of the reserve, in contrast to the so-called buffer area in which some development activities are allowed. The list of tiger reserves in Ganga basin, with associated district and adjacent tributary information, are given in Table 4.4. Map showing locations of Tiger Reserves in Ganga basin is provided in Figure 4.3.

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Figure 4.3: Location of Tiger Reserves in Ganga River Basin 35

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 4.4: Tiger Reserves located within the Ganga Basin10 Sr. Name State Location Nearest Nearest Latitude Core Distance Regulated No. (District) Tributary Settlement Area from buffer (Sq.Km.) NW-1 Zone (in km) Km radius 1 Valmiki Bihar West Koshi NarkatigangBagha 27°23'7.55"N 880.76 188 10 Champaran 84°8'33.66"E 2 Bandhavgarh Madhya Shahdol and Johilla and Katni 23°37'55.31"N 716.9 214 10 Pradesh Jabalpur Son 81°0'19.69"E 3 Panna Madhya Ken Panna and Son 24°35'40.26"N 576.13 208 10 Pradesh Chhatarpur 80°1'4.71"E 4 Ranthambhore Rajasthan SawaiMadhopur Chambal SawaiMadhopur 26°1'39.46"N 1113.36 541 10 and Karauli 76°28'11.70"E 5 Sariska Rajasthan Alwar Chambal Alwar 27°22'0.33"N 681.11 594 10 76°26'20.51"E 6 Dudhwa- Uttar Lakhimpur- Ganga, Dhangadhi 28°31'45.42"N 648 372 10 Katerniaghat Pradesh Kheri Sarda 80°39'4.79"E 7 Corbett Uttarakhand Nainital and Yamuna Yamunanagar 29°35'8.00"N 821.99 551 10 PauriGarhwal 78°51'43.00"E 8 Sunderbans West North and Ganga Haldia 22°2'17.34"N 1699.92 70 10 Bengal South 24- 88°51'3.59"E Paraganas Note: Default area of 10 km from the boundary of PA will be the Eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) of such Protected area whose ESZ have not been notified.

10Source: NGRB Report (ESA volume-I), Forest Statistics India 2010. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Respective State Forest Department Webs ites, Respective National Park Official Website

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IV Wildlife Sanctuaries

Any area comprised within any reserve forest or any part of the territorial waters, which is considered by the State Government to be of adequate ecological, faunal, geo morphological, natural or zoological significance for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its environment, is to be included in a sanctuary.

India has 510 animal sanctuaries, commonly referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV protected area). Wildlife sanctuaries are designated as a National Wildlife Sanctuary when they are deemed of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species.

Out of this 510 wild life sanctuary, 63 are located in the Ganga basin, spread across Bihar, Jharkhand, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The total area set aside for these sanctuaries is 12,334 Sq.km. An exhaustive list of wildlife sanctuaries within the Ganga basin by state is given Table 4.5. Map showing locations of the Wildlife Sanctuaries is given in Figure 4.4.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 4.4 Location of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Ganga River Basin

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 4.5: Wildlife Sanctuaries in Ganga River Basin11 Distance Regulated Area Sr. No. State Wildlife Sanctuary District Coordinates from NW-1 buffer Zone (Sq.Km.) (In Km.) (Km radius) 0 Bihar Bhimbandh Munger 25°4'31.50"N 86°21'57.93"E 681.99 22 10 1 Bihar Kanwarjheel Begusarai 25°36'55.05"N 86°8'43.84"E 63.11 27 10 Pashchim 2 Bihar Valmiki 27°23'7.55"N 84°8'33.66"E 544.67 191 10 Champaran 25°15'7.44"N 86°44'14.08"E VikramshilaGangetic to 3 Bihar Bhagalpur 0.5 00 10 Dolphin 25°16'55.20"N 87°13'44.40"E Indira Priyadarshani 4 Delhi Delhi 28°27'29.98"N 77°15'9.88"E 13.2 574 10 (Asola) 28°31'59.79"N 5 Haryana Bhindawas Rohtak 4.12 642 5 76°32'57.82"E 6 Haryana Kalesar Yamuna Nagar 30°22'5.25"N 77°28'4.24"E 100.28 639 5 28°33'50.86"N 7 Haryana Khaparwas Jhajjar 0.83 647 5 76°31'39.80"E 28°24'43.61"N 8 Haryana Nahar Rewari 2.11 638 5 76°24'53.42"E 9 HP Churdhar Sirmaur 30°52'1.69"N 77°27'45.90"E 56.15 747 10 30°36'34.06"N 10 HP Renuka Sirmour 4.02 750 10 77°27'22.75"E 30°29'29.95"N 11 HP Simbalbara Sirmour 19.03 720 10 77°36'54.43"E 12 HP Talra Shimla 31°1'48.13"N 77°47'8.01"E 26 741 10 Udhwa Lake Bird 24°58'23.02"N 13 Jharkhand Sahebganj 0.57 9 10 Sanctuary 87°49'20.30"E 14 MP Bagdara Sidhi 24°47'5.55"N 81°55'52.36"E 478 62 10 15 MP Gandhi Sagar Mandsaur 24°38'46.89"N 368.62 644 10

11Source:NGRB Report (ESA volume-I), Forest Statistics India 2010. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Respective State Forest Department Websites, Respective National Park Official Website

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Distance Regulated Area Sr. No. State Wildlife Sanctuary District Coordinates from NW-1 buffer Zone (Sq.Km.) (In Km.) (Km radius) 75°30'41.81"E 26°16'23.91"N 16 MP Ghatigaon Gwalior 511 407 10 77°54'39.34"E 25°46'47.67"N 17 MP Karera Shivpuri 202.21 411 10 77°49'33.21"E 18 MP Ken Gharial Panna, Chhatarpur 24°35'40.26"N 80°1'4.71"E 45.2 215 10 19 MP National Chambal Morena, Bhind 26°40'58.41"N 78°5'45.51"E 435 408 10 20 MP Narsinhgarh Raigarh 23°39'21.03"N 77°6'31.01"E 59.19 520 10 Damoh, Sagar, 21 MP Nauradehi 23°10'41.31"N 79°12'6.79"E 1194.67 365 10 Narsimhapur 25°19'40.65"N 22 MP Orcha Tikamgarh 44.91 330 10 78°38'36.80"E 23 MP Palpur-Kuno Morena 25°42'8.04"N 77°16'23.38"E 344.68 474 10 24 MP Panna (Gangau) Panna 24°38'8.19"N 79°38'34.67"E 68.14 256 10 25 MP Panpatha Shahdol 23°52'41.63"N 81°3'51.01"E 245.84 186 10 22°38'53.34"N; 26 MP Ralamandal Indore 2.34 688 10 75°55'20.87"E 23°25'48.75"N 27 MP Sailana Ratlam 12.96 737 10 74°54'44.48"E 23°35'29.39"N 28 MP Sanjay Dubri Sidhi 364.59 210 10 81°31'42.77"E Sidhi, 24°28'40.82"N 29 MP Son Gharial 41.8 65 10 Shahdol,Satna 81°57'50.43"E 23°31'55.35"N 30 MP Veerangna Durgawati Damoh 23.97 301 10 79°43'46.80"E 31 Rajasthan Bandh Baratha Bharatpur 26°53'15.48"N 77°22'5.99"E 192.76 482 10 24°59'30.45"N 32 Rajasthan Bassi Chittaurgarh 152.9 717 10 74°49'19.24"E 24°51'57.90"N 33 Rajasthan Bhensrodgarh Chittaurgarh 229.14 633 10 75°33'39.92"E 34 Rajasthan Darrah Kota 24°47'17.76"N 76°5'15.28"E 265.8 587 10

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Distance Regulated Area Sr. No. State Wildlife Sanctuary District Coordinates from NW-1 buffer Zone (Sq.Km.) (In Km.) (Km radius) 35 Rajasthan Jamwa Ramgarh Kaipur 27°4'7.10"N 76°2'30.15"E 300 624 10 36 Rajasthan Jawahar Sagar Kota 25°2'37.58"N 75°40'13.11"E 100 625 10 26°17'55.89"N 37 Rajasthan Kela Devi SawaiMadhopur 676.38 515 10 76°53'58.45"E 38 Rajasthan Kumbhalgarh Udaipur, Plai 25°8'39.60"N 73°33'12.47"E 578.25 842 10 39 Rajasthan Nahargarh Jaipur 27°0'3.96"N 75°50'37.75"E 50 635 10 40 Rajasthan National Chambal Kota 26°10'42.06"N 77°3'49.88"E 280 508 10 41 Rajasthan Ramgarh Vishdhari Bundi 25°30'28.83"N 75°43'7.64"E 301 623 10 26°34'42.59"N 42 Rajasthan Ramsagar Dholpur 34.4 483 10 77°36'21.92"E 24°36'23.38"N 43 Rajasthan Sajjangarh Udaipur 5.19 837 10 73°37'31.20"E 44 Rajasthan Sariska Alwar 27°22'0.33"N 76°26'20.51"E 492 582 10 45 Rajasthan Sawai Man Singh SawaiMadhopur 25°55'31.12"N 76°22'0.94"E 103.25 556 10 24°41'14.35"N 46 Rajasthan Shergarh Kota 98.71 552 10 76°30'49.18"E Chittaurgarh, 24°14'17.90"N 47 Rajasthan Sitamata 422.94 755 10 Udaipur 74°32'51.28"E Ajmer, Rajsaman, 48 Rajasthan TadgarhRaoli 25°41'39.55"N 73°54'3.53"E 495.27 801 10 Plai 49 Rajasthan Van Vihar Dhaulpur 26°36'46.21"N 77°46'1.61"E 59.93 414 10 Mirzapur, 24°30'54.78"N 50 /Bihar Kaimur 500.73 80 2 Sonbhadra 83°15'54.26"E 26°54'47.50"N 51 UP Lakh Bahosi Farrukhabad 80.24 281 10 79°39'19.20"E 52 UP Samaspur Rae Bareli 26°0'24.73"N 81°23'18.12"E 7.99 89 10 25°50'38.51"N 53 UP Surha Tal Ballia 34.32 12 10 84°10'31.92"E 10 54 UP Turtle Varanasi 25°18'32.04"N 83°0'54.62"E 7 00 (Recomonded 0 Km by UP

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Distance Regulated Area Sr. No. State Wildlife Sanctuary District Coordinates from NW-1 buffer Zone (Sq.Km.) (In Km.) (Km radius) state authority) 55 Uttarakhand Govind PashuVihar Uttarkashi 31°8'7.53"N 78°25'36.45"E 481 723 10 56 WB Bihutibhusan North 24-Paraganas 23°6'20.86"N 88°46'7.56"E 0.64 27 10 South 24- 21°39'50.24"N 57 WB Haliday Island 5.95 72 10 Paraganas 88°37'56.64"E South 24- 21°39'37.89"N 58 WB Lothian Island 38 50 10 Paraganas 88°19'53.83"E Chintamani Kar Bird South 24- 0.1 (6.9 59 WB 22°25'41.01"N 88°24'7.10"E 14 10 Sanctuary Paraganas ha) South 24- 60 WB Sajnekhali 22°7'27.89"N 88°49'51.18"E 362.4 76 10 Paraganas Note: Default area of 10 km from the boundary of PA will be the Eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) of such Protected area whose ESZ have not been notified.

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V Important Bird Areas

The purpose of identifying the “Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) under IBA Programme” is to protect and manage a network of sites that are significant for the long- term viability of naturally occurring bird populations, across the geographical range of those bird species for which a site-based approach is appropriate.

The IBA Programme is global in scale and, to date, over 10,000 sites have been identified world-wide, using standard, internationally recognized criteria for selection.

The sites are identified on the basis of the bird numbers and species' complements that they hold, and are selected such that, taken together, they form a network throughout the species' bio-geographic distributions.

This network may be considered as a minimum essential to ensure the survival of these species across their ranges, should there occur a net loss of remaining habitat elsewhere through human, or other, modification. Therefore, the consequences of the loss of any one of these sites may be disproportionately large.

The IBA programme aims to guide the implementation of national conservation strategies, through the promotion and development of national protected-area programmes. It is also intended to assist the conservation activities of international organizations and to promote the implementation of global agreements and regional measures.

Identification of important bird area is based on following criteria:

 Places of international significance for the conservation of birds and other biodiversity.  Recognized world-wide as practical tools for conservation  Distinct areas amenable to practical conservation action  Identified using standardized, agreed criteria  Sites that together form part of a wider, integrated approach to the conservation and sustainable use of the natural environment

There are about 95 Important Bird areas falls in Ganga River Basin. The list of Important Bird areas in Ganga Basin is given in Table 4.6 and Figure 4.5.

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Figure 4.5 Location of Important Bird Area in Ganga Basin

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Table 4.6 List of Important Bird Areas in Ganga Basin Sl. No. Name of State Important Bird Area in Ganga Basin Coordinates Distance(km) 1 Chail Wildlife Sanctuary 30°58’N 77°14’E 775 2 Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary 30°51’N 77°28’E 750 Himachal Pradesh 3 Sangla (Raksham Chitkul) Wildlife Sanctuary 31°20’N 78°39’E 742 4 Talra Wildlife Sanctuary 31°2’N 77°47’E 749 5 Basai wetlands 28°29’N 76°59’E 575 6 Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary 28°37’N 76°41’E 628 7 Haryana Kalesar Wildlife Sanctuary 30°22’N 77°33’E 695 8 Sultanpur National Park 28°28’N 76°55’E 592 9 Wetlands of Yamuna River 28°52’N 77°11’E 609 10 Delhi Okhla Bird Sanctuary 28°33’N 77°18’E 600 11 Alniya Dam 25°0’N 75°52’E 613 12 Bardha Dam 25°27’N 75°39’E 640 Gawana Arain, Mangaliyawas, Ramsar, Goyal, Ratakot, 752 13 Badar 26°26’N 74°37’E 14 Keoladeo National Park and Ajan Bande 27°10’N 77°31’E 473 15 Kumbalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary 24°33’N 73°54’E 809 16 National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary 26°40’N 78°5’E 408 17 Ramsagar Lake 25°36’N 75°3’E 692 Rajasthan 18 Ranthambore National Park and Tiger Reserve 26°2’N 76°29’E 548 19 Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary 24°38’N 73°39’E 841 20 Sambhar Lake 26°57’N 75°4’E 701 21 Sareri Bandh 25°42’N 75°38’E 629 22 Sariska Tiger Reserve 27°26’N 76°28’E 590 23 Sei Dam reservoir and surrounding environs 24°46’N 73°12’E 879 24 Sonkhaliya Closed Area 26°18’N 74°46’E 726 25 Udaipur Lakes Complex 24°35’N 73°49’E 828

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26 Bagdarrah Closed Area 24°28’N 73°52’E 816 27 Asan Barrage 30°26’N 77°42’E 692 28 Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and Goriganga Basin 29°41’N 80°16’E 500 29 Binog Sanctuary – Bhadraj – Jharipani 30°28’N 78°4’E 653 30 Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary 29°40’N 79°45’E 524 31 Corbett Tiger Reserve 29°35’N 78°55’E 548 Govind National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Sandra, 734 32 Kotinad and Singtur ranges (Tons forest division) 31°10’N 78°20’E Uttaranchal Kedarnath Musk Deer Sanctuary and surrounding Reserve 633 33 Forests 30°43’N 79°19’E 34 Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve 30°21’N 79°58’E 600 35 New Forest Campus 30°20’N 78°0’E 683 36 Rajaji National Park 30°3’N 78°4’E 659 37 Sonanadi Wildlife Sanctuary 29°38’N 78°41’E 581 38 Upper Pindar Catchment in East Almora Forest Division 30°15’N 80°3’E 540 39 Valley of Flowers National Park 30°46’N 79°40’E 649 40 Gangotri National Park 31°19’N 79°6’E 723 41 Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary 26°35’N 83°0’E 114 42 Dudwa National Park 28°29’N 80°42’E 365 43 Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary 29°32’N 78°9’E 591 44 Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary and Girijapur Barrage 28°15’N 81°11’E 320 45 Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary 28°24’N 80°22’E 368 46 Uttar Pradesh Kudaiyya marshland 27°0’N 78°59’E 330 47 Kurra Jheel 27°1’N 79°6’E 349 48 Lagga-Bagga Reserve Forest 28°37’N 79°48’E 416 49 Lakh-Bahosi Bird Sanctuary 27°30’N 79°30’E 332 50 Narora 28°13’N 78°33’E 453 51 National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary 26°43’N 78°43’E 339

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52 Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary 26°35’N 80°40’E 185 53 Parvati Aranga Wildlife Sanctuary 27°25’N 82°20’E 226 54 Patna Bird Sanctuary 27°35’N 78°45’E 400 55 Pyagpur and Sitadwar Jheel 27°31’N 81°54’E 234 56 Saman Bird Sanctuary 27°5’N 79°0’E 343 57 Samaspur Bird Sanctuary 26°0’N 81°25’E 84 58 Sandi Wildlife Sanctuary 27°15’N 79°55’E 282 59 Sarsai Nawar Lake 26°58’N 79°15’E 315 60 Sauj Lake 27°1’N 79°11’E 330 61 Sheikha Jheel 27°49’N 78°10’E 461 62 Sohangibarwa Wildlife Sanctuary 27°18’N 83°44’E 183 63 Soheldev Wildlife Sanctuary 27°44’N 82°9’E 266 64 Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary 27°0’N 77°45’E 450 65 Surha Tal Wildlife Sanctuary 25°45’N 84°20’E 0.10 66 Bandhavgarh National Park 23°36’N 81°14’E 207 67 Bhoj wetland 23°14’N 77°22’E 493 68 Dihaila Jheel and other wetlands 25°42’N 78°10’E 374 69 Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary and reservoir 24°36’N 75°41’E 631 70 Ghatigaon Bustard Sanctuary 26°2’N 77°52’E 413 71 Halali Reservoir 23°30’N 77°30’E 490 Madhya Pradesh 72 Madhav National Park 25°29’N 77°41’E 425 73 Panna National Park 24°26’N 80°5’E 214 74 Rangawa Reservoir 24°42’N 79°51’E 221 75 Sailana Kharmor Sanctuary 23°24’N 74°58’E 728 76 Sardarpur Wildlife Sanctuary 22°36’N 75°12’E 742 77 Yeshwantsagar Reservoir 22°49’N 75°41’E 695 78 Chaurs of North Bihar 26°8’N 86°10’E 67 Bihar 79 Danapur cantonment area 25°39’N 85°2’E 7.12

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80 Gogabil Pakshi Vihar, Baghar Beel and Baldia Chaur 25°24’N 87°45’E 11 81 Kawar or Kabar Lake Wildlife Sanctuary 25°41’N 86°5’E 33 82 Kurseala River Course and Diyara Flood Plains 25°27’N 87°15’E 6 83 Kusheshwarsthan 26°10’N 86°3’E 68 84 Mokama Taal (Barah) Wetlands 25°28’N 85°42’E 2 85 Nagi Dam and Nakti Dam Bird Sanctuary 24°49’N 86°25’E 53 86 Reservoirs of Chotanagpur Plateau 24°10’N 84°31’E 160 87 Valmiki Tiger Reserve and Saraiyaman Lake 27°19’N 84°9’E 186 88 Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary 25°17’N 86°56’E 00 89 Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary and North Karanpur Valley 24°8’N 85°20’E 153 90 Jharkhand Palamau Tiger Reserve 23°40’N 84°10’E 209 91 Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary 25°0’N 87°49’E 9.00 92 Farakka Barrage and adjoining area 25°6’N 87°48’E 00 93 Kulik (Raiganj) Bird Sanctuary 25°58’N 87°53’E 77 94 West Bengal Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary 26°52’N 88°25’E 190 95 Naya Bandh Wetland Complex 24°55’N 88°20’E 37 96 Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (National Park) 22°11’N 88°58’E 80

(Source: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/site)

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VI Wetlands

Wetlands are areas transitional between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem where water table is usually at or near the surface. Ramsar convention (1971) has defined wetlands as areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with static or flowing water, fresh, brackish or salt including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 m.

Wetlands are repository of vital information and services. They provide maintenance of food web, habitat to aquatic flora and fauna, as well as to numerous birds, filtering of sediments and nutrients from surface water, controlling floods, recharging ground water, provide drinking water, fish, fodder, fuel and provide source of livelihood and recreation to local populace. India has 58.2 million hectares of land including areas under cultivation for paddy. Fresh water wetlands alone support 20% of biodiversity in India.

There are many lakes, tanks and marshes in Ganga Basin (GB) . Table 4.7 shows many surface water bodies of GB including manmade reservoirs. There are many lakes and wetlands spread across the basin – in the mountainous Himalayan region, Himalayan terai region, Gangetic plains, and in coastal deltaic region – which together support a large and diverse ecological system in different geophysical settings. Several of GB’s wetlands are home to specialized flora and fauna as well as migratory species, which fulfill crucial ecological and social functions such as nutrient recycling, water purification, flood attenuation, ground water recharge, and buffering of shorelines against erosion, besides providing water, fish, fodder and recreation to society. State wise list of important wetland along the GB is given Table 4.7 and Figure 4.6.

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Figure 4.6: Location of Important Wetlands in Ganga Basin Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 4.7: Important Wetlands in Ganga Basin 12 Sr. Regulated buffer Zone Distance from NW- Wetland name Type Area State Latitude Longitude No. Km radius 1, (in km) Begusarai, 0 Khabartal Natural lake 2680 ha 25º 37’ 00” N 86º 08’ 00”E 10 29 Bihar Mora Mahananda Tal Riverine 1 68 ha Katihar, Bihar 25º 26’ 54” N, 87º 44’ 36” E 10 19 (Mahananda Dhar) wetland Natural 2 Bawlee Chaur 68 ha Bihar 26º 32’ 15” N 84º 54’ 16” E 10 88 waterlogged 3 Kosi/Belasi Dam Reservoir 520 ha Banka, Bihar 24º 56’ 54” N 86º 49’ 15” E 10 37 4 Getulsud Reservoir 2302 ha Jharkhand 23°26'38.601"N 85°31'17.874"E 10 215 5 Konar Reservoir 2149 ha Jharkhand 23°55’50.85”N 85°45’50.731”E 10 180 6 Tenughat Reservoir 3814 ha Jharkhand 23°43'51.677"N 85°50'1.091"E 10 202 7 Massanjore Reservoir 5027 ha Jharkhand 24°6’29.9”N 87°18’39.3”E 10 92 8 Tilaiya Reservoir 4865 ha Jharkhand 24°20'38.8"N 85°25'56.201"E 10 128 9 Udhwa Lake 1605 ha Jharkhand 24° 58' 6.400" N 87° 48' 55.500" E 10 9.29 20˚25′00”N to 88˚20′00” E to 10 East Kolkata Wetlands Lake 12512 ha West Bengal 10 14 22˚35′00”N; 88˚35′00” E. 209330 11 Sundarbans Mangroves West Bengal 21˚56′00’’ N 88˚51′00’’ E. 10 70 ha 25˚48′ 58’’and 84˚08′15’’ and 12 Surha Tal Lake 2357 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 14 25˚52′ 13’ N; 84˚08′15’’ E. 27˚22′ 44’’and 81˚42′15’’ and 13 Baghettal Lake 1432 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 218 27˚25′ 36’ N; 81˚46′16’’ E. Bakhira Wildlife 26˚52′ 10’’and 83˚05′16’’ and 14 Lake 3905 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 154 Sanctuary 26˚56′ 38’ N; 83˚12′18’’ E. 24˚36′ 01’’and 83˚09′33’’ and 15 Ghaghar Reservoir Reservoir 2165 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 63 24˚38′ 56’ N 83˚15′03’’ E. Samaspur Wildlife 25˚55′ 40’’and 81˚18′33’’ and 16 Sanctuary 791 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 80 Sanctuary 26˚03′ 47’ N 81˚27′51’’ E Dahar Lake (Sandi 27˚17′ 57’’and 79˚57′47’’ and 17 Sanctuary 309 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 290 Wildlife Sanctuary) 27˚19′ 42’ N 79˚59′10’’ E Reservoir 27˚14′ 25’’and 77˚49′41’’ and 18 Keetham Reservoir 403 ha Uttar Pradesh 10 447 27˚15′ 57’ N 77˚51′37’’ E.

12Source: MOEF National Wetland Atlas: Prepared by Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabadand Institute of Environmental Studies & Wetland Management (IESWM), Kolkata)

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Sr. Regulated buffer Zone Distance from NW- Wetland name Type Area State Latitude Longitude No. Km radius 1, (in km) 28˚52′ 56’’and 79˚35′46’’ and 19 BaghulDhora Lake 2278 ha Uttarakhand 10 446 28˚56′ 20’ N; 79˚40′55’’ E. 29˚06′ 26’’and 79˚15′12’’ and 20 Bour dam Reservoir 2612 ha Uttarakhand 10 492 29˚09′ 41’ N; 79˚22′22’’ E. 28˚56′ 13’’and 79˚47′28’’ and 21 Nanaksagar Reservoir 3330 ha Uttarakhand 10 449 28˚59′ 54’ N 79˚53′09’’ E 30˚21′ 54’’and 78˚25′44’’ and 22 Tehri dam Reservoir 1245 ha Uttarakhand 10 674 30˚26′ 45’ N; 78˚33′08’’ E. 29˚18′ 08’’and 78˚52′59’’ and 23 Tumaria Lake 2094 ha Uttarakhand 10 522 29˚21′ 05’ N; 78˚57′39’’ E. 28o 28 ’ 15” N & 76o 52’ 50” E & 24 Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary Lake 145 ha Haryana 5 636 28o 27’ 14” N 76o 54‘ 2” E Bhindawas Bird 28o 32 ’ 47” N & 76o 31’ 54” E & 25 Lake 435 ha Haryana 5 613 Sanctuary 28o 31’ 57” N, 76o 34‘ 10” E 28o 18’ 50” N & 77o 07’ 37” E & 26 Damdama lake Lake 43 ha Haryana 10 573 28o 17’ 54” N 77o 08‘ 09” E 27 MinimataBango Reservoir Chhattisgarh 22° 41' 00" N 22° 41' 00" N 10 283 Himachal 30036’ 44” N & 77026‘ 59” E & 28 Renuka Lake Lake 29 ha 10 733 Pradesh 30036’ 42” N 77027‘ 58” E 26052’ 31” to 740 53‘47” to 29 Sambhar Lake Lake 24294 ha Rajasthan 10 717 270 01’ 57”N 75013’ 41”E Keoladeo Ghana National 270 07’ 34” N & 77029‘ 28” E & 30 Lake 2912 ha Rajasthan 10 577 Park 27012’ 16” 77033‘ 40” E 270 28’ 45” N & 760 32‘ 36” E & 31 Jaisamund Lake Lake 512 ha Rajasthan 10 585 270 30’ 24” N 760 35‘ 19” E 240 13’ 08” N & 730 54‘ 57” E & 32 Dhebar Lake Lake 5985 ha Rajasthan 10 808 24018’ 52” N 740 02‘ 53” E 250 00’ 48” N & 730 08‘ 47” E & 33 Jawai reservoir Reservoir 3027 ha Rajasthan 10 883 250 05’ 57” N 730 12‘ 59” E 260 28’ 00” N & 740 36‘ 59” E & 34 Annasagar lake Lake 155 ha Rajasthan 10 703 260 29’ 01” N 740 37‘ 58” E 240 32’ 45” N & 730 47‘ 09” E & 35 Udaisagar Reservoir Reservoir 719 ha Rajasthan 10 836 240 35’ 19” N 730 49‘ 33” E Madhya 36 Bhoj wetland Reservoir 31 km2 23o14’ 46” N 77o20’ 31” E 10 532 Pradesh Note: Default area of 10 km from the boundary of PA will be the Eco-sensitive zone of such Protected area whose ESZ have not been notified.

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VII Reserved Forest

The vegetation type of the Ganga basin is largely tropical moist and dry deciduous types of forest, but also includes sub-tropical coniferous, Himalayan dry temperate and Himalayan moist temperate forests types. The extent of forest cover among the various states within Ganga basin is given in Table 4.8. The reserved forest location map is shown in Figure 4.7.

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Figure 4.7: Reserved Forests in Ganga River Basin

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Table 4.8: State-wise Forest and Tree Cover in Ganga Basin States Forest and Tree Cover Moderately Geographical Area Very Dense Open % of Geographical State Dense Forest Tree Cover Total (Sq. (Sq. km) Forest (Sq. Forest (Sq. Area of the State Cover (Sq. km) km) km) km) (Sq. km) Bihar 94,163 247 3380 3664 2164 9455 10.04 Delhi 1,483 6.76 49.38 123.67 118 297.81 20.08 Haryana 44,212 27 453 1106 1282 2868 6.49 Himachal Pradesh 55,673 3224 6381 5078 697 15380 27.63 Jharkhand 79,714 2587 9667 11,219 2629 26,102 32.74 Madhya Pradesh 308,245 6632 34,921 35,969 7087 84609 27.45 Rajasthan 342,239 72 4424 11,590 7,860 23,946 7 Uttar Pradesh 240,928 1623 4550 8176 6895 21,244 8.82 Uttarakhand 53,483 4785 14,111 5612 703 25211 47.14 West Bengal 88,752 2971 4146 9688 2144 18949 21.35 Chhattisgarh 135191 4153 34865 16603 3463 59, 084 43.7 Ganga Basin (Total) 1,444,083 26,328 116,947 108,829 35,042 228,062 19.5882 Source: (State of Forest Report, 2013)

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VIII Aquatic Biodiversity Breeding and Nesting grounds of threatened aquatic species (Schedule-I species)

The main stem of Ganga can be categorised into three stretches and sub-stretches based on habitat, substrate and ecology. The upper stretch is mountainous with cold water, high velocities and low nutrient concentration. The middle and lower reaches are in plains with river meandering, floodplains, comparatively moderate water temperatures, reduced velocity and increased sediment load with nutrients presenting sufficient quantities due to large human interventions13. The three stretches are Upper Ganga (Gangotri to Haridwar covering 294 km), Middle Ganga (Haridwar-Varanasi covering 1082 km) and Lower Ganga (Varanasi to Ganga Sagar covering 1134 km). Zoological Survey of India has documented 27 species of reptiles from the river. Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), Muggar (Crocodylus palustris) Aspideretes gangeticus, a soft shell turtle, are some reptilian species of the river. One of the most rare, endemic and endangered mammals of the Ganga is the Ganga river dolphin, Platanista gangetica gangetica. Smooth coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) a vulnerable species is also reported.

a. Breeding and Nesting grounds of aquatic Species (Schedule-I species)

1. Dolphin

Two species of Ganga river dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) and Indus river dolphin (P. gangetica minor) are found in the Indian subcontinent. The Ganga river dolphin, locally known as Susu, is restricted to the Ganga, Brahamputra, Karnaphuli- Sangu, and Meghna river systems and their tributaries, from the foot hills of the Himalaya to the limits of the tidal zone in India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. In Ganga river, Dolphins are also present in its tributaries like Yamuna, Chambal, Ghaghra, Gandak, Rapti, Narayani and Kosi rivers. Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) has been included in Schedule I of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and declared as national aquatic animal in 2009. The species is endangered as per IUCN threatened categories (2014.3). The population status of dolphins in the Ganga river and its tributaries are given in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Population Status of Dolphins in the Ganga river and its tributaries Length of the Dolphin Name of the River Source River Surveyed Number The Ganga main stem The Ganga (Haridwar to 100 km Nil Behera, 1995, Sinha et al. Bijnor Barrage) (2000) The Ganga (Bijnor Barrage 169 km 56 WWF-India Survey Report to (pers. comm. S. Behera Narora Barrage) (2010) The Ganga (Narora to 300 km 03 WWF-India Survey Report Kanpur) (pers. comm. S. Behera (2010) Kanpur to Allahabad Survey 200 km 78 WWF-India Survey Report Report (pers. comm. S. Behera (2010) The Ganga (Allahabad to 425 km 172 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) Buxar) survey)

13GRB EMP: Ganga River Basin Management Plan 56

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Length of the Dolphin Name of the River Source River Surveyed Number The Ganga (Buxar to 500 km 808 (u/s Sinha et al. (2000) Maniharighat) survey) The Ganga (Maniharighat to 100 km 24 (d/s unpublished data of Dec. Farakka) survey) 2004 (Sinha, 2004) The Farakka Feeder canal 38 km 21 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) survey) The Bhagirathi (Jangipur 320 km 119 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) Barrage to Triveni) survey) The Hooghli (Triveni Ganga 190 km 97 (d/s (pers. comm. G. Sharma Sagar) survey) 2008) Tributaries of the Ganga The Yamuna (from 350 km 60 (d/s WWF-India Survey Report Confluence of Chambal to survey) (pers. comm. S. Behera Hamirpur) 2010) Sinha et al. (2000) The Kosi (Kosi Barrage to 200 km 85 (discrete Sinha and Sharma (2003) Kursela) survey) The Gandak (Gandak 320 km 290 (d/s multi-organizational survey Barrage to confluence with survey) 2010 Ganga at Patna) The Gherua (India-Nepal 20 km 23 (d/s Smith et al. (1994) border to Girijapuri survey) Barrage) The Sarda (Sarda Barrage 100 km Nil Sinha and Sharma (2003) to Palya) The Chambal (Pali to 425 km 79 Singh (2010) Pachhnada) The Ken (from confluence of 30 km 08 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) Yamuna at Chilla to Sindhan survey) Kala village) The Kumari (from confluence 100 km Nil Sinha et al. (2000) of Sind River) The Betwa (from confluence 84 km 06 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) of the Yamuna at Hamirpur survey) to Orai The Sind (from confluence 110 km 05 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) with the Yamuna) survey) The Son 130 km 10 (d/s Sinha et al. (2000) survey) The Brahmaputra 600 km 400 (1996) Mohan (1997) pers. comm. 856 km 197 (2004- A. Wakid 05) The Barak river 17 km 02 (1999), Pers. comm. Paulan Singh 08 (2004), 06 (2006) The river Subansiri 99 km 26 Wakid (2009) The river Kulsi 76 km 27 Wakid (2009)

2. Crocodiles (Gharial and Mugger)

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), mugger (Crocodylus sp.) and salt water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) are reported in Ganga Basin. The early records reveal that these aquatic reptiles at one time were very abundant throughout their distribution range. However due to commercial exploitation and habitat destruction populations of 57

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A crocodile species were reduced to near extinction. In many of the habitats the crocodile populations were totally wiped out. Considering their vulnerability, the Government of India enforced protective legislation through the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 which prohibits its killing.

Adult Gharials from Anupsahar in district Bulandshahar were reported in 1995. In 1994, three Gharials were reported in the river Ganga downstream of Narora barrage. There is record of mugger from many places of the Ganga river at Narora especially downstream of barrage. Since there is a heavy human activity along the river Ganga, it was observed that mugger prefer living in the lower Ganga river canal.

Present population of Gharial in Ganga River is estimated to be less than 200 (year 2006). The mating season is during November through December and well into January. The nesting and laying of eggs take place in the dry season of March, April and May. This is because during the dry season the rivers shrink a bit and the sandy river banks are available for nesting.

Mugger: Mainly a freshwater species, the mugger crocodile is found in lakes, rivers and marshes. Muggers prefer slow-moving, shallower bodies of water rather than, fast-flowing, deep areas. Also known to thrive in manmade reservoirs and irrigation canals. It is sympatric with the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in some areas of India and with the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in other areas, but separated by habitat most of the time. It is known to be more mobile on land, can migrate considerable distances over land in search of a more suitable habitat. It can chase prey on land for short distances. They are also known to dig burrows as shelters during the dry season.

3. Turtles

In the middle Ganga (Haridwar- Allahabad) a total of 12 freshwater turtle species have been identified. The Kachuga sp. is dominated with 5 species (K. smithii, K. tecta, K. tentoria, K. dhongoka and K. kachuga) followed by two species of Aspideretes (A. gangeticus and A. hurum) and one each species of Chitra indica, Lissemys punctata, Hardella thurjii, Geoclemys hamiltoni and Melanochelys trijuga. Kachuga dhongoka was reported in river Ganga at Allahabad and in river Yamuna at Bateswar (U.P.). Occurrence of Kachuga dhongoka in Chambal has been reported. Distribution of common species of turtles in middle Ganga from Gangdaspur in Bijnor district is given in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Status and distribution and of freshwater Turtles in river Ganga Sr. Threatened status Common name Species No. (IUCN) 1 Three striped roof turtle Batagur dhongoka Endangered 2 Red crowned roof turtle Batagur kachuga Critically Endangered 3 Narrow headed soft shell turtle Chitra indica Endangered 4 Spotted pond turtle Geoclemys hamiltonii Vulnerable 5 Crowned river turtle Hardella thurjii Vulnerable 6 Indian flap shell turtle Lissemys punctata Lower risk 7 Indian black turtle Melanochelys trijuga NT 8 Indian soft shell turtle Nilssonia gangeticus Vulnerable 9 Indian peacock soft shell turtle Nilssonia hurum Vulnerable 10 Brown roofed turtle Pangshura smithii NT (lower risk) 58

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11 Indian roofed turtle Pangshura tecta Lower risk 12 Indian tent turtle Pangshura tentoria Lower risk

The nesting and breeding status of different turtle species occurring in the Ganga river are shown in Table 4.11 and Table 4.12.

Table 4.11: Nesting sites of turtles between Bijnor to Kanpur Sr. No. Place Latitude Latitude 1 Bijnor 29°34´214 78°05´971 2 Maqdoompur 29°08´743 78°04´546 3 Tighri ghat 28°79´329 (28.822482) 78°14´148 (78.157875) 4 Garh 28°74´214 (26.81019) 78°17´678 (80.11266) 5 Pooth 28°69´419 28.69352 78°18´50178.19308 6 Awantika Devi 28°40´066( 28.450510) 78°28´274 (78.279008) 7 Anoopshehar 28°32´633 (28.354112) 78°29´149 78.267427 8 Rajghat 28°21´067 (28.240950) 78°19´228 (78.358984)

Table 4.12: Breeding status of fresh water Turtles occurs in the Ganga river between Rishikesh and Kanpur S. No. Species Nesting season Hatching season 1 Geoclemys hamiltoni - - 2 Melanochelys trijuga - - 3 Batagur dhongoka December-February-April May 4 Batagur kachuga December-February-April May 5 Pangshura smithii October-December May 6 Pangshura tentoria September-February May 7 Pangshura tecta October-December May 8 Lissemys punctata July-October July 9 Chitra indica September October 10 Nilssonia gangeticus August-October June/July 11 Nilssonia hurum - - 12 Hardella thurjii -

Characteristic vertebrate taxa (Turtles, Gharials and Dolphin of Middle Ganga (Haridwar to Varanasi) is given in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13: Characteristic vertebrate taxa (Turtles, Gharials and Dolphin) of Middle Ganga stretch Characteristic Dwelling Feeding Breeding Taxa Habitat Habits Ground Turtles: Shallow waters on Adult turtles feed mainly Breed on sand beds Kachuga sandy banks on insect larvae and Nesting in Dec- Feb and Aspideretes decomposing organic hatching in May sp. materials (Scavengers) Gharials: Less interrupted Juveniles feed on small Nesting in dry Gavialis basking sites, crustaceans insects, season gangeticus prefer clayey frogs. Adults feed on preferred riverine islands from sand small fish sand banks of banks Dolphin Mid channel depth Catfish, Small carps, No specific birth period Platanista approx 2- 4.5 m Prawns, molluscs and move in pairs and give gangetica gangetica with bank depth turtles preferred food small birth from Oct- March greater than 1.5 m. fish. on sand bars Rocky and muddy 59

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Characteristic Dwelling Feeding Breeding Taxa Habitat Habits Ground substrates velocity 5-30 cm/sec.

IX Fish Habitats and Fish Range

The river Ganga supports a large number of indigenous and exotic species of fishes. The compilation of records from other reports, research papers, dissertations and thesis of academic institutes add up to 294. These fishes are grouped under 81 families and 167 genera as given in Table 4.14.

Table 4.14: Total number of fishes (taxa) in river Ganga Categories Species Genus Families (a) Number of fish from fresh water 178 89 37 (b) Number of fish from brackish waters 103+72* 69 37 (c ) Common cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) 13 9 7 Total 294 167 81 * Common in fresh water zone

Out of 294 species recorded from Ganga river, more than 100 species are reported to have commercial importance.

Migratory Fish (Hilsa)

The Tenualosa ilisha, is largely an anadromous species. It is capable of withstanding a wide range of salinity and travels great distances up-stream up to 1,200 km in inland water for breeding. The largest yield of the Hilsa fishery comes from the deltaic region of the Gangetic system of India and Bangladesh. The species is mainly heterosexual. The breeding of Hilsa in the Ganga appears to be with the onset of the monsoon in July; with peak breeding from September-December. The peak periods were found to be co- related with the flooding of the rivers owing to the south-west monsoon. The upstream migration during the main breeding season depends vitally on the commencement of the south-west monsoons. The variations in the intensity of the monsoon during the breeding season appear to cause considerable fluctuations of the fish catches in different places.

Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus), Ganges Shark, a critically endangered species is known only from the lower reaches of the Ganges-Hooghli river system, West Bengal, India. It possibly occurs in other river systems in the area. It could also occur in shallow marine estuaries although there are no verified marine records of this species to date.

Protected Breeding and nesting habitats for aquatic species in Ganga Basin

Ganga Basin is characterized by presence of wetlands which provide habitats for breeding and nesting grounds of aquatic species. Certain habitats in the Ganga Basin (NW-1 section) are protected under Wildlife Protection Act (1972) notably Turtle WLS (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) and Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (Bhagalpur,

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Bihar) and three Hilsa Sanctuaries (West Bengal). These have been described briefly below:

1. Ramsar Site1415. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch): it is located between Brijghat 28º46”0.7’N and 78º8” 16.0’E and Narora 28º21’’N and 78º17’E. The site has elevation of 204.7 to 183 m asl and area is 26,590 ha. Nearest town along the 85 km. river stretch from Brijghat to Narora are Ghaziabad, Bulandsahar, Badayun and Moradabad. The approximate length of the stretch from Narora to Brijghat is 82 km.

2. Wildlife Sanctuary

 Kachua Vanyajeev Vihar (Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary): To conserve and manage the released turtles and their natural habitat Kachua Vanyajeev Vihar (Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary) is notified under Wildlife Protection Act (1972) no.53, section 18 (vide letter no. 4170, 14-3- 62/89 dated 21st December, 1989). The area of the mid section of the Ganga flowing through Varanasi city measuring 7 kms was notified as Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS). The TWS include the river stretch between Ramnagar Fort to Malviya Rail/Road bridge (Rajghat Bridge).  Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary: In August 1991, the Government of Bihar, designated a 50 km segment of the Ganges River between Sultanganj to Kahalgaon as the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.16.  Dolphin Movement: Critical stretches for Gangetic Dolphin movement have been identified17 in Ganga Basin falling in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, in Table 4.15 and Figure 4.7.

14 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9281/0.

15 Upper Ganga River, Information Sheet of Ramsar Wetland. 16 Sunil K. Choudhary, Brian D. Smith, Subhasis Dey, Sushant Dey and Satya Prakash (2006) Conservation and biomonitoring in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar, India, Oryx Vol 40 No 2 April 2006. 17 Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin (2010-2020), NGRBA, MoEFCC

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Figure 4.8: Critical Stretches of Dolphin Movement in Ganga River Basin

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 4.15: Critical Dolphin Stretches along Ganga River Basin Sr. State Stretch S.N. State Stretch No. 1 Middle Ganga Barrage at 4 Gangi-Ganga Confluence Bijnore to Lower Ganga near Sinha Ghat, Ara 20km Uttar Barrage at Narora (165 Bihar upstream Ghaghara- Pradesh km) Ganga confluence at Doriganj, Chhapra) to Fatuha (confluence of Ganga and Punpun (80 km). 2 Fatatehpur to Mirzapur 5 Barh to Mokama to (150 km) Maniharighat (Katihar) (210 km). This stretch includes the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (about 50 km) 3 Chambal-Yamuna 6 5.River Gandak from confluence near Etawah to Triveni Barrage at Indo- Ganga-Yamuna Nepal border to Ganga – confluence at Allahabad Gandak confluence at Patna (332 km)

Hilsa sanctuaries

In order to facilitate spawning, all types of fish catching are banned in the Hilsa Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year18. Fishing of Hilsa is prohibited within 5 square kilometer of the Farakka Barrage round the year to protect the hilsa species and facilitate breeding spawning in the area as given in Table 4.16 and Figure 4.9.

18 Notification of Fisheries Department, Government of West Bengal dated Tuesday, April 09, 2013 published in The Kolkata Gazette. 63

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Figure 4.9: Location of Hilsa Sanctuaries

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 4.16: Location of Hilsa Sanctuaries (Protected area for Hilsa) in River Bhagirathi, West Bengal Sr. No. Location of the Hilsa Sanctuaries and their stretches 1 Diamond Harbour to Nishchintapur Godakhali 2 Katwa to Hooghly Ghat, part of Burdwan and Hooghly District) 3 Between Lalbagh in Farakka, Murshidabad district 4 5 square kilometers area around Farakka Barrage

X Archeologically Protected Monuments, Heritage and Cultural sites

Archeological Survey of India has notified many monuments as archeologically protected. These are in large number and identified with location and district. The monuments falling the districts through which NW-1 is passing is listed at Table 4.17. The important protected area/heritage sites in Basin area are also identified and shown at Figure 4.10 and Table 4.18.

Table 4.17: List of Archeologically Protected Monuments in the Districts located in NW-1 route Sr.N o West Bengal Districts 1 Abandoned Gopal temple at Amdpur Burdwan(WB) 2 Majlish Saheb or Id-Baqrid mosque at Kalna town Burdwan 3 Panchratna brick temple at Baidyapur Burdwan 4 Radha Gobunda temple at Jagadanandapur Burdwan 5 Three Siva temple at Sribati Burdwan 6 Badsahi or Hussain Shai mosque at Nutanhat Burdwan 7 Siva temple at Honpas – Kamarpura Burdwan 8 Hussain Shah mosque at Kulutia Burdwan 9 Excavated monument at Goswamikhanda Burdwan 10 Bijoy - Toran at Burdwan town Burdwan 11 Temple of Kashinath Siva at Ajhapur Burdwan 12 Temple of Madan Gopal at Kulingram Burdwan 13 South Park street Cemetery in Park street Calcutta The tomb of Admiral Charles Watson, the Mausoleum of Job 14 Charnak and The Tomb of BegunJohnson within the compound of St. John's Church at Council house street, Calcutta Calcutta 15 Henry martin's Pagoda at Serampore Hooghly 16 Raj Rajeswar temple at Dwarahatta Hooghly 17 Chandi temple at Deulpara Hooghly 18 Siva temple at Bakharpur Hooghly 19 Temple of Gour Chandra and Krishnachandra at Chatra Hooghly 20 Jorbangla temple at Parul Hooghly 21 Raghunandan temple at Parul Hooghly Jorbangla temple of Durga with Navaratna tower at Bally 22 dewangunj Hooghly 23 Mosque at Village bajua Hooghly 24 Radha Govinda temle at Satpur Hooghly 25 Siva temple at Harirampur Hooghly 26 Raj Rajeswar temple at Kotalpur Hooghly

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A 27 Temple of Sri Sri Nandadulal Jew at Gurap Hooghly 28 The mast of a Portuguese ship at bandal Hooghly 29 Kanakeswar Shiva temple, Byra Kanpur Hooghly 30 Temple of Dadhimadhab of the Roy family at Amraguri Howrah 31 Temple of Gopal Jew at Mellock Howrah 32 Jami mosque in Old Malda municipality Malda 33 Ruins of the fortified city of Pandua Malda 34 Ruins of Pathan palace at Adian Malda 35 Ancient ruins at Ratnagarh at Wari Malda 36 Ancient ruin site at Gagjibanpur Malda 37 Tomb of Nawab Sharfaraz Khan at Naginabagh Murshidabad 38 Temple of Gangeswar Siva at Baranagar Murshidabad 39 Siva temple at Yugwara Murshidabad 40 Ravratna temple at Sibarambati Murshidabad 41 Ratneshwar Siva temple at Bilbari Murshidabad The house, temples and ruins associated with memory of Jagat 42 Sett's house at Mahimapur Murshidabad 43 Temple of Raghabeswar Siva at Dignagar Nadia 44 Temple of Shyamchand at Santipur town Nadia JharKhand Shobhabgunj(Sahibgan 1 Ancient Fort and Sangeet Dalan j)

Bihar 1 Archaeological Site, Kheri, Shahkund Bhagalpur 2 Tomb of Mahmudshah, Kahalgaon Bhagalpur 3 Fort of Munger Munger 4 Golghar Patna 5 Agamkuan Gulzarbagh, Patna City Patna 6 Beguhjam Masjid, Patna City Patna 7 Jain Temple, Kamaldah, Gulzarbagh Patna 8 Do Ruikhi Pratima, Kumrahar Patna 9 Choti Patandevi, Patna city Patna 10 Nepali Temple, Hazipur Vaishali Uttar Pradesh

1 Ancient mound at Koldihwa Allahabad(36) 2 Ancient mound at Mahagara Allahabad 3 Ancient mound at Chopani Mando Allahabad 4 Purana Mandir Chandauli 5 Chunar firt Mirzapur 6 Ancient site of Bhuili Mirzapur 7 Sarnath Temple Mirzapur 8 Siddhanath ki Dari Mirzapur 9 Lekhnia Pahar Mirzapur

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A 10 Painted rockshelter Mirzapur 11 Megalithic Remains Mirzapur 12 Painted rockshelter at Lekhnia Pahar Mirzapur 13 Megalithic remains of Kotwar Pahar Mirzapur 14 Bhaldria Painted rockshelter Mirzapur 15 Lekhnia Painted Rockshelter Mirzapur 16 Samadhi and Mausoleum od Sant Kabirdas Sant Kabir Nagar 17 Ancient of Kopia or Anupia Sant Kabir Nagar 18 Battis Khamba Varanasi 19 Battis Khamba Varanasi 20 Lahartara Talab Varanasi 21 Kardmeshwar Mahadeva Mandir Varanasi 22 Guradham Mandir Varanasi

Figure 4.10: Important Protected /Heritage and cultural sites in Ganga Basin

Table 4.18: List of Archeologically Protected area/heritage sites in Basin Area

Sl. No. Name and Location of Protected Site Distance from NW-1 ( in KM) 1 Agra - Fort- UP 434 2 Agra - Taj Mahal- UP 453 3 Fatehpur Sikri- UP 477 4 Khajuraho Group of Monuments- (MP) 202

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A 5 Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi- MP 481 6 Humayun's Tomb- DELHI 600 7 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi 588 8 Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya 102 – BIHAR 9 Red Fort Complex, Delhi 585 10 The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur 635 11 Hill Forts of Rajasthan 641

4.3 Critical Environment Resources in NW-1

Based on the inventory and mapping of Environment Resources in Ganga basin, Critical Environment resources in the vicinity of proposed project sites and their regulated buffer area /Eco-sensitive area have been identified, mapped and described with reference to nearest identified interventions.

Proposed Ramnagar Terminal, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Kachua vanyajeev Vihar (Turtle wildlife Sanctuary), a notified protected area under Wildlife protected area is located about 2.27 km in north direction, downstream from the proposed Ramnagar terminal in NW-1 and shown in Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11: Map of proposed site at Ramnagar Terminal and Turtle wildlife Sanctuary in NW-1

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Ramnagar fort is located 2.0 km in North from the proposed Ramnagar terminal. Other environment resources in the vicinity of 10 kms of are shown in Figure 4.12.

Figure 4.12: Ramnagar fort and other environment features in 10 kms from the proposed Ramnagar Terminal

Proposed Haldia Terminal, Haldia Dock Complex, East Medinipur District, West Bengal

Two Hilsa sanctuaries namely Diamond Harbour to Nishchintapur Godakhali and Katwa to Hooghly Ghat, part of Burdwan and Hooghly District are notified by Fisheries Department, Government of West Bengal which are located in NW-119. This is mapped and shown in Figure 4.13.

19 Notification of Fisheries Department, Government of West Bengal dated Tuesday, April 09, 2013 published in The Kolkata Gazette. 69

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Figure 4.13: Location of proposed terminal at Haldia and Hilsa Sanctuaries Proposed terminal at Sahebgunj, Sahebgunj district, Jharkhand and navigation lock at Farakka, Murshidabad district, West Bengal.

Two notified protected areas namely Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin sanctuary and Udhwa lake Wildlife Sanctuary are identified. Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin sanctuary is located in NW -1 and Udhwa lake Wildlife Sanctuary is located with in 9 kms from NW-1. Two Hilsa Sanctuaries between Lalbagh in Farakka, Murshidabad district and 5 square kilometers area around Farakka Barrage are notified. These are shown in Figure 4.14.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 4.14: location of Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin sanctuary (NW-1). Udhwa lake Wildlife Sanctuary around Sahebgunj and Hilsa sanctuaries in Farakka (NW-1)

4.6 Conclusions

Inventory and mapping of CERs in Ganga Basin and NW-1 indicates presence of critical environmental resources. This provides basis and data for analyzing and identifying exclusion (no go), restricted areas, planning interventions of IWAI and for making recommendations for taking environmental and social safeguards as described in Chapter 6.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Chapter 5: Standards

5.1 Introduction

There are large number of standards defined by various international organisations. Many of these standards relates to environmental aspects as well which are largely followed by DPR consultants, ship manufacturers shipping organisations and other related organisations. Effort has been made to analyse Indian and international standards including UN and Japanese legislations. Those considered relevant to NW-1 development are summarised below at Table 5.1. These standards will be useful for construction and management planning of interventions along NW 1.

Standards for Discharge of Effluents: Under EPA Act, 1986, standards are prescribed for discharge of effluents in inland water bodies and marine coastal area and are given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Standards for Discharge of Effluents Standards Sr. No. Parameters Inland Surface Waters Marine Coastal Areas 1 Color & odour All efforts shall be made to All efforts shall be made to remove colour remove colour and and unpleasant odour as far as practicable unpleasant odour as far as practicable 2 Suspended solids 100 1. For process wastewater- mg/l, Max 100 2. For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent 3 Particle size of Shall pass 850 Micron IS 1. Floatable solids max. 3 mm suspended solids sieve 2. Settleable solids max. 850 microns 4 pH Value 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5 Temperature Shall not exceed 50 C Shall not exceed 50 C above the receiving above the receiving water water temperature temperature 6 Oil and grease mg/ l 10 20 Max. 7 Total residual chlorine 1.0 1.0 mg/l Max. 8 Ammonical Nitrogen 50 50 (as N), mg/l Max. 9 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen 100 100 (as NH3 ), mg/l Max. 10 Free ammonia (as NH3 5.0 5.0 ) mg/l Max. 11 Bio-chemical oxygen 30 100 demand (3 days at 270 C), mg/l max. 12 Chemical oxygen 250 250 demand, mg/l max 13 Arsenic (as As), mg/l 0.2 0.2 max. 14 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l 0.01 0.01 max. 15 Lead (as Pb), mg/l 0.1 2.0 max. 16 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l 2.0 2.0

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Standards Sr. No. Parameters Inland Surface Waters Marine Coastal Areas max. 17 Hexavalent chromium 0.1 1.0 (as Cr +6), mg/l max 18 Total chromium (as Cr) 2.0 2.0 mg/l max 19 Copper (as Cu), mg/l 2.0 3.0 max. 20 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l max 5.0 15.0 21 Selenium (as Se), mg/l 0.05 0.05 max. 22 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l 3.0 5.0 max 23 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l 0.2 0.2 max. 24 Fluoride (as F), mg/l 2.0 15 max. 25 Dissolved phosphates 5.0 -- (as P), mg/l max. 26 Sulphide (as S), mg/l 2.0 5.0 max. 27 Phenolic compounds 1.0 5.0 (as C6 H5OH), mg/l max. 7 7 28 Radioactive materials: 10- 10- a. Alpha emitter 6 6 10- 10- micro curie/ml b. b. Beta emitter micro curie/ml 29 Bio-assay test 90% survival of fish after 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 96 hours in 30 Manganese (as Mn), 2 2 mg/l 31 Iron (as Fe), mg/ 3 3 32 Vanadium (as V), mg/l 0.2 0.2 33 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/l) 10 20

Standards Classification of Inland Surface Water Bodies: Surface water bodies are classified on the basis of use by CPCB and the classification is given in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Surface Water Body Classification, CPCB Designated – Best – Class of Criteria Use Water Drinking Water Source A 1. Total Coliforms Or Organism MPN / 100 ml shall without conventional be 50 or less treatment but after 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20ºC 2mg/l or less Outdoor bathing B 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN / 100 ml shall be (Organized) 500 or les 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20ºC 3 mg/l or less Drinking water source C 1. Total Coliforms Organism MPN / 100 ml shall be after conventional 5000 or less treatment and 2. pH between 6 to 9

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Designated – Best – Class of Criteria Use Water disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg / l or more Propagation of Wild life D 1. pH between 6.5 to 8.5 and Fisheries 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg / l or more 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg / l or less Irrigation, Industrial E 1. pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Cooling, Controlled 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25ºC micro mhos / cm Waste Disposal Max. 2250 3. Boron Max. 2 mg/l

Criteria for Classification of water bodies on basis of level of Eutrophication: Standard for accessing Eutrophication level in the water bodies is assessed on the basis of water quality, bottom sediments and aquatic biota quality and nos. in Environment Impact Assessment Study of Port Development, UN, New York, 1992. Same can be refereed here to assess the level on Eutrophication in the river and tributaries.

Table 5.3: Criteria for Level of Eutrophication Pollution level Seprotrophic Pertrophic water (severely Eutrophic water Ollgotrophic Environmental water polluted) (slightly water (clean) Indicator (extremely Deep water Shallow polluted) polluted) area (more water area than several (less than metres) several metres) Water Quality Transparency (m)  3  3 3 – 10  10 Discolouration Blakish Yellow, Olive, Brownish, etc Temporal and No colouring local colouring COD (ppm)  10 3 – 10 1 – 3  1 BOD (ppm)  10 3 – 10 1 – 3  1 DO saturation (%) (anaer 100 – 200% 100 – 200% > 80% at surface in all obic condition at surface at surface and middle layer, layers (saturated) from surface layer (over layer (over 30 – 80% deeper layer to the saturated), saturated) layer than sea bottom) 0 – 30% at several metres the bottom layer Hydrogen sulphide Detected at Detectable at Not Not detectable Not detectable most layers the bottom detectable layer Inorganic N  10 10 – 100 2 – 10  2 compounding (g at N/l) Bottom Sediments Colour of Black, Black, Blackish Occasionally Natural Oxidation sediments Oxidation layer Oxidation Oxidation blackish layer found (brownish layer layer not layer not Oxidation layer at the surface found found found of the bottom) not found COD (mg/g) - > 30 5 – 30 < 5 Sulphide (mg/g) > 10 0.3 – 3.0 0.03 – 0.3 < 0.03 Aquatic Biota Bacteria (cell no. /  105 102 - 105 102 – 104  102 ml) Phytoplankton  103 102 - 105 101 – 103  101 (cell no. / ml) Chlorophyll  10 – 200 1 – 10  (mg/m 3) Primary production  (mgc/m 2/hr)  10 – 200 1 – 10 < 1  74

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Pollution level Seprotrophic Pertrophic water (severely Eutrophic water Ollgotrophic Environmental water polluted) (slightly water (clean) Indicator (extremely Deep water Shallow polluted) polluted) area (more water area than several (less than metres) several metres) (Gc/m 2/day)  1 – 10 0.3 – 1.0 < 0.3 Protozoa Extremely Abundant Scarce Scarce abundant Crustacean - Scarce, little diversity Abundant, great Scarce, great zooplankton diversity diversity Benthic Scarce, little Scarce, little Abundant, Abundant, great Scarce, great polychaetes worm diversity diversity great diversity diversity diversity Crustacean - Scarce, little diversity Abundant, great Scarce, great diversity diversity Typical water area Enclosed bays or ports with abundant Bays and coastal Offshore open discharge of pollutants zone water areas Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992

Standards for permissible level of water quality indicator: The permissible level of indicators for assessing water quality, in port development in India are given below in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 Standard for Permissible Level of Water Quality Indicator Indicator Coliform Country Purpose / Place DO COD BOD Oil bacteria Ph (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (MPN / 100 ml) India Polluted area o Recreation 6.5 – 9.5 3 - 5 0.1 1000 o Harbour 6.5 – 9.0 4 - 5 10 500 Non-polluted area    o Bathing - 5 - 3 - 500 o Aquatic biota - 4 - 6 - 500

Indonesia Coastal Water   o Bathing 6.0 – 9.0 5 40 20 3 1000 o Aquaculture 6.0 – 9.0 4 80 45 5 1000 o Marine Park 6.0 – 9.0 4 80 45 5 1000 o Industry 6.0 – 9.0 - 40 20 2 1000 Japan Sea o Bathing 7.8 – 8.3 7.5 2 - 0.5 1000 o Industry (B) 7.8 – 8.3 5 3 - 0.5 - o Industry (B) 7.0 – 8.3  8 - - -  Malaysia Sea o Natural 6.5 – 8.5 7 10 1 ND 100 o Aquatic biota 6.0 – 9.0 5 - 7 25 3 - 5000 o Recreation 6.0 – 9.0 5 - 7 25 3 - 5000 o Common 6.0 – 9.0 3 - 7 25 6 - 50,000

Philippines Sea   o Recreation 6.5 – 8.5 5 - - 2 1000 o Aquatic biota 6.5 – 8.5 5 - - 5 5000 o Industry 6.5 – 8.5 3 - - 5  o Navigation 6.0 – 9.0 2 - - 10 

Thailand Sea  

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o Swimming 6.5 – 8.3 4 - - ND 1000 o Conservation 7.5 – 8.9 5 - - ND -

Criteria for Disposal of Harmful Bottom Sediments: No specific standards are defined in India for disposal of dredged material. If dredged material is toxic / harmful then these sediments should either be disposed off in landfill or in Sea. Criteria followed in Japan is given in the Table 5.5.

Table 5.5: Criteria for Harmful Bottom Sediments, Japan (unit: mg/l) Contaminated Material Dumping in Landfills (mg/l) Dumping at sea (mg/l) Alkylmercuric compounds Not detectable Not detectable Mercury and its compounds 0.005 0.005 Cadmium and its compounds 0.1 0.1 Lead and its compounds 1 1 Organophosphorus compounds 1 1 Chromium (VI) compounds 0.5 0.5 Arsenic and its compounds 0.5 0.5 Cyanogen compounds 1 1 PCB 0.003 0.003 Copper and its compounds - 3 Zinc and its compounds - 5 Fluoride - 15 Note: Criteria are based on the examination of dissolution of contaminated materials Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992

Criteria for Off-shore dumping of Dredged material: No criteria is defined for off-shore disposal of dredged material in India, thus reference to the UN standards can be made and is given in Table 5.6.

Table 5.6: Criteria for Off-Shore Dumping of Dredged Material (unit: ppm or ppb) Substance Canada USA PCB (ppb) 100 380 Hg (ppm) 0.5 0.15 Cd (ppm) 0.60 0.7 Zn (ppm) 169 105 Cu (ppm) 45 68 As (ppm) (5 – 25) 12.5 Pb (ppm) 45 33 Organochlorine pesticide (ppb) 10 5.0 for any compound Sum of DDT, DDE and DDD Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (ppb) (1,000) Sum of 16 compounds 680 Sum of six low mol. Wt. compounds 2,690 Sum of 10 high mol. Wt. compounds Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992

Estimated Suspended Sediments Generation Standards from Dredging and Dumping operations: Estimations had been made in Assessment Manual for dredging and Reclamation, Ministry of Transport, Japan for suspended sediment generation from dredging and dumping operations is given in Table 5.7. These can be used for estimating the suspended sediments to be generated from dredging for construction and operation of terminal.

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A Table 5.7: Approximate Suspended Sediment Generation from Dredging Operation Activity / Type of the Bottom SS generated by dredging or SS generated by dredging or dumping of one cubic metre of dumping of one cubic meter of sandy material silt / clay Pump dredging Kg/m3 Kg/m3 Ordianry 4,000 PS1/ (2) 2.2 – 4.5 (2) 1.2 – 1.4 Ordinary 2,000 PS (3) 0.1 – 0.3 NA Low – pollution type 1,600 PS NA (3) 1.2 – 1.6 Low – pollution type 800 PS NA (2) 1.5 – 3.5 Grab dredging Ordinary 8m3 bucket NA (2) 10 – 89 Ordinary 3 m3 bucket (1) 8.4 (4) 12 – 84 Water – tight type 8 m3 bucket NA (1) 3.5 Bucket dredger (1) 17 (1) 56 Dumping By grab bucket (11) 0.4 – 5.0 NA From hopper barge (2) 2.4 – 5.2 (5) 12 – 203 Note: Parentheses are the number of times of observations NA: Not Available 1/: Capacity of pump in Horse Power Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Chapter 6: Analysis, Conclusions & Recommendations

6.1 Introduction

This chapter is based on the inventory, mapping and analysis of environmental resources in Ganga basin, proposed locations of IWAI’s terminals and navigation lock in NW-1. Analysis, conclusions and recommendations with respect to Exclusion Areas (No go areas), Restricted Areas and areas having minimal impacts have been carried out.

As per the Scope of Work, Basin Level Critical Environment Resources (CERs) have been identified, inventoried and mapped in Chapter 4. Criteria for identifying exclusion (No Go areas) and restricted areas is evolved based on identification of these CERs and provisions of related regulation to these CERs. These are listed in Table 6.1 & Table 6.2.

6.1.1 Criteria for Identification of NO Go and Restricted Areas:

The presence of Wildlife Protected areas (Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve, Protected Wet Land) are considered as No Go activity area for project footprint. The buffer areas of above protected areas and other areas (like Reserved Forest, Critical stretches for Conservation of Dolphins (NGRBA), Hilsa Sanctuaries and 300m buffer of archeologically protected monuments) are considered as restricted area. The area other than No Go and restricted areas are considered as minimal impact areas.

6.2 Analysis

Based on the inventorying and mapping of environmental resources at Ganga basin level and project intervention level (NW-1) as described above, exclusion (No Go areas) and restricted areas have been identified and discussed below.

6.2.1 Exclusion (No Go) areas in Ganga Basin and NW-1 (With respect to Wildlife protected Areas)

Exclusion (No Go areas) has been defined with respect to location of proposed project interventions of IWAI location of critical environment resources in Ganga Basin and along main stem of Ganga in NW-1. There are other areas in Ganga basin meeting the No Go areas identification criteria. However, these have not been listed in this section. In case any project activity/intervention to be undertaken beyond NW- 1 or on river Ganga stem, then activity area specific eco-sensitivity analysis shall be reviewed as per the basin level eco-sensitivity detail given in chapter-4.

No-Go Areas- Ganga Main Stem Other than NW-1 stretch

Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) is declared as a Ramsar Site. Moreover, Ganges Dolphin Conservation Zone Garhmukteshwar – Narora Barrage has been recommended to be declared as “No Go area” for which detailed studies have been done by WWF- India. Given the recognition of Upper Ganga River as a Ramsar site and in line with finding of previous studies and recommendations, this

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A stretch is further recommended to be Exclusion (No go area). Since, this river stretch is outside the purview of NW-1, it would not be directly impacted by plying of IWAI’s vessels. However, hydrological interventions for augmenting flow in the NW-1 should avoid this area for planning any hydrological interventions.

No-Go Areas- NW-1 stretch

Two notified wildlife sanctuaries are located within the main stem of river Ganga in NW-1 (Table 6.1) namely:

1. Turtle WLS, Varanasi 2. Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bhagalpur

The entire notified stretches of river are considered as No Go area. The Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary stretch (the 7 Km long river stretch) at Varanasi (Figure 6.1) and the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary stretch located in Bihar State (starting from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon pahad, about 50 km stretch, Figure 6.2) is recommended to be exclusion (No Go area) in NW-1 from the point of IWAI’s interventions.

Table 6.1: No Go areas w.r.t Critical Environment Resource in NW-1 and Ganga Main Stem

Sr. Location (name of No Go areas with Distance of Remarks No. place/chainage/coordinates respect to Critical NW-1 from in NW-1 ) Environment CER & Resource (CER) & distance from Nature of Restriction nearest identified intervention In Ganga Main Stem (Upstream of Allahabad) 1. Garhmukteshwar – Narora Dolphin habitat Outside NW-1 Upper Ganga Barrage River (Brijghat No construction or to Narora Garhmukteshwar: developmental activity Stretch) is 28°78’52.12” N is permutable. Only declared as a virgin movement of Ramsar Site 78°09’91.52” E vessels may be permissible (without Narora: 28°19’73.95” N impacting aquatic 78°38’92.92” E species and ecosystem), subject to approval of competent authorities of both Wildlife Sanctuaries Within NW-1 stretch 2. Sultanganj to Kahalgaon Vikramshila Gangetic Within NW-1 The dolphin Pahad20 Dolphin Sanctuary21 movement Sahibganj though is 25°15'7.44"N It’s a protected area terminal about reported in 86°44'14.08"E under Wildlife 48 km larger area And Protection Act. downstream of (between Barh 25°16'55.20"N sanctuary. Maniharighat 87° 13'44.40"E No construction or (Katihar developmental activity Patna terminal stretch of is permutable. Only about 165 km about 210 virgin movement of upstream of the km). The vessels may be sanctuary. Vikramshila permissible (without Gangetic

20 The coordinates given are corresponding toSultanpur and Kahalgaon location at the River. 21 Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as amended till date. 79

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impacting aquatic Dolphin species and Sanctuary ecosystem), subject to area falls in approval of competent between this authorities of both stretch itself. Wildlife Sanctuaries The no Go area though will remain the Sanctuary stretch only. 3. Varanasi-Chunar Turtle WLS include the Within NW-1 (1311-1344) 7 km river stretch Varanasi Between Ramnagar Fort to It’s a protected area Terminal about Malviya Rail/Road bridge under Wildlife 2.1 km (Rajghat Bridge)22 Protection Act. downstream of the sanctuary No construction or developmental activity is permutable. Only virgin movement of vessels may be permissible (without impacting aquatic species and ecosystem), subject to approval of competent authorities of both Wildlife Sanctuaries

The Exclusion (No Go area) of Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary and Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is shown in detail at Figure 6.1 and 6.2

22 Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as amended till date. 80

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Figure 6.1: Exclusion (No Go area) in Turtle Wildlife Sanctuary (TWS) and 10 kms restricted area around TWS. (though recomonded buffer area is Zero Km)

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

Figure 6.2: Exclusion (No Go area) in Vikaramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) and 10 kms restricted area around VGDS

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A

6.2.2 Restricted Areas

The restricted areas are identified as per the criteria defined under section 6.1.1. As per this criterion the buffer zone of two sanctuaries located in NW-1 (the No Go areas) and one sanctuary located about 9 Km away from NW-1 is identified as restricted areas. The restricted areas are shown in Figure 6.1, 6.2 & 6.3 and details of restrictions are detailed at Table 6.2. . Table 6.2: Restricted areas w.r.t Critical Environment Resource in NW-1

Sr. Location (name of Restricted Areas Distance of Nature of Restriction No. place/chainage/coordinates NW-1 from /Remarks in NW-1) CER&distance from nearest identified intervention Restricted Area around Protected areas 1. Varanasi-Chunar 7 km area around Within NW-1 Any developmental (1311-1344) Turtle WLS is eco- activity or construction of Between Ramnagar Fort to sensitive zone and is Varanasi Terminal would require Malviya Rail/Road bridge identified as restricted Terminal prior permission under (RajghatBridge)23 area. located at Wild Life Protection Act. It about 2.1 Km may also require The 7 Km stretch from Sanctuary development of wild Life downstream (from falls within Eco Conservation plan. Malviya Rail/Road to Sensitive Zone Kundakala) and of the Upstream (from Sanctuary ( the Ramnagar Fort to restricted area Wajidpatti) is ) identified as restricted area in NW-1 and 7 Km area around sanctuary stretch.

( Refer Figure 6.1 for restricted area)

2. Sultanganj to Kahalgaon 10 km area Within NW-1 Any developmental pahad aroundVikramshila Sahibganj activity or construction of Gangetic Dolphin Terminal Terminal would require Sanctuary24 , the eco- located at prior permission under sensitive zoneof this about 43 Km Wild Life Protection Act. It sanctuary. Is from Sanctuary may also require identified as restricted development of wild Life area.. Conservation plan.

The 10 Km stretch downstream ( from Kahalgaon pahad to Nandgola) and Upstream ( from Sultangan to Madhopurpatpur) is identified as restricted

23 Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as amended till date. 24 Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as amended till date. 83

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( Refer Figure 6.2 for restricted area)

3. Rajmahal- Begam Ganj 10 km area around 9.29 kms from Any developmental Udhwa lake WLS25 NW-1 activity or construction of (located in Sahebganj Terminal would require district) the eco- Frakkha prior permission under sensitive zoneof this Terminal at a Wild Life Protection Act. It sanctuary.. This distance of may also require sanctuary is located about 20 Km development of wild Life about 9 Km from from Sanctuary Conservation plan. NW1 and about 19 Km stretch ( between Sahibganj Rajmahal- Begam Terminal about No restriction of Farakka Ganj) of NW-1 falls in 33 Km from the and Sahibganj terminals 10th Km zone of this sanctuary since both the terminals sanctuary and are located more than 10 identified as restricted Km away from this stretch in NW-1 sanctuary.

( Refer Figure 6.3 for restricted area) Restricted Areas from Fish Conservation Perspectives 1. Tribeni-Balagarh Hilsa Sanctuary Within NW-1 No restriction for (193-221) Under the (Protected area for development activities of chainage, stretch Hilsa) in River HaldiaTerminal the NW-1 except that from DiamondHarbour to Bhagirathi26 located at a construction and Nishchintapur Godakhali distance of 15 operation activities should .Sanctuary is created Km from damage the fish for facilitating sanctuary propagation and spawning of fish and conservation. conservation of fishes. Restriction under this sanctuary is in the form of ban on catching for all types of fish in the Hilsa Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year 2. Balagarh-Kalna Hilsa Sanctuary Within NW-1 No restriction for (221-245) Under the HaldiaTerminal development activities of chainage, stretch As above located at a the NW-1 except that from (Katwa to Hooghly Ghat, distance of 97 construction and part of Burdwan and Hooghly Km from operation activities should District) Sanctuary damage the fish propagation and conservation.

25 Wildlife Protection Act (1972) as amended till date. 26 Notification of Fisheries Department, Government of West Bengal dated Tuesday, April 09, 2013 published in The Kolkata Gazette. 84

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Sr. Location (name of Restricted Areas Distance of Nature of Restriction No. place/chainage/coordinates NW-1 from /Remarks in NW-1) CER&distance from nearest identified intervention

Restriction under this sanctuary is in the form of ban on catching for all types of fish in the Hilsa Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year 3. Kalna-samudragarh (245- Hilsa Sanctuary Within NW-1 No restriction for 263)Under the chainage, HaldiaTerminal development activities of stretch from Katwa to To facilitate located at a the NW-1 except that Hooghly Ghat, part of spawning, all types of distance of 130 construction and Burdwan and Hooghly fish catching are Km from operation activities should District) banned in the Hilsa sanctuary damage the fish Sanctuaries during propagation and June to August and conservation. October to December every year. Restriction under this sanctuary is in the form of ban on catching for all types of fish in the Hilsa Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year

4. Jangipur lock-Farraka lock A. Hilsa Sanctuary Within NW-1 No restriction for (505-544)Under the To facilitate Farakka development activities of chainage, stretch spawning, all types of Terminal is the NW-1 except that fish catching are located about construction and A. Between Lalbagh in banned in the Hilsa 79 km from operation activities should Farakka, Murshidabad district Sanctuaries during Sanctuary damage the fish June to August and propagation and B. 5 square kilometers area October to December conservation. around Farakka Barrage is every year. declared as Hilsa Sanctuary27 Restriction under this sanctuary is in the form of B. Hilsa Sanctuary ban on catching for all To facilitate types of fish in the Hilsa spawning, all types of Sanctuaries during June fish catching are to August and October to banned in the Hilsa December every year Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year 5. Farakka lock-Rajmahal A. Hilsa Sanctuary Within NW-1 No restriction for (544-583) development activities of A. Between Lalbagh in To facilitate Farakka the NW-1 except that Farakka, Murshidbad district spawning, all types of Barrage is construction and fish catching are located about operation activities should B. 5 square kilometers area banned in the Hilsa 0.8 km from damage the fish

27 In order to facilitate spawning, all types of fish catching are banned in the Hilsa Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year. Fishing of Hilsa is prohibited with in 5 square kilometer of the Farakka Barrage round the year to protect the hilsa species and facilitate brooders spawning in the area. 85

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Sr. Location (name of Restricted Areas Distance of Nature of Restriction No. place/chainage/coordinates NW-1 from /Remarks in NW-1) CER&distance from nearest identified intervention around Farakka Barrage is Sanctuaries during Farakka propagation and declared as Hilsa Sanctuary June to August and Terminal. conservation. October to December every year. Restriction under this sanctuary is in the form of B. Hilsa Sanctuary ban on catching for all To facilitate types of fish in the Hilsa spawning, all types of Sanctuaries during June fish catching are to August and October to banned in the Hilsa December every year Sanctuaries during June to August and October to December every year

Navigation lock at Farakka 6. Barh- Ballia Barh to Mokama to Within NW-1 No restriction for NW-1 (891-1063) Maniharighat Sahibganj project activities. Only (Katihar) (210 km). Terminal caution is to be exercised and This stretch includes located at during construction and The Vikramshila about 43 Km operation to prevent Sirsa-Allahabad (1506-1547) Gangetic Dolphin from Dolphin damage to Dolphin and its Sanctuary (50 km)28. Sanctuary movement areas.

River Gandak from Not within NW- Triveni Barrage at 1 Indo-Nepal border to Confluence Ganga – Gandak point Patna is confluence at Patna located about (332 km)29 255 km from Sahibganj Terminal Gangi-Ganga Confluence near Not within NW- Sinha Ghat, Area 1 20km upstream Confluence Ghaghara- point Dirigang, Ganga confluence at Chhapra is Doriganj, Chhapra) to about 186 km Fatuha (confluence of from Varanasi Ganga and Terminal Punpun (80 km).30

Chambal-Yamuna Not within NW- confluence near 1 Etawah to Ganga- Confluence Yamuna confluence point at at Allahabad is critical Allahabad is stretch for Dolphin31 about 119 km from Varanasi

28 Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin (2010-2020), NGRBA, MoEFCC 29 Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin (2010-2020), NGRBA, MoEFCC 30 Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin (2010-2020), NGRBA, MoEFCC 31 Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin (2010-2020), NGRBA, MoEFCC 86

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Sr. Location (name of Restricted Areas Distance of Nature of Restriction No. place/chainage/coordinates NW-1 from /Remarks in NW-1) CER&distance from nearest identified intervention Terminal

Figure 6.3: 10 kms Restricted area around Udhwa lake Wildlife Sanctuary

6.2.1 Exclusion (No Go/Restricted) areas in Ganga Basin and NW-1 (With respect to Archeological Protected areas within 300 m radius of NW-1)

Further 300 m radius around any archeologically protected areas shall also be the restricted area. If any intervention or activity is to be undertaken within 300m radius of any archeologically protected monuments/heritage site than prior permission shall be obtain from Archeological Survey of India. There are certain culturally sensitive locations (like Ghat at Varanasi, Patna). The construction activity shall be planned such that these do not interfere with any such religious activities. The details of the restricted area within NW-1 is given in Table 6.3.

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Table 6.3: Restricted areas w.r.t archeologically Protected Areas in NW-1

Sl. Site Name Site Features Level of Site Category No Latitude Longitude No Go Area No Protection Go/ with in NW-1 Restricted 1 Nepali Temple Monument Requires permission Restricted 25°40'52.55"N 85°11'47.75"E Not Applicable Hazipur, District protected by from state archeological For taking ( NA) vaishaali ,Bhar State department for any prior Located about 70 m Archeological construction within 300 permission from NW-1 Department of m from this monument perspective. Bihar 2 Chunar Fort District Monument Requires permission Restricted 25° 7'32.89"N 82°52'28.51"E Not Applicable Mirjapur , Uttar protected by from state archeological for taking prior ( NA) Pradesh located State department for any permission about 60 m from Archeological construction within 300 perspective. NW-1 Department UP. m from site 3 Kardmeshwar Monument Requires permission Restricted for 25°19'13.13"N 83° 1'20.91"E Not Applicable Mahadeva Mandir protected by from state archeological taking prior ( NA) ,District Varanasi State department for any permission ,Uttar Pradesh Archeological construction within 300 perspective. located about 240 m Department UP. m from this monument from NW-1 4 Ram Nagar Fort, Monument Requires permission Restricted 25°16'9.17"N 83° 1'28.17"E Not Applicable Varanasi protected by from state archeological For taking ( NA) UttarPradesh located State department for any prior at Varanasi Archeological construction within 300 permission Department UP. m from this monument perspective.

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6.2.4 Determination of Areas Having Minimum Impacts

Areas other than those marked as exclusion (No Go area) and restricted areas shown in Figure 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 are of least environmental sensitivity and environmental impacts

6.3 Recommendations

IWAI and vessels plying in NW-1 through restricted and critical stretches as identified above should take adequate environment and social safeguards as described below.

1. Maintaining water depth of the navigation channel (at least 6 m)32. This measure may reduce the disturbance to the migrating Hilsa, benthic habitat, facilitate escapement of fishes and aquatic mammals from direct impact of the barge/vessels, considering that the fully loaded barge draft is 2.7 m. This will also help Hilsa, which prefers more than 5 m depth for their migration. 2. The spawning & breeding grounds are not identified in the entire NW-1 stretches. Spawning areas normally have enough sand depth and water depth in general. Normally the spawning activity occurs in the rainy season. These areas as identified during impact assessment shall be considered in the design and construction planning. All care shall be given during construction & dredging activities to avoid any damage to spawning, breeding and nesting habitat of threatened aquatic species like Dolphin, Turtle, Hilsa, during spawning season which is from May to August. 3. Measures would also be required from aquatic perspective in terms of vessel movement speed, material handling (like coal dust spillages to river, oil spillages to river) and other operational aspects may have impact on aquatic life. Necessary design features to be included based on intervention specific environmental impact assessment and capital dredging impact assessment as well as mitigation measures proposed. .

32 Impact Analysis on “Ecology, Flora and Fauna including Fish and Fisheries due to Movement of Barges Carrying Coal through National Waterway No.1 (Sagar to Farak ka) Final Report ICAR – Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Barrackpore, West Bengal

Basin Level CER Report of National Waterways-1 : Volume – 2A References

Secondary data for the Basin Level Critical Environmental study along the Ganga River Basin has been retrieved from following sources:

Source organisation Report/source Name Type of data -Forest Survey Report, 2007 Chapter 9, Forest and Tree Resources Forest Survey of India Forest data in States and Union Territories, State of Forest Report, 2013 Indian Council of Forestry  Official Website Coordinates of ER Research and Education, Department Websites, Respective National Park  Official Website Coordinates of ER Official Website  Endangered Species Brochure, MOEF & CC Endangered Species 2009 National River Conservation Basin level Directorate Ministry of  Status Paper on Ganga River Information Environment and Forests  National Wetland Atlas: of 11 States falls within NW-1 Prepared by Space Applications MOEF & CC Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad and Wetland information Institute of Environmental Studies & Wetland Management (IESWM), Kolkata)  Environment & Social Assessment Environment NGBRA Framework Volume –I & II Resources  River Ganga at a Glance: NGBRA Identification of Issues and Priority Basin Actions for Restoration  Mapping of Legislations Applicable NGBRA Basin Maps to the Ganga River Basin  Environmental Flows: State-of-the- NGBRA Art with special reference to Rivers Basin data in the Ganga River Basin  Environment Management Plan Environment NGBRA NGBR (By Consortium of India’s Resources IIT Institutes) Flora & Fauna details  Status of higher aquatic Schedule-I species Vertebrates in Ganga river NGBRA Dolphin, Aquatic  By Consortium of India’s IIT Fauna Institutes  Hilsa an assessment of in lower ganga basin (Ganga River Basin NGBRA Fish Management Plan) By Consortium of India’s IIT Institutes  Status of fish and fisheries in Ganga river (Ganga River Basin NGBRA Fish Management Plan) By Consortium of India’s IIT Institutes  Riparian Floral Diversity of Ganga NGBRA river ( By Consortium of India’s IIT Basic information Institutes) 90

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Source organisation Report/source Name Type of data  The conservation Action Plan for NGBRA & MoEF Dolphin Ganatic Dolphin  Flora & faunal status of Ganga NGBRA Fauna river  Ganga River Basin Management Plan-2015 Basin Level NGBRA (By Consortium of India’s 7 IIT information Institutes)  Ganga River Basin Management Plan-2013, Interim Report Basin Level NGBRA (By Consortium of India’s 7 IIT information Institutes)  Ganga River Basin Management Plan-2015 Basin Level NGBRA  (By Consortium of India’s 7 IIT information Institutes)  For a Living Ganga “Working with WWF Dolphin Movement People and Aquatic Species  Respective National Park, MoEFCC sanctuaries and reserves, ER Ecosensitive Zones - India’s Notified Ecologically Other Sensitive Areas (ESAs) ESA along Basin Kalpavriksha CPCB - Ganga Water Quality trends General information CPCB - Pollution Assessment Ganga River General information ICAR- National Bureau of - River exploration and fish Fish Genetic Resources Fish biodiversity in the Ganges basin (Paper/Gernal) Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, - Forest Sector Report India 2010 Forest Dehradun (MOEF) Government of India Centre for Science and - Ganga River, its Pollution and General information Environment (Briefing Paper) what we can do to clean it Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural - Indian Flapshell Turtle (Paper) Turtle breeding History - India-WRIS (MoWR, GOI), “River Basin Atlas of India – 2012”, WARIS Maps RRSC-West, NRSC, ISRO, Jodhpur, India, 2012. Jain, SK, PK Agarwal and VP - “Hydrology and Water Resources Basin Data Singh, of India” - Ganga Basin Water Resources Central Water Commission Development – A Perspective Hydrology Plan” Hydrology Central Water Commission - Water and Related Statistics 2010.

- Conservation of Wetlands of India Prasad, S.N. Wetland – A Review, Tropical Ecology, NGBRA - Wetlands Wetland