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Downtown Revitalization: the Hamilton Experience

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Downtown Revitalization: the Hamilton Experience Downtown Revitalization: The Hamilton Experience by Antonietta Rubino A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Planning Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2016 © Antonietta Rubino 2016 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of this thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract The role and function of downtowns have changed over time. Traditionally, downtowns were the social and economic hubs of a city. Downtown decline has been attributed to many interrelated factors including the construction of suburban areas, increased automobile use, and suburban shopping malls. Since the 1950s, several strategies have been used in North American cities in order to try and reverse downtown decline. Hamilton, Ontario, like many other North American mid-size cities, has attempted several revitalization projects in an attempt to renew the core. The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of factors that have historically prevented the successful revitalization of a downtown area within a mid-size city. This is explored through a case study of Hamilton, Ontario from the time period of 1955 to 2005. To address this question, a qualitative approach was used. This involved a literature review, the use of archival data, and key expert interviews on revitalization in downtown Hamilton. Firstly, this study identifies and reviews the history and trends of urban renewal in downtown Hamilton. Secondly, this study reviews whether there has been a gap between planning proposals and their implementation and if a gap exists, if it can be bridged. During the second half of the 20th century the character of downtown Hamilton was influenced by a series of plans and proposals aimed at core area renewal. The findings of this study indicate that large scale projects to demolish and rebuild tracts of the downtown, compete with suburban areas, or accommodate the automobile rather than pedestrians were not successful in the long-term at revitalizing the core area. Efforts that aided in downtown renewal included: public-private partnerships, private development, brownfield development, and creating a framework for future plans and renewal efforts through the Downtown Secondary Plan. Previous efforts failed because they relied too heavily on government funding, they were too large scale, they did not involve true public participation, and there was no solid framework backing the planning process. This research also indicates that there is a gap between planning proposals and their implementation and that there is room for this gap to be narrowed. The conclusion that this gap cannot be bridged is clear, however, working towards narrowing this gap is important. Narrowing this gap would involve a less reactionary approach to planning and continuing with small scale incremental changes that build confidence in the downtown area and encourage a sense of place. These initiatives should be part of a larger vision and should continue to include public participation. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Pierre Filion for his continued guidance and support throughout the thesis writing process and my years at the University of Waterloo. His expertise and feedback were invaluable in completing this research. Thank you for helping me grow both professionally and academically. Your constructive comments and questions have improved my research and allowed me to think more critically about my findings. Thank you for being such an inspiring mentor. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Dr. Walter Peace. It was through my undergraduate coursework at McMaster University with Dr. Peace that I developed such a keen interest in urban planning and downtown Hamilton. I would like to thank Dr. Peace for his interest in my thesis topic and for providing me with his guidance and feedback on my thesis. His observations and knowledge of Hamilton were instrumental in tying my thesis together. Thank you to my grandparents, mom, sister, and brother-in-law for all your love and support. My family has been a constant source of encouragement and inspiration. Grandpa, you inspire and motivate me to be a better person and to continue to work hard to reach my goals. You have taught me that with hard work, anything is possible. It is with great love and gratitude that I say thank you Dave as this thesis would not have been possible without your love and support. Thank you for always believing in me and helping me to achieve my goals. I would also like to thank the interview participants in my study for taking the time out of their busy schedules in order to be interviewed and for sharing their expertise and ideas with me. It has taught me much about Hamilton and urban planning. iv Table of Contents Author’s Declaration ....................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Downtown Decline & Revitalization ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Downtown Decline in Mid-Size Cities ..................................................................................... 3 1.3 Study Rationale ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Significance............................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Importance of Downtowns ................................................................................................ 5 2.2 The Evolution of Downtowns ................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Economic Prosperity .............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Changing Retail Sector .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Decentralization ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Downtown Decline ................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Transportation Trends & Suburban Sprawl ........................................................................... 9 2.3.2 Suburban Shopping Malls .................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Downtown Revitalization ....................................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Three Generations of Urban Renewal Policies .................................................................... 10 2.4.1.2 Bulldozer Era .................................................................................................................... 11 2.4.1.3 Neighbourhood Rehabilitation .......................................................................................... 11 2.4.1.4 Revitalization of Downtown Areas ................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Adaptation to the Automobile .............................................................................................. 13 2.4.3 Competition with the Suburbs ............................................................................................. 14 2.4.4 Core Identity ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.4.5 Factors that Affect the Planning Process ............................................................................. 15 2.5 Case Study: Hamilton, Ontario ............................................................................................... 17 2.5.1 History of Hamilton ............................................................................................................. 17 2.5.2 Geography ............................................................................................................................ 20 2.5.3 Demography ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.5.4 Economy .............................................................................................................................. 22 v 2.5.5 Transportation .....................................................................................................................
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