SRINAGAR No of Census Towns

Home , Anchar Lake, Badami Bagh, Banihal, Baramulla district, Batwal, Bemina

A L B D I R S JAMMU & KASHMIR E T Population...... 1236829 No. of Sub-Districts...... 3 D ! R N No of Statutory Towns...... 0 DISTRICT SRINAGAR No of Census Towns...... 3 A I (NOTIONAL) No of Villages...... 11 G Takya Sangi Faqir Gujri ! C Reshi

T T Dara C ! I

A Inder Hama R ! Mulanar T ! N

S A

I SRINAGAR N (NORTH) D Takan Wari Pora T !

Aanchar Lake N I N D I A

DISTRICT R G A BARAMULA I Sangam M V !

! E SRINAGAR A Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) D R (M Corp.) PART W J !P L H Dal Lake ! E U L Gagarzoo KHONMOH U ! P I M

T Hokarsar D

SRINAGAR C Lake A (M Corp.) O S R I ! R PART D R A R W L BADAMI BAGH ! U T T O (CB) B SRINAGAR S I G A R (SOUTH) S R I N A J A M M U N A T I O D D N A L H R A I G H W A Y O BOUNDARY, DISTRICT...... R

,, TAHSIL...... T HEADQUARTERS, DISTRICT...... P R M O

,, TAHSIL...... R P I A VILLAGE HAVING 5000 AND ABOVE POPULATION Sangam R Soiteng ! I ! G WITH NAME...... A URBAN AREA WITH POPULATION SIZE:- I, III,V&VI ! ! ! NOWGAM D NATIONAL HIGHWAY...... NH 1A Ñ ! C LASJAN A IMPORTANT METALLED ROADS...... ! RIVER AND STREAM...... B Note:- District Headquarters of Srinagar is also T tahsil headquarters of Srinagar tahsil. LAKE / RESERVOIR...... HOSPITAL...... Ñ L D A I B S JAMMU & KASHMIR 002822 R ! T E # TAHSIL SRINAGAR (NORTH) R D DISTRICT SRINAGAR I N 823 (NOTIONAL) # ! A C G

# (D T 824 T ] !

C I 826 ! R # A 825 T !

S N I

D A 828 ] ! S R I

N A G A N Aanchar Lake R

(M Corp.) PART T A

H N R (D D 827 (# I S I ] ! 800013 S V A P T I E G R I L R N D I A I

J S Dal Lake C H 002829 R E !#

L KHONMOH T I (CT) Population...... 1216358 U

D 002830 No of Statutory Towns...... 1 N M

No of Census Towns...... 1 P No of Villages...... 8 A A Inhabited Villages...... 8 G

Uninhabited Villages...... 0 O U R

A D R L BOUNDARY, DISTRICT...... A R W

,, TAHSIL...... L U 800014 W ,, VILLAGE WITH MDDS CODE...... 002822 O B BADAMI BAGH HEADQUARTERS, TAHSIL...... (

P (CB) A POPULATION SIZE OF VILLAGES: S ! S R I N A G A R

! ! J A 200-499, 500-999, 1000-4999,...... M M M U O N A 800013 T I STATUTORY TOWN WITH MDDS CODE...... O N A L

002830 U H I A CENSUS TOWN WITH MDDS CODE...... G H W A Y NATIONAL HIGHWAY...... NH 1A T IMPORTANT METALLED ROADS...... H ) RIVER AND STREAM...... D LAKE / RESERVOIR...... I G A M HIGH SCHOOL/INTER COLLEGE...... ] S D DISPENSARY...... (D A 1:8,129,792 T B PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE...... (# OTHER MEDICAL FACILITIES...... # Note:- District Headquarters of Srinagar is also R T tahsil Headquarters of Srinagar (North) tahsil. I C T T I C R L T B A A JAMMU & KASHMIR R S E I D D N H TAHSIL SRINAGAR (SOUTH) T A A DISTRICT SRINAGAR C G I L S U (NOTIONAL) R M T I A

I L

B 002831 ! Population...... 20471 (B (D R No of Statutory Towns...... 1 I S No of Census Towns...... 2 D V No of Villages...... 2 Inhabited Villages...... 2 E R Uninhabited Villages...... 0 R I

J N H E A I L I N D I U A G M A R

S ( Hokarsar Lake 800013 SRINAGAR N (M Corp.) PART T R O

R R R I V E T R

J H H I E L U BOUNDARY, DISTRICT...... M ) ,, TAHSIL...... 002831 ,, VILLAGE WITH MDDS CODE...... D HEADQUARTERS, TAHSIL...... R C A POPULATION SIZE OF VILLAGES: 200-499 ! O STATUTORY TOWN WITH MDDS CODE...... 800013 R

002834 CENSUS TOWN WITH MDDS CODE...... T OUT GROWTH WITH MDDS CODE...... 002836 R NH 1A O NATIONAL HIGHWAY...... # T P M IMPORTANT METALLED ROADS...... R (# I RIVER AND STREAM...... A 002832 LAKE / RESERVOIR...... ! O.G 002836 BANK...... (B NOW GAM DISPENSARY...... (D (CT) PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE...... (# 002834 A OTHER MEDICAL FACILITIES...... # LASJAN (CT) B 002835 FIVE OG'S ( 002837,002838,002839,002839,002840,002841) AND ONE VILLAGE CODE NO. 002833 COULD NOT BE SHOWN ON THE MAP. A G D

CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

SERIES - 2 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

SRINAGAR

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

Directorate of Census Operations, Jammu & Kashmir

MOTIF

DAL LAKE AND THE SHIKARAS.

Srinagar is one of several places that has been called the "Venice of the East" or the "Kashmiri Venice” Lakes around the city include Dal Lake – noted for its houseboats – and Nagin Lake.

Contents Page No.

Foreword 1 Preface 3 Acknowledgements 4 History and Scope of the District Census Handbook 6 Brief History of the District 7 Analytical Note 9-117 (i) Physical Features 11 (a) Location and size, (b) physiography, (c) Drainage, (d) Climate 9-26 (ii) Census Concepts 27-34 (iii) Non-Census concepts 35-46 (iv) 2011 Census findings 47 (a) Distribution of population in rural-urban areas, 47 (b) size class and status of towns, Population Growth, Density and Sex Ratio, Work 47-50 participation rate, Literacy, Religion, Availability of University education in the District,

(c) Mother Tongue, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes of earlier Censuses. 51 (v) Brief analysis of PCA data based on inset tables 1 to 35. 53-75 (vi) Brief analysis of the Village Directory and Town Directory data based on inset tables 76-83 36 to 45. (vii) Major social and cultural events, natural and administrative developments and 84 significant activities during the decade. (viii) Brief description of places of religious, historical or archaeological importance in 93 villages and places of tourist interest in the towns of the district. (ix) Major characteristics of the district, contribution of the district in the form of any 111 historical figure associated with the district (x) Scope of village and Town Directory - column heading wise explanation and coverage of 117 data.

Village and Town Directory Notes explaining the abbreviations used in the Village Directory 121-144 Section I - Village Directory 122 (a) (i) List of Villages Merged in Towns and Outgrowths at Census 2011 127 (ii) List of Villages as Outgrowths in Census 2011 128 (b) C.D. Block Srinagar 129 (i) Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011. 130 (ii) Village Directory in prescribed format. 131-136 C.D. Block Ganderbal 137 (i) Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011. 138 (ii) Village Directory in prescribed format. 139-144 (d) Appendices to Village Directory 145-152 Appendix - I : Summary showing total number villages having Educational, Medical and 146 other amenities in villages - C.D. Block level. Appendix - I A :Villages by number of Primary Schools. 148 Appendix - I B :Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools. 148 Appendix - I C : Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available. 148 Appendix - II :Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have one or more 149 amenities available. Appendix - III :Land utilization data in respect of Census Towns. 149 Appendix - IV :C.D. Block wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other than 149 drinking water facility is available. Appendix - V :Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Caste 150 population. Appendix - VI :Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Tribe 150 Population. Appendix - VII A :List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Castes to the 151 total population by ranges. Appendix - VII B :List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Tribes to the 151 total population by ranges. Appendix - VIII :Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (C.D. block wise) 152

Notes explaining the abbreviations used in the Town Directory 153-157

Section II - Town Directory (a) Statement - I Status and Growth History 158 (b) Statement - II Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 159 (c) Statement - III Civic and other amenities, 2009 160 (d) Statement - IV Medical Facilities, 2009 161 (e) Statement - V Educational, Recreational and Cultural facilities, 2009 161 (f) Statement -VI Industry and Banking, 2009 162 (g) Statement - VII Civic and other amenities in slums, 2009 163 (h) Appendix to Town Directory - Towns showing their outgrowth with population. 164 FOREWORD

The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non-Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non-Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz.; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level.

2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given.

3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation.

4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity’ manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’.

5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly added amenities are: Pre- Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non- formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service

1 Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System (PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i) Status and Growth History of Towns, (ii) Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii) Civic and other Amenities, (iv) Medical Facilities, (v) Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi) Industry & Banking, and (vii) Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census.

6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled and computerized under the supervision of Sh. R. K. Bhagat, IAS, Director of Census Operation, Srinagar. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C. Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi, present Addl.RGI, Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S. Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

(C. Chandramouli) Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India New Delhi Dated: 16-06-2014

2 PREFACE

The preparedness of District Census handbook (DCHB) is an outcome of State and Centre coordination after compilation of Village and town level data at the CD block level and town level. The publication of District Census Hand Book (DCHB) is in practice since 1951. However, in Jammu & Kashmir state as no Census conducted during 1951 & 1991 due to the conditions prevailing then.

The District Census Handbook has two segments - Part A and Part B. Part A deals with the village & town directory data and Part B primarily deals with Primary Census Abstract of each village and town of the District. Since 2001, the District Census Handbooks are available in electronic format. Part B of 2011 published in 2015.

Manuscript of this book has been prepared with wholehearted cooperation from staff of this office. I am grateful to all of them especially the Jr./Sr. Consultants for their valuable contribution in the accomplishment of this task.

I am deeply grateful to Dr. C. Chandramouli, IAS the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi for the valuable guidance and advice at every step till the finalization of this handbook. Collection, compilation of data, and drafting of DCHB Part A has been initiated by the Jr./Sr. Consultants under the able guidance of Sh. Ashutosh Kumar, Statistical Investigator Grade I.

All the corrections suggested by DP Division, New Delhi have been incorporated and tables/annexures made as per corrected final data of 2011 Census. My gratitude to all those who worked on completing the project.

Pardeep Kumar Assistant Director Srinagar, July, 2016

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

OVER ALL SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE

Shri Surinder Kumar Joint Director & Controlling Officer

EDITING AND SUPERVISION

Shri Bhawani Singh Meena Assistant Director Shri Puneet Mehrotra Assistant Director Shri Pradeep Kumar Negi Assistant Director

DIGITIZATION/COMPILATION OF DATA

Ms Iqra Yousuf Junior Consultant Ms Mehru Rafiq Junior Consultant Ms Taiba Shaheen Junior Consultant Ms Sheikh Ather Un Nabi Junior Consultant

DRAFTING OF ANALYTICAL NOTE

Ms Iqra Yousuf Junior Consultant

SCRUTINY OF DATA

Shri Ashutosh Kumar Statistical Investigator Gr I

PREPARATION OF CRC

Shri B M K Shorey Statistical Investigator Gr I Shri Gurdayal Chand Senior Compiler

ORGI – MAP DIVISION

Shri Manoj Kumar Deputy Registrar General Shri J. P. Purohit Map Officer Shri H. K. Ram Research Officer (Map) Ms Inderjit Kaur Map Analyst

4 ORGI - DATA PROCESING DIVISION

Shri Jaspal Singh Lamba Deputy Director (EDP) Ms. Usha Assistant Director (EDP) Shri Anurag Gupta DPA Grade ‘A’ Shri Mukesh Kumar Mahawar DPA Grade ‘A’ Ms. Shagufta Nasreen Bhat DPA Grade ‘A’ Ms. Shashi Seth Senior Supervisor Shri Khem Verma Jadon Senior Consultant Shri Yashwant Singh Senior Consultant Ms. Archana Khare Junior Consultant

5 HISTORY AND SCOPE OF DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The District Census Handbooks, sometimes called mini district gazetteers, were published for the first time in 1951 as a part of the Census publication programme almost in all the states of India except Jammu and Kashmir. The reasons being tribal invasion of 1947-48 no census could be conducted in 1951.

The publication of District Census Handbook series fulfilled a long felt immense need of the district officials as also of data users. The Handbook provided not only the data in the form of Primary Census Abstract but also included a sufficient account of the district and its various aspects. It also provided a vast magnitude of census and non-census data at the grass root level. The data on communication, educational facilities, medical and health amenities, availability of drinking water, electricity and other basic civic amenities available in each village and town of the district is also incorporated in it. Consequently, the Handbook has been found to be of immense utility to all the departments of the State government for planning and development at all grass-root levels. With the introduction of single line administration at the district level, the utility and importance of these publications for constant use and reference by the district level officers associated with the development of district has increased enormously.

In Jammu and Kashmir, Census of India, 1991 was yet another decennial exercise, which could not be conducted due to disturbance and turmoil in the state. Thus, District Census Handbook, 1991 was also a casualty. This created a vacuum in data collection and their publication, which adversely affected district level planning and development. The planners and other data users were handicapped and were constrained to depend on 1981 District Census Handbooks. The present Handbook will meet the requirement of minimum needs programme set forth by the Planning Commission. The publication has latest available data on amenities, land use pattern and other infrastructural statistics for each village and town of the district so as to serve as a ready reference material for planners and administrators for assessment of past achievements and formulation of new programmes of development at various levels.

6 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT

Sir Aurel Stein in his works has observed that the history of Kashmir has always been reflected as it were in that of its capital that is Srinagar which has not changed its site for more than 13 centuries. Hiun-Tsiang who visited Srinagar in about 631 AD found it already in position where most of the present city of Srinagar is situated. He described it as situated along the bank of a great river i.e. the Vitasta, now known as Jehlum. The two and a half miles represented by the Chinese measurement of 12 or 13 li, as described by Hiuen-Tsiang; agree accurately with the length of the city within its ancient limits along the right bank of the Vitasta. The estimate of its breadth at somewhat lies less than one mile (4 or 5 li) and it is found equally correct. He has referred to it as the new city to ditinguish it from the old capital which was situated at Pandrethan, a village about 3.2 kilometers to the south-east of Srinagar. According to Kalhana, Pandrathan which was then known as Puranadhisthana (meaning the old capital of Srinagar was founded by Ashoka, the Great at the south foot of a mountain spur which rises with bold slopes to a height of some 3000 feet above the village. According to him though Puranadhisthana had sunk to non importance already in Hindu times, extensive remains of ancient buildings can still be traced on the terraced slopes rising immediately to the north and north-east of Pandrethan. Those extending close to the gap, known as Aitgaj, between the Takht-I-Sulaiman and the hills east to it. The advantages of Pandrethan as the site for a great city can not be compared with those offered by the position of Srinagar. Yet the close vicinity of the Vitasta (Jehlum) coupled with the security from floods which the near hill slopes afford, must have been appreciated in an early period when probably the river rains flats of the valley were less drained. The name Srinagar which means the city of Sri or Lakshmi appears to have been assigned to the capital to commemorate the Buddhist Monastery built by Ashoka between Pandrethan and the nearby steep hill side at a distance of 2 miles from Pandrethan.

It is, however, said that the new city was founded by King Pravarasena-II sometimes about the middle of the 6th century. Kalhana has referred to it as Pravarapura, an abridged name for Pravarapura. Since the city was practically contiguous to the older Srinagar and existed for centuries side by side, it could not retain its official name for long and was thus known by the familiar name i.e. Srinagar, exactly in the same way as the several new cities founded by successive kings in the vicinity of Delhi continued to be known simply by the name of Delhi, though each of them was originally intended to bear the distinctive name of its founder. Kalhana has cited an interesting legend which led to the demarcation of the site of the new capital. It is said that when the king returned from his victorious expeditions, he decided to build a new capital which was to bear his name. He set out at night from his palace in Puranadhistahana to ascertain in a supernatural way the proper site and the suspicious time for laying the foundation of the new city. He reached a stream and found a demon of terrible form on the other bank. The demon promised him the fulfillment of his desire, subject to the

7 condition that the king crossed over to his side by the embankment which the demon offered to provide for the purpose. The king agreed and the demon stretched his knees causing thereby the water of the stream to part on either side of the embankment. The king drew out his dagger and cut with it steps into the flesh of the demon’s leg and crossed over to the other side. The demon then indicated to him the auspicious time and advised him to build the capital at the place where he would find the measuring line laid down on the following morning. Next day the king discovered the line at the village of Saritaka where goddess Sarika and the demon Atta resided. Here he is believed to have founded the city and built the first shrine known as Siva Pravaresvara. It is clear that the stream referred to in the legend is the canal known as Tsunth-kul, which flows in the Dal Lake and then into Vitasta (Jehlum).

Village Saritaka has since been completely wiped out and is no longer traceable. Its position is, however, still identifiable due to its association with goddess Sarika, a form of Durga which is being worshipped since times on the hill now known as Hariparbat.

The city of Srinagar was confined in the beginning to the right bank of river Jehlum but later on it was extended to the left bank also, so as to include the portion enclosed by the canal known as Kut-kul which takes off from the river below Shergari and joins it again near the 7th bridge. The exceptional position of Srinagar can be safely attributed to the great natural advantages of its site. Occupying a place close to the true centre of the valley, Srinagar enjoys facilities of communication, which no other site could offer. Before the advent of road transport, the river along which the city is built, provided at all seasons the most convenient route for trade and traffic both up and down the valley i.e. from Khanabal in Anantnag town to Khadanyar in Baramula district. The lakes viz. Dal and Anchar, which flank Srinagar, furnished an abundant supply of products, which materially contribute towards the livelihood of a large city population.

8 ANALYTICAL NOTE

10 (i) PHYSICAL FEATURES LOCATION AND SIZE:

Srinagar district is situated at an altitude of 1730 meters above sea level and lies between 330- 14' and 380-25' North latitude and 740-38' East Longitude, in the centre of valley of Kashmir. It is bounded in the north by district Kargil, in the south by district Pulwama, in the north-east by district Anantnag, in the west by district Baramula and in the south-west by district Badgam. It possesses almost central position in Kashmir region. Besides being summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir State it has great antiquity and chequerred history which dates back to 250 BC. Srinagar was also known as Hemavar, Praverpora and Praversenpur. It has remained the centre of power, with different kings shifting their capital from one place to another.

The grim mountain Hurmukh (16,903 feet.) which guards the valley of Sindh stands in the east. Further, south is Mahadeo which seems to almost look down on Srinagar. The geographical area of the district is 1979.00 Square kilometers and it ranks number 16 in terms of area among 22 districts of Jammu & Kashmir.

PHYSIOGRAPHY:

The valley of Kashmir is distinctly marked by lakes, streams, luscious fruits, magnificent forests and mighty mountains; the features which contribute to the making of valley a paradise on earth. Situated in the lap of the Himalayas the green fertile valley of Kashmir is guarded by a long chain of mountains with an average height of about 1828.8 metres above the sea level. The general aspect of the valley is that of a basin, surrounded on every side, by a range of lofty mountains and with it is extensive tract alluvial soil water by the Jehlum and its various tributaries which flow down from the mountains and are fed by the heavy snow and rain falling in the elevated regions. The valley resembles a gem set in the casket of the ever lasting Himalayas. The physiography of Kashmir can be studied with three major physical divisions plain, plateau and mountains.

PLAIN:

This has formed by deposition of sediment of water overflowing the river banks during flood. These plains are formed on both sides of river Jehlum but with some variation in their width at different places.

PLATEAU:

This division plays a vital role in the ecology of the region. The cliffs of clay and consisting for the most part of brown sand. These plateaus are separated from one another by deep and narrow

11 valleys. The plateaus have little moisture retaining capacity and are poor in organic matter. They differ vastly in surface characteristics, the flat topped plateau and slopping plateau.

MOUNTAINS:

Majestic mountains which surrounded the valley fascinate the visitors immensely and make them curious enough to visit the land beyond the mountains. Being varied in form and colour, these mountains look as beautiful as an artist “might picture in dream” and a poet “might extrot in the verse”. The important mountain which surrounded the district is Harmukh (16903 feet) which guards the valley on Sindh stands on the east. Mahadeo which seems almost look down on Srinagar lies on the south side The Hariparbat rises 247 feet above Dal Lake and Takhati Sulaiman to the height of 1028 feet not far from same level. The mountain region is rich in vegetation and forests and as such is of great importance to the valley. They supply water timber, fuel and pastures upon which the prosperity of the valley largely depends. The lower portions of the mountains are utilized in cultivation of maize and plantation of walnut and pine trees. Rice of different varieties is also grown depending upon the availability of water and other climatic conditions.

DRAINAGE:

The valley of Kashmir is famous for rivers, clear streams, land of lakes, green turfs of magnificent trees and mighty mountains. This description is particularly true of the territory falling within the jurisdiction of Srinagar district. The area of Srinagar district occupies the central part of the valley. The flat valley is interwoven with rivers, streams, nallahs, springs and underground water resources. The river Jehlum cuts the district diagonally from south-east to North West. Nine bridges span the river, shrines and temples dot the entire area. The view from any of the old city’s bridges is wholly and mistakably Kashmiri, old brick building line the banks. The main source of the Jehlum River is a spring at Verinag and its course through the valley. It carries the waters of a host of streams that flow down from the bordering mountain slopes. The length of the River Jehlum from its source upto Baramulla is 159 kms. It is navigable throughout its entire course. The average discharge capacity of River Jehlum during various periods in the year is given under:-

1. Minimum discharge (November to February) = 1400 Cusses. 2. Normal low summer discharge (April to September) = 5000 Cusses 3. Normal High summer discharge (April to October) = 8580 Cusses

During floods the volume of water piles up in the lakes and swamps in almost the entire stretch along the left bank upto Srinagar until the water level comes down and makes room for the flood water to flow through the river channels. The Wullar Lake situated at the tail end of the valley

12 acts as reservoir for the benefit of the people in the plains. The river is known for its Hydel Power and irrigation potentialities.

Important among the streams in the district are Flood Channel, Tsunth-Kul and Kut Kul. The famous Dal Lake is situated in the east and Anchar Lake in the north-west of Srinagar city. The Dal Lake and River Jehlum are the heart and soul of city. It is stated in Tarik-i-Hassan that in ancient times this area was a vast flat land and was known as Talnimarg, Raj Porvarsain constructed a bund near Nowpora and made the River Jehlum to flow at the base of Koh-i-Maran (Hari Parbat) and through the city of Srinagar and after some time this bund got dismantled and the river water flowed into this vast field converting it into present lake. The Dal Lake is one of the great attractions for tourists home and abroad. The reflection of the surrounding mountains are prefect in clear water of the Dal Chinars and Willows, picturesque chalets, dark cypresses, blue distance and snow mountains make a picture hard to equal any where. The reflection of electric lamps in the lake water from the house boats in the moonlit night enhances its beauty all the more and one feels as if one is transported to some fabulous city of Arabian Nights.

The lake is not one sheet of water. Little canals intersect the floating gardens and small islands which cover about five miles in length and two in breadth. In the floating gardens most of the vegetables are grown in abundance.

Dal Lake and other water ways including River Jehlum are subjected to pollution for want of proper drainage and sewerage system. The common people add all the more to this atmosphere by throwing their refuse or deposit it in the existing drains which are the main source of various diseases and epidemics. This indifferent and careless attitude of the people and other agencies is bound to, in case it is not checked, make the River Jehlum and Dal also die the same death as was met by the Brarinambal which receives all the filth of the city and carries it to the Dal water. The Government has taken in hand the projects of constructing a drainage system but it can not be effective unless common people are educated to preserve such price less treasures of Kashmir.

UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES:

There is plenty of ground water in the district especially in Karewas and alluvial stratra. The ground water exists in confined as well as unconfined conditions. The depth of water level varies from the land surface level. The outflow areas are not uncommon in Srinagar. Ground water has a little content of dissolved minerals. Other chemical properties are upto the norms for drinking water fixed by Bureau of Indian Standards. The water is however, contaminated by the presence of Hydrogen

Sulphide (H2S) in Karewa areas and is, therefore, not fit for drinking. Water is still being supplied to most of the localities through water tankers as new residential colonies are developed in the city of Srinagar, resulting more significance for development of ground water resources for drinking purposes, but very little has been achieved and there is scarcity of potable water in most of the

13 localities in and around the city of Srinagar. The Department of Irrigation and Flood Control has procured several rigs for development of ground water resources on scientific methods.

CLIMATE:

The climate of the district is more or less similar to that of other districts of the valley. Areas situated at higher altitudes experience severe cold for major part of the year and are not accessible for more than few months. The Kashmiris have determined their own norms to describe the seasons of the year and accordingly calendar their agricultural activities. The duration of these seasons with local names is as follows:-

1. Soonth Spring (Mid March to Mid May) 2. Grishim Summer (Mid May to Mid July) 3. Wahrut Rainy season (Mid July to Mid September) 4. Harud Autumn (Mid September to Mid November) 5. Wand Winter (Mid November to Mid January) 6. Sheshur Sever cold (Mid January to Mid March)

Although the nomenclature and per iodization, determined locally hold true with regard to local conditions. The overall weather conditions are divisible in following four seasons on the basis of temperature and precipitation:-

1. Winter (December, January, February) 2. Spring (March, April and May) 3. Summer (June, July, August) 4. Autumn (September, October and November)

WINTER SEASON:

The winter season lasts from December to February. January is the coldest month and generally the temperature goes down below the freezing point. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperature read about 7.60c and -2.30c. The snowfalls are heavier and temperature is relatively low. In January, 1964 and last week of December, 1985, the temperature reaches -150c. The famous Dal Lake at Srinagar and Wular Lake in Baramulla district were frozen and became the playing ground for the adventurous sportsmen of valley. A period of 40 days known as Chilaya Kalan is considered a peak period of the winter. The occurrence of snow in this month is a common feature. The non occurrence of snow and precipitation leads to various epidemic diseases and scarcity of water in the rivers during the subsequent seasons. Winter is hard time for inhabitants and animals. The people use Pheran (a loose woolen garment), Kangri (earthen fire pot) to combat cold. During this

14 period the farmers out-migrate from the valley to the respective warmer parts of the country to seek jobs.

It is pertinent to mention here that famous River Jehlum got frozen in 1658, 1759, 1764, 1780, 1816, 1835, 1879, 1895, during winter season but the winter of 1759 was much prolonged.

SPRING SEASON:

The weather starts improving with a rise of day temperature. There had been heavy snowfall in the last of March in the year, 1983. The mean minimum temperature in April and May increases which increases the night temperature. The mean maximum and mean minimum temperature reaches about 22.80c and 100c respectively in the month of May. The green grass develops over the surface and leaves appear on Willow and Popular trees in the last week of March. The vegetable seeds are germinated in polythen houses distributed to farmers by Agriculture department on subsidized rates. Ploughing of paddy fields and sowing of rice nurseries also starts in the month of May.

SUMMER SEASON:

The hottest months are June, July and greater part of August during which the temperature goes on rising gradually. High temperature with high humidity make the weather very oppressive except at health-resorts, where the cold breeze blows from dense forests and makes the weather pleasant. Very little rainfall occur during this season as Pir Panjal plays an obstructive role for incoming monsoon clouds.

AUTUMN SEASON:

Autumn is the best season, the climate during the period is described as season of “mists and mellow fruitfulness”.The temperature begins to fall from mid September till it becomes moderate in October and tolerable in November. The warm days and cool nights of September help in the ripening of walnut, almond and apple. The season is also marked by departure and arrival of various species of migratory birds.

PRECIPITATION: RAIN AND SNOW:

Precipitation during winter is mostly in the form of snow, although at lower elevations rain may also occur. On the windward sides of the mountain, the precipitation usually increases up to the elevation of 1.5 kms above the sea level and above that it decreases due to reduced moisture in the air.

15 TEMPERATURE:

Temperature at high altitude is intense due to rarefied and transparent atmosphere, soil and rocks absorb radiation and heat up, rapidly resulting in high temperature in open than in the shade. Mountain slopes turned away from the sun are considerably cooler as compared to those exposed to the sun. Variations in temperature from place to place are, therefore, considerable depending upon elevation and exposure to the sun. January is the coldest month. Thereafter temperature rises rapidly till June which is the warmest month. The mean maximum temperature touches 310 Celsius while at higher stations the temperature is lower by 30 Celsius. In winter the mean maximum temperature at Srinagar is higher by 30 Celsius than that of higher stations. December to February is the coldest part of the year, when minimum temperature on the mean is below the freezing point. Frost is common during December to February.

Mean Maximum and Mean Minimum Temperature at Srinagar

Year Element Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mean 05.5 08.7 20.0 20.1 21.6 29.6 29.9 29.5 26.5 22.9 15.4 10.4 Max 2008 Mean -02.5 01.4 05.3 07.7 11.5 18.3 19.1 17.8 11.3 06.9 01.0 0.70 Min

Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09) HUMIDITY:

The humidity is very low in the morning throughout the year. It is 40 per cent during December to February which is said to be maximum. The highest humidity 90 per cent is recorded during May-June

RAINFALL:

The observatory station located at Srinagar shows a fluctuation in the average rainfall. The average rainfall for the last 7 years ending 2008 has been recorded as 649.7 millimeter. The minimum average rainfall has been recorded as 501.8 millimeter in the year, 2007whileas the maximum average rainfall viz 887.6 millimeter has been estimated in the year, 2006. The rainfall is either excessive in springs or deficient in summers or vice-versa. Continuous rainfall during summer causes heavy flood in river Jhelum and its tributaries which inundated large chunks of Pand causing extensive damage to the crops and property. The deficiency of rainfall is, however, set off by the network of government and private canals, water courses etc. which irrigate an area of 21,112 hectares. The mean maximum

16 temperature has been recorded as 310 Celsius whileas mean minimum temperature has been estimated as -0.250 Celsius during the period 2002-2008.

Rainfall Year Total Rainfall recorded (mm) 2002 589.8 2003 884.3 2004 589.8 2005 680.08 2006 887.6 2007 501.8 2008 649.7

Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

SOIL: The character of the soil in the district which is a central part of Kashmir valley has been studied with reference to broad physiographic division and accordingly the main soil types are classified as under:

1. The highlands mainly between 1850 and 3350 metres. 2. The Karewa uplands.

The soil on the flanks of the River Jehlum is most fertile as it gets periodically renewed and enriched with fresh deposition of silt by recurrent floods. The soil on highlands and Karewas is different at different places and their fertility depends upon the site, nature of slope and altitude of the places. The classification on the basis of chemical properties and suitability for cultivation of different crops with local names is given as under:

1. Gurti or silt: Owes its origin to floods which are frequent. 2. Bahil or Loam is a prized soil and possesses great natural strength when dry it appears black. 3. Sekil is an important type of soil used for growing rice. It is mixture of loam and sand. 4. Surzamin is a soil used for growing vegetables. 5. Lemb is a soil in which springs occur. 6. Rad is a typical type of floating soil on the surface of water. These strips of artificial land are made of Lake Weed, grass and clay. 7. Wudar is table lands used for fruit cultivation such as almonds, apple and cherry. 8. Numbal or swamps are found in Anchar lake areas.

17 FLORA & FAUNA:

The flora of Kashmir displays a vivid transition from a narrow belt of sub-tropical temperate, sub-alpine to alpine zones. Srinagar district falls a temperate zone between 1500 and 2300 metres altitude and has a temperate climate. The marshes swamps and lakes form important habitats in the region. The forests of the district have a wide range of woods and flowers, Deodar, Kail Pine, and Firewood etc. are found in abundance. There is also wide range of medicinal herbs in the area. The dense forests also provide a good habitat and conducive environment for birds and wild animals.

The charming side-valleys of varied scenery and meadows covered with lovely wild flowers of all colours attract different kinds of birds during different seasons of the year and thus enrich its bird life. A large variety of birds, particularly ducks and cranes in large flocks visit the valley in winter and some also breed here.

The water bodies enable various species of fish to grow in abundance. This region is also rich in different species of colourful and fascinating butter flies.

WILD LIFE:

There are no organized zoos established in the State. However, National Park at Dachigam provide shelter to twenty mammals and other species which include, Hangul, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan black bear, Langur, long tailed marmot, leopard etc. The area extended over 163 Sq.kms. also has over 150 species of birds and the main among them are monal, koklas, bearded vulture, griffon vulture, golden eagle, grey heron, starling, golden oriole, paradise flycatcher, western yellow- billed, blue magpie, kestrel, peregrine falcon, black bulbul etc. There are also some protected areas in Srinagar region and the information about these is given as under

S.No. Name Status Area in Sq.kms.

1 Salim Ali N.P. 9.00 2 Baltal (Thajwas) W.L.S. 210.50 3 Dara H.L.R. 13.70 4 Brain H.L.R. 5.75 5 Khonmoh H.L.R. *67.80 6 Hokera W.L.R. **13.75 7 Shallabugh W.L.R. 16.00 8 Khimber C.R. 16.5

*A part of it falls in Pulwama district. N.P. = National Park ** A part of it falls in Badgam district W.L.S. = Wild Life Sanctuary H.L.R = High Land Reserve W.L.R. = Wet Land Reserve C.R. = Chokore Reserve Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

18 CROPPING PATTERN:

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood in the rural areas of the district. The district has a total area of 0.51 lakh hectares of which 0.46 lakh hectares of land is used for agricultural purposes excluding 0.04 lakh hectares which are sown more than once in a year. Area-wise distribution of various crops as registered during the year, 2008-09 is given as under:

Sl. No. Name of crop Area (in hectares) Area (in hectares) 1 Rice 2511 2 Wheat 3 Total Food Crops 3 Maize 101 4 Grim spices Nil 2688 5 Pulses 73 6 Fruit 1330 7 Vegetables 1393 8 Oil seeds 434 Total Non-food Crops 9 Fodder 599 10 Other Food Crops 104 4097 11 Other Non-food Crops 237 Total Area Sown 6785 6785 Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

Rice and maize together form the main crops of the district.Area under high yielding variety programme is given in the table under: Area “000” Hectares Year Paddy Maize Wheat Oil Pulses Fodder Vegetables Other Total Seeds Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2005-06 13.00 4.60 0.02 3.00 3.00 7.7 4.8 -- 36.12 2006-07 13.00 4.60 0.03 3.00 1.70 6.200 2.8 0.13 31.46 2007-08 3.393 0.45 0.01 0.319 Nil 1.40 4.98 1.485 12.037 2008-09 3.400 1.966 Nil 1.500 0.250 1.40 5.1 Nil 13.616 Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

HORTICULTURE:

Apples, walnuts, almonds, pears, cherry, grapes and apricots are the main fruits of the district. The Horticulture department is striving to improve the quality plant material and production of the fruit grown in the district. Orchardists were provided plants and fencing material on subsidized rates. Many departmental nurseries were developed. A Fruit Preservation and Utilization Extension Centre is functioning at Lal Mandi where people are trained in converting fruit and vegetables into various by-products.

19 Horticulture Extension

Year Area under fruit No.of fruit Number of plants Quantity of plant fungicides issued As per As per Available Distributed nurseries on Govt. accounts revenue census by (MTS) records Hort (Hec) (Hec) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2006-07 3111 13625.000 5 62980 15506 43.25 Qtls. 2007-08 1302 6217 3 33558 7756 1809.5 Qtls. 2008-09 1302 6217 3 30303 7715 13.89 Qtls. Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

IRRIGATION:

Major portion of cultivable land has irrigation facilities. According to the data supplied by Planning Department, the gross area sown in the year, 2008-09 stood at 5547 hectares or 05 Sq. kms. Of this 4116 hectares or 41 Sq.kms. were irrigated by canals, springs and other sources. Government as well as private canals irrigate an area of 3770 hectares or 37 Sq.kms. The area irrigated by springs was only 187 hectares or 1 sq.km. Whileas land irrigated by other sources was 75 hectares or 0.7sq.kms. Wells and tube wells irrigate an area of 111 hectares.

Source of Irrigation

Net Area Irrigated (Hec)

Year Wells and Canal Spring Others Total tube wells

1 2 3 4 5 6 2005-06 16091 110 112 339 16652 2006-07 14019 96 98 295 14508 2007-08 3624 25 25 76 3750 2008 -09 3770 187 84 75 4116 Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

The above statistics about irrigation and source of irrigation shows that canals are the dominant source of irrigation in the district. Canals irrigate 16091 hectares out of 16652 hectares of irrigated land. The share of canal in irrigation as per the statistics 2005-06 is over 95 per cent and during 2008-09 it is 92 per cent.

There is a network of canals and kolas which provide desirable irrigation facility during the cropping season. A brief picture of area irrigated under different crops is shown in the table ahead.

20 Area under different crops (000 hectares) Year 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Rice 11736 10282 2100 2511 Wheat 1 1 2 2 Maize 1842 1397 1 2 Pulses 350 55 36 35 Total Food Crops 13982 11752 2139 2550 Other Food Crops -- 79 119 97 Fruits & Vegetables -- 3722 1949 1876 Fodder Crops -- 2054 409 434 Oil Seeds 1958 2010 453 434 Other Non Food Crops 6 98 159 156 Total Area Irrigated 21520 19715 5228 5547 Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

NATURAL WEALTH: The information of minerals found in various places of the district which are profitably exploited from the earth. Some of deposits do not conform to the proper standards of atomic structure, a definite chemical composition and is not formed by inorganic processes of nature. 1. Abrasive: Exposures of a tuft composed of minute particles of volcanic glass found at Zewan near Srinagar. It is a source of polishing material. 2. Clays: This earthly material consisting chiefly of hydrous aluminum silicates are of many types suitable for manufacturing of cement. The existence of such clay is found in tahsil Pampore which is outgrowth unit of Srinagar Urban Agglomeration. 3. Copper: This is most important non ferrous metal with its widest application in Industry. Copper mineralization in the form of charcopyrite, bornite, chalococite malachite and azurite has been located in many localities in Sindh Valley. 4. Limestone: It is abundantly found in many parts of Kashmir Valley. However, it is also located in Zewan and Sonamarg of the district. It is extensively used in the manufacture of cement and formation of lime. 5. Granite: It is mostly used as decorative stones, ornamental sculpturing in high class masonry because for its great durability and pleasing tints.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:

Livestock rearing is an important occupation of the village folks in general and migratory population in the district. The Government is giving special attention in animal husbandry and sheep breeding. According to Livestock Census the total number of animals recorded in the district in 2007

21 is 1.02 lakh livestock heads out of a total 2.82 lakh heads in the State. Livestock and poultry population as per 2007 Livestock Census is as under:

Species No. of heads/Birds during 2007 (Estimated) 1 2 Cattle 75000 Buffalos 36 Sheep 20400 Goat 5000 Poultry 180000 Others 1200 Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

A planned programme has been initiated for the production of various hybrid varieties of sheep and other animals.

The district has a network of 98 institutions including 48 frozen semen centres, 7 Poultry Extension Centres, 30 Veterinary Centres. 8 First-aid Centres, one artificial breeding station, one Clinical Laboratory and 12 mobile dispensaries. Great emphasis is being made on healing and breeding facilities so as to improve the health and quality of the animals.55162 animals were treated and 55126 animals were cured during 2008-09. 79290 sheeps were vaccinated, 121790 dosed and 52976 sheep were also dipped during the year, 2008-09. In total 10071 animals were vaccinated and 64818 were dosed during 2008-09. 65700 animals were slaughtered in the same year. Artificial insemination was also carried out in community development blocks which is given as under:-

2008-09 (Block wise) No. of artificial insemination 1 2 Srinagar 2454 Urban area 10898 Total 13352

Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

Under the rural development programme jersey cows were distributed among cow ars. subsidy to promote and develop the production of livestock which has helped augment the production of milk, meat, wool, etc.

FISHERIES: Srinagar region abounds in different water bodies, like river Jehlum, lakes, wetlands and streams, springs etc. These resources have been utilized for providing quality of fish proteins to

22 common people for this area. The fish of the region is unique and is entirely different due to its explicit endemic species of Central Asian origin, Indian origin, and some exotic species. The most important sources of fish are spring fed, snow fed river Jehlum and the Dal Lake. For better exploitation of fisheries resources of this area, it is necessary to have comprehensive development of the available resources.

S.No Year Ponds Biomass Harvested Amount Released In Constructed In (KGs) Lakhs 1 2 3 4 5 1. 2007-2008 9 1193 1.07 2. 2008-2009 Nil 1215 1.09

Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

INDUSTRIES:

The district though rich in water resources and forest is not fortunate in respect of basic mineral and power resources. The non-availability of iron, ore, coal and petroleum, growth of population has put a great constraint in the development of industries.

Kashmir is celebrated in both poetry and prose for its natural beauty and its people for their intelligence and artistic facility. From ancient times Kashmir showed a capacity for study and unflinching application to industries. Nature has provided them with abundance of raw material which is manufactured into articles of luxury, displaying a highly refined artistic taste with beautiful sceneries with which it is surrounded. It is because of this that Kashmir has attained mastery in various handicrafts. Handicrafts of Srinagar have district reputation for ages. The arts have attained a degree of excellence and qualities are fast growing and improving day by day. The works of art are increasing all over the world and there is great and prosperous future for the State. The Chief Industries are Shawl, Carpet, Paper Mache, Woodwork, Embroidery, Silk, Willow Work, Numdahs (Felts) and Rugs (Chain Stitch) etc.

Small Scale Sector enjoys a place of pride in Srinagar. The sector has made a considerable contribution to economic advancement of the district. There are 193 units in the field of food products, hosiery, carving wood products, paper machie, leather products, metallic and non-metallic products and electronic products etc. are flourishing under the medium sector. There are 50 factories registered during the year, 2008-09.

Telephone Industry and HMT Watch Factory are in the Central Sector, An export oriented Silk Weaving Factory, Spindle Worsted Plant at Bemina, Srinagar spindlage of Nowshera Mill, the Woolen Mills and Joinery Mills are in the schemes in Industries Sector in the district. Industrial areas

23 are located at Bagh-i-Ali-Mardan Khan, Zainakoot, Rangreth, Khonmoh and Shaleteng in the district. Young boys and girls are trained every year in various handicrafts.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION: Roads communication plays a vital role in the upliftment of scio-economic condition of people. Greater attention has been given in the district plan to the construction of roads and bridge for strengthen the road communication network in the seattered inhabitation of the district.

The total road length in the district in 2008-09 is 1265.97 Kms which include 976.08 Kms block-topped and rest is shingled fair weather and jeepable 93.10 Kms are maintained by public work department.

Reconstruction of damaged bridge was given top priority. As a result three major bridges namely Safakadal, Nowakadal and Ashai Bagh bridges linking the residents of three areas with the main city were completed, while as Zainakadal and Aalikadal bridges were also completed by the year 2006-07. The construction of these five bridges involved over Rs. 18.95 Crores.

ELECTRICITY AND POWER:

Power is the key to high level of economic development. Its level of consumption in a country is a significant indicator of development. The district has tremendous potential for hydel generation. The district is provided with power from Hydrogeneration stations located at Ganderbal, Upper Sindh and from diesel run station Bemina and Upper Sindh. The existing supply does not adequately meet the regular power requirement of the district. The Government has taken serval measures to stabilize and improve power supply in the district.

The district has recorded hundred per cent electrification. Efforts are on to ensure proper distribution of electricity and augmentation of the existing facilities. The old transformers are being replaced by new high power capacity ones. The work is apace on 105 MWs Upper Sindh Hydel Project Kangan. The first unit of this project will generate 5 lakh units of power. The total cost of the project is Rs.400 Crore and on completion the power project will generate 26 lakh units of power. The Zainakote Grid Station was completed expeditiously and avail power from northern gird. As per statistics of Directorate of Economic and Statistic, 1, 69,055 connections were installed up to the year 2008-09.

The category wise power generating consumption during the year 2006-2007 in the district is given below:- Domestic 4203 Units Commercial 567 Units Industrial 1105 Units

24 Agriculture/ Irrigation 83 Units Water worker 682 Units Street lights 17.02 Units Barracks 1122 Units Armory State/Central Offices 914 Units Total 8862 Units Source: District statistical Handbook (2008-09)

GRAM PANCHAYATS - ITS COMPOSITION, JURISDICTION AND ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGE AND ITS ECONOMY.

Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act 1989 provides for a 3 tier system (Village, Block and District level) for governance at the grass root. The institution thus created is called Halqa Panchayat, Block Dvelopmnet Council and District Planning and Development Board respectively. Every halqa panchayat has 6 to 11 panchs and a sarpanch who leads the Halqa Panchayat. The sarpanch and panchs are elected directly by the electorate of halqa panchayat. There is also another person by the name of Naib sarpanch and he is nominated by all the panchas of halqa panchayat during first notified meeting of the halqa panchayat after its constitution. Naib sarpanch performs the same duties as the sarpanch in the event of sarpanch not being in the position to fulfill his/ her duties. The sarpanch, naib sarpanch and every panch of the Halqa Panchayat holds the office for a period of five years from the date of its constitution. The village level worker or multi purpose worker or the gramsavika functions as the secretary of the Halqa Panchayat.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS.

In this act, it shall be the duty of each Hlaqa Panchayat to make provision for the following subjects to the availability of funds at its disposal: I. To prepare the plans for the development of the Halqa. II. To undertake measures for implementation of the developmental plans. III. To specifically deal with the problem of soil conservation, water management, social forestry, rural industrialization, agriculture, sheep and animal husbandary, sanitation, health and other welfare programmes. IV. Regulations of buildings, shops and entertainment houses and checking of offensive or dangerous trades. V. Construction and maintenance of slaughter houses, regulation of sale and preservation of meat and processing of skins and hides. VI. Regulation of sale and preservation of fish, vegetable, other perishable articles and food.

25 VII. Regulation of fairs and festivals. VIII. Preparation and implementation of social development plans for alleviating poverty and employment generation through programmes, like Integrated rural Development programme, National Rural Employment Programme, Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme and Housing of Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes. IX. All matters involving regulation, supervision, maintainance and support, incidental tonecessary for more efficient discharge of above functions and those which may be entrusted to Halqa panchayat, under the provisio of Act (2) the Halqa panchayat shall be involved in the implementation of scheme of universalization of elementary education and other educational programmes. The Halqa Pnchayat shall also pewrforem such other functions and duties as may be assigned or entrusted to it by the government, the District Planning and Dvelopment Board and the Block Development Council within the area of which Halqa Panhayat is constituted.

26 (ii) CENSUS CONCEPTS

Building:

A ‘Building’ is generally a single structure on the ground. Usually a structure will have four walls and a roof. Sometimes it is made up of more than one component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, Schools, places of entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores etc. It is also possible that building which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence, office-cum-residence etc. But in some areas the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may not be any wall. Such is the case of conical structures where entrance is also provided but they may not have any walls. Therefore, such of the conical structures are also treated as separate buildings.

Pucca houses:

Houses, the walls and roof of which are made of permanent materials. The material of walls can be any one from the following, namely, Stones (duly packed with lime or cement mortar), G.I/metal/ asbestos sheets, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Concrete. Roof may be made of from any one of the following materials, namely, Machine-made tiles, Cement tiles, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Stone, Slate, G.I/Metal/Asbestos sheets, Concrete. Such houses are treated as Pucca house.

Kutcha houses:

Houses in which both walls and roof are made of materials, which have to be replaced frequently. Walls may be made from any one of the following temporary materials, namely, grass, Unburnt bricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatch, plastic /polythene, loosed packed stone, etc. Such houses are treated as Kutcha house.

Dwelling Room:

A room is treated as a dwelling room if it has walls with a doorway and a roof and should be wide and long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e. it should have a length of not less than 2 meters and a breadth of at least 1.5 meters and a height of 2 meters. A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room, drawing room, study room, servant’s room and other habitable rooms. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway and verandah which are not normally usable for living are not considered as dwelling rooms. A room, used for multipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., is regarded as a dwelling room. In a situation where a census house is used as a shop or office., etc., and the household also stays in it then the room is not considered as a dwelling room. But if a garage or servant quarter is used by a servant and if she/ he also lives in it as a separate household then this has been considered as a dwelling room available to the servant’s

27 household. Tent or conical shaped hut if used for living by any household is also considered as dwelling room. A dwelling room, which is shared by more than one household, has not been counted for any of them. If two households have a dwelling room each but in addition also share a common dwelling room, then the common room has not been counted for either of the households.

Census House:

A ‘census house’ is a building or part of a building used or recognized as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for residential or non- residential purpose or both. If a building has a number of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which are independent of one another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these are considered as a separate Census house.

Village:

The basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village, which has definite surveyed boundaries. The revenue village may comprise of one or more hamlets but the entire village is treated as one unit for presentation of data. In un surveyed areas, like villages within forest areas, each habitation area with locally recognized boundaries is treated as one village.

Rural-Urban area:

The data in the census are presented separately for rural and urban areas. The unit of classification in this regard is ‘town’ for urban areas and ‘village’ for rural areas. The urban area comprises two types of towns viz; Statutory towns and Census towns. In the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area adopted is as follows:

(a) Statutory Towns: All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc are known as statutory towns.

(b) Census Towns: All other places satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously are treated as Census Towns.

i) A minimum population of 5,000;

ii) At least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and

iii) A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile)

For identification of places which would qualify to be classified as ‘urban’ all villages, which, as per the 2001 Census had a population of 4,000 and above, a population density of 400 persons per sq. km. and having at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural activity were considered. To work out the proportion of male working population referred to above

28 against b) (ii), the data relating to main workers were taken into account. In addition the above stated towns, urban areas also constitutes of OGs which are the parts of UAs.

City:

Towns with population of 100,000 and above are called cities.

Urban Agglomeration:

An Urban Agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs) or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without urban outgrowths of such towns. In some cases, railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, military camps etc. may come up near a statutory town outside its statutory limits but within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town. Each such individual area by itself may not satisfy the minimum population limit to qualify it to be treated as an independent urban unit but may qualify to be clubbed with the exiting town as their continuous urban spread (i.e., an Out Growth). Each such town together with its outgrowth(s) is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an ‘urban agglomeration’. For the purpose of delineation of Urban Agglomerations during Census of India 2011, following criteria has been adopted:

(a) The core town or at least one of the constituent towns of an urban agglomeration should necessarily be a statutory town; and

(b) The total population of an Urban Agglomeration (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity.

Out Growth (OG):

The outgrowth is a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. While determining the outgrowth of a town, it has been ensured that it possesses the urban features in terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste water etc., educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc and physically contiguous with the core town of the UA.

Household:

A ‘household’ is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons

29 live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person was to be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out whether it was a household or not was a common kitchen/common cooking. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households.

Institutional Household:

A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, observation homes, beggars homes, jails, ashrams, old age homes, children homes, orphanages, etc. To make the definition more clearly perceptible to the enumerators at the Census 2011, it was specifically mentioned that this category or households would cover only those households where a group of unrelated persons live in an institution and share a common kitchen.

Houseless household:

Households who do not live in buildings or census houses but live in the open or roadside, pavements, in hume pipes, under flyovers and staircases, or in the open in places of worship, mandaps, railway platforms, etc., are treated as Houseless Households.

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes:

Determination of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population is mandatory in each decennial Census since 1951. Both the SC population and the ST population are enumerated/counted strictly as per the SCs lists and the STs list valid within the jurisdiction of the State or Union Territory at the time of Census.

“Article 341 of the Constitution provides that (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be. (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification”. Similarly “Article 342 provides that (1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purposes of this

30 Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be. (2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification”.

It is important to mention here that under the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, no person who professed a religion different from Hinduism was deemed to be a member of a Scheduled Castes in addition to every member of a Scheduled Castes in addition to every member of the Ramdasi, Kabirpanthi, Majhabi or Sikligar Castes resident in Punjab or Patiala and East Punjab States Union were in relation to that State whether they professed the Hindu or the Sikh religion. Subsequently, in September 1956, by an amendment, the Presidential Order of 1950 and in all subsequent Presidential Orders relating to Scheduled Castes, the Hindu and the Sikh religions were placed on the same footing with regard to the specification of Scheduled Castes. Later on, as per the amendment made in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1990, the Hindu, the Sikh and the Buddhist were placed on the same footing with regard to the recognition of the Scheduled Castes.

There are 36 notified Scheduled Castes as per ‘The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956 and added by Act 31 of 1966 applicable for the Union Territory are given below:

The list of SCs applicable in the State is given hereunder:-

1. Barwala 8. Gardi 2. Basith 9. Jolaha 3. Batwal 10. Megh or Kabirpanthi 4. Chamar or Ramdasia, Chamar- 11. Ratal Ravidas, Chamar-Rohidas 5. Chura, Bhangi, Balmiki, Mehtar 12. Saryara 6. Dhyar 13. Watal 7. Doom or Mahasha

The list of STs applicable in the State is given hereunder:-

1. Bakarwal 7. Gaddi 2. Balti 8. Garra 3. Beda 9. Gujjar 4. Bot, Boto 10. Mon 5. Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, Shin 11. Purigpa 6. Changpa 12. Sippi

31 Language and Mother tongue:

As per the census concept, each language is a group of mother tongues. The census questionnaire collects information on the mother tongue of each person. Mother tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, the language usually spoken by the mother is considered as mother tongue. It is not necessary that the language spoken as mother tongue should have a script. The mother tongues returned by the respondents in census are classified and grouped under appropriate languages according to their linguistic characteristics.

Literate:

A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as literate. A person who can only read but cannot write is not literate. It is not necessary that to be considered as literate, a person should have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard. Literacy could have been achieved through adult literacy classes or through any non-formal educational system. People who are blind and can read in Braille are treated as literates.

Literacy rate:

Literacy rate of the population is defined as the percentage of literates in the age-group seven years and above. For different age-groups the percentage of literates in that age-group gives the literacy rate.

Educational level:

The highest level of education a person has completed.

Work:

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. All persons engaged in ‘work’ as defined above are workers. The main point to note is that the activity should be economically productive. Reference period for determining a person as worker and non-worker is one year preceding the date of enumeration.

32 Main worker:

A person who has worked for major part of the reference period (i.e. six months or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main worker’.

Marginal worker:

A person who worked for 3 months or less but less than six months of the reference period (i.e. in the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginal worker’.

Non-worker:

A person who has not worked at all in any economically productive activity during the reference period (i.e. last one year preceding the date of enumeration) is termed as ‘Non worker’.

Cultivator:

For purposes of the Census, a person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation of land owned or from government or from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation also includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation. Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing, harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, etc., and other crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, ground-nuts, tapioca, etc., and pulses, raw jute and kindred fiber crop, cotton, cinchona and other medicinal plants, fruit growing, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves, etc. Cultivation does not include the plantation crops like– tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betel nuts (areca). The workers engaged in Plantation crops are recorded under “other workers”.

Agricultural labourer:

A person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share is regarded as an agricultural labourer. She/he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person’s land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which she/he works.

Household industry worker:

Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas. The larger proportion of workers in household industry should consist of members of the household. The industry should not be run on the scale of a

33 registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act and should be engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs of goods. The activity relate to production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling of goods. It does not include professions such as a pleader, Doctor, Musician, Dancer, Waterman, Astrologer, Dhobi, Barber, etc. or merely trade or business, even if such professions, trade or services are run at home by members of the household.

Other worker:

A person, who has been engaged in some economic activity during the last year of reference period but not as a cultivator or agricultural labourer or worker in Household Industry. The type of workers that come under this category include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport, banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In fact, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural labourers or household industry workers are ‘Other Workers’.

Work participation rate:

Percentage of Workers (Main + Marginal) to total population.

Population density:

Population density is the number of persons inhabited per square kilometer of the area.

Age:

Age is measured in terms of the completed number of years.

Sex Ratio:

Number of females per 1,000 males in a population.

34 (iii) NON-CENSUS CONCEPTS

Concepts used in VD and TD of DCHB:

1. Educational Amenities:-The type of different educational facilities available in the village is given in numbers. Both Government and private educational facilities / institutions are considered for this- purpose. If there are composite schools like Middle schools with Primary classes, or Secondary schools with middle classes, these are included in the number of Primary and Middle schools respectively. For example, if in a village there are two Primary schools and one Middle school with primary classes, the number of Primary schools in the village are given as three and that of Middle school as one even though there may be only three educational institutions. So also in case of Secondary schools. For better understanding, the distinctiveness of different types of schools is depicted hereunder:

1.1 Pre-primary (PP): Now-a-days, the children are sent to schools at a very early stage. Lot of pre-primary schools, private schools in particular, have come up in villages and towns. These may or may not be recognized by the competent authorities. Even many Secondary schools have classes starting from pre-primary level. Pre-primary classes include Nursery, K.G., Pre- basic, Play school, etc.

1.2 Primary School (P): Schools providing education from Standard 1 and upward up to and inclusive of Standard V are classified as Primary Schools.

1.3 Middle School (M): Schools providing education from Standard VI and upward up to and inclusive of Standard VIII are classified as Middle Schools. A School with Class 1 to VIII is treated as two units, i.e. one Primary School and one Middle School.

1.4 Secondary School (S): Schools providing education from Standard IX and upwards up to and inclusive of Standard X are classified as Secondary Schools. A composite school with 1 to X standard is treated as three separate units and counted separately under the categories of Primary School, Middle School and Secondary School.

1.5 Senior Secondary School (SS): Schools and colleges that provide education for Standards XI and XII and first and second year of the Pre-University Course fall under this category. There are Senior Secondary Schools with Standard I and upwards up to Standard XII.

1.6. Degree College: (i) Arts/Science/Commerce: These are all educational institutions that provide post-PUC level education leading to University degree/diploma in any subject or combination of subjects and also post-graduate levels of education. The college offering courses in Arts, Science or Commerce either separately or in combination are covered under this category.

35 (ii) Engineering College (E): It is a graduate/post-graduate degree college providing Bachelor of Engineering (BE) or Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) or post-graduate engineering degrees like M.Tech.

(iii) Medical Colleges: These are graduate/post-graduate degree colleges providing MBBS or equivalent degree in alternative medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy etc. or post-graduate medical degrees like M.D or equivalent in the above branches of medicine.

1.7. Management College/ Institute (MI): It offers courses like Diploma in Management, Post- Graduate Diploma in Management, Masters of Business Administration (MBA) and specializations in different disciplines of Management like Marketing, Human Resources Development (HRD) etc.

1.8. Polytechnic (Pt): An Institution providing certificate/diploma (not equivalent to degree) in any technical subject like engineering, vocational courses like embroidery, fashion designing etc. It may be both Government and Private.

1.9. Vocational School/ITI: It is a vocational training institute imparting trainings in specific fields acquiring necessary skill, which will make the trainees employable or create them opportunities of self-employment. Trainings offered by Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) fall under this category.

1.10. Non-formal Education/Training Centre (NFTC): Non-vocational education centers, established by the Central and State Governments provide educational facilities to the interested persons irrespective of educational qualification, and age. These education centers are open to all.

1.11. Special School for Disabled: There are Government and Government recognized institutions/organizations engaged for providing education to different groups of disabled persons.

2. Medical Facilities:

2.1 Hospital-Allopathic and Hospital-Alternative medicine: A hospital is an Institution, where sick or injured are given medical or surgical care. Bed strength differs from hospital to hospital ranging from 31 to 500 depending upon whether these are sub-district, sub-divisional or district hospitals. If there is hospitals providing facilities under different systems of medicines such as, Allopathy, Ayuveda, Unani and Homeopathy etc., these details are given separately.

36 (a) Allopathy: The system of medical practice, which treats disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment.

(b) Ayurveda: Ayurveda means ‘Science of life’. The philosophy of Ayurveda is based on the theory of Pancha Mahabhootas (Five elements) of which all the objects and living bodies are composed of. The combination of these five elements are represented in the form of Tridosha: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These three ‘doshas’ are physiological entities of living beings. Ayurveda developed into eight distinct specialities, i.e., Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Eye and ENT, Surgery, Toxicology, Geriatrics and Science of virility. Two types of treatments, Preventive and Curative, are given in Ayurveda.

(c) Unani: Treatment of Unani consists of three components, namely, preventive, promotive and curative. Unani system of medicine has been found to be efficacious in conditions like Rheumatic Artharitis. Jaundice, Filarisis, Eczema, Sinusitis and Bronchial Asthma. For the prevention of the disease and promotion of health, the Unani System emphasizes six essentials: pure air, food and water, physical movement and rest, psychic movement and rest, sleep and wakefulness and retention of useful materials and evacuation of waste materials from the body.

(d) Homoeopathy: Treatment in Homoeopathy, which is holistic in nature, focuses on an individual’s response to a specific environment. Homoeopathic medicines are prepared mainly from natural substances such as plant products, minerals and animal sources. Homoeopathic medicines do not have any toxic, poisonous or side effects. Homoeopathic treatment is economical as well and has a very broad public acceptance.

2.2 Community Health Centre (CHC): Community Health Centres are designed to provide referral health care for cases from PHC and those in need of specialist health care approaching the CHC directly. 4 PHCs are included under each CHC thus catering approximately 80,000 populations in tribal/hilly areas and 1, 20,000 populations for plain areas. CHC is a 30- bedded hospital providing specialist care in Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Surgery and Paediatrics.

2.3 Primary Health Centre (PHC): A Primary Health Centre is the first contact point between a village community and the Government medical officer. A PHC covers a population of 20,000 in hilly, tribal or difficult areas and 30,000 populations in plain areas with 4-6

37 indoor/observation beds. It acts as a referral unit for 6 sub-centres. It has a medical officer and para medical staff.

2.4 Primary Health Sub- Centre (PHS): A Primary Health Sub-centre is the first contact point between the primary health care system and the community. As per the population norms, one PHS is established for every 5,000 population in plain areas and 3,000 population in hilly/ tribal/ desert areas. Each PHS has a sanctioned strength of one male and one female health worker.

2.5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre (MCW): It provides pre-natal and post-natal services for both mother and child. The services include regular check-up of pregnant women, giving folic tablets, counselling, delivery, immunization of children with check-up etc.

2.6 TB Clinic (TBC): The diagnosis and treatment of TB are functions of the general health services and hence it is a part and parcel of Primary Health Care. Specialized units such as the District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) act as referral centres. TB clinics are established by the Government of India under the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and implemented through a network of DTC. The DTC is the nodal point for TB control activities in the district and it also functions as a specialized referral centre. The functions of sub-district level Tuberculosis Unit (TU) are implementation, monitoring and supervision of TB control activities in its designated geographical areas.

2.7 Health Centre: Clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed. It has no in-patient facility. A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that is devoted to the care of outpatients, often in a community, in contrast to larger hospitals, which also treat inpatients.

2.8 Dispensary: Place where patients are treated and medicines provided but with no in-patient facility. Immunizations, MCH Services and sometimes pathological tests are carried out here. It may be of allopathic or any alternative medicine.

2.9 Veterinary Hospital: Mostly run by the State Government or local body for treatment and preventive measures against diseases of domestic animals like cows, buffaloes etc in rural areas.

2.10 Mobile Health Clinic: These are Mobile vans well equipped with a range of health services to villages located far away from the CHCs, PHCs or any public health sources. The vans visit villages on designated days to deliver the health care services. The services generally offered are OPD, ante-natal and post-natal, B.P. examination, X-ray, ECG, Immunization, First Aid etc.

2.11 Family Welfare Centre: Check-up and counselling is provided to the pregnant and married women regarding small family norm and devices for having a small family. Temporary and permanent contraceptive devices are provided here.

38 2.12 Nursing Home: A nursing home is a long –term care facility licensed by the state that offers 24-hour room and board and health care services including basic and skilled nursing care, rehabilitation and a full range of other therapies, treatments and programs to old and sick people. The difference between a hospital and a nursing home is that a nursing home gives importance to convalescence from a disease while a hospital gives medical treatment for the disease.

2.13 Medicine Shop: A shop which sells drugs and medicines of any system of medicine viz. allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic or unani medicines, is considered as a medicine shop. Sometimes some shops and Paan shops also keep ordinary medicines, like Crocin, Burnol etc. These shops are not taken as medicine shops.

3. Drinking water: The following are the main source of drinking water facility (ies) available in the village.

3.1 Tap Water-treated: This source of drinking water refers to a source of drinking water which is provided to the villagers through pipes within their premises or to the villagers through common taps (public taps/community water points) by the Government departments, local bodies, panchayats, public or private estate agencies, etc. after treatment. Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from treated source’.

3.2 Tap Water-un-treated: If the villagers are drawing drinking water through pipes either directly from a well or bore well or after pumping the well or tube well water, or the water is supplied through pipes to the households of the village or through public taps without treatment. Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from un-treated source’.

3.3 Covered Well (CW): A well that is (1) covered on sides from run-off water (i.e., excess water from rain, snowmelt or other sources flows over the land) through a wall lining or casting that is raised above ground level on a platform that diverts spilled water away from the well and (2) covered so that bird droppings and animals cannot fall down the hole. It is considered as covered well.

3.4 Un-covered Well (UW): A well which is (1) un-covered on sides from runoff water, (2) uncovered from bird droppings and animals; or (3) both.

3.5 Hand Pump (HP): Hand pump means where ground water is taken out manually by operating a hand pump.

3.6 Tube well / Borehole (TW): Tube well denotes the ground water source from where ground water is taken out through electrical or diesel pump. Spring, River/Canal, Tank/Pond/Lark are self-explanatory.

39 4. Community Toilet Complex: Community Toilet may be constructed and maintained by Gram Panchayats or Private NGOs like Sulabh Sauchalaya or likes.

5. Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet (RSM): It is an outlet dealing with the materials, hardware and designs required for the construction of not only sanitary latrines but other sanitary facilities such as compost pit, washing platform and other sanitation and hygiene accessories required for individuals, households and the environment in the rural areas.

6. Community bio-gas or recycle of waste for productive use: Many of the solid wastes having economic values but put for disposal can be recycled for reuse. For example, food, cow dung, leaves, vegetable, paper, wood, plastics, old cloth etc. However, some of the wastes are not recyclable. These are carbon paper, thermo coal etc. When recyclable solid wastes is subjected to decomposition, bio- gas could be produced under favourable conditions. These systems of recycling may be there at the village level organized by Gram Panchayats with technical support from Governments or non- government organizations.

7. Communication and transport Facilities:

7.1 Post Office (PO): Self-explanatory.

7.2 Sub-Post Office (SPO): Sub-post office includes Extra Departmental Post Offices and those providing franchise postal services and also part time services in lieu of some honorarium. The limited postal services include sale of stamps, receipt of letters and money orders and also distribution of letters.

7.3 Post & Telegraph Office (PTO): Telegraph office is set up by the Government to enable people to send or receive telegrams. If the phonogram facility is available (though the Telegraph office may not be equipped with Morse Code Transmitters), the village is considered to be having telegraph facility.

7.4 Telephones (landlines): If the village is having the Public Call Office (PCO) either run by the Post Office or by individuals or by a private shop, then the village is considered to be having telephone facility.

7.5 Public Call Office (PCO)/Mobile PCO: Self-explanatory.

7.6 Mobile Phone Coverage: Mobile phones are now very common particularly in urban areas. Some villages by virtue of being in close proximity to the urban areas also enjoy the benefits of the mobile phone services. Even if a few villagers avail the services of mobile phones, then the village is considered to be having access to mobile phone.

7.7 Internet Cafes/Common Service Centres (CSC): If the village is having the facility of Cyber Cafes or shops owned by private individuals providing the facility of surfing of the internet,

40 then the village is considered to be having access to internet/cyber cafe facility. Government of India formulated the scheme of CSC with the vision of providing all government services in an integrated manner at the door step of the citizen at an affordable cost even in the remotest corners of the country through a combination of it based as well as non-IT based services.

7.8 National Highway (NH): These are main highways running through the length and breadth of the country. Each NH is numbered like NH-1, NH-2 for easy identification.

7.9 State Highway (SH): These are roads of a state linking district headquarters and important cities within a State and connecting them with NHs or Highways of the neighboring States.

7.10 Major District Roads (MDR): These are important roads within a district, serving areas of production and markets and connecting these with each other or with the main Highways.

7.11 Other District Roads (ODR): These are roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centres, taluka headquarters, block development headquarters or other main roads.

7.12 Village Road: The approach to village refers to the state of road etc., leading to the village. This is to see whether the village is approachable both in fair and foul weather, and whether it is inaccessible only for some time in the year.

7.13 Black-Topped (Pucca) Road (BTR): A road provided with a bituminous surfacing.

7.14 Gravel (Kuchha) Road (GR): A road constructed using well compacted crushed rock or gravel material (coarse sand, small stones), which is fairly resilient and does not become slippery when wet.

7.15 Water Bound Macadam (WBM): This is the road layer made of crushed or broken mixture of sand and rock fragments mechanically interlocked by rolling and voids filled with screening and binding material with the assistance of water.

7.16 Foot Path (FP): A trodden path for the use by pedestrians and in some cases bicycles. The Foot Paths are not suitable for vehicular traffic except bicycles in some cases. Most of the interior/forest villages are connected by Foot Paths.

8. Banks and Credit Societies: - Banking facility means a place where a person can operate a bank account.

8.1 Commercial Bank (CB): These may be banks wholly owned by the Government of India or by Indian or Foreign Companies.

8.2 Cooperative Banks (Coop. B): A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Cooperative banks are often created by persons belonging to the some local or professional community or

41 sharing a common interest. These banks are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act. The cooperative banks are regulated by RBI and are covered by the Banking Regulations Act, 1949.

8.3 Agricultural Credit Society (ACS): Major objectives of the ACS are to supply agricultural credit to meet the requirements of funds for agricultural production, the distribution of essential consumer commodities, the provision of storage and marketing facilities and for light agricultural implements and machinery.

8.4 Non-Agricultural Credit Society (NCS): These societies include consumer cooperative societies and also credit cooperative societies of certain categories of persons like teachers, health workers, etc.

9. Miscellaneous Facilities:

9.1 Self-help Group (SHG): Self-Help Groups are groups of between 10-25 women created by either NGOs or under the SGSY (Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana) for the purposes of meeting local credit needs. They are sometimes called Mahila Mandals in villages.

9.2 Public Distribution System (PDS) shop: The shops through which some essential commodities are sold by the government at subsidized rates. They may also be known as ration shops and control shops.

9.3 Mandis/Regular Market: These are those clusters of shops with or without fixed premises which are open on at least six days a week and opens at least from morning hours to dusk.

9.4 Weekly Haat: These are those clusters of shops with or without fixed premises which are open once a week.

9.5 Agricultural Marketing Society: It is a common platform to analyse the issues among all the individuals and institutions in the field of agricultural marketing.

9.6 Nutrition Centre: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme set up by the Government of India with the objective of providing following package of services to the children under 6 years and pregnant and lactating mothers in villages such as; Immunization, Health Check-up, Referral Services, Pre- school Non-formal Education and Nutrition & Health Education.

9.7 Anganwadi Centre: Each centre under the ICDS scheme is run by an Anganwadi Worker. One Anganwadi worker is appointed for specified population of the village. They are basically local women. They are assisted by Anganwadi helper. They provide pre-school non-formal education at the Centre and provide food to the children.

42 9.8 Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA): ASHA is a health activist in the community who will create awareness on health and its social determinants and mobilize the community towards local health planning and increased utilization and accountability of the existing health services. She would be a promoter of good health practices. She will also provide a minimum package of curative care as appropriate and feasible for that level and make timely referrals. She will act as a motivator of different types of health related activities. Unlike ANM, she will not be involved in any clinical activities like immunization.

9.9 Sports Club/Recreation Centre: Indoor and out-door games are arranged by the Club and activities like wrestling, Judo Karate etc. are also done there.

9.10 Cinema/Video Hall (CV): If regular cinema houses licensed by Government are available, then the town/village is considered to be having the facility of Cinema Hall. Video hall owners screen films in their own or hired premises.

9.11 Public Library: Books are kept there which can be accessed by the public on loan basis. These may be sponsored by Government or Local Body or Panchayat or any influential person. Free service or nominal charges are made for using the facility.

9.12 Public Reading Room: Here the public may read newspapers and magazines. These may be sponsored by Government or Local Body or Panchayat or any influential person.

9.13 Newspaper Supply: The availability of the Newspaper(s), both in English or vernacular, in the village is considered to having the said facility.

10. Availability of Electricity/Power. If power is actually available, whatever may be the form of its use, it is indicated affirmative. If the village is having electricity for domestic purposes and the residents are using the same for domestic use, then it is considered that domestic power supply is available. If the electricity authority has not given domestic supply to the households on their request and people are using unauthorized electricity either by stealthily or misuse the supply meant for agricultural or industrial purposes, then it is not considered as availability of electricity for domestic purposes. However, if the village goes out of power due to temporary technical problems such as, transformer failures, theft of electrical equipment, etc., it is considered that electricity is available. Supply of electricity is considered available even when there is a temporary ban on new domestic connections. Connections to residential houses, bungalows, clubs, hostels and hospitals run on non- commercial basis, charitable, educational and religious institutions are included in the domestic category.

10.1 Power Supply for domestic use: This category includes electricity used only for domestic consumption.

10.2 Power supply for agricultural use: This category includes all electricity connections given to the farmers for conducting various agricultural activities including irrigation.

43 10.3 Power supply for commercial use: This category includes electricity connections given for workshops, industries etc. or for any commercial purposes.

10.4 Power supply for all uses: This category includes electricity connection is available for domestic use, agricultural use, and for any commercial purposes.

11. Land Use Pattern: The land use area of the villages is given in hectares. The land use pattern in the Village Directory conforms to the pattern of classification of land use as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The Ministry has recommended the maintenance of records of land use pattern under the 9 categories as indicated in the Village Directory.

12. System of drainage: Generally, by drainage system, we mean the network of mains and branches of underground conduits for the conveyance of sewerage to the point of disposal. Sewers that carry only household and industrial wastage are called separate sewers; those that carry storm water from roofs, streets and other surfaces are known as storm water drains, while those carrying both sewage and storm water are called combined sewers. However, in towns, which are not provided with such underground sewerage system, it is mentioned whether it has open drainage system. There may be possibility of the town having both closed as well as open drainage systems.

13. Type of latrines: The data on various types of latrines both public and private together are collected. The three types of latrines considered here are, Pit Latrine, Flush/Pour Flush Latrine and Service Latrine.

(i) Pit System: The latrines are attached to the pit that is dug into the ground for the reception of night soil, are reckoned as pit latrine.

(ii) Flush/pour flush: A flush latrine uses a cistern or holding tank for flushing water and has a water seal, which is a U-shaped pipe, below the seat or squatting pan that prevents the passage of flies and odours. A pour flush latrine uses a water seal, but unlike a flush latrine, a pour flush latrine uses water poured by hand for flushing (no cistern is used).

(iii) Service: Type of latrine from where night soil is removed manually by scavengers. All other types of latrines are covered under “Others” category.

14. Protected Water Supply- Source and capacity of Storage system: There are various sources of water supply and its storage system in the town.

14.1 Service Reservoir: A service reservoir is a water storage container that holds clean water after it has been treated in a water plant, and before it is piped to the end users. These containers are covered, and are designed to keep the water safe from contamination. Their main purpose is to

44 provide a buffer within the water supply system so that water supplies can be maintained across periods of varying demand.

14.2 River Infiltration Gallery: Infiltration Galleries are capable of supplying large quantities of water, and are used where wells are unable to supply water needs, i.e. where an impermeable rock barrier affects well efficiency, or where surface water sources are too shallow for intake screens. Infiltration galleries are one or more horizontal screens placed adjacent to (on-shore), or directly underneath (bed-mounted), a surface water source.

14.3 Bore Well Pumping System: A bore well is a well of 6" to 12" in diameter drilled into the earth for retrieving water. The depth of a bore well can vary from 50 feet to 3000 feet. Water is pumped out to surface through electricity/generator.

14.4 Pressure Tank: Tank that is used to ensure consistent water pressure and for storage of water. Usually located in basement of house but sometimes (in older settings) located in well pit.

15. Road lighting (Points): Road lighting means the number of street lights that are maintained in the town.

16. Home Orphanage: Orphanageis the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans–children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing.

17. Working women's hostel: These may be recognised or non-recognised by any public authority. The data on number of working women's hostels available in the town are collected with number of seats.

18. Old Age Home: There are two types of Old Age Homes in India. One is the "Free" type which cares for the destitute old people who have no one else to care for them. They are given shelter, food, clothing and medical care. The second type is the "Paid" home where care is provided for a fee. Nowadays, such "Retirement" homes have become very popular in India and they are well worth considering.

19. Stadium: A stadium is a place, or venue, for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts or other events, consisting of a field or stage partly or completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

20. Auditorium/Community Hall: These are the places where meetings, social functions etc. are organised.

45 Civic status of urban units:

Civic Status of a town/city is determined on the basis of Civic Administrative Authority of the town e.g., Municipal Corporation / Corporation, Municipal Committee / Municipal council, Municipality etc.

Size class of U.A./town:

Size-class of U.A./Town is based on the population size of the U.A./City/Town.

U.A.s/Towns with 100,000 and above population are classified as Class I U.A.s/ Towns. Towns with 50,000 to 99,999 population are classified as Class II towns, 20,000 to 49,999 population are Class III towns, population with 10,000- 19,999 are Class IV towns, population with 5,000 and 9,999 are Class V towns and towns with less than 5,000 population are Class VI towns.

Slum area:

The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956, which was enacted by the Central Government defined slums as (a) Areas where buildings are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or (b) are by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals.

Mega city:

The concept of ‘Mega city’ is a recent phenomenon in the Urban Sociology and is defined in term of metropolitan city in the form of large size, problem of management of civic amenities and capacity to absorb the relatively high growth of population. Indian Census in 1991 treated the population size of 5 million and above as the cutoff point to identify a place as the mega city. Whereas, for the purpose of inclusion in Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Mega cities the Ministry of Urban Affairs and employment, Department of Urban Development adopted the criteria of 4 million and above population as per 1991 Census for Mega Cities. In 2001 Census, cities with 10 million and above population have been treated as Mega cities and the same criteria of population has been adopted in 2011 census.

46 (iv) 2011 CENSUS FINDINGS

POPULATION AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION RURAL URBAN AREAS:

Srinagar is the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a hub of all sorts of activities particularly relating to trade, business and tourism and affecting Kashmir valley. It is an ancient historic city, a holiday resort, a venue for conference, seminars, workshops and similar other gatherings of National and State level importance.

Persons 1236829 Total Males 651124 Females 585705 Persons 17313 Population Rural Males 8916 Females 8397 Persons 1219516 Urban Males 642208 Females 577308

The total population of the district as per 2011 Census is 1236829 persons. It consists of 651124 males and 585705 females. The rural sector of the district is inhabited by 17313 persons comprising of 8916 males and 8397 females spread over the 11 inhabited villages. The district constitutes two tehsils. The number of inhabited as well as uninhabited villages in each tahsil is given as under: - No. of villages Tahsil Inhabited Uninhabited Total Srinagar (North) 8 0 8 Srinagar (South) 3 0 3 District Total 11 0 11

The urban areas are inhabited by 1219516 persons comprising 642208 males and 577308 females spread over two statutory towns and two Census Towns, Srinagar Municipal Corporation, Badamibagh Cantonment and Kralpora (CT), Khonmoh (CT) respectively.

SIZE CLASS AND STATUS OF TOWNS:

There are in all 2 statutory towns in the district. The most populated towns is Srinagar Municipality which falls in class I (100,000 and above) and has a population of 1180570 Badmibagh Cantt belong to class III (20000-49999) having a population of 22214. Srinagar urban Agglomeration

47 has highest urban population in the state spread over two neighboring districts viz Badgam and Pulwama.

POPULATION GROWTH, DENSITY AND SEX RATIO

Population Growth:

The district Srinagar growth rate of population between 2001-2011 is 20.35 per cent i.e. an increase of 209159 persons which is at par with State’s average of 23.64 per cent. The district ranks number 16 after Kathua district among 22 districts of the State. The male and female growth rate constitutes 16.6 per cent and 24.8 per cent respectively as against State’s 23.9 and 23.4 per cent respectively. The district ranks number 2 in terms of population, as it constitutes 9.86 per cent of the total population of the State after Jammu. Srinagar district with 30.79 per cent urbanisation stands at the top in Jammu and Kashmir. The highest population was recorded in Srinagar tahsil viz. 9905 among all tahsils of 22 districts of the State.

Density:

Srinagar district is the second largest populated after Jammu. The density of population is 625 persons per square kilometer as against 124 persons per square kilometer for State, as it ranks 6th after Jammu among districts of the State. The statement given below reflects a comparison of rural- urban density between 2001and 2011:-

Total/ Density per Square Kilometer Rural/ 2001 2011 Urban Area in Population Density Area in Population Density Sq.Kms. Sq.Kms. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total 2228.0 1202447 540 1978.95 1236829 625 Rural 2051.4 256281 124 1684.42 17313 10 Urban 176.6 946166 5267 294.53 1219516 4141

There has been decrease in the density of rural sector which stands 10 as against 124 persons per square kilometer recorded in 2011 while as urban sector has registered a marked increase of 4141 persons per square kilometer.

SEX RATIO:

The sex ratio is largely determined by a large number of bio-social factors which includes the differential death rate among the two sexes. The sex ratio of the district as a whole stands at 900 i.e. the number of females per thousand males as against the State average of 889 which puts the district

48 at number 8 after district Ramban. It has shown an increase from 841 in 2001 to 900 in 2011. The proportion in rural and urban sectors of the district is 942 and 899 in 2011 respectively which is higher than the sex ratio of rural and urban parts of the State, which stands at 908 and 840.

Child Population:

Persons/ Child Population Percentage of Child Population Males/ in the age group (0-6) in the age group (0-6) Females Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Persons 158300 2497 155803 12.80 14.42 12.78 Males 84897 1298 83599 13.04 14.56 13.02 Females 73403 1199 72204 12.53 14.28 12.51

Population of children in the age group (0-6) years accounts for 158300 or 12.80 per cent of the total population of the district. A comparison of rural/urban of child population as well as sex wise total population revealed that the percentage of child population in rural and urban sector was 15.40 and 9.49 respectively. The sex wise proportion shows that male rural is 14.63 and urban 9.07 per cent. However, the percentage of female shows a tilt towards a rural population (viz. 10.00 to 16.23)

Sex ratio of Child Population in the age group (0-6) years: The sex ratio among child population in 2011 Census shows declination towards female child. The district recorded 865 females per thousand males as against 862 to the sex ratio of total population.

Total/ Sex ratio of Sex ratio of child Rural/ total population Population (0-6)years Urban 1 2 3 Total 862 865 Rural 865 924 Urban 850 864

The proportion of rural and urban sex ratio is registered 924 and 864 respectively as against 865 and 850 to the sex ratio of total population.

WORK PARTICIPATION RATE:

Workers and its classification : Work is defined as the participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only the actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. The scope of definition of work was expanded at the

49 Census of India 2001, as persons engaged in rearing of animals for production of milk for their own use have been treated as workers. Further more in the 1991 Census cultivation of certain crops even for one’s self consumption was treated as an economic activity. The scope of the term cultivation was expanded in this census to include certain other crops such as tomatoes, all types of flowers, fruits and tubers potatoes, chillies and turmerics, viper, cardmoms, vegetables etc. In other words plantation of tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betel nuts have been classified under plantation and not included in cultivation. For the Ist time in Census 2011, the marginal workers i.e. workers who worked for less than six months during the reference,have been subdivided in two Cagegories namely,those who worked for less than 3 months and for those who worked for 3 months or more but less than 6 months. For non economic activity: A category of ‘others’ has been included to account for commercial sex works and persons involved in illegal activities. A new code for ‘rentier’ has aslo been introduced.

Out of a total working population of the district 330547 persons consisting of 81.2 per cent are the main worker which is 20 per cent higher than the main workers of the State. 76641 persons constituting 18.8 per cent are marginal workers, which is lower by 20 per cent than the marginal workers of the State. The percentage of non-workers stands at 67.08 per cent, which is 1.55 per cent higher than the percentage level of the total non-workers of the State.

32.9 per cent of total population of the district is workers. Of these 12228 persons constituting 3 per cent are engaged in cultivation whileas 10408 persons constituting 2.6 per cent do no own any cultivable land and are employed as agricultural laboures. 89.5 per cent workers are engaged in other services. The remaining 4.9 per cent remain busy in household activities.

LITERACY:

The literacy percentage in the district is recorded as 69.41 which is higher by 2.24 per cent than the State literacy rate and this has ranked the district at 6th in the literacy in the State. The literacy level in rural and urban sector stands at 53.51 and 69.63 per cent against the State literacy rate of 63.18 and 77.12 per cent respectively.

RELIGION:

Religion forms an integral part of Indian Social System. For an India, it is a way of life rather than faith Indian Census, since its inception is collecting data on religion and presenting the same in its reports. In the pre-independence census reports, the data on religion was being presented for 9 major religions viz; Hindus, Muslims, Tribals, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis, Jewish and others. However, since, the 1951 Census the data on religion has been presented for 6 major religions viz; Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. Besides, the minor religions have been classified under the category of 'Others'. The data on religion collected and presented by the Indian

50 Census is the basic data of immense use for the researchers, anthropologists, sociologists, demographers, administrators, planners and even for a common man.

Religion Total Rural Urban Hindu 42540 27 42513 Muslim 1177342 17271 1160071 Christian 2746 3 2743 Sikh 12187 2 12185 Buddhist 285 0 285 Jain 74 0 74 Other Religion 2 0 2 Not stated 1653 10 1643

MOTHER TONGUE:

"Mother tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person's mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person's home in childhood will be the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes the language usually spoken by the mother is to be recorded. In case of doubt, the language mainly spoken in the household may be recorded". As the above instruction to the enumerators would show, the respondent was made to feel free to return the name of his/her mother tongue and the same was recorded faithfully by the enumerators. This naturally leads to the recording of a very large number of mother tongue names. It is to be mentioned that mother tongues as returned in the census are basically the designations provided by the respondents. These designations or mother tongue lables need not be identical with the actual linguistic mediums. For assessing the correlation between the mother tongue designations and actual languages and dialects the raw returns of Census were subjected to thorough scrutiny and rationalization. This resulted in 1576 rationalized mother tongues in 1991 for the entire country which were further classified following the usual linguistic methods. The total number of languages so arrived at is 114 returned by 10,000 or more speakers at the all India level and grouped under appropriate languages.

SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES:

For discharging the constitutional obligation by Government towards the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. One of the basic requirements is the availability of population details for each notified caste and tribe. To meet this requirement, the office of Census Commissioner, India has been providing such details since the 1951 Census. The necessary data about the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are provided for evolving suitable plans for their socio-economic upliftment and both the planners and administrators heavily depend on this data. The data are collected on the aspects of age, sex, marital status, economy, education, fertility etc. for Scheduled Castes and for Scheduled Tribes in addition to these aspects also on language and religion.

51 In pursuance of the article 341 of the Constitution of India the President of India has notified some castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes as Scheduled Castes. Similarly Scheduled Tribes mean all such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are declared by the President of India, to be treated as Scheduled Tribes under Article 342 of the Indian Constitution There is a slight change in the definition of Scheduled Caste in 1990. Before that Scheduled Castes could belong to Hindu or Sikh religion, but from 1990 in addition to Hindu and Sikh religion Scheduled Castes may belong to Buddhists religion also. The list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State and Union Territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside. Schedule caste population in the district is 1068 and schedule tribe population is 8935.

52 (v) BRIEF ANALYSIS OF PCA DATA BASED ON INSET TABLES 1 TO 35

The analytical note of this publication contains data collected during 2011 Census and is based on Primary Census Abstracts which depicts available information in respect of each tahsil, community Development Block and town level in the district incorporating various demographic aspects viz; number of households, total population with sex wise breakup, percentage variation, density and sex ratio at tahsil, town level as well as presentation of data at the lowest administrative level (C. D. Block) scheduled caste, scheduled tribe Population, literate and illiterate Population and sex breakup of working Population categorized into cultivators, agricultural laborers, household Industry and other workers.

The information collected for PCA data has been summarized in various inset tables giving an insight into demographic structure of its tahsils, towns and community Development Block level in the district. A brief analysis of the data indicated in these tables has been attempted hereafter for highlighting the various demographic changes that have taken place in the rural and urban areas of the district during the period 2001-2011

These Inset Tables are briefly discussed below:

Table 1: Decadal change in population of tehsils by residence, 2001-2011

Sl. Tahsil Population Percentage decadal Percentage No. variation 2001-2011 urban population 2001 2011 2001 2011 Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Srinagar (North) 1010374 77929 932445 1216358 10910 1205448 20.39 -86.00 29.28 92.29 99.10 2 Srinagar (South) 17296 17296 0 20471 6403 14068 18.36 -62.98 0.00 0.00 68.72

District Total: 1027670 95225 932445 1236829 17313 1219516 20.35 -81.82 30.79 90.73 98.60

The table shows the tahsil –wise growth rates of Srinagar district for rural and urban areas and percentage of urban population to total population.

The population growth rate during 2001-2011 of the district Census has become as 20.35 whereas the growth rates for rural and urban area of the district are 81.82% and 30.79% respectively. Among the two tahsil of district the highest growth rate is of Srinagar north is recorded 20.39% while as Srinagar south is recorded growth rate as 18.36%.

53 TABLE 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population ranges with the related population, 2011 Sl. District / C.D. Total Total rural population Number and Population less Number No. block number of percentage of than 200 and inhabited Persons Males Females villages Males Females percentage villages of villages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 0077-Srinagar 5 10,323 5,316 5,007 0 (0%) 0 0 1(20%) 2 0081-Ganderbal 6 6,990 3,600 3,390 0 (0%) 0 0 2 (33%) Districts (Rural) Total: 11 17,313 8,916 8,397 0 (0 %) 0 0 3(27%)

Sl. District / C.D. Population 200- Number Population 500-999 Number and Population 1000-1999 No. block 499 and percentage of Males Females percentage Males Females villages Males Females of villages 1 2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 0077-Srinagar 142 112 0 (0 %) 0 0 1 (20 %) 990 910 2 0081-Ganderbal 349 344 0 (0 %) 0 0 4 (67 %) 3,251 3,046 Districts (Rural) Total: 491 456 0 (0 %) 0 0 5 (45 %) 4,241 3,956

Sl. District / C.D. Number Population 2000- Number Population 5000- Number Population 10000 No. block and 4999 and 9999 and and above percentage percentage percentag of villages Males Females of villages Males Females e of Males Females villages 1 2 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 0077-Srinagar 3 (60 %) 4,184 3,985 0 (0 %) 0 0 0 (0 %) 0 0 2 0081-Ganderbal 0 (0 %) 0 0 0 (0 %) 0 0 0 (0 %) 0 0 Districts (Rural) Total: 3 (27 %) 4,184 3,985 0 (0 %) 0 0 0 (0 %) 0 0

The table indicates about the C.D. block wise population, number and percentage of villages falling in each range of population size of villages and under males and females in each population range at C.D. block level in the district.

Out of 11 inhabited village of the district there is no small sized villages falling in population range of less than 200 persons whereas 3 (27 %) villages fall in population of 200-499, no villages are in population range of 500-999 persons, while as 5 (45 %) villages fall in the range of 1000-1999 persons. In the range of 2000-4999 persons 3 (27%) villages has been recorded of the district. In the population range of 5000- 9999 persons again there are no villages of the district and same is the case with villages in the district that falls in the size of 10,000 and above population.

54 Table 3 : New towns, de-notified, declassified and merged town in 2011 census

a) New Towns

(i)Statutory Town Nil (ii)Census Town 1 - Khonmoh 2 - Nowgam 3 – Lasjan b) Denotified Nil i) Statutary town of 2001 census denotified and also did not satisfy the ciiteria to be treated as census town Nil ii) Statutory towns of 2001 census denotified but identified as census towns based on demographic and economic criteria Nil iii) Census towns of 2001 census are notified as statutory town in 2011 census Nil

c) Declassified Nil

d) Wholly merged with other towns Nil

Declassified means the census town of 2001 census which failed to satisfy the demographic and economic criteria.

The table clearly shows that during last decades three Census towns have been created and no town is denotified or declassified or no part of any village or partly merged with other town.

Table 4: Sex Ratio of the State and District,1901-2011

State Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar Census Year Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1901 882 888 809 880 897 871 1911 876 884 810 866 896 848 1921 870 877 814 855 864 850 1931 865 876 785 835 854 826 1941 868 881 790 837 832 839 1951 873 882 823 845 824 853 1961 878 884 844 856 834 863 1971 864 865 860 854 854 854 1981 892 897 875 874 1341 870 1991 NA NA NA N.A N.A N.A 2001 892 917 818 841 906 834 2011 889 908 840 900 942 899

The data of the table shows sex ratio for state and district since 1901-2011.It has been observed from the figures revealed in the table that sex ratio has remained low ranging from 864-892 for State and 835-900 for district, indicating that neither high nor balanced sex ratio has been returned in any Census from 1901-2011.

The sex ratio in rural part of the State as well as district indicated in the table remains higher as compared to urban areas in 2011. It remains notable that the sex ratio in the district remained low in urban and higher in rural areas in 2001 Census. In 2011 Census the sex ratio in respect of State stands at 889 which remained lower than district figure of 900.

55 The table shows total, rural and urban sex ratio of the district. As per 2011 Census there are 900 females for every 1000 males in the district, as against 942 in rural sector and 899 in urban sector. Among 2 tahsil of the district the highest of 992 female’s per1000 males as sex ratio are formed in the tahsil Srinagar South, while as minimum of 898 sex ratio was recorded in Srinagar North tahsil.

The sex ratio in rural sector as revealed in the table remains higher as compared to urban areas in all the two tahsils of the district.

Table 5: Sex ratio by Sub-district, 2011 Sr. Name of Sub-district Sex ratio No. Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 1 00043-Srinagar (North) 898 906 898 2 00044-Srinagar (South) 992 1007 985 District: 010-Srinagar 900 942 899

The table shows total, rural and urban sex ratio of the district. As per 2011 Census there are 900 females for every 1000 males in the district, as against 942 in rural sector and 899 in urban sector. Among 2 tahsil of the district the highest of 992 female’s per1000 males as sex ratio are formed in the tahsil Srinagar South, while as minimum of 898 sex ratio was recorded in Srinagar North tahsil.

The sex ratio in rural sector as revealed in the table remains higher as compared to urban areas in all the two tahsils of the district.

Table 6: Sex ratio by CD Blocks, 2011 Sr. Name of CD block Sex ratio No. 1 2 3 1 0077-Srinagar 942

2 0081-Ganderbal 942 Total 942

The table shows the C.D wise sex ratio data in the district. The sex ratio of the district regarding 2011 Census has been recorded as 942 females per 1000 males. Both C.D Blocks has the same sex ratio of 942 females per 1000 males.

56 Table 7: Sex ratio of rural population by ranges, 2011 Range of sex ratio for Number of Percentage Population Percentage villages inhabited of villages 2011 distribution of villages in each population range

1 2 3 4 5 Less than 700 0 0.00 0 0.00 700 - 749 0 0.00 0 0.00 750 - 799 1 9.09 254 1.47 800 - 849 0 0.00 0 0.00 850 - 899 3 27.27 5395 31.16 900 - 949 2 18.18 3087 17.83 950 - 999 3 27.27 5653 32.65 1000 - 1099 1 9.09 2630 15.19 1100+ 1 9.09 294 1.70 District: Srinagar (010) 11 100 17313 100 Sex ratio District (Rural):942

The distribution of villages by a sex ratio ranges based on 2011 Census is presented in the table. The maximum number of villages 3 (27.27 per cent each ) having 32.65 and31.16 per cent population in the district fall in sex ratio range of 950-999 and 850-899 females per 1000 males respectively. It is followed by 2 villages (18.18 per cent) having 17.83 per cent population of the district fall in the sex ratio range of 900-949. The other three villages with the population percentage of 15.19%, 1.70%, 1.47% fall in the range of 1000-1099, 1100+ and 750-799 respectively.

Table 8: Sex ratio of towns, 2011 Sl. Name of town Urban status of town Sex ratio No.

1 2 3 4

1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) (M Corp. + OG) 908 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) (CB) 552 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) (CT) 321 4 002834-Now Gam (CT) (CT) 932 5 002835-Lasjan (CT) (CT) 997 Sex ratio (Urban) district: 899

Table No.8 gives the sex ratio of different towns of the district. The sex ratio of the district in the table remains to be 899 females per 1000 males. The district Srinagar comprises of 5 urban units out of it Lasjan has recorded highest sex ratio data of 997 females per 1000 males while as Nowgam (CT) has recorded next highest sex ratio data with 932 females per 1000 males. The third highest sex ratio data with 908 has been recorded in Srinagar (M Corp + OG). The fourth & fifth number has been recorded in Badami Bagh (CB) and Khanmoh (CT) with 552 & 321 respectively.

Table 9: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 for Sub-district, 2011 Sr. Name of Sub-district Total/ Total population in 0-6 age Sex ratio for 0-6 No. Rural/ group age group Urban Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 00043-Srinagar (North) Total 156101 83770 72331 863 Rural 1687 908 779 858 Urban 154414 82862 71552 864 2 00044-Srinagar (South) Total 2199 1127 1072 951 Rural 810 390 420 1077 Urban 1389 737 652 885 District: 010-Srinagar Total 158300 84897 73403 865 Rural 2497 1298 1199 924

Urban 155803 83599 72204 864

The table shows tahsil wise data regarding the Population of age group 0-6 of the district and also sex ratio for total rural and urban areas. The total population of the age group is 158300 persons comprising of 84897 males and 73403 females. The total sex ratio in the age group stands calculated as 865 female’s persons 1000 males in the district .The sex ratio in rural areas in this age group is followed to be higher than that of urban areas of the two tahsils. The highest sex ratio of 1077 females per 100 males has been recorded in Srinagar south. In urban area of Srinagar south 885 females per 1000 males sex ratio has been recorded.

Table 10: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 for CD Blocks, 2011 Sr. Name of CD Block Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for 0-6 No. age group Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0077-Srinagar 1560 803 757 943 2 0081-Ganderbal 937 495 442 893 Total 2497 1298 1199 924

The table shows figures of C.D block wise Population and sex ratio in age group 0-6.The district comprises of (2) two CD Blocks having a total sex ratio of 924 females per 1000 males with a population of 2497 persons comprising 1298 males and 1199 females. The highest C D block sex ratio of the district is Srinagar and has returned the Population of 1560 persons constituting 803 males and 757 females with sex ratio of 943 females per 1000 males. Ganderbal has returned with the population of 937 persons constituting 495 males and 442 females with sex ratio of 893 females per 1000 males.

58 Table 11: Sex ratio of rural population in the age group 0-6 by ranges, 2011 Range of sex ratio for Number of Percentage Population Percentage villages inhabited distribution of 2011 distribution of villages villages population 1 2 3 4 5 Less than 700 1 9.09 165 6.61 700 - 749 2 18.18 99 3.96 750 - 799 1 9.09 511 20.46 800 - 849 0 0.00 0 0.00 850 - 899 1 9.09 241 9.65 900 - 949 1 9.09 350 14.02 950 - 999 1 9.09 135 5.41 1000 - 1099 2 18.18 563 22.55 1100+ 2 18.18 433 17.34 District: Srinagar (010) 11 100 2497 100 Sex ratio District (Rural):924

The table describes the sex ratio of rural Population in the age group of 0-6 by ranges in 2011 Census. Out of 11 inhabited villages in the district the maximum of 2 (18.18 %) such villages returned a population of 563 persons with 22.55% distribution of population fall in sex ratio range of 1000- 1999 which is followed by 2 villages (18.18%) inhabited villages falling in sex ratio range of 1100+ returning a population of 433 persons having 17.34% percentage distribution of population. Next higher is 2 (18.18) villages based upon a population of 99 persons indicating 3.96 % distribution of population falling in sex ratio range of 700-749. In the range of less than 700, 750-799, 850-899, 900- 949, 950-999 villages are same as 1 with the percentage distribution of villages 9.09 % falling in each range, with their population 165, 511, 241, 350, 145 respectively.

Table 12: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 of towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Urban status of Total population in 0-6 age Sex ratio for 0-6 No. town group age group

Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) (M Corp. + OG) 152991 82077 70914 864 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) (CB) 1799 979 820 838 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) (CT) 170 88 82 932 4 002834-Now Gam (CT) (CT) 299 164 135 823 5 002835-Lasjan (CT) (CT) 544 291 253 869 District (Urban): 010-Srinagar 155803 83599 72204 864

The table provides the sex ratio for 0-6 age- group of towns, 2011. It is observed from the table that the urban sex ratio of the district stands to be 864 females per 1000 males. It is found from the analysis of the figure that the maximum sex ratio of 0-6 age –group falls in Khanmoh (CT) as 932, next falls in Lasjan (CT) as 869 .Third sex ratio for 0-6 age –group recorded is recorded in Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) as 864. Fourth and fifth are Badamibagh (CB) and Nowgam (CT) which stands at 838 and 823 respectively.

59 Table 13: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in Sub-districts, 2011

Sr. Name of Sub-District Total/ Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of No. Rural/ population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled Urban castes tribes castes tribes population population population to population to total total population population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 00043-Srinagar (North) Total 1216358 1068 8930 0.09 0.73 Rural 10910 0 3104 0 28.45 Urban 1205448 1068 5826 0.09 0.48 2 00044-Srinagar (South) Total 20471 0 5 0 0.02 Rural 6403 0 0 0 0 Urban 14068 0 5 0 0.04 010-Srinagar Total 1236829 1068 8935 0.09 0.72 Rural 17313 0 3104 0 17.93

Urban 1219516 1068 5831 0.09 0.48

The table depicts the sub district wise SC & ST population. It is revealed from the analysis of table that a negligible percentage of SC population is found in the district and only 0.09% of such population is returned in Srinagar north & Srinagar south shows 0% ST population. Thus it shows 0.09 % ST to total population in the district. The total population of ST in the district remains to be 0.72%. The highest percentage of ST has been returned in rural area of Srinagar North (28.45%). So far as Srinagar South is concerned its percentage to total population has been returned as 0.02% Over all total district population of SC has been returned as 1068 & ST as 8935. In rural areas of the district population of SC is 0 & ST as 3104. In urban areas SC exists as 1068 & ST as 5831.

Table 14: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) population in CD Blocks, 2011 Sr.No. Name of CD Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of Block population scheduled scheduled scheduled castes scheduled tribes castes tribes population to population to total population population total population population

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0077- 10323 0 2689 0 26.05 1 Srinagar 0081- 2 Ganderbal 6990 0 415 0 5.94 Total 17313 0 3104 0 17.93

The table presents the CD block wise distribution of SC & ST population of the district. In the district, total population of rural areas consists upon 17313 persons. Scheduled caste population has been recorded as 0 while as ST population has been recorded as 3104. So far as SC population is concerned the district has recorded zero, whereas 17.93 % has been recorded as ST population. It has been observed from the analysis of the figures in the table that both the CD blocks has no SC

60 population. In contrast of this SC figure, ST has been recorded as 2689 (26.05 %) in Srinagar CD block with its total population 10323 .Ganderbal block has 6990 CD population with its 0 % SC & 5.94 % ST.

Table 15: Proportion of scheduled castes population to total population in villages, 2011

Percentage range of scheduled Number of Percentage Scheduled Percentage castes population to total villages castes population population 1 2 3 4 5 NIL 11 100.00 0 0.00 Less than 5 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 76 and above 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Srinagar(010) 11 100.00 0 0.00

The table shows the number of villages according to the proportion of SC population to their total population in different ranges of percentage. It has been observed from the table there are 11 inhabited villages in the district with 0 SC population.

Table 16: Proportion of scheduled tribes population to total population in villages, 2011 Percentage range of scheduled Number of Percentage Scheduled tribes Percentage tribes population to total villages population population 1 2 3 4 5 NIL 7 63.64 0 0.00 Less than 5 1 9.09 16 0.52 5 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 1 9.09 852 27.45 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 76 and above 2 18.18 2236 72.04 District: Srinagar(010) 11 100.00 3104 100.00

The table indicates the number of villages according to the proportion of ST population to their total population in different ranges of percentage at district level. As many as 11 villages in the district Srinagar constitution ST population 3104. The percentage range of less than 5 showing 1 (9.09%) villages with proportion of 16 persons (0.52%), 5-10 and 11-20 range have no villages (0%) with ST population, 21-30 range have 1 villages (9.09 %) with 852 ST (27.45 %). In the ranges 31-

61 40, 41-50, 51-75 no village comes with ST population. 76 and above population range consists upon 2 villages (18.18%) with 2236 population (72.04%).

Table 17: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Total Total Total Percentage Percentage No. Population scheduled scheduled of scheduled of scheduled castes tribes castes tribes population population population population to total to total population population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) 1186867 936 5774 0.08 0.49 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) 22214 93 45 0.42 0.2 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) 2664 39 12 1.46 0.45 4 002834-Now Gam (CT) 2490 0 0 0 0 5 002835-Lasjan (CT) 5281 0 0 0 0 District (Urban) : 010-Srinagar 1219516 1068 5831 0.09 0.48

Table gives the number and percentage of SC and ST population in urban areas of the district. The district with five towns has total 1068 SC population and 5831 persons as ST population out of total population of 1219516 persons as returned in 2011 census.

The Srinagar (M Corp.+ OG) constitutes a minimum of 936 persons SC population and 5774 as ST population out of its total population of 1186867 persons. The population in Badamibagh (CB) is 22214 out of which 93 (0.42%) & 45 (0.2%) are SC & ST respectively. Khanmoh (CT) has returned total 39 (1.46%) persons SC and 12 (0.45%) persons ST population respectively out of its population of 2664 persons. Nowgam (CT) has 2490 as total population but with no SC or ST population. Lasjan (CT) with the population of 5281 persons also does not have any SC or ST Population.

Table 18: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) in CD Blocks, 2011 Sr. Name of C.D.block Scheduled castes sex ratio Scheduled tribes sex ratio No. 1 2 3 4 1 0077-Srinagar 0 899 2 0081-Ganderbal 0 878 Total 0 896

The table shows the figures regarding sex ratio of SC & ST in each C.D block of the district. The district (rural) returned a sex ratio of 896 females per 1000 males as based on 2011 census. Minimum figure of 878 ST has been returned in Ganderbal C D block and maximum figure of 899 ST has been recorded in Srinagar C D block. So far as SC is concerned it reflects 0.

62 Table 19: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Scheduled Scheduled tribes No. castes sex ratio sex ratio 1 2 3 4 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) 85 727 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) 0 324 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) 0 714 4 002834-Now Gam (CT) 0 0 5 002835-Lasjan (CT) 0 0 District (Urban): 010-Srinagar 73 723

The sex ratio in urban areas of the district based on 2011 census is given in the table. The district urban returned a sex ratio of 73 females per 1000 males in respect SC and 723 females per 1000 males for ST. Among five towns of the district, the maximum sex ratio of 85 SC has been recorded in Srinagar (M Corp+ OG). Highest sex ratio of 727 ST and 714 ST has been recorded in Srinagar (M Corp + OG) and Khanmoh (CT).

Table 20: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in sub-districts, 2011

Sr. Name of Total/ Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No Sub-district Rural/ male- Urban Number of literates Number of illiterates female Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 00043- Total 735576 424516 311060 480782 216331 264451 69.38 76.2 61.82 14.38 Srinagar (North) Rural 4654 2906 1748 6256 2819 3437 50.46 60.33 39.67 20.66

Urban 730922 421610 309312 474526 213512 261014 69.54 76.34 62.01 14.33

2 00044- Total 13008 7230 5778 7463 3047 4416 71.19 79.02 63.34 15.68 Srinagar (South) Rural 3274 1906 1368 3129 1285 1844 58.54 68.05 49 19.05

Urban 9734 5324 4410 4334 1762 2572 76.77 83.86 69.67 14.19 District: Total 748584 431746 316838 488245 219378 268867 69.41 76.25 61.85 14.4 Srinagar (010) Rural 7928 4812 3116 9385 4104 5281 53.51 63.17 43.29 19.88

Urban 740656 426934 313722 478860 215274 263586 69.63 76.43 62.11 14.32

The table depicts number and percentage of literates and illiterates of the district excluding age group 0-6. The sub district wise literacy rate of rural as well as urban areas with its total is signified in the table. Among two sub districts the Srinagar south comes to be on the top with a total literacy rate of 71.19 %. Its literacy rate in rural areas is 58.54 % and in urban areas it is 76.77 %. In Srinagar North it is 50.46 % for rural areas and 69.54 % for urban areas. The district has returned

63 69.41% as literacy rate where as in rural areas of the district it is 53.51 % and in urban areas it is 69.63 %. The male-female literacy gap found in the district total remains to be 14.4 per cent that includes rural 19.88 per cent and urban 14.32 per cent respectively. Whereas for Srinagar North this gap is 14.38 per cent in total comprising of 20.66% in rural and 14.33% in urban. In Srinagar South gap of literacy remains to be 15.68 per cent in total comprising of 19.05 per cent in rural and 14.19 per cent in urban.

Table 21: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in CD Blocks (rural), 2011

Sl. Name of Literacy rate Gap in male- Number of literates and illiterates No. CD Block female Number of literates Number of illiterates literacy rate

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0077- 1 4725 2880 1845 5598 2436 3162 53.92 63.82 43.41 20.41 Srinagar 0081- 2 3203 1932 1271 3787 1668 2119 52.92 62.22 43.11 19.11 Ganderbal

Total 7928 4812 3116 9385 4104 5281 53.51 63.17 43.29 19.88

The C.D block-wise number and percentage of literates and illiterates by sex is analyzed in the table. Among 2 C.D. blocks in the district (rural), the highest literacy percentage of 53.92 per cent for persons is found in C.D. block Srinagar which includes 63.82 per cent males and 43.41 per cent females and is followed by total 52.92 per cent (males 62.22 per cent + females 43.11 per cent ) in C.D. block Ganderbal. The male-female literacy gap of 20.41 per cent is found in C.D. block Srinagar and 19.11 per cent in Ganderbal Block. The male-female literacy gap for the district rural is tuned as 19.88 per cent.

Table 22: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range, 2011 Range of literacy rate for Number of Percentage Population Percentage villages inhabited villages distribution of distribution of villages population 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 1 9.09 254 1.47 41 - 50 3 27.27 4906 28.34 51 - 60 6 54.55 10742 62.05 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 1 9.09 1411 8.15 81 - 90 0 0.00 0 0.00 91 - 99 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Srinagar(010) 11 100.00 17313 100.00 Literacy rate for District: 53.51

64 Distribution of villages by literacy rate range returned in 2011 Census is depicted in the table. Out of total 11 inhabited villages in the district the maximum of 6 (54.55 per cent) such villages returned 62.05 per cent distribution of population fall in the 51-60 range of literacy rate. Whereas 3 (27.27 per cent) villages falling in the range of 41-50 literacy rate with 28.34 per cent distribution of population which is followed by 1(9.09 per cent) village each returned with 8.15 and 1.47 per cent distribution of population fall in the range of 71-80 and 31-40 literacy rates of villages respectively.

Table 23: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. male- Number of literates Number of illiterates female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

800013-Srinagar 1 715903 410021 305882 470964 211921 259043 69.24 75.95 61.92 14.03 (M Corp. + OG) 800014-Badami 2 17940 12483 5457 4274 1832 2442 87.88 93.6 77.09 16.51 Bagh (CB) 002830- 3 2013 1701 312 651 316 335 80.71 88.18 55.22 32.96 Khonmoh (CT) 002834-Now 4 1615 919 696 875 370 505 73.71 81.69 65.29 16.4 Gam (CT) 002835-Lasjan 5 3185 1810 1375 2096 835 1261 67.24 76.89 57.7 19.19 (CT) District (Urban): 740656 426934 313722 478860 215274 263586 69.63 76.43 62.11 14.32 Srinagar(010)

Number and percentage of literates and illiterates by sex in Towns is presented in the table. The figures in the table based on 2011-Census data indicate that out of 5 urban units the highest of 87.88 per cent literate persons which include 93.6 per cent males and 77.09 per cent females with 16.51 per cent male-female literacy gap is found in Badami Bagh (CB). This is followed by 80.71 per cent literate persons comprising of 88.18 per cent males + 55.22 per cent females with 32.96 per cent literacy male-female gap in Khanmoh (CT). There are 73.71 per cent literate persons consisting of 81.69 per cent males and 65.29 per cent females with 16.4 per cent gap in male-female literacy rate and 69.24 per cent literate persons with 75.95 per cent males + 61.92 per cent female indicating gap in male-female literacy rate of 14.03 per cent in Nowgam (CT) and Srinagar (M Corp.+OG) respectively. The lowest of 67.24 per cent literate persons having 76.89 per cent males + 57.7 per cent females with literacy rate gap of 19.19 per cent is found in Lasjan(CT) of the district.

65 Table 24: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of CD Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in male- No. Block female Number of literates Number of illiterates literacy rate Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0077-Srinagar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0081-Ganderbal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number and percentage of Scheduled Castes literates and illiterates by sex in C.D. blocks based on 2011 Census is provided in the table. There are no inhabited villages in the district with scheduled caste population.

Table 25: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled castes population (rural), 2011 Range of literacy rate Number of inhabited villages Percentage Scheduled Percentage for villages having Scheduled castes distribution of castes distribution of villages population population 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 0 0.00 0 0.00 81 - 90 0 0.00 0 0.00 91 - 99 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 0 0.00 0 0.00 District Scheduled castes Literacy rate: 0.00

This table gives the distribution of villages by literacy rate range in the district for Scheduled Castes. There are no inhabited villages in the district with scheduled caste population.

Table 26: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of Town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No male- Number of literates Number of illiterates female Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 800013-Srinagar 905 850 55 31 13 18 98.69 99.42 88.71 10.71 (M Corp. + OG) 2 800014-Badami Bagh 93 93 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 100 (CB) 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) 38 38 0 1 1 0 97.44 97.44 0 97.44 District: Srinagar (010) 1036 981 55 32 14 18 98.76 99.39 88.71 10.68

66 This table indicates number and percentage of Scheduled Castes literates by sex in urban components. The district (urban) has returned with 98.76 per cent Scheduled Caste literate persons comprising of 99.39 per cent Scheduled Caste male literates and 88.71 per cent female Scheduled Caste literates with 10..68 per cent gap in male/female literacy rate. The Scheduled Caste literate population is found in three towns viz. Srinagar (M Corp+OG) and Badami Bagh (CB) and Khanmoh (CT) of the district wherein Srinagar (M Corp+OG) town returned 98.69 per cent Scheduled Caste persons with a gap of 10.71per cent male/female literacy whereas the town Badami Bagh (CB) have returned 100 per cent scheduled caste population with a gap of 100 per cent male-female literacy rate. Khanmoh (CT) having 97.44 per cent have been returned with a gap of 97.44 per cent in male-female literacy rate.

Table 27: Number and percentage of scheduled tribes literates and illiterates by sex in CD Blocks, 2011 Sr. Name of CD Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Block male- Number of literates Number of illiterates female literacy rate

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 0077-Srinagar 1074 684 390 1615 732 883 49.27 59.63 37.75 21.88

2 0081-Ganderbal 171 116 55 244 105 139 51.04 66.29 34.38 31.91 Total 1245 800 445 1859 837 1022 49.5 60.51 37.3 23.21

The table reveals number and percentage of Scheduled Tribe literates and illiterates by sex and the literacy rates in rural areas at C.D. block level. Among 2 C.D. blocks in the district (rural) highest of 51.04 per cent literacy is found in C.D. block Ganderbal with 31.91 per cent gap in male/female literacy.C.D block Srinagar registered 49.27 per cent Scheduled Tribe literate persons comprising of 59.63 per cent Scheduled Tribe literate males and 37.75 per cent Scheduled Tribe literate females with 21.88 per cent literacy gap of male/female. The district rural witnesses a gap of male/female literacy of 23.21 per cent with 49.5 per cent literate persons comprising of 60.51 per cent and 37.3 per cent male and female literates respectively.

67 Table 28: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled tribes population (rural), 2011 Range of literacy rate Number of Percentage Scheduled tribes Percentage for villages inhabited villages distribution of population distribution of having Scheduled villages population tribes

1 2 3 4 5 0 1 25.00 16 0.52 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 1 25.00 1837 59.18 51 - 60 2 50.00 1251 40.30 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 0 0.00 0 0.00 81 - 90 0 0.00 0 0.00 91 - 99 0 0.00 0 0.00 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Srinagar(010) 4 100.00 3104 100.00 Literacy rate for District: 49.50

This table indicates the distribution of villages by literacy rate range for Scheduled Tribes population. Among 4 villages in the district rural which accommodate 3104 Scheduled Tribes population, 2 villages accounting 50 per cent of total villages are in literacy range of 51-60 with 40.30 per cent distribution of population. 1 village (25 per cent) falls in the literacy range of 41-50 with 59.18 per cent distribution of population. And 1 village comprising of 25.0 per cent fall in the literacy range of 0 with 0.52 distribution of population.

Table 29: Number and percentage of scheduled tribe literates and illiterates by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of town Number of Literates and Illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. male- Number of literates Number of illiterates female literac Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females y rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) 2191 1510 681 3583 1833 1750 43.5 51.07 32.74 18.33 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) 36 30 6 9 4 5 87.8 96.77 60 36.77 3 002830- Khonmoh (CT) 11 7 4 1 0 1 100 100 100 0 District (Urban): 2238 1547 691 3593 1837 1756 43.98 51.65 33 18.65 Srinagar(010)

Sex-wise number and percentage of Scheduled Tribe literates and illiterates is depicted in the urban components of the district as returned in 2011-Census. As indicated in the table, the district urban has been returned with total of 2238 literate Scheduled Tribes persons comprising of 1547 literate males and 691 females. As has been observed the Srinagar (M Corp+OG) registered as many as 2191 Scheduled Caste literate persons constituting 1510 literates males and 681 female accounting

68 43.5 per cent Scheduled Tribe literate persons with 51.07 per cent literate males and 32.74 per cent literate females with 18.33 per cent gap in male/female literacy rate. This is followed by 36 Scheduled Tribe literate persons in Badamibagh (CB) constituting of 30 male and 6 females with 36.77 per cent gap in male/female literacy. 11 literate persons are found in Khanmoh (CT) of the district constituting of 7 males and 4 females with 0 gap in male/female literacy.

Table 30: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in Sub-districts, 2011

Sr. Name of Sub- Persons/ Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers No. district Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 00043-Srinagar Persons 1216358 325555 26.76 74922 6.16 400477 32.92 815881 67.08 (North) Males 640847 285440 44.54 42476 6.63 327916 51.17 312931 48.83 Females 575511 40115 6.97 32446 5.64 72561 12.61 502950 87.39 2 00044-Srinagar Persons 20471 4992 24.39 1719 8.40 6711 32.78 13760 67.22 (South) Males 10277 4360 42.42 875 8.51 5235 50.94 5042 49.06 Females 10194 632 6.20 844 8.28 1476 14.48 8718 85.52

District: Persons 1236829 330547 26.73 76641 6.20 407188 32.92 829641 67.08

Srinagar (010) Males 651124 289800 44.51 43351 6.66 333151 51.17 317973 48.83

Females 585705 40747 6.96 33290 5.68 74037 12.64 511668 87.36

This table gives the number and percentage of main workers marginal workers and non- workers by sex tahsil level in the district. The district in 2011 Census has registered a total of 32.92 per cent worker comprising of 51.17 per cent male workers and 12.64 per cent female workers and 67.08 per cent non-workers with 48.83 per cent male and 87.36 per cent female respectively. The total workers include Main Workers and Marginal Workers, which accounts to be 26.73 per cent and 6.20 per cent respectively. A total of 26.73 per cent Main Workers comprise of 44.51 main male workers and 6.96 per cent female main workers and whereas total of 6.20 per cent Marginal Workers consist of 6.66 per cent male and 5.68 per cent female.

Among two sub districts of district Srinagar, tahsil Srinagar North has a maximum worker of 32.92 per cent person workers comprising of 51.17 per cent male workers and 12.61 per cent female workers. This is followed by 32.78 per cent workers with 50.94 per cent male workers and 14.48 per cent female workers in Srinagar South tahsil. The maximum of 67.22 per cent non-workers consisting of 49.06 per cent male non-workers and 85.52 per cent female non-workers are found in Srinagar South tahsil followed by 67.08 per cent non-workers comprising of 48.83 per cent male non-workers and 87.39 per cent female non-workers in tahsil Srinagar North.

Table 31: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by Sex in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of CD Persons/ Total Main workers Marginal Total workers Non workers No. Block Males/ population workers (main and Females marginal workers) Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0077-Srinagar Persons 10323 1692 16.39 1563 15.14 3255 31.53 7068 68.47 Males 5316 1591 29.93 934 17.57 2525 47.50 2791 52.50 Females 5007 101 2.02 629 12.56 730 14.58 4277 85.42 2 0081-Ganderbal Persons 6990 1231 17.61 1050 15.02 2281 32.63 4709 67.37 Males 3600 1146 31.83 619 17.19 1765 49.03 1835 50.97 Females 3390 85 2.51 431 12.71 516 15.22 2874 84.78 Total Persons 17313 2923 16.88 2613 15.09 5536 31.98 11777 68.02

Males 8916 2737 30.70 1553 17.42 4290 48.12 4626 51.88 Females 8397 186 2.22 1060 12.62 1246 14.84 7151 85.16

C.D block-wise number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers is depicted in the table. Of the 17313 total rural population comprising of 8916 males and 8397 females in the district, 31.98 per cent are workers with 48.12 per cent males and 14.84 per cent female workers and remaining 68.02 per cent consisting of 51.88 per cent males and 85.16 per cent females are non-workers respectively. The maximum total workers accounting to be 32.63 per cent constituting 49.03 per cent males and 15.22 per cent females are found in Ganderbal C.D. block followed by 31.53 per cent workers with 47.50 per cent male and 14.58 per cent female workers in C.D. block Srinagar.

The maximum Non-workers which works out to be total of 68.47 per cent persons comprising of 52.50 per cent males and 85.42 per cent females are found in C.D. block Srinagar which is followed by C.D. block Ganderbal where the total 67.37 per cent with 50.97 per cent males and 84.78 per cent females non-workers have been found during 2011-Census.

70 Table 32: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of town Persons/ Total Main workers Marginal Total workers Non workers No Males/ population workers (main and Females marginal workers) Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 800013-Srinagar Persons 1186867 313170 26.39 72142 6.08 385312 32.46 801555 67.54 (M Corp. + OG) Males 621942 273694 44.01 40864 6.57 314558 50.58 307384 49.42 Females 564925 39476 6.99 31278 5.54 70754 12.52 494171 87.48 2 800014-Badami Persons 22214 11001 49.52 1123 5.06 12124 54.58 10090 45.42 Bagh (CB) Males 14315 10054 70.23 527 3.68 10581 73.92 3734 26.08 Females 7899 947 11.99 596 7.55 1543 19.53 6356 80.47 3 002830- Persons 2664 1660 62.31 215 8.07 1875 70.38 789 29.62 Khonmoh (CT) Males 2017 1618 80.22 78 3.87 1696 84.09 321 15.91 Females 647 42 6.49 137 21.17 179 27.67 468 72.33 4 002834-Now Persons 2490 687 27.59 123 4.94 810 32.53 1680 67.47 Gam (CT) Males 1289 641 49.73 27 2.09 668 51.82 621 48.18 Females 1201 46 3.83 96 7.99 142 11.82 1059 88.18 5 002835-Lasjan Persons 5281 1106 20.94 425 8.05 1531 28.99 3750 71.01 (CT) Males 2645 1056 39.92 302 11.42 1358 51.34 1287 48.66 Females 2636 50 1.90 123 4.67 173 6.56 2463 93.44 District(Urban): Persons 1219516 327624 26.87 74028 6.07 401652 32.94 817864 67.06 Srinagar(010) Males 642208 287063 44.70 41798 6.51 328861 51.21 313347 48.79 Females 577308 40561 7.03 32230 5.58 72791 12.61 504517 87.39

The table represents the number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers by sex in urban units of the district. Among 5 urban units in the district Khanmoh (CT) has returned maximum of 70.38 per cent total workers which constitutes 84.09 per cent males and 27.61 per cent female workers. This is followed by 54.58 per cent workers comprising of 73.92 per cent males and 19.53 per cent females in BadamiBagh (CB). Nowgam (CT) gives 32.53 per cent workers with 51.82 per cent male and 11.82 per cent female workers. The total workers accounting to be 32.46 per cent with 50.58 per cent male and 12.52 per cent female workers are found in Srinagar (M Corp+OG) in the district and whereas 28.99 per cent workers comprising of 51.34 per cent male workers and 6.56 per cent female workers have been returned in the urban portion of Lasjan (CT).

As has been analyzed in the table, the maximum of 71.07 per cent non-workers comprising of 48.66 per cent and 93.44 per cent male and female non-workers have been returned in Lasjan town whereas maximum of 67.54 per cent non-workers with 49.42 per cent male non-workers +87.48 per cent female non-workers have been found in Srinagar (M Corp+OG).The total non-workers in the district reports to be 67.06 per cent with 48.79 per cent male and 87.39 per cent female non workers.

Table 33: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Sub-District, 2011

Sr. Name of Persons/ Total Total Category of workers No Sub- Males/ population workers Agricultural Household District Females (main + Cultivators Other workers marginal labourers industry workers workers) Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 00043- Persons 1216358 400477 11900 2.97 10130 2.53 19763 4.93 358684 89.56 Srinagar (North) Males 640847 327916 8201 2.50 8664 2.64 11918 3.63 299133 91.22 Females 575511 72561 3699 5.10 1466 2.02 7845 10.81 59551 82.07 2 00044- Persons 20471 6711 328 4.89 278 4.14 332 4.95 5773 86.02 Srinagar (South) Males 10277 5235 218 4.16 203 3.88 168 3.21 4646 88.75 Females 10194 1476 110 7.45 75 5.08 164 11.11 1127 76.36 District: Persons 1236829 407188 12228 3.00 10408 2.56 20095 4.94 364457 89.51 Srinagar Males 651124 333151 8419 2.53 8867 2.66 12086 3.63 303779 91.18 (010)

Females 585705 74037 3809 5.14 1541 2.08 8009 10.82 60678 81.96

Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in the sub district has been depicted in the table:-

Cultivators: Among 2 tahsils of the district, tahsil Srinagar South returned a maximum of 4.89 per cent total cultivators comprising of 4.16 per cent and 7.45 per cent male and female cultivators which is followed by such class activity of workers which comes to be 2.97 per cent total cultivators with 2.50 per cent male and 5.10 per cent female cultivators for Srinagar North tahsil.

Agricultural Labourer: The agricultural labourers found in the district comes to be 2.56 per cent with 2.66 per cent male and 2.08 per cent female such workers. Again Srinagar South tops in registering maximum agricultural labourers with total of 4.14 per cent such workers comprising of 3.88 per cent males and 5.08 per cent female agricultural labourers. This is followed by 2.53 per cent total agricultural labourers constituting of 2.64 per cent males and 2.02 per cent females such workers in Srinagar North.

Household Industry: The analysis of the figure indicates that in the district which comprises of two tahsils, there are total of 4.94 per cent household industry workers comprising of 3.63 per cent males and 10.82 per cent female household industry workers. Among two tahsils of the district Srinagar South has a maximum of 4.95 per cent total household industry workers comprising of 3.21 per cent males and 11.11 per cent females such workers which is followed by 4.93 per cent total household industry workers with 3.63 per cent and 10.81 per cent male and female such workers in Srinagar North.

72 Other Workers: Among these two tahsils of the district the other workers, which calculate to be 89.56 per cent including 91.22 per cent males and 82.07 per cent females are found in Srinagar North followed by total of 86.02per cent such workers comprising of 88.75 per cent males and 76.36 per cent females in Srinagar South.

Table 34: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in CD blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of Persons/ Total Total Category of Workers No. CD Block Males/ population workers Females (main + Household Agricultural marginal Cultivators industry Other workers labourers workers) workers Number %age Number %age Numb %age Number %age er 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 0077- Srinagar Persons 10323 3255 475 14.59 255 7.83 350 10.75 2175 66.82 Males 5316 2525 358 14.18 211 8.36 131 5.19 1825 72.28 Females 5007 730 117 16.03 44 6.03 219 30.00 350 47.95 2 0081- Ganderbal Persons 6990 2281 770 33.76 359 15.74 99 4.34 1053 46.16 Males 3600 1765 496 28.10 260 14.73 67 3.80 942 53.37

Females 3390 516 274 53.10 99 19.19 32 6.20 111 21.51 Total Persons 17313 5536 1245 22.49 614 11.09 449 8.11 3228 58.31 Males 8916 4290 854 19.91 471 10.98 198 4.62 2767 64.50 Females 8397 1246 391 31.38 143 11.48 251 20.14 461 37.00

The C.D. block-wise workers by sex in four categories of Economic Activity which comprises of Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers, Household Industry and Other Workers are indicated in the table. The total numbers of cultivators in the district constitute 19.91 per cent male and 31.38 per cent female cultivators and also total of 11.09 per cent Agricultural Labourers with 10.98 per cent male and 11.48 per cent female. Whereas total of 8.11 per cent persons remained engaged with Household industry with 4.62 per cent male and 20.14 per cent female household workers. The analytical figure reveals total of 58.31 per cent other workers having 64.50 per cent male and 37.00 per cent female other workers.

Among 2 C.D. blocks in the district, C.D. block, Srinagar returned the highest workers of 3255 persons (2525 males and 730 females) followed by 2281 total workers (1765 males and 516 females) in Ganderbal CD Block.

Cultivators: The C.D. blockGanderbal registered a maximum of 33.76 per cent cultivator persons comprising of 28.10 per cent male and 53.10 per cent female cultivator workers. This is followed by 14.59 per cent cultivator persons constituting 14.18 per cent males + 16.03 per cent females.

73 Agricultural Labourers: Among 2 C.D. blocks in the district the C.D. block Ganderbal registered the maximum of 15.74 per cent persons (14.73 per cent males + 19.19 per cent females) Agricultural Labourers which is followed by total of 7.83 per cent persons (8.36 per cent males + 6.03 per cent females) in C.D.block Srinagar.

Household Industry Workers: The C.D. block Srinagar in the district has returned with maximum of 10.75 per cent persons (5.19 per cent males + 30.0 per cent females) as Household Industry Workers followed by 4.34 per cent persons (3.80 per cent males + 6.20 per cent females) in C.D.block Ganderbal.

Other Workers: The C.D. block Srinagar out of 2 C.D. blocks in the district registered a maximum of 66.42 per cent persons (72.28 per cent males +47.95 per cent females) as other workers followed by total of 46.16 per cent persons (53.37 per cent males + 21.51 per cent females) in C.D.block Ganderbal.

Table 35: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Towns, 2011

Sr. Name of Persons Total Total Category of workers No. town / Males/ population workers Household Females (main + Agricultural Cultivators industry Other workers marginal labourers workers) workers Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 800013- Persons 1186867 385312 10845 2.81 9601 2.49 19434 5.04 345432 89.65 Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) Males 621942 314558 7456 2.37 8248 2.62 11780 3.74 287074 91.26

Females 564925 70754 3389 4.79 1353 1.91 7654 10.82 58358 82.48 2 800014- Persons 22214 12124 70 0.58 36 0.30 92 0.76 11926 98.37 Badami Bagh (CB) Males 14315 10581 55 0.52 31 0.29 52 0.49 10443 98.70

Females 7899 1543 15 0.97 5 0.32 40 2.59 1483 96.11

3 002830- Persons 2664 1875 16 0.85 42 2.24 27 1.44 1790 95.47 Khonmoh (CT) Males 2017 1696 15 0.88 38 2.24 7 0.41 1636 96.46

Females 647 179 1 0.56 4 2.23 20 11.17 154 86.03 4 002834-Now Persons 2490 810 11 1.36 32 3.95 51 6.30 716 88.40 Gam (CT) Males 1289 668 3 0.45 4 0.60 14 2.10 647 96.86 19.7 Females 1201 142 8 5.63 28 37 26.06 69 48.59 2 5 002835- Persons 5281 1531 41 2.68 83 5.42 42 2.74 1365 89.16 Lasjan (CT) Males 2645 1358 36 2.65 75 5.52 35 2.58 1212 89.25

Females 2636 173 5 2.89 8 4.62 7 4.05 153 88.44

District Persons 1219516 401652 10983 2.73 9794 2.44 19646 4.89 361229 89.94 (Urban): Srinagar(010) Males 642208 328861 7565 2.30 8396 2.55 11888 3.61 301012 91.53

Females 577308 72791 3418 4.70 1398 1.92 7758 10.66 60217 82.73

74 This table analyses the distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity of urban units in the district as returned in 2011-Census. Among 5 urban units in the district, Srinagar (M Corp+OG) indicates the maximum workers of total 385312 persons (314558 males + 70754 females), out of which 2.81 per cent persons (2.37 per cent males + 4.79 per cent females) are cultivators, 2.49 per cent persons (2.62 per cent males + 1.91 per cent females), 5.04 per cent persons (3.74 per cent males + 10.82 per cent females) and 89.65 per cent persons (91.26 per cent males +82.48 per cent females) are Agricultural Labourers, Household Industry workers and Other workers respectively. BadamiBagh(CB) registered a total of 12124 persons (10581males +1543 females) workers which include total of 0.58 per cent persons (0.52 per cent males + 0.97 per cent females) cultivator workers, 0.30 per cent persons (0.29 per cent males + 0.32 per cent female Agricultural labourers, 0.76 per cent persons (0.49 per cent males + 2.59 per cent females) Household Industry Workers and 98.37 per cent persons (98.70 per cent males +96.11 per cent females) Other workers In Khanmoh (CT) where total of 1875 persons (1696 males + 179 females) workers which comprises 0.85 per cent persons (0.88 per cent males + 0.56 per cent females), 2.24 per cent persons (2.24per cent males + 2.23 per cent females), 1.44 per cent persons (0.41 per cent males + 11.17 per cent females) and 95.47 per cent Persons (96.46 per cent males + 86.03 per cent females) are Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers, Household Industry workers and Other Workers. The Lasjan (CT) registered total of 1531 persons (1358 males +173 females) workers which comprises of 2.68 per cent persons (2.65 per cent males + 2.89 per cent females) cultivators, 5.42 per cent persons (5.52 per cent males + 4.62 per cent females) agricultural labourers, 2.74 per cent persons (2.58 per cent males + 4.05females) Household Industry Workers and 89.16 per cent persons (89.25 per cent males and 88.44 per cent females) Other Workers respectively. This is followed by Nowgam (CT) which returned total of 810 persons workers amongst which 1.36 are cultivators, 3.95 per cent are agricultural labourers, 6.30 per cent are Household Industry Workers and 88.40 per cent are other workers.

The district urban total registered 2.73 per cent cultivators, 2.44 per cent agricultural labourer, 4.89 per cent Household Industry workers and 89.94 per cent other workers as against 401652 total workers in urban areas of the district.

75 (vi) BRIEF ANALYSIS OF PCA DATA BASED ON INSET TABLES 36 TO 45

The data collected from the revenue and other Government agencies regarding availability of various amenities in the matter of educational and medical institutions, power supply drinking water, post and telephone facilities, communication Banks, agricultural reedit societies have been compiled in the main village directory appendices (I-X). Similarly separate, civil finance medical educational and availability of various other amenities has also been compiled in the town directory Statements I- VI. The salient features of village and town directory data in broad aggregates in respect of brief commentary and assessment of the progress made by rural/ urban population some of the important satieties and position of availability of various amenities at tehsil / town and community Development Block level is given in the following tables No 36-45.

Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011

Sr. Name of Number Type of amenity available No. CD Block of

inhabited villages $

@ Education* Medical^ Drinkingwater officePost Telephone ** Transport communications Banks Agricultural creditsocieties Approachby pucca road Powersupply

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 0077- 5 4 5 0 5 4 1 0 1 5 5 Srinagar ( 100) ( 80) ( 100) ( 0) ( 100) ( 80) ( 20) ( 0) ( 20) ( 100) 2 0081- 6 4 6 0 6 6 0 0 4 6 6 Ganderbal ( 100) (66.7) ( 100) ( 0) ( 100) (100) ( 0) ( 0) (66.67) ( 100) Total 11 8 11 0 11 10 1 0 5 11 11 ( 100) (72.7) ( 100) ( 0) ( 100) (90.91) ( 9.09) ( 0) (45.45) ( 100) Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile.

Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities in C.D. blocks of the district returned as per 2011-Census is depicted in the table. Out of 11 villages in the district, all the 11 villages or 100 per cent has been provided with educational facilities of one type or other. Whereas 8 villages comprising of 72.73 per cent have medical facilities of one type or other. Improved drinking water facility has been made available to 11 inhabited villages i.e. 100 per cent and postal facility viz. Post Office has not been provided to any villages. The telephone facilities of one type or other is given to all 11 villages comprising i.e. 100 per cent. Transport Communication facility has been made available to 10 villages i.e. 90.91 per cent and Banking facilities have been provided to 1 villages with 9.09 per cent.5 villages with 45.45 per cent and 11 villages accommodating 100 per cent villages enjoy the facilities of approach by Pucca Road and Power Supply respectively.

Education: In all the villages of both the blocks educational facilities is available. Medical: Among 2 C.D. blocks in the district, C.D. block Srinagar leads in medical facility provided to 80 per cent (4) villages which is followed by 66.67 per cent (4) villages of C.D. block Ganderbal. Improved Drinking Water: Improved drinking water facility has been provided to all villages in the district. Post Office: The Post Office facility with telephone has not been made available to any of the villages in the district. Telephone: In 11 villages in the district, the facility of telephone connection is provided. Transport and Communication: 90.91 per cent 10 villages of the district has been registered with the availability of transport and communication in the district as returned in 2011-Census. Out of 2 C.D. blocks in the district, C.D. block Ganderbal leads in having the facility made available to its 100 per cent (6 )villages whereas C.D. block Srinagar follows with the facility under question to its 80 per cent (4 villages. Banking: Banking facility of one type or other has been provided to only 9.09 per cent (11) villages in the district. Among 2 C.D. blocks in the district, C.D. block Srinagar is provided with banking facility to 20 per cent (1) village. C.D. block Ganderbal have not been provided with such facility Approach by Pucca Road: The district is approachable by Pucca Roads in 5 villages. The C.D. block Ganderbal remains to be leading in having the approach by Pucca Roads to its 66.67 per cent (4) villages. The C.D. blocks Srinagar is provided with the facility under reference registered 20 per cent (1) village. Power Supply: Power supply has been provided to 11 villages in the district.

Table 37: Number and percentage of rural population served by different amenities, 2011

Sr. Name of Total Type of amenity available No CD Block population

inhabited # villages

$ Banks Agricultural creditsocieties Approachby pucca road Powersupply Education* Medical^ Drinkingwater officePost Telephone ** Transport communications

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 0077- 10323 10069 10323 0 10323 8423 2630 0 3177 10323 10323 Srinagar (100) (97.54) (100) ( 0) (100) (81.59) (25.48) ( 0) (30.78) (100) 2 0081- 6990 6297 6990 0 6990 6990 0 0 4711 6990 6990 Ganderbal (100) (90.09) (100) ( 0) (100) (100) ( 0) ( 0) (67.4) (100) Total 17313 16366 17313 0 17313 15413 2630 0 7888 17313 17313 (100) (94.53) (100) ( 0) (100) (89.03) (15.19) ( 0) (45.56) (100) Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone, PCO and Mobile.

77 100 per cent rural population of the district is being served by educational amenities. The highest percentage 97.54 of population availing medical amenities has been found in Srinagar C.D. Block while 90.09 per cent is found in Ganderbal C.D. Block. Again 100 per cent of the population has access to improved drinking water. 0.0 per cent of the population has access to Post Office. In the field of telephone facilities 100 per cent of the population are being served by this facility Only 15.19 per cent of the rural population is being served with banking facilities and 45.56 per cent has approach to pucca roads whereas 100 per cent population has access to power supply.

Table 38: Distribution of villages not having certain amenities, arranged by distance ranges from the places where these are available, 2011

Distance range of place from the villages where the Village not having the amenity of amenity is available Less than 5 5-10 10+ Total kilometres kilometres kilometres (Col. 2-4) 1 2 3 4 5 1. Education:- (a) Primary school 1 0 0 1 (b) Middle school 1 1 1 3 (c) Degree college 1 5 5 11 2. Medical:- (a) Hospital 4 7 0 11 (b) PHC 3 6 0 9 3. Post office- 0 6 5 11 4. Telephone 0 0 0 0 5. Bus service 1 0 0 1 6. Bank:- (a) Commercial Bank 1 8 2 11 (b) Cooprative bank 0 8 2 10 7. Agricultural credit societies 0 8 3 11

Degree college includes Art,Engineering and Medicine Hospital includes Allopathic & Alternative Medicine Post office includes post office, telegraph office and post & telegraph office Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and mobiles Bus includes private and public

The table depicts the distribution of villages not having certain amenities, within the village at district level. The habitants of the villages go out of their habitation unit to avail of these facilities such of the villages have been presented in the table according to various distance ranges. As depicted in the table, 1 villages do not have Primary School these children have to travel a distance of less than 5 kms for schooling .Again out of 3 villages which do not have middle schools within the village, the children of 1 village have to travel the distance of less than 5 kms to avail the facility of Middle School and children of inhabitant village go for Middle School education at the distance of 5-10 kms and whereas students from one more village travel a long distance of 10+kms to attain education in Middle School. Among 11 villages, the students from 5 villages have to cover the distance of 10+ kms to attain the education in the Degree College and whereas the children from 5 and 1 villages avail the Degree College education after travelling a distance of 5-10 kms and less than 5 kms respectively. In the field of medical, the hospital facility, which is not provided within the villages, is very much analyzed in the table.

78 As many as 4 villages out of 11 inhabited villages have the hospital facility at the distance of less than 5 kms. The facility available to 7 villages is at the distance of 5-10 kms.

Similarly, the Primary Health Centre facility made available to 3 inhabited villages, out of 11 such villages is at the distance of less than 5 kms and again 6 villages avail this facility at the distance of 5-10 kms. Post Office facility has been made available to 6 villages within the range of 5-10 kms. and 5 inhabited villages avail the facility under reference at the distance of 10+ kms. Regarding telephone facility, of 11 inhabited villages; all the villages have this facility.

Bus Service has been made available to 1 inhabited village out of 11 such villages at the distance of less than 5 kms. The Commercial banking facility has been made available to 1 inhabited village at the distance of less than 5 kms. And 8 such villages avail this facility at the distance of 5-10 kms. The remaining 2 villages take the opportunity of this facility at the distance of 10+ kms. As many as 8 such villages which are deprived of the Agricultural Credit Society within the village avail the facility at the distance of 5-10kms and remaining 3 villages avail this facility at the distance of 10+ kms. TABLE 39: DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES ACCORDING TO THE DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST STATUTORY TOWN AND AVAILABILITY OF DIFFERENT AMENITIES, 2001 Distance Number Number of Type of amenity available range from Percentage inhabited the nearest villages in statutory each range town (in kilometres) Education Medical # Office Post Telephone Transport communi- $ cations Banks Agricultural Societies Credit by Approach road pucca 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 less than 5 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 -15 Number 7 7 6 0 7 7 1 0 4 Percentage 100 85.7 0 100 100 14.29 0 57.14 16 - 50 Number 4 4 2 0 4 3 0 0 1 Percentage 100 50.0 0 100 75.0 0 0 25.0 51+ Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Unspecified Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 District Number 11 11 8 0 11 10 1 0 5 total Percentage 100 72.7 0 100 90.91 9.09 0 45.45

# Post office includes Post office, Telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways.

This table deals with the distribution of villages according to the distance from the nearest statutory town and availability of different amenities based on 2011-Census. Out of 11 inhabited villages in the district, all villages have educational facility available and 72.7 (8) such villages avail medical facility and whereas Post Office is not provided to any village and telephone facility is available to100 (11) inhabited villages. The transport Communication, Banking, Agricultural Credit Societies and Approach by Pucca Road is provided to 90.91 (10), 9.09 (1), 0.0 (0) and 45.45 (5)

79 villages respectively.Among 11 inhabited villages in the district, there are no such villages which have nearest town upto the distance of less than 5 kms. There are 7 inhabited villages, which fall in the distance range of 5-15, of which 100 per cent or 7 such villages and 85.7 per cent or 6 villages avail the education and medical facility. As many as 100 per cent (7) inhabited villages have telephone and transport facility available. Similarly, in the same distance range of 5-15 kms. There are 14.29 per cent (1) have Banking facilities and whereas there is no facility of Agricultural Credit Societies. Approach by Pucca Road has been provided to 57.14 (4) inhabited villages in the district. Out of 11 inhabited villages with a distance of 16-50 kms from nearest town, 100 per cent (4) and 50 per cent (2) such villages get the education and medical facility. All 4 villages have telephone facilities and whereas3villages (75) have transport facility. There is 25 per cent (1) inhabited village with the service of approach by Pucca Road. No Post office, Banks and Agricultural Credit Society is provided in any of the villages falling in same distance range of 16-50 from the nearest town.

Table 40: Distribution of villages according to population range and amenities available, 2011

Population Number Number Type of amenity available

range Percentage of inhabited $ villages in

each #

range @ Education Education Medical^ water Drinking Post office ** Telephone Transport communications Banks Agricultural credit credit Agricultural societies by Approach road pucca Power supply 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1-499 Number 3 3 0 3 0 3 3 0 0 1 3 Percentage 100 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 33.33 100 500-999 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 - 1999 Number 5 5 5 5 0 5 4 0 0 3 5 Percentage 100 100 100 0 100 80 0 0 60 100 2000 - 4999 Number 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 1 0 1 3 Percentage 100 100 100 0 100 100 33.33 0 33.33 100 5000 - 9999 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10000 + Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 District Number 11 11 8 11 0 11 10 1 0 5 11 Total Percentage 100 72.73 100 0 100 90.91 9.09 0 45.45 100

Note:-

* Education includes all education facilities.

^ Medical includes all medical facilities.

# Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office.

$ Transport communication includes bus service, railway facility and navigable waterways.

@ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank.

** Telephone includes Telephone, PCO and Mobile.

80 This table indicates the distribution of villages by population ranges and amenities available there as returned in 2011-Census. Out of 11 inhabited villages in the district 3such villages which fall in the population range of 1-499 include 100 per cent villages which have education facility and 0 per cent such villages have been provided with the medical facility. There are 3or 100 per cent villages having the Improved Drinking Water, telephone, transport and power supply facilities. No village in this range has post office, banks and agriculture credit societies facility As many as 1 or 33.33 inhabited villages avail approach by pucca roads facility. The population ranges of 1000-1999, which covers 5 inhabited villages include 100 per cent such villages that cover the services of education, medical facilities, drinking water, telephone and power supply. Whereas 4 or 80 per cent and 3 or 60 per cent villages have been provided with Transport and Pucca road facilities. In 3 inhabited villages falling in the population range of 2000-4999 3 or 100 per cent villages avail the educational, medical facilities, Drinking water, Telephone, Transport and Power supply facilities.There are 1 or 33.33 per cent inhabited villages, which have been served with Banks and Pucca roads facility. No village fall in the range of 500-999, 5000-9999, 10000+.

Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011

Sr.No. Name of CD Number of Total area Percentage of Block inhabited (in Hectares) cultivable area to Percentage of villages total area irrigated area to total cultivable area 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 0077-Srinagar 5 963.20 68.80 51.65 2 0081-Ganderbal 6 632.20 56.41 77.59 Total 11 1595.40 63.89 60.73 Note:- Cultivable area= irrigated area + unirrigated area

The table speaks about the C.D. block-wise distribution of villages according to land use. It also gives the details of total area, percentage of cultivable area to total area and percentage of irrigated area to total cultivable area of 2011-Census. As is available in the table, the total of 11 inhabited villages in the district have total area of 1595.40 hectares of which 63.89 per cent is cultivable and 60.73 per cent of total cultivable area has got the irrigation facility. The area figure indicated in the table has been collected from the revenue records maintained for each village by the State Government. As is observed from the table, the C.D. block Srinagar with 5 inhabited villages has a total area of 963.20 hectares of which 68.80 per cent of land is cultivable and 51.65 per cent is irrigated. In C.D. block Ganderbal 6 inhabited villages have total land of 632.20 hectares, of this 56.41per cent is cultivable and 77.59 per cent is irrigated.

81 Table 42: Schools/ colleges per 10,000 population in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of the town Type of educational institution (Approx. numbers) Primary Middle Secondary / Senior College* matriculation secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 800013- 1 Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) 2 3 2 0 0 2 800014- 5 2 3 0 0 Badami Bagh (CB) 3 002830- 4 15 11 4 0 Khonmoh (CT) 4 002834- 4 16 12 4 0 Now Gam (CT) 5 002835- 4 4 2 0 0 Lasjan (CT) Total 19 40 30 8 0 Note- * College includes Arts/ Science/ Commerce College (Degree Level and above)

The table indicates the schools/colleges per 10,000 population in towns. The results available in the table show that in urban areas of Srinagar district the number of Primary School per 10,000 population comes to be 19 and Middle schools 40. The Secondary/Matriculation Schools and Senior Secondary School counts to be 30 and 8 respectively and whereas there is no college available in the towns (urban). Of the 5 towns in the district, Srinagar (MC + OG) town returned 2 Primary Schools, 3 Middle School, 2 Secondary/Matriculation Schools and 0 Senior Secondary School, Badamibagh(CB) town returned 5 Primary Schools, 2 Middle School, 3Secondary/Matriculation Schools and 0 Senior Secondary School . Khanmoh (CT) has 4 Primary Schools and 15 Middle Schools, 11 Secondary/Matriculation and 4 senior secondary schools. The Nowgam(CT) returned with 4 Primary Schools and 16 Middle Schools and 12 Secondary/Matriculation, 4 Senior Secondary Schools. Lasjan (CT) returned with 4 Primary Schools and 4 Middle Schools and 2 Secondary/Matriculation, 0 Senior Secondary Schools.

Table 43: Number of beds in medical institutions in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of the town Number of beds in medical No. institutions per 10,000 population (Approx. numbers)

1 2 3 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) 5 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) 91 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) 15 4 002834-Now Gam (CT) 137 5 002835-Lasjan (CT) 8 Total 256

The table depicts the number of beds in medical institutions in the towns. The urban parts of the district have returned 256 beds in the medical institutions per 10,000 persons. The Nowgam (CT)

82 has registered the highest of 137 beds per 10,000 population followed by 91 beds in Badamibagh (CB). Then comes Khanmoh (CT) which has 15 such beds per 10,000 persons. After Khanmoh (CT) falls Lasjan (CT) with 8 beds per 10,000 population. At last comes Srinagar (MC+OG) with 5 beds per 10,000 population.

Table 44: Proportion of slum population in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of the town having slum Total population Slum population Percentage of slum No. population to total population 1 2 3 4 5 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) (Part) 1180570 343125 29.06 Total 1180570 343125 29.06

Table 44 depicts the position of slum population of the Srinagar district. The table shows percentage of slum population in Srinagar (MC+OG part) as 29.06 %.

Table 45: Most important commodity manufactured in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of the town Name of three most important No. commodities manufactured 1 2 3 1 800013-Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) Nil, Nil, Nil 2 800014-Badami Bagh (CB) Shawls, Carpets, Woodcarving 3 002830-Khonmoh (CT) Nil, Nil, Nil 4 002834-Now Gam (CT) Silk Private Loams, Nil, Nil 5 002835-Lasjan (CT) Nil, Nil, Nil

The most important commodities manufactured in the towns of the district is given in the table.

The information observed from the table indicates that Carpets, Shawls, wood carving, silk and private loams are the main commodities manufactured in different towns of the district. In Badamibagh(CB)., the most important commodities manufactured are Carpet, Shawl and Wood Carving The Nowgam town manufactures silk and private loams while as Srinagar (MC+OG), Khanmoh (CT) and Lasjan (CT) does not manufacture anything.

83 (vii) MAJOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS, NATURAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS AND SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITIES DURING DECADE

Before independence the people of Srinagar lived in big joint families. The avenues of income being meager and limited, only male member of a family would work to sustain their families. However, women would attend to household work only in urban part of the district and in rural part women did assist the male members of the family in farm work.

The district of Srinagar has the distinction of having given birth to famous writers, poets, sufis and musicians whose rich contribution has lent a discernible dimension to the cultural ethos of the district while the most outstanding amongst them being Hazrat Mir Syed Ali Hamdani (RA) whose resting place at Khan-Khahi- Moula has been the place of attraction for hundreds and thousands of devotees from diverse faiths through the ages covering last six and half century. Other high ranking Sufis are Hazrat Sultan Arfeen Sheikh Hamza Makhdoomi (RA), Hazrat Habib-uallah Attar (RA), Hazrat Habib Uallah Nowshehri (RA), Mirza Akmal –u-Din Kamili (RA) etc.

Socio-cultural activities continue to sustain the interest of the people of the district. Since Srinagar has been main District/City of Kashmiri’s socio-economics and political activities, it is known as trend setter in almost every walk of life.

The marriage and death customs are paramount importance in any society of human beings. However, how boys and girls are engaged to lead a conjugal life depends on customs and traditions of communities, castes, sub castes, etc. to which they belong.

In Srinagar district there have been two pre-dominant communities namely Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Pandits. Here we shall discuss marriage system among Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Pandits in Srinagar district. The chapter also deals with the death ceremonies of Muslims and Hindus in the district.

Marriage system of Kashmiri Muslims:

Marriage among grown up Muslim girls and boys is obligatory. It is supposed to guarantee good moral conduct in the society. Islam makes the system of marriage an easy and simple affair. The consent of both male and female partners is must. The acceptance (Qabul), the consideration (Mehar) is essential elements of the marriage. As per the express instructions and the advice of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), the consideration (Mehar) should be minimum according to economic position of bridegroom and the whole marriage ceremony should be a simple affair. The parents of the girl (Bride) should not be burdened with any demand. However, in recent years the demand of huge

84 dowries and expenditure on pomp and show on marriage parties has made the marriage system not only a difficult problem and a burdensome affair but also tends to un-Islamic.

However, the marriages are arranged within the prescribed limits of Islam, such as marriages between maternal and paternal cousin and cousin sister or among the other relations. Under the impact of modernization, mass education urbanization and migration, marriages have become an individual affair in which appearance of middleman and the consent of parents have become only a formality. The economic status, the employment opportunities and educational qualification has become the primary consideration in arranging marriages.

Marriage of a Muslim couple in Kashmir has to pass three stages. In the first stage preliminary visits by the parents or sisters to the family of the opposite partner is performed. These are arranged and assisted by the go-between called “Manzum Your” in Kashmir. The object of this visit is to have a glimpse of bride or bridegroom to ascertain the suitability of the match, family background, social status and economic background etc. After the preliminary visits when the parents and other close relations are satisfied, the boy and girl give their consent and their marriage is settled. Presents are exchanged which consist of some ornaments or cash or both and sweets. The second and important stage is formalising the marriage by a valid ceremony or betrothal called “Nishani” in Kashmir. At this stage Nikah Nama makes marriage contract, which is a written document on consideration of a special amount of money to be paid preferably before the consummation of marriage. The sureties or “Vakils” of the couple signs the marriage deed. On this occasion the Moulvi or Qazi reads Khutba or sermon before an audience. The Moulvi emphasis the sanctity of marriage, the obligation and responsibilities of the couple who henceforth became wife and husband under Muslim Personal Law. Ornaments garments and other presents are presented at this stage. The guests are entertained with a sumptuous lunch or tea party. The marriage after Nikha Nama becomes a settled fact or binding on both sides. After betrothal ceremony, the date of marriage is fixed by mutual consent through a written document called, ‘Saat Nama’. The final stage is a mere formality in the legal sense. The bride is taken to her new home where she enters in a new phase of life with her husband. This ceremony is celebrated by arranging a grand feast. The neighbours, relatives and friends are invited. The bridegroom mounted on a well-decorated car and accompanied by his friends and relatives march to his inlaws in a procession amidst the songs of women known as “Wanwun”. The guests are entrained with a grand feast and returns with his bride after being given a warm send off by the parents and relatives of the bride. The departure of the bride from her parents is a touching scene and is reflected in the deep and melodious wanwun of the women folk. The ‘Mehar’ is the consideration for consummation of marriage. Islam prescribes that ‘Mehar’ should be minimum possible so as to be within the means of the bridegroom. However, in Kashmir, it is governed by custom depending on the castes, social position and family background of the bride and bridegroom. The arrival of the bride in her in-laws house is an occasion of great joy for their family. Her parents

85 show a mixed feeling and feel the absence of their daughter, but at the same time, feel relieved as the responsibility of getting their daughter married is over. The bride is received at in-laws house with great zeal, joy and enthusiasm. She is taken into a well decorated room where her mother-in-law comes and lifts her veil and gives presents. It is known as “Moher Tulewin” in Kashmiri. The bride in return also offers presents to her Mother-in-law in the shape of an ornament or cash known as “Hash Kant”. The bride remains for a week’s time with the in-laws for the first instance and then both are invited by the parents of the bride to a feast known as “Fir-Saal”.

Marriage System of Kashmiri Pandits:

Kashmiri Pandits consider marriage a spiritual union between the spouses. Monogamy is usually the only form of marriage prevalent among pandits. Kashmiri Pandits usually avoid marriage within the gouther (dynasty) and are inflexible. A more important prescription is that of a sapinda exogamy, according to which a man should not marry a woman, who is sapinda by his father or mother. But in practice, a man does not marry any known kinship, if she belongs to the same lineage as himself. Though it is undesirable to do so, in exceptional circumstances, non-agnate may marry if they are distantly related, than second-degree cousins. The kinship terms for second degree cousins includes the Kashmiri affix “Ter” for feminine and “Tur” for masculine, twice. The Pandits believe, that the kin may marry where two are more “Ter” intervene. Husband is generally elder than wife, but a widow may be older than her second husband. Pandits take care in the selection of future homes of their daughters. They try to ensure that the household, into which their daughters are married, should at least have ‘Hakh-Bata’ (green and rice). Significant changes have taken place in Hindu marriage system due to change in the economic and social set up, greater literacy and general enlightenment among the people of the region.

Three types of marriage are prevalent among Kashmiri Pandits. In first type of marriage dowry, ornaments, clothes domestic utensils and other gifts in cash and kind are presented to the in- laws of the bride. The second type of marriage is the incidence of reciprocal marriage involving the exchange of bride and gifts called ‘Andyut’, which is rarely followed, in the region. The bridegroom’s parents pay some cash or kind to the parents of the bride as the consideration for matrimonial union of their daughter in the third type of marriage.

Customs of Kashmiri Pandit’s Marriage:

Parents of the bride and the bridegroom choose the match for whom they seek the services of the matchmaker or ‘Manzum-your’. The Manzum your obtains the horoscope of the boy which is compared with the horoscope of the girl by an astrologer. After matching the horoscopes, the process moves ahead and enquiries regarding social and economic status of the boy’s family are made. The parents of the bride and the bridegroom meet at a temple before the marriage ceremony and solemnly

86 agree the marriage of their respective son and daughter. The engagement for marriage is known as ‘Gandun’. The marriage ceremony ‘Vivah’ begins with cleaning and dusting of the houses of both, bride and bridegroom known as “Garnavai”. Women sing songs daily after Garnavai ceremony followed by ‘Mal-maunzi-raat’ and ‘Maunzi-raat’ when bride and bridegrooms hands are dyed with heena. Relatives and friends are invited to the feast. Bath is taken by both the bride and the bridegroom and are dressed in new clothings at their respective houses. This ceremony is known as ‘Div-goun’. The message for fixation of the date and time for such ceremonies is known as ‘Lagan-a- cheer’ which is declared by an astrologer or ‘Gour’. The bridegroom is dressed in a suit and coloured turban on wedding day. A function is performed in the compound of his home where he takes his stand on ‘Vyug’. The bridegroom is known as ‘Maharaze’ and the bride is known as ‘Maharene’. An oldest women of the house comes out with lightened lamps and a pair of pigeons and waves it around the head of the bridegroom, other women of the house sing songs and shower flowers, coins and sweets. Another boy of near relation is dressed in the same fashion as the bridegroom known as “Pat- Mah-a-raze”. It is believed that if some untoward event happens with the bridegroom, pat-Mah-a-raze will take up his place.

The "Lagan"or ruptial ceremony takes place by the family priests of both the bride and bridegroom. Food is placed before the couple and both of them eat from, the same plate which is called "Dai-bata" (God’s feast) then the couple walks seven times round the "Agni" (fire) and the "Gour" or priest recites "Mantar". After Agni the bride has to cross seven coins or notes in seven steps associated with one flower and a Dharub (stick). Her father stands on first point of seven steps while her father-in-law stands to receive the bride at the last step. This ceremony is called as "Sathan-pit- Tarun" "Posh Pooza" or flower prayer begins followed after the Lagan. All friends and relatives throw flowers on the couple under the red shawl while as the "Gour" goes on reciting "Mantar". After this ceremony the bride is taken to bridegroom house when she is brought out by window and not the door. This is due to belief that she is supposed to leave for ever her parents as she is given in “Daan” or donation. She takes dowry in the shape of gold and silver ornaments, utensils, furniture, clothes etc. However, important thing in dowry is “Dijihoor” gold ornament for ear, which is the sign of marriage in Kashmiri Pandits. The bride is then taken to "Thakur Dwan" or kitchen and both have to take some meals and milk while women sing songs in the praise and welfare of the couple. Next day, the couple visits the parents of the bride and receives presents in cash or kind. During the first year of marriage the bride’s father has to send various gifts to their daughter on various auspicious occasion and festivals such as, Shivratri, Janamashtami, birthday, marriage, anniversary, etc.

Divorce:

Divorce is permitted by the holy Quran on very strict conditions in which it becomes quite impossible for a married couple to live together. The Almighty Allah says that in his eyes, the most

87 undesirable thing is "Talaaq" or Divorce which is however, permitted by him in case it becomes unavoidable.

The Kashmiri Pandits consider marriage as a spiritual union and their religion does not allow divorce. However, under Hindu Marriage Code Bill of 1956 followed by the consent theory and break down theory which got the shape of Hindu Marriage (Amendment) Act, 1964, divorce is permitted.

The Central and State Government have passed regulation prohibiting early marriage i.e. marriage of boys and girls below the age of 21 years and 18 years respectively. Widow marriage is permitted under Islam and there is absolutely no social or moral disapproval for it.

Status of women:

The social position of women has considerably improved in recent years as a result of vast expansion of education. The government has set up women colleges for general and technical education at Srinagar and in the other important towns. Women have joined important professions in teaching medicine, surgery, nursing, office management, banking, Insurance, Cooperative Societies, and Small-Scale Industries etc. The status of Kashmiri women has changed and she has become aware of her rights. She is educated and fares much better in examinations and other walks of life. Their habits are clean and self-esteemed. Many of the women are political workers, legislators and ministers in the government. Besides they hold important positions in administration.

Other rites and ceremonies:

Several rites and ceremonies apart from marriage associated with the social life of Kashmir’s also differ from community to communities which are as under:-

Birth Ceremonies:

Muslims of Kashmir celebrate the birth ceremony commonly known as "Sunder". The child is bathed at the time of birth after naval cut. The "Moulvi" or priest now-a-days father or uncle is called to whisper the “Azan" in the ear of the newly born baby. He imparts the cardinal message of oneness of the God. The impurity among Muslim women of Kashmir region is 40 days. She is supposed to remain in her bed called "Hur". The mother and child are again bathed on 7th day and 40th day after delivery when the baby is given name and male child is circumcised known as "Khutna". Sometimes circumcision is delayed by a year or so for grand celebration, when relatives and friends are invited on feast who presents gifts to the baby on this auspicious occasion. It has socio-religious sanctity. The boy is placed on a basket and a cock is cooped under it, especially in rural parts of Kashmir and the barber performs the circumcision. But now-a-days among well-to-do families it is performed by surgeon. The birth ceremonies and customs of Kashmiri Pandits are not different from those of Muslims. The only difference being the circumcision though they adopt it on the advice of a surgeon

88 or physician in rare cases. However, they give much importance to the day, date and time of the birth of a child for preparation of horoscope known as Janam-Kundle. Kashmiri Pandits perform sacred thread ceremony of the boy before he attains the age of twelve, which is called vagnupavit or Meakhal. The house cleaning known as Garnavai which is done before a few days of the ceremony followed by the Manziraath when head and feet of the boy are dyed with Mehandi or Henna. The sacred thread of three strings called "Yune" is put round the neck and armpit of the boy by the Pandit or priest.

Death ceremony of Muslims:

When a Kahmiri Muslim is on death bed, Kalma (oneness of God) and verses of Holy Quran are recited for his peace. After death the dead body is given special bath and wrapped into cotton white cloth known as "Kafan" which consists of a long piece of hand stitched inner, known as "Tahband" tied at feet and a cover "Sar-band", with three knots at feet, naval and head. The dead body wrapped into Kafan is placed into a wooden box called "Tabout" (coffin) which is available in every mosque. Keeping the Tabout in front with feet of the corpse towards the south, the men folk stand behind their Imam in rows, facing Qibla (west) and offer Nimaz-I-Jinazah (the last prayers to the deceased). The coffin is then taken on shoulders by near relatives to ancestral graveyard followed by other relatives and friends who recite verses of Holy Quran. Then the dead body is taken out from the Tabout and buried in the grave. The bereaved family and their relatives are provided meal by the close relatives and neighbours on first three days of the death. But on the 4th day following the death, family members, relatives and friends offer prayer of peace or Fath-a-khawni is observed for the departed soul at graveyard. Then the people visit the mourner’s house where refreshment is served to them. Complete recitation of Holy Quran is done for the grant of peace to the departed soul.

Death ceremony of Pandits:

The dead body of Kashmiri Pandit is fully covered and a lightened cloth called "Czoong" is kept by his head and Mantars are recited for the dead person. The body is then washed after a short while, with soap and specific herbs. The dead body is then wrapped in white cloth called Kafan" consists of a long tangs, cap and shranpat. The corpse is then placed on a wooden plank, which is carried by four persons on shoulders and taken to the cremation ground by keeping the feet of corpse in front of the plank. The funeral pyre is lightened by the eldest son or by his near relative if the deceased has no issue. Persons performing other works are called Kawiji and paid for their performance. A few ornaments are kept if the deceased is a woman who is, however, taken by the Kawiji. The ashes and the bones are brought home after three days and immersed in holy rivers of Kashmir, such as river Jehlum besides Hardiwar in Utter Pradesh. No outsider eats in the house of the deceased for ten days and all rites are performed on the riverbank. The son shaves his head and beard

89 but receives a new dress from his father-in-law on the 10th day of death. On 11th and 12th day, Shradha is performed and meat is not allowed to be served in the house.

Significant Activities During The Decade

In November 2011, the City Mayors Foundation – an advocacy think tank announced that Srinagar was 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020. The second Master Plan (2000-2021) has been presently under operation and implementation which stands approved by government. The objective of the authority is to promote and secure the development of the area.

Railway Station:

Srinagar railway station or Nowgam railway station is a railway station of the city of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir. The station is part of the Kashmir Railway, which will connect the city to the Rail network of India.

The station is also planned to be part of a second railway, the Srinagar-Kargil-Leh railway. The station has been built as part of the Kashmir Railway megaproject, intending to link the Kashmir Valley with Jammu Tawi and the rest of the Indian railway network. The station, in Nowgam, is 8 km from the city centre. The station features Kashmiri wood architecture, with an intended ambience of a royal court which is designed to complement the local surroundings to the station. Station signage is predominantly in Urdu, English and Hindi.

Central University of Kashmir:

The Central University of Kashmir formerly the Central University of Jammu and Kashmir, is a university proposed to be settled at Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir and presently functioning from transit campuses at Srinagar district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is one of the 13 newly established central universities in different states of India by the Central Universities Act, 2009. It currently offers the five-year integrated BA LLB programme (at present, the only undergraduate programme in this University) and few postgraduate programmes such as MA, MSc, MBA, MTM & LLM. At present, the available disciplines are Business Administration, Convergent Journalism, Economics, Education, English Language & Literature, Information Technology, Law, Mathematics, Politics, Tourism Management and Urdu Language & Literature. The research programmes like Integrated MPhil/PhD in Education, Management Studies & Tourism Management and PhD in Law have also been started. Professor Abdul Wahid Qureshi was the first Vice Chancellor of the University. And renowned nuclear scientist Srikumar Banerjee has been appointed as the first chancellor of the University.

90 Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden:

Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip garden previously Model Floriculture Center is a tulip garden in Srinagar, India. It is the largest tulip garden in Asia spread over an area of about 12 hectares having two million plant species. It is situated on the foothills of Zabarwan Range with an overview of Dal Lake. The garden was opened in 2007 with the aim to boost floriculture and tourism in Kashmir Valley.

The Hajj House:

The Haj House, spread over an area of 50 Kanals of land situated at Bemina, Srinagar has been constructed for convenience of Haj Pilgrims of the State on their journey to Harmain Shariefain. A state-of-art complex comprising of Office Block, Reception Lounge and Residential Block, the Haj House has facilities for Remote Check-in, Pre-Immigration and Pre-Customs Check besides facility for exchange of Foreign Currency during departure phase. It has an Ahram wearing room and a big prayer hall (Masjid). There is a separate residential block which can accommodate about “200” pilgrims at a time.

J&K State Haj Committee has been established for making arrangements for the Haj pilgrims of the State and matters connected therewith. . In the year 2002, Srinagar, the summer capital of the State, was declared as Embarkation Point for the pilgrims of J&K State. At present, direct flights operate from Srinagar Airport to Jeddah / Madinah Munawarrah ferrying the pilgrims of the State to the holy lands.

Lal Mandi footbridge:

The Lal Mandi Footbridge is a suspension-type pedestrian bridge located in the Srinagar city of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It connects the Lal Mandi and Rajbagh areas of the city to the city centre Lal Chowk. It is the first suspension-type bridge to come across the Jhelum in the city. It was constructed over a period of two years under the PDP-Congress coalition government in the State led by Mufti Muhammad Sayeed and has helped greatly in easing the traffic congestion in the city centre. Its total length is 130 meters and width is 4 meters. It was opened on 13 July 2005.

Shri Pratap Singh Museum:

The renovation of the old building of Shri Pratap Singh Museum in Srinagar turned this historical institution into a high-tech museum. This project worth rupees 280 million (28 crores) was carried out at a fast pace and is expected to lend a rare experience to the visitors, the tourists in particular, to learn more about the historical artifacts and other vintage collections in the museum. Shri Pratap Singh Museum is located at Lal Mandi between Zero Bridge and Amira Kadal, the first 'old bridge' in Srinagar. Built in 1898, this structure that houses the museum was the summer palace

91 of the Kashmir Maharajas. The nucleus of the collection based on objects from the Toshakhana (storeroom of royal relics) of the erstwhile rulers of Jammu and Kashmir includes shawls, paintings, arms, silver images, copper and brass utensils and a wide range of Ladakhi handicrafts. Local residents feel that the high-tech museum will also help in promoting the tourism in the valley. Earlier, the museum was equipped with limited facilities but now the Archives and Archeological Department of Jammu and Kashmir has managed to docket all the collections and make relevant arrangements for their display.

Srinagar International Airport:

(IATA: SXR, ICAO: VISR), also known as Sheikh ul Alam Airport (after a 15th century Kashmiri mystic Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali), is an international airport in Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir.

The airport was granted international status by the Union Cabinet on 27 January 2005. The airport had undergone extensive renovations, including improving the runway, a new terminal for departure and arrival, air bridges and other operational facilities, and was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 by an Air India domestic flight from Delhi.

Banquet and Marriage Hall In Srinagar:

Many Banquet and Marriage halls have been constructed for the convenience of general public during the last decade in district Srinagar. Also community halls have been made at many places in Downtown area of the district like Kawmohalla, Nawabazar, Kawdara, Saidakadal etc.

Besides these number of parks and gardens has been developed for the promotion of tourism and beautification of the city.

92 (VIII) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PLACES OF RELIGIOUS, HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE.

Kashmir which makes man wonder at the greatness of Almighty God is the temple of God in the truest sense. Man close to the nature fully understands the meaning of God." God is nature and nature is God". For ages man has been building temples and mosques as places for his workshop. These religious places apart from being place of sanctity also present immense natural beauty in their surroundings. Many such places are visited by pilgrims every year.

Khankahi Bulbul Shah.

This is the first Khankah built in Kashmir by Renchan Shah, the then ruler of Kashmir in (1225-1237 A.D.). The Khankah is known after the name of Syed Sharief-ud-Din Bulbul, at whose hands Renchan Shah was converted to Islam. It was built in Mohalla Bulbul lanker on the bank of river Jehlum. Hazratbal:

The shrine is situated on the western bank of Dal Lake about 6 miles to the north east of Srinagar. It can be reached both by boat as also by tarred road connecting Srinagar with Naseem Bagh. The shrine in which the holy hair of prophet Mohammed (PBUH) has been deposited is most sacred to the Muslims all over Kashmir. The site of the shrine was a garden owned by one Sadiq Khan after whose name it was then known. The relic was secured by one Khaja Noor-ud-Din from Sayyid Abdullah, the exiled custodian of the shrine of prophet of Islam at Madina and was dedicated to the Muslim community of Kashmir.

The holy hair has been deposited in a casket and is displayed on several occasions in a year particularly on the day of Id-Milad, Shabi Meraj and following Fridays and the anniversaries of the four Caliphs. Each of these festivals is attended by about half a million people from rural parts of the valley as also from Srinagar and other towns. Thousands of temporary stalls are put up by the business community of Srinagar and of rural areas and sales to the tune of several lakhs of rupees are affected on each occasion.

Towards the end of November, 1963, the holy relic was surreptitiously removed from the shrine causing an unprecedented commotion all over the valley. Shops remained closed, black flags hoisted and mourning processions taken out, demanding the immediate recovery of the relic and a deterrent action against the culprits and this continued until the holy relic was again surreptitiously repositioned to the relief of all aggrieved persons. The identity of culprits could not however, be ascertained, nor could the purpose of the mischief be unearthed. Eventually the shrine was, newly constructed providing enough space in and outside the shrine for pilgrims. A tomb made of white

93 marbles was erected in the shape of the Prophet’s tomb built in Madina. The construction and renovation work was undertaken under the stewardship of late Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah in his capacity as the president of Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Auqaf Trust, the organization which holds the responsibility of maintaining assets and renovation/construction of Auqaf property in the State.

Jamia Masjid;

This is the largest mosque in the State, measuring about 120 yards (360 feet) on each side. It was founded by Mir Syed Mohammad Hamdani RA, son of Mir Sayed Ali Hamdani RA who, like his father, devoted his life to the propagation of Islam. The roof of the mosque is supported by 372 deodar pillars of which 32 have a height of 90 feet and a width of 12 feet.

Congregational prayers are held in the mosque on all Fridays. However, largest gathering can be noticed on the last Friday of Ramzan.

After the death of Sultan Sikandar his son and successor Sultan Zain-ul-Aabidin made additions and alterations in the mosque. He opened and constructed grand Seminary to the north of it probably in Gojiwara locality where Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit could be taught. Qazi Mir Mohd. Ali of Bukhara was appointed its Principal and the revenue of four villages was assigned to the schools for its up-keep and maintenance. To make it more magnificent and beautiful a canal name Zaina Khul, afterwards Lachmi Khul, was constructed whose source and head was Sindh Nalah at Ganderbal and the water was brought to the mosque through the eastern entrance which fed the large tank in the internal compound. The canal fell into disuse after 1903 A.D. when Srinagar water works Department was instituted by Partap Singh Dogra’s Government. Its (Lachmi Khul) embankments are still existent near Medical Institute at Source.

Jamia Masjid passed through many vicissitudes. Sultan Zain-ul-Aabudin constructed four tall minars and the inner compound of the mosque 254' wide and 334' long planting the chinar trees around it (the tradition assigns these changes to his grand son Sultan Hassan Shah in 1476 A.D.). During his reign there occurred a serious conflagration in the neighbourhood of Jamia Masjid in Nowhatta (Sikandarpur) and it could not escape from the calamity. Sultan Hassan Shah reconstructed the mosque but unfortunately he died before completing the work. After his death his son Sultan Mohd. Shah resumed the construction in 1485 A.D. and completed some portion of it in three years. The chief of the Kashmir Army Staff Malik Ibrahim Magrey built the roof and walls around it out of his own private purse in 1488 A.D. He decorated the inner compound and planted chinars and removed the houses around it to a distance of 100 feet in order to keep it safe from conflagration. From 1561 A.D. to 1586 A.D. (period of Chakks) political condition in Kashmir were marked with confusion, bitter rivalries and instability. Jaima Masjid was neglected except during the reign of Yoqub Chak when the repairs were carried out by Qazi Musa, a renowned religious scholar of the

94 time out of his private purse. After the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughals in 1586 A.D. Akbar summoned two hundred artisans from central Asia to execute the work of renovation and beautification of the mosque. In 1620 A.D. (1029 A.H.) again, a great fire broke out in Nowhatta and Jamia Masjid was burnt just in the day of Idul Fitr, Emperor Jahangir, who was visiting Kashmir at that time ordered its immediate reconstruction under the able guidance and supervision of historian architect Rais-ul-Mulk Haider Malik of Chadura which was carried out in 17 years. Jehangir appointed Mulla Jafri as its preceptor (Pir) with adequate emoluments at his disposal and ordered the construction of a tank on the middle of the compound. This was completed in seven years.

During Aurangzeb’s time again in 1754 A.D. Jamia Masjid was gutted along with twelve thousand houses in its neighbourhood starting from Mohalla Kavadara. Aurangzeb heard of the accident. He enlisted the services of all bricklayers and mesons in the city and had the mosque completed within three years. It is evident from the structure itself as well as from the historical records that the Mughals adhered to the plan of original mosque of the Sultan Sikandar. Aurangzeb decorated the minars with silver crests and it cost him five thousand dinars. He simultaneously ordered the erection of a ladder of seventy five steps which lead to Minars. Houses all-round the mosque were pulled down so that there could be no reoccurrence of fires. From Aurangzeb’s time down to 1914 A.D. the structural history of the mosque forms a record of decay.

The mosque was slightly repaired by Haji Karim Dad Khan, Afgan governor in 1776 A.D. after the annexation of Kashmir to Afgan Empire in 1754 A.D. and the second time by Subedar Aazad Khan in 1789 A.D. During the sixty nine years of Afgan (Pathan) rule Jamia Masjid was neglected and when repair work was taken in hand, this was executed out of rents received from the shopping complex around it. In 1819 A.D. Kashmir was annexed by Ranjit Singh, the ruler of Punjab. The mosque was closed and the doors blocked for 25 years under the order of Diwan Moti Ram, a Sikh governor in 1820 A.D. Its Jagirs were confiscated and subsidy stopped. Azan (call to prayers) was prohibited here. Later on a deputation of Kashmiri Muslims was led under the leadership of Moulvi Amir-ud-Din and Moulvi Nasir-ud-Din mufti azam who submitted a memorandum to Sher Singh who ordered the governor Sheikh Gh. Mohi-ud-Din to open the mosque and hand it over to the Muslims. The Sheikh initiated repairs spending a lakh of rupees on the same. After the treaty of Amritsar in 1846, Gulab Singh Dogra ordered the affairs of Jamia Masjid to be put off indefinitely. His successor Ranbir Singh allowed opening of the mosque only on Fridays. A construction committee consisting of Kh. Rahim Shah and Gafoor Shah Naqshbandi was formed who collected a huge amount for its repairs and Ranbir Singh Dogra granted six thousand rupees. But due to Shia-Sunni conflict in 1872 A.D. (1289 A.H.), the plan of mosque was kept in abeyance and some of the members of the committee were arrested and deported to Jammu Jails. In 1891, Kh.Rahim Joo approached Ranbir Singh Dogra for further grant that sanctioned nine thousand rupees and out of this grant Lachmi Khul was repaired. In the beginning of this century a construction committee was reconstituted under the

95 chairmanship of Bakshi Parmanand with late Mirwaiz Rasul Shah and late Kh. Samad Joo Kakroo of Baramula as its members who donated thirteen thousand rupees. However, process of decay could not be arrested. It had fallen into disrepairs, but thanks to the efforts of late Sheikh Maqbool Hussain, formerly Revenue Minister of the State, it was restored by the subscription raised among the zamindars of the valley alongwith the revenue known as Masjid fund and on the technical advice from Archaeological Department, Government of India Sir George Marshall gives credit for Jamia Masjid’s renovation to Gol.H.A.D. Fraser, then State Engineer and to Mr. Thad Avery, the contractor who took in hand its reconstruction. The grandeur of Jamia Masjid lies in its four cloisters each about 120 yards in length supported by pillars of deodar wood of great height and its spacious guadrangle. The lofty pillars in the prophlons, the detail of the spires and the uniformity of the whole design prove that the builders knew that they were reproducing of which they were masters. The masque is one of those distinct and lasting legacies which have come down to the Muslims of the valley from their forefathers. It is a monument worth preserving and a great symbol of human skill and understanding directed towards a unique spiritual end.

Aali Masjid:

Mir Syed Mohamad Hamdani RA purchased a large area in the north of Srinagar city and dedicated it for being used for Id-prayers. Later, in 1398 A.D. Ali Shah, the then rular of Kashmir, built a mosque in the centre of Id-Gah and named it as Aali Masjid. It got burnt in 1880 A.D. A prominent citizen Gul Mohammad Khan rebuilt it. The mosque and the vast area attached to it are still being used by the Muslims for Id-prayers. On these occasions about 2 lakh people from the city and its suburbs assemble here and offer prayers. In addition to it, hundreds of temporary stalls are installed in the open space for the sale of fruits, books, garments and a variety of other goods. On the day of Id- ul-Zuha thousands of sheep are seen in small flocks moving about around Id-gah ground and are sold to devotees for sacrificial slaughter a religious ceremony which is obligatory to all those who can afford to pay for the animal.

Pather Masjid:

This was built by Emperor Jahangir in 1622 A.D. The mosque is entirely made of chiseled stones and measures 180'×54' and is also known as Shahi Masjid or Pather Masjid

Religious Festivals:

Urs Dastgir Sahib (Khankahi Dastgir)

This relates to the death anniversary of Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani (RA), a top ranking muslim saint of Bagdad, whose reputation for piety and spititual attainments traveled for and wide all

96 over the world. The saint never visited any part of the sub-continent but his sanctity brought him so much of reputation that people of all countries and communities hold him in high esteem and invoke his blessings on the occasion of the festival which falls on the 11th of Rabi-ul Sani the 4th lunar month of the Hijri year and its following Friday, a hair of Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani (RA), is exhibited from the balcony of the large Khankah at Khanyar, Srinagar where it has been deposited.

The relic is said to have been brought into Kashmir by a tourist from Kabul in 1802 A.D. It was acquired from him by Sardar Abdullah Khan, the then Governor of Kashmir, who presented it to a local saint for being displayed to the people. About one lakh people participate on the day of the festival and attend the Friday prayers at the shrine.

Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani (RA), is known by a number of names. Most popular among these are Piri Dastgir, Gawsul-Aazam, Shahi Bagdad and Kahnoav. Pir Dastgir means the saint who holds out his hand to help others and the Kahnoav stands for one who is known by eleven names.

The festival lasts for about 15 days, beginning from the Ist of Rabi-ul-Sani. People assemble at the shrine in evening and mornings and recite varses from Holy Quran and invoke blessings of the saint. Almost the entire road length from Rainawari junction to Nowhatta, distance of about 3 furlongs is occupied by temporary stalls put up for the sale of vegetables, fruits, books, confectionery, garments and other articles.

Urs Shah-i-Hamdan (RA):

The oldest Muslim festival, known as Urs Shahi-Hamdan (RA), is held on 6th of Zilhaj (Ist week of 12th lunar month). The festival is celebrate to commemorate the death anniversary of Mir Syed Ali Hamdani (RA) a renowned mystic, scholar and poet who hailed from Khatlan in Iran and visited the State thrice in connection with the propagation of Islam. He succeeded in bringing about mass conversion and changing the social and cultural complexion of million of people inhabiting the valley. Among the principal shrines, which are known after his name, the most important is the mosque of Khankah-i-Mualla situated on the right bank of river Jehlum between the 3rd and 4th bridges of Srinagar city.

Khankah-i-Mualla

The Khanqah was founded in 1372 A.D. by Mir Syed Ali Hamdani (RA), and was completed by his son Mir Syed Mohammad Hamdani (RA), in 1396 A.D. It got burnt twice thereafter and was as is inscribed on its main gate, rebuilt in 1493 A.D. by Saliha, wife of Mohammad Shah the then ruler of Kashmir. In 1731 A.D., the Khankah which is all built of deodar timber again caught fire and was finally reconstructed in 1733 A.D. A small room in the mosque, known as ' Hujria-e-Khas' which lies

97 in its north western corner was used by the saint for meditation and is held in high esteem by Muslims to this day. A rectangular repository fitted with glass panes is installed at the outer gate of Hujria-e- Khas. Its contents include among other sacred things, the banner of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) and a wooden pillar against which he usually reclined in his tent. Both these relics where brought by Shah-i-Hamdan (RA) to Kashmir and deposited in the mosque.

The holy banner and the pillar are not removed from the repository except on occasions when the people face some calamity like epidemics, famine, draught etc. The two relics are then taken out in a procession to Id-Gah, a distance of 3 miles where prayers are held for the whole day. In the evening the relics are again brought back in a procession and deposited in the shrine. The festival is celebrated on 6th of Zilhaj when Shah-i-Hamdan (RA) passed away at Pakhli in Hazara district while on his way to home from Kashmir. On this occasion, over 100,000 people assemble in the mosque and its premises and recite verses from Quran and invoke the blessings of the saint. Besides the festival which lasts for 6 days beginning from Ist of Zilhaj, people assemble in very large number at the shrine on the occasion of Shab-i-Qadr, Id following Ramzan and Baqr-Id.

Khankahi Naqashbandi: Naqashdan Sahib (RA):

This was built in 1631 A.D. by Khawaja Kawand Mohmood a Muslim saint. A festival in memory of the Khawaja is celebrated on the 3rd of Rabi-ul awal, the date on which Khawaja Syed Bahu-ud-Din Naqashband (RA) a renowned saint and mystic of Bukhara (Central Asia) passed away. The saint did not visit Kashmir at any time, but the Naqashbadi cult of mystics, which he founded, was embraced by many people in all Muslim countries, including Persia, Afghanistan and India. A mausoleum of Khawaja Moieen-ud-Din (RA) one of the decsendants of Khawaja Bahu-ud-din (RA) built in the premises of Khankah where people assemble for the performance of religious rituals and for invoking the blessings of the great saint. About 30,000 people offer congregational prayers in the Khankah and in its premises in the afternoon of the day of the festival.

Hazrat Sheikh Yaqoob Sarfi (Aishan Sahib) (RA):

The shrine is situated near the left bank of river Jehlum in the close vicinity of the 4th bridge of Srinagar city.

Sheikh Yaqoob Sarfi (RA) preached Kubrawia cult of mystics in which he was indoctrinated at Khawarigm a part of Uzbekistan. He is popularly known as Aisan Sahib, a title said to have been conferred on him in a vision by the prophet of Islam (PBUH) in recognition of his piety. The saint is also called as ‘Imam Aazam Sani ' after Imam Abu Hanifa (Imami Aazam) (RA), a renowned religious personality in the Islamic world. He was an eminent scholar, writer, poet and renowned mystics.

98 A festival is celebrated on 12th of Zeeqad (11th month of luner year as on anniversary of Sheikh Yaqub Sarfi (RA) and is attended by about 10,000 people from the city of Srinagar. The congregational prayers are held in the evening and last till about midnight.

Hazrat Sheikh Makhdoom Sahib (RA):

This shrine in which Hazrat Sheikh Mukhdoom Hamza (RA) a leading spiritualist of Sunni Muslims is entombed is held in high esteem by the Muslims of Kashmir. Being an ardent follower of Suhrawardi sect of mystics, he is known as Mukhdoom Sahib. He conducted a vigorous campaign against spreading of Shiaism and advocated the cause of Sunni Muslims as a result of which he was deported by the then Shia ruler to village Beru, about 20 miles from Srinagar. Sheikh Hamza (RA), who came from a family of Chandra Bansi Rajputs, which was converted to Islam, was born in 902 Hijri and passed away in 984 Hijri at the age of 82 years. He was buried in his resort of meditation on the slope of Kohi-Maran (Hari Parbat hill). Emperor Akbar built a mausoleum on the tomb of the saint in 1001 Hijri which was renovated in 1124 Hajri by Bawab Inayat-ullah Khan the then Governor of Kashmir. The shrine having been built at a fairly good height on the southern slope of Hari Parbat hill, the proprietors have constructed series of steps made of chiseled stone to facilitate the upward journey to the tomb of the saint.

The Urs or death anniversary of the saint is celebrated on 24th of Safar the 2nd lunar month of Hijri every year and thousands of pilgrims from villages and all over the city visit the shrine to pay homage to the famous saint, and invoke his blessings. Like other important such occasions, hundreds of stalls are put up during the days of the celebrations of the anniversary of the saint all along the one mile route from Khanyar to the site of the shrine.

Meeshah Sahab (RA):

The actual name of this saint with whom the festival is associated is Abdul Rehman (RA). While leading the life of a spiritualist, he lost control of his wits and turned a mendicant. By his miraculous performance, he won the confidence of both Hindu and Muslim communities who held him in high veneration and pay homage to him. His festival is celebrated in the month of Poh (9th Bikrimi month) and is attended by thousands of Hindus and Muslims.

Khawaja Habib-ullah Nowshehri (RA):

The festival relates to the death anniversary of Khawaja Habib-ullah (RA), a great saint, poet and musician of Kashmir. He was a prominent disciple of Sheikh Yoqub Sarfi (RA) and preached the

99 Kubrawia cult. His shrine which is situated at Nowshehra in the north of Srinagar, is attended by several thousand of people on the 19th and 20th Zilhaj, the date of his death anniversary.

Urs Khwaja Habib-ullah Attar (RA):

Khwaja Habib-ullah (RA), a mystic of high order of Kubrawia sect of sufis, came from the family of Ganis a leading business class of Kashmir during the 17th century. Mirza Kamil Baigh (RA), referred to below, was his principal disciple and successor. The miracles performed by the saint are quoted extensively by many people who are associated with shrine. The festival is organized in connection with his death anniversary and is celebrated on the 2nd and 3rd of Rajab (7th luner month). Prayers are held on both the days at his mausoleum where ample space has been provided to accommodate the devotees.

Urs Mirza Kamil Sahib (RA):

Mirza Kamil Baigh Khan Badakhsi (RA) was the grandson of Mirza Malik Mohammed Khan, Governor of Kashmir during the regime of Emperor Jahangir. He was born in the palace of Emperor Shah Jahan and was named by him. He is regarded as one the eminent mystics of Kashmir. As will be seen from the following paragraphs, he was also a great writer and poet.

The anniversary of Mirza Kamil Sahib (RA), who is also known as Mirza Akmal-ud-Din (RA) the title conferred on him by his religious guide, is celebrated on the 29th and 30th of Zilhaj (the 12 month of the lunar year). About 15,000 people, mostly hailing from the city, assemble at the shrine and recite verses from Quran hymnals in the praise of Prophet (PBUH) and saint. As the shrine is situated near the foot of Hariperbat hill in the areas where the density of population is very low, no stalls other than those engaged in the sale of confectionary, fruits and hosiery goods are put up during the festival.

Batmalu Saheb (RA):

Sheikh Dawood (RA) was a Muslim saint and disciple of Sheikh Hamza Makhdoom (RA).He himself cultivated his lands and it is said that he would every day carry a large caldron full of boiled rice to his fields and where he would distribute the same among all people who happened to pass by. It is because of this that he is known as Batmaloo or ‘father who feeds others with cooked rice’. According to other version, Kashmiri Pandits had great faith in the piety of the saint and attended on him in large numbers every day. For this reason, he was named a Batmaloo or the ‘father of Battas’ (Kashmiri pandits). Batmaloo is held in great veneration by the people of the city and its suburbs. About one lakh people assemble at the shrine on the day of his anniversary which is celebrated in the month of Chet every year.

100 Temples

Zishtisher temples:

This temple is situated on the top of Koh-i-Sulaiman or Shankeracharya hill. It is said to have been built by Raja Sandiman in 56 B.C. and except for the repairs executed to its roof which developed cracks as a result of an earthquake, the original construction has been maintained to this date. Temple at Akhara Building- Procession of Chhadi Mubarik.

The temple is situated in the courtyard of Akhara building at Budshah Chowk, Srinagar. Sadhus and Yatris from all over the country and other parts of the world assemble here and where from they proceed to perform holy Yatra to Amarnath Cave in which Lord Shiva appears in ice formation of Shiv Lingam on a particular day which is called the day of Darshan. Religious leaders and sadhus deliver religious speeches and perform religious ceremonies in the “Akhara” temple on the day when ‘Chhadi Mubarik’ the holy mace is carried in procession to Amarnath cave from Srinagar. The holy cave of Amarnath Ji was found by a Muslim shepherd of Batakoot a village near Phalgam. Thousand of people witness the procession all along the route from Srinagar to Pahalgam. Jammu and Kashmir, though a Muslim majority State has the distinction of being the most secular State in India. Composite culture of different religions has its impact on day to day life of the people. Different communities celebrate their festivals with pomp and gaiety on the dates/days each festivals falls. A brief account of various festivals celebrated in Srinagar district is given below:-

Festivals:

Aashoora: Aashoora means the 10th and implies the 10th day of Muharram ( first lunar month) when Imam Husain (RA), the grandson of Prophet of Islam (PBUH), was assassinated at Karbala, a suburb of Iraq, while fighting against the army of Yazeed, the usurper caliph of Arabia. Two huge mourning processions to commemorate the martyrdom are taken out on the morning of 10th of Muharram by two organizations of Shias of Srinagar city. The mourners numbering many thousands recite elegies, while beating their chests and some times causing even serious injuries to their persons. The central figure of the procession is Zuljinah the mark of the horse which Imam Husain rode while fighting in Karbala. The procession ends at Hasanabad and Zedibal where Imam Baras, which are used for mournings, have been built.

Id-i- Milad-un-Nabi: This most auspicious occasion of Prophet Muhammad‘s (PBUH) birthday is celebrate in a very sanctimonious way on 12th of 3rd lunar month of Rabi-ul-Awwal. Milad congregations and religious meetings are organised in mosques, shrines and other places where religious leaders and molvis deliver speeches especially highlighting the Prophet’s pious and sacred

101 life and his commandments and directives to lead the path of piety, purity and service to mankind. Largest congregations take place at Hazratbal shrine, Jamia Masjid and at other mosques of the city of Srinagar. The Muslims inhabiting the Srinagar city also attend special prayer meetings from evening time to early midnight for twelve consecutive sacred nights at Hazratbal shrine. The ceremonies conclude by Friday following Milad when prayers are offered at Hazatbal shrine and “Deedar” the exhibition of holy relic of the Prophet is held after the prayers in which lakhs of devotees participate and invoke the blessings of God and the prophet.

Shab- i-Meraj: This is celebrated in the night falling on 27th of Rajab, the 7th month of lunar year. It is celebrated to commemorate the ascent of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to heavens in this holy night in 12th year of his Prophet hood. The Muslims assemble in mosques, shrines and offer prayers and recite holy Quran to mark the sanctity of this holy event. Largest congregations are held at Hazratbal shrine where exhibition of holy relic of the prophet is also witnessed by thousands of Muslims after every prayer and also on Friday following Meraj.

Shab-i-Barat: This is celebrated on the night falling on 14th of month of Shaban the 8th lunar month of Hijri year. Muslim devotees keep awaking for whole night in mosques and shrines, offer prayers, recite the holy Quran and invoke the blessings of the almighty Allah and perform other religious rituals. Large congregations are held in Jamia Masjid, Hazratbal, Khanqahi Maulla and other big shrines where Ulmas also deliver religious speeches.

Shab-i-Qadr: This is observed on 27th of Ramzan (the month of fasts), the 9th lunar month of Hijri year. Muslims offer special prayers called “Taraveeh” in the night recite the holy Quran and invoke God’s blessings for the whole night. Large congregations take place in Jamia Masjid, Hazratbal shrine, Khankahi Mualla and other big mosques. Muslim preachers and reputed Ulmas deliver religious sermons in the mosques.

Jumat-ul-Vida: The last Friday of month of Ramzan, most commonly called as ' Jumat-ul-Vida' is celebrated with great sanctity, tradition and piety. Muslims assemble in Jama Masjid, Shahi Masjid (Pather Masjid), Hazratbal and other big mosque to offer Friday prayers. Preaching are performed and religious lectures viz; ' Waazkhani ' delivered by reputed Ulmas and Molvis in the mosques.

Id-ul-Fitr: This famous festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm and traditional gravity on 1st. day of Shawaal after completing the fasts in the month of Ramzan. Idd prayers are offered at different Id- Gahs especially in big Id- Gah of the city of Srinagar Muslims all over the city and other towns assemble in large numbers there to offer Idd prayers. Dishes in varieties especially from mutton are cooked and numerous items of bakery are offered at this happy occasion. Feasts are held and guests invited to share meals and rejoice on this day. Women sing folk "Rouf" songs together and also wear

102 new and costly clothes. Poor and needy people are offered special alms so as to enable them to celebrate the event with same joy and happiness in the company of other Muslims.

Id-ul-Zuha: This is also known as Baqr Id. The festival is celebrated with same traditions and rituals as Id-ul-Fitr on the tenth of Islamic calendar last month of Zilhuj. But the special event performed on this occasion is slaughtering of sheep and goats by well-to-do class to mark the memory of great sacrifice (Qurbani) as offered by Hazrat Ibraheem and his son Hazrat Ismaieel the renowned prophets of God. The former was born more than 2,000 years before the prophet of Islam Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH). The slaughtered meat is divided in three portions; the 3rd is distributed among poor people, while the first and second is meant for household itself and for relatives.

The festival is celebrated for three consecutive days and slaughtering takes place after Id Prayers till mid of the 3rd day viz; the 12th of Zilhaj.

First Navratra: The festival is also known as Kashmiri Pandit’s New Year Day. This is the first day of Luikika or Saptrisi year, an era which was being followed till the begining of the twentieth century not only by the Brahmins of Kashmir but also by the people inhabiting the areas in the south east of the state, namely Chamba, Kangra, Mandi etc. it is obvious that the festival does not fall on the same date every year. However, the variation is limited to a week or so only. On this occasion about 15,000 Kashmiri pandits assemble at the shrine of Sharika Devi and offer their homage to the goddess. Others who are unable to reach the shrine attend the neighbouring temples.

The plain area at the foot of the slope on which the shrine is situated and which is known as ‘Devi Aangan’ or the compound of Sharika Devi is occupied by stall holders most of whom run confectionery and tea shops. Other stalls deal with the sale of hosiery articles, bangles, toys etc.

Baisakhi: The festival falls on the first of Baisakhi and is a day of rejoicing to celebrate the ushering in of new Bikrimi year.On this day Hindus assemble at Ishbari, a locality about half a mile away from Nishat Garden and take bath in the sacred water of Guptganga spring. Like first navratra, the Baisakhi festival is also celebrated during the spring season and the devotees avail of the opportunity to relax in Nishat Garden which is situated close by. Some of the pilgrims engage doongas on a day ahead of the festival and after the performance of the religious rituals at the springs spend whole day in recreation. It is estimated that besides non Hindus who also visit the Mughal garden on this day, the number of people participating in the festival is over 30,000. The entire space in front of the garden is occupied by stall holders engaged in the sale of confectionery, tea, fruits, hosiery and similar other articles.

Ram Navmi: The festival which falls on the 9th day of moon in the month of Chaitra is celebrated to commemorate the birthday of Shri Ram Chandra who defeated and killed Ravana, the king of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and the chief of Rakshas. The devotees assemble on this day in Ramji’s temple

103 which has been built near the Ex-Change Road in Srinagar city. As the temple is situated in a densely populated area, not less than 20,000 people participate in the festival and offer their prayers. Like other festivals, tea shops and confectioners are seen in large numbers in the precincts of the shrine.

Mela Sharika Bhagwati: The shrine of sharika Devi in whose honour the festival is celebrated lies on the western slope of Hariparbat hill. There is no regular temple at this place but the site where the goddess is believed to have revealed herself is pigmented and held in high esteem. For the convenience of pilgrims steps made of chilelled stones have been built right from the foot of the hill to the site of the shrine which would otherwise involve a tiresome up hill journey of several hundred feet.

The festival is celebrated on the 9th of lunar month corresponding to June. The number of people participating in the festival is estimated at about 20,000.

Raksha Bandan: This festival is celebrated in the middle of August when pilgrims from within and outside the State visit the holy cave of Amar Nath in thousands for getting a darshan of the Ice Lingam of Lord Shiva. As the cave is situated at a height of 12,729 feet above the sea level and is reached after undertaking a hazardous journey for about four days, people who cannot stand the strain of travel, assemble in the temple built at the top of Shankracharya hill. Even here they have to perform an uphill journey about 2.5 miles from the main road. The temple is known after the name of Shankrachrya, a great apostle of Monism who came to Kashmir from Travancore to revive Hindu religion which had been eclipsed by Budhism.

Before attending the temples, brothers and sisters reaffirm the relationship between them. The sister usually ties a holy thread on the right wrist of her brother who in turn pays her some money or offers some present to symbolize the pledge of his brotherly relations with her.

On the day of the festival, mostly confectioners and tea sellers occupy the entire space outside the temple at the top of the hill. Due to the irksomeness of the journey the stalls are crowded and even people observing fast, take some fruits.

Mela Khir Bhavani: The shrine of Khir Bhawani which is situated in village Maheeshwarpora (Tulamulla) of District Ganderbal district is held sacred by Kashmiri pandits all over the State. It is celebrated on the 8th day of first lunar fortnight of the month of Jeth (June) which is supposed to be the date on which goddess Khirbhawani or Ragniya Devi revealed herself for the first time. The number of pilgrims paying homage to the deity is estimated at 20,000. A mass congregation is held in the evening which stands in a devotional mood and concentrates on the image of the goddess and seeks to merge itself in the premodial energy pervading the universe. The devotees’ wave burning candles fed with ghee and burn dhupa (incense). The priests ring the bells and recite religious hymns.

104 The festival has an economic impact on the inhabitants of the locality, almost all of whom are Muslims. They put several hundred stalls for sale of dhupa, ghee, rice, flowers, milk and other eatables. The sale of meat, eggs, onion etc. is however strictly prohibited on religious grounds. Many people avail of the occasion to establish new social contacts during relaxation in the lawns and open areas attachéd to the shrine.

Shivratri or Haerath: Shivratri festival is as old as Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, but other later Tantras also throw light on the importance and significance of this holy festival. Among many Hindu festivals observed in Jammu and Kashmir Shivratri is celebrated with greatest enthusiasm by Kashmiri Pandits. In fact to a Kashmiri Pandit Shivratri or ‘Haerath’ as they generally call it, is the chief festival in the calendar year and he celebrates it in his own traditional manner distinct from other Hindu sects. The festival is celebrated in other parts of the country also but with a different significance and lesser importance than it commands among Kashmiri Pandits.

The festival is celebrated on the 13th day of the 1st dark fortnight of Phagun, which corresponds to the month of February-March of the Christian calendar.

Different legends are given in the Shastras to explain the origin of Shivratri.One of the legends recorded in Vidya Purana says that once Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati were in a playful mood and in that process Parvati closed both the eternal eyes of Lord Shiva with her two hands. This plunged the whole universe into complete darkness. Light disappeared even from the sun, the moon and other planets. All animate and inanimate existence came to thaw. Grief and terror stricken Vishnu and other gods sought protection of the Lord Shiva, who with his supernatural power, then created one more transcendental eye on his forehead. Simultaneously Parvati also lifted her hands from his two eyes. Thus darkness disappeared that had befallen the universe. In other words, the night of darkness which constituted a dooms night for all the three worlds was made luminous by the creation of the eternal third eye. This “Kalratri” or dark-night is now known as Shivratri in the changed form.

According to local beliefs, it is the night when Shiva and Parvati were married and hence Shivratri is celebrated to commemorate this marriage. It is also believed that golden snowflakes fell on that night.

Whatever the legends and tales behind the observance of Shivratri, it constitutes by far the most important festival for the Pandits of Kashmir. Locally it is known as "Haerath" which seems to be a corrupt form of "Harratri". Since "Sh" in Sanskrit is translated as "Ha" in Kashmiri, it appears Shivratri might have been translated into Harratri, assuming gradually a shorter form as "Haerath" by which name it is most familiarly known now. The ritualistic aspect predominates in the celebration of festival. The rituals commence from 1st Phalgun of dark fortnight according to custom followed in each family. The ceremonies and rituals

105 both religious and customary are performed with meticulous care in accordance with the tradition set by fore fathers in each family as any neglect or negligence in their observance is believed to bring the displeasure and wrath of Lord Shiva.

The distribution of local consecrated walnuts immersed in water and bread among relatives and neighbours is carried on from the 1st to the 10th of the bright fortnight of Phalgun.

Mela Rishi Peer: The festival is known after Rishi Peer or Peer Pandit Padshah who was a disciple of Krishnaker. Rishi peer is famous for the numerous miracles performed by him. He was popular both among Muslims and Hindus and preached tolerance and mutual cooperation.

The festival is held in the third week of the lunar month corresponding to the month of Baisakh. On this occasion about 7,000 people assemble in a small temple near Aali Kadal in Srinagar city.

Chhatti Padshah: This is the principal shrine of Sikh community in Srinagar district. It is situated at a distance of 6 kms. from Lal Chowk at Kathi Darwaza, one of the gates of the wall built around Hari Parbat hill by Emperor Akbar. Two important festivals, one to celebrate Guru Nanak Dev Ji’s birthday and the other known as Guru Harobind Sahib:s birthday are celebrated in the shrine on 28th November and 4th June respectively. On these occasions, thousands of Sikhs assemble at the shrine and engage themselves in the recitation of Guru Granth Sahib. As the shrine is at a stone’s throw from the Srinagar – Hazratabl road, the pilgrims travel by cars, buses, cycles and other public conveniences. The management of the shrine distributes puddings among the pilgrims which they regard sacred and distribute among all the members of their families. Stall holders sell cold and hot drinks, toys, hosiery articles and religious literature which occupy the entire space in the premises of the shrine as also a part of the adjoining road. The number of people participating in each of these sacred days is estimated at about 20,000.

Christmas: The Christian population in Srinagar is not large but Christmas is celebrated on December 25 in local churches with full enthusiasm. X’ms parties are held in several hotles where many non Christians are invited for dinner and marry making.

Kahmir has, from times immemorial, been the home of gods and goddesses, renowned mystics, Iamas, sadhus, pandits, rishes, peers and faqirs. The numerous caves, monastries temples, and mosques which have survived the ravages of time and inclemencies of weather are living testimonials to corroborate this truth. It is for this reason that many historians have named Kashmir a “Rishivari” ‘or peer-e-Vaer ‘the abode of pandits and peers,. Majority of these shrines are concentrated in Sinagar district which has been the capital of the state for more than 2,000 years in the past.

106

Places of Tourist Interest: It is said that Srinagar with an area of 30 kms. has more than 3000 mosques and this makes it the largest city in India and Pakistan so for the number of Muslim shrines is concerned. As per survey of Auqaf Islamia masjid Dara Shikoh located at Qila Hari Parbat is among those mosques which are 200-3000 years old. There are 25 per cent mosques which are standing on their old foundation whileas 10 per cent are very old and are in dilapidated condition.

Kashmir owes its superb gardens principally to emperor Jehangir and his queen Noor-Jehan and to his son Shah Jahan. These gardens mostly located in Srinagar have been a source of attraction for tourists both home and abroad. These gardens represent an abiding contribution of the culture of Iran and Central Asia to Kashmir. The plan of Mughal gardens found in Srinagar City, as they are known, follows a regular and easily recognizable pattern. The shape is invariably rectangular and each garden is enclosed by a high wall with a central entrance and several subordinate gates at different places. The ground is arranged in terraces and from the level of one terrace to that of water flows in a cascade down a sloping stone chute called as ‘chadar’ which is carved in various designs, such as waves and shells.

All the gardens grow different kinds of flowers like irises, daffodils, tulips and pansy in spring and roses, carnations hollyhocks, delphinium etc. in summer. Chinars planted in the gardens provide most comfortable shady places in mid summer. Thousands of tourists visit these gardens in spring and summer. Description of some of the very famous gardens is given in brief below.

Shalimar: According to Tarikh-Hassan Shalimar was the place of residence of a pious Brahmin named Sogram Swami who lived during the region of Raja Parvarsen. As the Raja use to call on him frequently, he built a dignified building at the place for his occasional stay. The building was decorated by paintings and drawings of Gods and Goddesses of ancient Rajas who ruled Kashmir. He is said to have named it as Shalimar which is a composite Sanskrit word meaning a beautiful house. With the passage of time the building dilapidated and it was reduced to ruins. In 1029 Hijri (Islamic calendar) corresponding to 1629 A, emperor Jehangir built a garden at the site which according to Dr. G.M.Din Sofi, the author of Kasheer, was assigned a Turkish name Shalimar meaning comfort. Shalimar garden is six hundred yards long, and two hundred and sixty yards broad. It is divided into three parts, the whole being surrounded by a lofty wall. The entrance from the canal leads to the public garden in which is a large pavilion known as the Diwan-i-Am. The central stream which runs through the garden emerges from beneath a black marble throne which the Mughal Emperor used for sitting while holding public audience. The second or the middle part of the garden was reserved for the use of Emperor and consists of two small terraces. In the center is another pavilion known as the Hall of Private Audience. The entrance to the third part or the ladies garden is flanked by two small guard-rooms. Inside the ladies garden stands the main building a beautiful pavilion of black marble

107 surrounding by a tank in which play numerous fountains. The water for the fountains is obtained from a stream which rises in the hills behind the garden. On Sundays and fete days during spring and summer they are made to play.

Nishat: The garden occupies an area of about 50 acres. It has been laid at the foot of Zabarwan hill bordering Dal Lake in the east. It was built by Aasaf Jah, elder brother of queen Noor-Jehan and was later renovated by Emperor Shah Jehan. The garden can be reached from Srinagar both by road and also by Shikara. Nishat is the best preserved of all the gardens in the State and commands a splendid view across the whole of Dal lake. It is built of 10 terraces, each consisting of lawns, flowers, fountain beds and waterfalls. The state governments have taken several manures to maintain the beauty of the garden. The garden is famous for its chinar trees which give a very charming look from western side at Dal Lake. A number of apple, pear and other fruit trees add to it’s beauty besides providing a source income to the Tourism Department.

Chashma Shahi: This is the smallest garden when compared with Nishat and Shalimar. It is also situated very near to bank of Dal Lake. It has been laid on the fort of a small hill, round a copious spring which is widely reputed for the sweet and digestive water. The garden was raised in 1632 by Ali Mardan Khan, the Mughal Governor of Kashmir during the reign of Emperor, Shah Jehan. It consists of two terraces only which are sharply separated from each other by a height of 18 feet. The pavilions date from the period of Afghan rule, but fountains, water channel and reservoirs were constructed when the garden was built.

Besides the gardens Srinagar city has yet another fascinating area called Dal Lake which is universally famous for its beauty. The Kashmir Valley is compared with Switzerland and Venice because of such natural bounties. The Dal Lake, Nigeen Lake, Anchar Lake, Khushal Sar are some of the beautiful and eye catching water sports in the city of Srinagar.

Dal Lake: In Kashmiri language Dal means a lake. The Dal Lake has been a source of attraction for tourists, home and abroad. It is stated in Tarikh-i-Hassan that in ancient times this areas was a vast flat land and was known as Tanimarg. Raja Porvarsa constructed a bund and made the river Jehlum to flow at the base of Kohi-maran (Hari parbat) and through the city of Srinagar and after some time this bund got dismantled and the river water flowed into this vast field converting it into a vast present lake. A boulevard has been constructed by the state Government along the southern and eastern bank of the lake which has immensely enhanced its beauty.

The Lake is divided into two sectors by a bund connecting Nishat garden with Naidyar, one of the eastern localities of Srinagar city. Two small Isles, one is known as Sona Lank ( Golen Isle) and the other called Ropa Lank ( Silver Isle) have been built by Mughal emperor in southern and northern

108 sectors of the Lake respectively. Both are artificial masses of masonary, one measuring 40 and the other 50 yards on each side. These delightful tourist resorts are thronged in summer by picnic parties who move about in Lake in boats which they tie up here to refresh themselves under the cool and breezy shade of the chinars. The reflection of electric lamps in the lake water from the houseboats in the moon-lit-night enhances its beauty all the more and one feels as if one is transported to some fabulous city of Arabain Nights. The beauty of the lake is especially heightened by the towering mountains around it and the famous Mughal garden on its eastern bank. The Lake is also important for the floating gardens which grow fruits and vegetables. Other parts of the lake are strewen in summer with beautiful lotus flowers which presents glamorous scenery. The lotus stalk called “Nadru” is used as vegetable which is brought into the city and disposed of for public sale. The Lake also produces sufficient quantity of different varieties of vegetables and fish. A good number of springs in the Dal Lake itself and mountain streams like Dachigam streams are among the chief sources of the water of the Lake. Torrential rains in catchment areas sometimes result in increase in the water level causing great damages to the vegetables grown on the floating gardens in the Lake. Excess water is let out from the Lake through canals-Tsontkul and Nalla Amir Khan which connects it with river Jehlum and Anchar lake respectively.

Unauthorized constructions during the recent past in and around the lake have caused pollution in its waters. The Government with the assistance of Central Agencies and of the world bodies is fighting hard to preserve this beauty spot of world-wide fame. Dal Development Project has been planned to protect and beautify the lake by adopting several measures including construction of Circular road around the lake, removal of weed from the lake water with modern machines, etc.

Nagin Lake: It is known as “the Jewel in the Ring” situated at a distance of 8 kms from Srinagar. It is the smallest and the most beautiful part of Dal Lake separated by a narrow causeway. The blue deep water of the lake is pollution free, fit for drinking and swimming.

Anchar Lake: Anchar Lake is a marshy tract lies to the north- west of Srinagar at a distance of 10 kms. The lake has no sources of its own. It has come to existence due to over-flow of the waters of river Sind and Dal Lake. It is triangular in shape about 11.2 Kms. length and breadth about 8 kms. Covering an area of 22 sq. kms.

Pari Mahal: Pari Mahal, the faires palace with a nice little beautiful garden is situated on the spur of Zabarwan Mountian on the Southern side of the Dal- Lake. It is about a kilometer to the West of Chashmashi. Pari Mahal is named after Dara Shikoh’s wife Nadira Begam Khown as Pari Begam. The view of Dal Lake from the palace is magnificent with calm and refreshing atmosphere. It differes from other Maghal gardens as it does not possess any cascades or water chutes. Water is mainly supplied through underground earthen pipes.

109 Prince Dara Shikoh wrote Risala-i- Haqq Nama in 1646 while he was in Kashmir. He is also remembered for establishing the residential School of Sufism and Astrology for his tutor Akhun Mulla Shah at Pari Mahal.

Lal Chowk: It is situated at the heart of city, Srinagar and is the main posh shopping and roaming centre. Big shops and all types, business establishments and hotels are located in this area.

110 (IX) MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISTRICT:- Srinagar city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River, which is called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Dal Lake. The city is famous for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city. There are a number of lakes and swamps in and around the city. These include the Dal, the Nigeen, the Anchar, Khushal Sar, Gil Sar andHokersar The city is famous for its gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dried fruits. The special focus on Certain delineated thrust areas in the district were the development of an effective and efficient system of Communication, poverty alleviation programmes, tourism, roads and bridges, education, health services, agriculture and utilization of the energy potential and income generation by way of developing agriculture and its allied activities.

Agriculture: The District has been divided into three Agri. Zones with 27 circles, each circle comprises of 3-4 villages, headed by J.A.E.O (Junoir Agriculture Extension Officer) Each zone comprises of 6-9 circles headed by an Agriculture Extension Officer. The Sub Divisional Agriculture Officer (SDAO) heads three zones with a team of Subject matter Specialists (SMS). The total requirement of food grains in the district is 175 thousand metric tons against availability of 14.29 thousand metric ton. The area is shrinking day by day. The area under paddy is also being converted into vegetable production. Vegetables are grown over an area of more than 2500 hectares of land and the cropping intensity in the District is more than 200%.Paddy and Maize crops are grown over an area of about 3400 hectares and 450 hectares respectively. Pulses are grown over an area of 100 hectares during Kharief 220 hectares in winter while as 200 hectares are covered under summer & 1200 hectares under winter fodders. Many schemes have been introduced for the development of agriculture:

S.No Name of the Scheme

1 Mission on Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

2 VIUC unspent balance

3 RKVY unspent balance of

4 Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization Unspent Balance of

5 National Mission on Saffron unspent balance

6 NFSM - Pulses

7 RKVY

8 National Mission on Saffron Development (RKVY)

9 Annual Plan (State Sector)

10 NMAET(ATMA)

111 Transport: The city is served by many highways, including National Highway 1A and National Highway1D.SrinagarAirport (IATAcodeSXR)hasregulardomesticflightsto Leh, Jammu, Chandigarh a nd Delhi and occasional international flights. The International flights terminal was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with an Air India flight from Dubai. Hajj flights also operate from this airport to Saudi Arabia. Srinagar is a station on the 119 km (74 mi) long Kashmir railway that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, Anantnag and Qazigund. The railway track also connects to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through a newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of ₹ 5,500 crore.The train also runs during heavy snow. There are proposals to develop a metro system in the city. The feasibility report for the Srinagar Metro is planned to be carried out byDelhi Metro Rail Corporation.

In December 2013, the 594m cable car allowing people to travel to the shrine of the Sufi saint Hamza Makhdoom on Hari Parbat was unveiled. The project is run by the Jammu and Kashmir Cable Car Corporation (JKCCC), and has been envisioned for 25 years. An investment of ₹ 30cr was made, and it is the second cable car in Kashmir after the Gulmarg Gondola.

Health: Although there are many major Hospitals located in Srinagar which are responsible to deliver Health care at tertiary and secondary but it is the Chief Medical Officer Srinagar,who through his institutions plays the pivotal role in providing the Primary Health Care to people both in urban and rural areas of District Srinagar. Chief Medical Officer, Srinagar is over all in charge of all health schemes under Nation Programme e,g Immunization, Control of Blindness, National TB. Control Programme, Family Planning Services, National Leprosy Programme, Aids and National Rural Health Mission etc. The health care delivery is delivered from Sub. District Hospital/CHC, Primary Health Centre, Allopathic Dispensary, Medical Aid Centre and Sub. Centre level, these services are provided to public almost free of cost except for nominal charge of Rs.2 for OPD tickets 50% of the revenue generated from these tickets is being kept by the institutions for Hospital Development Fund, which is used for minor repairs/renovation of the building and procurement of some minor equipments on emergency basis.

Education: -There are many good Schools in Srinagar accessible to the students pursing their pre university education. The schools in Srinagar include Residential schools as well as the day boarding schools. The schools in Srinagar through their primary schools, high school and junior colleges or secondary schools serve to be an educational center in Jammu and Kashmir.

112 The majority of the colleges in Srinagar is affiliated to the University of Kashmir and are spread throughout the city. Students from different parts of the valley study in these colleges. At the undergraduate level, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Commerce are the most common courses in these colleges. Along with these conventional courses, many colleges also offer professional courses which concentrate on a specialized field an example of that is National Institute of Technology, Srinagar. There are many degree and B ed colleges in Srinagar, 5 medical colleges, 1 engineering college and 1 hotel management institute. Also there are 4 polytechniques and three law colleges in the district.

Tourism: Srinagar is one of several places that have been called the "Venice of the East" or the "Kashmiri Venice" Lakes around the city include Dal Lake – noted for its houseboats – and Nigeen Lake. Apart from Dal lake and Nigeen lake city is also famous for wular lake and manasbal lake to the north of srinagar. Wular lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.

Srinagar has some Mughal gardens, forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring); Shalimar Bagh; the Naseem Bagh. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969. The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in the tentative list for sites to be included in world Heritage sites.The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government. Another palace of the Maharajas, theGulab Bhavan, has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel. The Shankaracharya Temple which lies on a hill top in the middle of the city, besides the Kheer Bhawani Temple are important Hindu temples in the city.

The District has been a tourist paradise. It has mushroom growth of all facilities for tourists. Srinagar City with its hotels, houseboats and Shikaras and shoping centers receive a tremendous inflow of tourists from all over the world. They make Srinagar as their base from where they fan out to various health resorts inside the valleys and mountains meadows Srinagar. Twin advantage of easy accessibility and scenic splendor is that it has already been a favorable location for conference of national and international level during the summer months

Many tourists are also altercated to Srinagar by the charms of staying on houseboats, the uniquely elegant experience of living on the water in condarpanelled bedrooms with all the conveniences of a luxury hotel. Thounds or so houseboats one moored along section of Dal Lake Nagin, and river Jehlum each decorated and named whirnsiclly Srinagar has an excellent air-port handling a number incoming and out going daily flights to Delhi Amritsar, Jammu and chandigarh. The air port has capability of handling of international air bus traffic.

113 Tourism is thus the major industry in the district and its promotion and development has direct bearing on the livelihood and prosperity of district population and to the state economy as a while.

Sports: The city is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, a stadium where international cricket matches have been played. The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated India and the last international match was played in 1986 in which Australia defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international matches have been played in the stadium due to the security situation (although the situation has now improved quite considerably). Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely Bakshi Stadium for hosting football matches. It is named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad. The city has a golf course named Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered as one of the best golf courses of India. Football is also followed by the youth of Srinagar and Polo ground is maintained for the particular sports recently.There are certain other sports being played but those are away from the main city like in Pahalgam (Water rafting), Gulmarg (skiing).

Judicial Set up: The district is blessed with 27 courts of different status viz, eleven district Session court /additional District session courts, one district magistrate court,seven sub judge courts, six Munsif courts and two others. 34855 civil and criminal cases were disposed of during the year,2008- 09 while as 3296 cases remained the closing balance in the same year. Out of 34855 total disposed cases 9544 were civil and 25311 stand as criminal cases leaving behind the balance of civil cases as 10240 and 22727 as criminal cases.

The district shows an upward trend in the original cases for the year, 2000 to 2009 but the number of modern cases shows a remarkable down-wards trend. The total criminal cases as recorded in the year 1998 to 2008 shows a decreasing trend from 5972 in 1998 to 2961 in 2008.Cases as robbery were 415 in 1998 while as only 14 cases were reported in the year 2008, theft shows a upward trend while as kidnapping recorded an decrease from 158 to 72. Riots also shows a remarkable increase during the period referred above. To cupe up the criminal cases associated with militancy, the Police Stations and Police Posts run with adequate number of police personal working under IPS Officers.

Historical Figure of the District

Abdur Rehman Rahi (born March 6, 1925, Srinagar) is a Kashmiri poet, translator and critic and lives in Vichar Nag, Nowshera in Srinagar. . He has published five collections of poems and about seven books of literary criticism in Kashmiri. Many of his poems have been translated into Hindi and English.

114 He was awarded the Indian Sahitya Akademi Award in 1961 for his poetry collection Nawroz-i-Saba, the Padma Shri in 2000, and India's highest literary award, the Jnanpith Award (for the year 2004) in 2007. He is the first Kashmiri writer to be awarded the Gyanpith, India's highest literary award for his poetic collection Siyah Rud jearen Man( In heavy downpour of Black rain ).

Rehman Rahi began his career as a clerk in the Public Works Department of the Government for a brief period in 1948 and was associated with the Progressive Writers' Association, of which he became the General Secretary. He also edited a few issues of Kwang Posh, the literary journal of the Progressive Writer's Association. He was later a sub-editor in the Urdu daily Khidmat. He did an M.A. in Persian (1952) and in English (1962) from Jammu and Kashmir University where he taught Persian. He was on the editorial board of the Urdu daily Aajkal in Delhi from 1953 to 1955.He was also associated with the Cultural wing of communist Party of Kashmir during his student days.

Rahi has been a subject of the documentary films ‘Rahi’ by M K Raina and ‘A Night of Prophecy’ by Amar Kanwar. He also translated Nietzsche’s Thus spake Zarathustra and the poems of the Punjabi Sufi poet, Baba Farid, into Kashmiri. He has published his research on the modern Persian poet, Farogh Farrukhzad, Kashmiri poet Mehjoor and ancient Sanskrit poetics. Perhaps Rahi’s greatest contribution to Kashmiri literature has been as a tireless campaigner of the Kashmiri language- a language which was neither taught in schools nor colleges in Kashmir. Though the situation has slightly improved, most Kashmiris still can’t read or write in Kashmiri.

Rahi played a pivotal role in the establishment of a Postgraduate Department of Kashmiri in the University of Kashmir and in the introduction of Kashmiri as an optional subject at undergraduate and graduate levels of education in Kashmir.

In 1952 and 1956, Rahi published two early anthologies Sanwan Saaz and Nauroz-e-Sabha which established him as a major poet in the language. Rahi published Siyah Rude Jaren Manz (Under the Dark Downpour) in 1997. This is easily the best collection of Kashmiri poetry to have been published in the the last two decades. The interesting thing about this book is that the last time Rehman Rahi published a collection of poems was in 1962. Despite trying his best he couldn’t find enough support to publish another collection of poems from 1962 to 1997. This sums up the state of Kashmiri literature in the period. Rahi’s poems about the 1990s in Siyah Rude Jaren Manz (Under the Dark Downpour) reveal the fragility of the inner space when confronted with the violence of the world. I would like to quote here from a poem he had written in February 1995 during the siege at Chrar-e- Sharif, the most venerated shrine of Kashmiris.

Rahi's major works include:

 Sana-Wani Saaz (poems) (1952)

115  Sukhok Soda (poems)  Kalam-e-Rahi (poems)  Nawroz-i-Saba (poems) (1958)  Kahwat (literary criticism)  Kashir Shara Sombran  Azich Kashir Shayiri  Kashir Naghmati Shayiri  Baba Fareed (translation)  Saba Moallaqat  Farmove Zartushtan  Seyah Rudi Jerean Manz (collection of Kashmiri poetry)  Koesher Shyiree Te Waznuk Surati Hal (Kashmiri poetry and its parameters)

116 (X) SCOPE OF VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

Village Directory:

The “Village Directory” is one of the traditional compilations of the Census. It gives the list of villages, their location numbers, their area, population, number of households, amenities such as educational, medical, drinking water, post and telegraph, commercial and co-operative banks, agricultural non-agricultural and other credit societies, recreational and cultural facilities, communication, approach to village, nearest town with a distance, power supply availability of newspaper and magazines, most important commodity manufactured and land use of each village.

Village is a statutory recognized unit having a definite boundary and separate land records. In case, a complete village is treated as an outgrowth of urban agglomeration, data on amenities for that village have not been given in the Village Directory but shown along with the urban component. The villages which are considered as a Census Town, the amenities data are shown in the Town Directory. For those villages which have partly merged in an outgrowth of U.A., the amenities data are shown in the Village Directory for that particular village.

Town Directory :

The Town Directory is presented for each town covering different aspects of urban life. Like 2001 census, in the present census also there are seven Statements included in the District Census Handbook for presentation of data. The seventh Statement relates to slums which was numbered as IV- A in 2001 Census. Statements I to VI contain data about growth, density, sex ratio, physical aspects of towns, communications, municipal finances, civic, medical, educational and other amenities and trade, commerce, Industry, Banking facilities etc. Hence the data for the towns have been presented in these six Statements. Similarly the seventh Statement presents the data for slums.

Statement I shows status and growth history of the towns of the District. Column 2 in this Statement indicates class, name and civic administration status of a town (as in 2010). Class of the town indicated under this column has been introduced to facilitate the analysis of town directory data at the State/U.T. and at the national level. Column 6 presents area in Sq. kms., while Column 7 presents number of households including houseless households. Columns 8 to 21 give population and growth rate of towns since 1901. Column 22 presents density and Columns 23 to 25 present sex-ratio.

Statement II shows physical aspects and location of each town as in 2009. Column 2 shows the name and Civic Status of Town. Columns 3 to 5 show the rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature.

117 Columns 6 to 12 show the name and distance of State HQ, district HQ, Tehsil HQ, nearest city with a population of one lakh and more, nearest city with a population of five lakh and more, Railway Station, Bus facility etc. , from town.

Statement III provides information for civic and other amenities available to the Town. The Columns 3 6 to 19 present data regarding road length, system of drainage, number of latrines, sewerage, method of disposal of night soil, protected water supply, fire fighting service, electric connections for domestic, industrial and commercial as well as road lighting (points) and others amenities.

Statement IV gives information regarding medical facilities available in the towns. The columns 3 to 12 give the information on number of facilities available for hospital (allopathic and others) Dispensaries/Health Centre, Family Welfare Centre, Maternity and Child Welfare Centre, Maternity homes, T.B hospitals/Clinic, Nursing homes, Veterinary hospitals, Mobile Health Clinic and others with the number of beds available in brackets. Charitable hospital/Nursing homes and Medicine shops available in the town are shown in column no. 13 and 14.

Statement V gives information regarding educational, recreational and cultural facilities available in the town. The columns 2-13 indicates the number of educational facilities available in towns viz., Primary, Middle, Secondary, Senior Secondary, Colleges (Arts, Science, Commerce of degree level and above), Engineering colleges, Management Institute/colleges, Polytechnics and other institutes. This Statement also shows, number of special schools for disabled, working women’s hostels, old age homes, stadium, recreational and cultural facilities available in the town under Columns 15 to 23.

Statement VI presents information in respect of industry and banking services in the town. Columns 3 to 5 indicate three most important commodities exported and manufactured in the Town. Information on number of banks (Natinalised, Private and Co-operative banks) available in the town has been presented under column 6-8 whereas Columns 9 and 10 show the number of agricultural and non-agricultural credit societies in the town.

Statement VII shows the civic amenities available to all the towns having slums falling in the jurisdiction of district as per 2009.

118 VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY

BRIEF NOTE ON VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

Village Directory: The Village Directory is one of the traditional compilations of the census. The format of village directory has been restructured during 2011 under different sections with additional lines and columns in the sheets for information. The way it has been designed has brought out accuracy in digitizing the data for compilation. It gives the information under different sections like Description and Location Particulars, Educational Facilities, Medical Facilities, Water and Sanitation, Communication and Transport Facilities, Bank, Credit & Other Miscellaneous Facilities, Electricity & Other Power/Fuel Availability, Land Utilisation & Irrigation and Main Commodities Manufactured. This information has been made available in as appendices in the village directory.

Village directory is prepared separately for each village and data collected is digitized thereafter for compilation and generation of tables and appendices. Village is a statutory recognized unit having a definite boundary and separate land records. During Census 2011 villages which are considered as Census Towns data for these have been included in the town directory and villages which have been considered as Outgrowths data for these have been accounted in urban agglomeration as considered the part of it.

Town Directory: Data for each town is also prepared and processed like the village directory. Data has been processed after compilation of inputs received from all the towns (Statutory and Census Towns) of the district. There were seven statements in the town directory schedule and the statements under the same headings have been generated and tabulated. Statement 1 to 6 pertains to all the towns. Seventh statement is on the availability of civic and other amenities in the slum.

The complete village and town directory cover the Census and Non-Census data for all the rural and urban units of the district.

121 SECTION I – VILLAGE DIRECTORY

Brief Note on Village Directory

The Village Directory is being compiled for both inhabited and un-inhabited villages. In the village directory both private and government facilities/institutions have been given. In case of uninhabited / depopulated villages, the location code number, name and area of the village is being given universally in Village Directory and Village PCA. The columns relating to the amenities and land use pattern, etc. being left blank and it will be noted against the name of the village that it is uninhabited/depopulated. The Appendices to Village Directory and Inset Tables based on Village Directory are also prepared for inhabited villages.

In the Village Directory format for 2011 Census there are 121 columns and the details thereon are as follows:

Column 1 : Serial Number:- All the villages within the CD block are presented serially in the ascending order of their location code number.

Column 2 : Name of Village:- The name of the villages are shown against this column. This also includes the forest and uninhabited villages.

Column 3 : Location Code Number of Village:- The location code number of the villages are shown against this column.

Column 4 : Area of the Village:- The area of the villages has been given in hectares.

Column 5 : Total Population:- The total population of the village as per 2011 Census has been given against this column.

Column 6 : Number of Households:- The number of households as per 2011 Census have been given in this column.

Amenities:- The availability of different infrastructural amenities such as education, medical, drinking water, post, telegraph, banks, credit societies, recreation and cultural facilities, communication, power, etc. in each village have been given in the Village Directory. Wherever the amenities are not available in the village, the distance range code viz; ‘a’ for <5 Kms, ‘b’ for 5-10

122 Kms and ‘c’ for 10+ Kms of the nearest where facility is available is given. Column wise details are given below:

Column No. 7 to 20 - Educational Facilities:- All the different educational facilities available in the village have been given under these columns. Nursery/LKG/UKG classes are included in Pre-Primary Schools, Classes up to class V included in Primary School; Classes from VI to VIII are included in the Middle School. Classes from IX to X are included in Secondary School. Classes from XI to XII are included in Senior Secondary School. In case of composite schools like middle school with primary school or secondary school with middle school, these are also included in the number of primary and middle schools, respectively. The information on the entire educational institutes is given under these columns.

Column 21 to 38 - Medical Facilities:- All the different medical facilities available in the village have been given under these columns.

Column No. 36 to 46 - Drinking Water:- The information on availability of various types of the drinking water facility within the village has been given under these columns.

Column No. 47 to 50 - Availability of Toilet and others:- The information on availability of toilet and Bio-Gas etc. available in the village has been given under these columns.

Column No. 51 to 67 - Communication (Post & Telegraph and Transport):- The information on communication and Post Office, Sub-Post Office, Telegraph Office, Village Pin Code number, Phone- Landlines, Mobile Phone, Private Couries Facility, Internet Café, etc; available in the village has been given under these columns. The information on all various transport facilities whether public/private transport like Bus, Railway Station, or Navigable waterways, Taxi, Van, Tractors etc. available in the village has also been given under these columns.

Column No. 68 to 79 - Village connected to Highways, Village Roads, Banks and Credit Socities:- The information on all roads connected to village has been given under these columns. These include National Highway, State Highway, District Roads and other district roads connected to the village, Pucca Roads, Kutchcha Roads, Water Bounded Macadam Roads, Navigable Water Ways and Foot Paths has been given under these columns. Further, the information on availability of banks, ATM and Agricultural Credit Societies in the village has been given under these columns.

Column No. 80 to 96 - Miscellaneous Facilities:- The information on various miscellaneous facilities available in the village has been given under these columns. These includes Self-Help Group, Public Distribution Shops (PDS), Mandi/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Haat,

123 Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutrition Centre (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA, Community Centre, Sports Fields, Sports Club/Recreation Club, Cinema/Video Halls, Public Library, Public Reading Room, News Paper Supply, Assembly Polling Station, Birth and Death Registration Office.

Column No. 97 to 100 - Electricity:- Availability of Power Supply in the village, whatever may be the form of its use has been given in these columns. These include Electricity for Domestic Use, Electricity for Agriculture Use, Electricity for Commercial Use, and Electricity for all purpose Domestic Uses.

Column No. 101 to 102 - Nearest Town:- The name of the nearest town along with the distance range code has been in these columns.

Land Use and Irrigation:- The land use pattern in the Village Directory conform to the classification of land use as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The Ministry has recommended the maintenance of records of land use pattern under the following 9 categories.

(i) Column No. 103 - Forests:- This includes all lands classed as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests, whether state-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests remain included under the forest area.

(ii) Column No. 104 - Area under non-agricultural use:- This includes all lands occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals and other lands put to uses other than agriculture.

(iii) Column No. 105 - Barren and un-culturable land:- This includes all barren and unculturable land like mountains, deserts, etc. land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost should be classed as unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings.

(iv) Column No. 106 - Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands:- This includes all grazing lands whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head.

(v) Column No. 107 - Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc.:- This includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to some agricultural uses. Lands under

124 Causing trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classed under this category.

(vi) Column No. 108 - Culturable Waste Land:- This includes lands available for cultivation, whether not taken up for cultivation or taken up for cultivation once but not cultivated during the current year and the last five years or more in succession for one reason or other. Such lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be assessed or unassessed and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Land once cultivated but not cultivated for five years in succession is also included in this category at the end of the five years.

(vii) Column No. 109 - Fallow Lands other than Current Fallows:- This includes all lands which were taken up for cultivation but are temporarily out of cultivation fo a period of not less than one year and not more than five years.

(viii) Column No. 110 - Current Fallows:- This represents cropped area, which is kept fallow during current year. For example, if any seeding area is not cropped against the same year it may be treated as current fallow.

(ix) Column No. 111 - Net Area Sown:- This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once; in the same year is counted only once.

(x) Column No. 112 - Total irrigated Land Area:- It includes all land which is cultivable and irrigated by any source of irrigation. The total irrigated area of the village has been given under this column.

(xi) Column No. 113 - Total Un-irrigated Land Area:- Un-irrigated land area includes all land which is cultivable but not irrigated by any source of irrigation. The total un-irrigated land area of the village has been given under this column.

(ix) Column No. 114 - 118 Area irrigated by source:- The area irrigated by various source of irrigation in the village have been given under these columns. The different source of irrigation facilities available in the village are as follows:

(a) Canals (C) - Govt. or Pvt., (b) Wells/Tube-wells (W/TW), (c) Tanks/Lake (T/L), (d) Waterfall (W/F), and (e) Others (O).

125 Column No. 119 - 121 Three most important commodities manufactured:- The names of three most important commodities manufactured in the village are indicated in this column.

C.D. Block level totals of the Village Directory:-

At the end of entries for the Village Directory of each C.D. Block, the totals of different columns are being given wherever possible. However, in case of some of the columns, it may not be possible to work out the CD Block level totals, in such cases the particular of relevant columns are being left blank against C.D. Block level.

Appendices to Village Directory:- The Village Directory also includes the following appendices:

Appendix - I : Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities in villages - C.D. Block level. Appendix - I A : Villages by number of Primary Schools. Appendix - I B : Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools. Appendix - I C : Villages with different source of drinking of water facilities available. Appendix - II : Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available. Appendix - III : Land utilization data in respect of Census Towns. Appendix - IV : C.D. Block wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available. Appendix - V : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Caste population. Appendix - VI : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Tribe population. Appendix - VII A: List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Castes to the total population by ranges. Appendix - VII B: List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges. Appendix - VIII : Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (C.D. block wise).

126 (a) (i) List of Villages Merged in Towns and Outgrowths at Census 2011

List of villages fully merged in towns at Cenus 2011 Sl. Name of the Name of village Code No 2001 Remarks No. Tehsil 1 2 3 4 5 1 Srinagar North Khonmoh 00118200 Khanmoh (CT) 2 Srinagar South Now Gam 00154600 Nowgam (CT) 3 Srinagar South Lasjan 00155300 Lasjan (CT) 4 Srinagar North Ranbirgarh Pratapgarh 00068600 5 Srinagar North Nag Bal 00111400 6 Srinagar North Rangil 00111600 7 Srinagar North Khal Mulla 00111800 8 Srinagar North Shuhama 00111900 9 Srinagar North Wara Pahu 00112000 10 Srinagar North Hadorah 00112100 11 Srinagar North Wani Hama Bala 00112200 12 Srinagar North Said Pora Hamchi 00112300 13 Srinagar North Bakra 00112400 14 Srinagar North Buser Bug 00112500 15 Srinagar North Khimber 00115000 16 Srinagar North Chhatra Hama 00115100 17 Srinagar North Said Pora Bala 00115200 18 Srinagar North Mufti Bagh 00115600 19 Srinagar North Murandar Bagh 00115700 20 Srinagar North Dani Hama 00115800 21 Srinagar North Ahal 00115900 Merged in 22 Srinagar North Burza Hama 00116000 Srinagar (MC) 23 Srinagar North Gassu 00116200 24 Srinagar North Wani Hama Pain 00116300 25 Srinagar North Pala Pora 00116900 26 Srinagar North Guri Pora 00117000 27 Srinagar North Badi Uder 00117100 28 Srinagar North Kreshi Bal 00117200 29 Srinagar North Bakshi Pora Teng Pora 00117300 30 Srinagar North Rakh Muj Gund 00117500 31 Srinagar North Laway Pora 00117600 32 Srinagar North Gund Hassi Bhat 00117700 33 Srinagar North Malru 00117800 34 Srinagar North Shongli Pora 00117900 35 Srinagar North Zawarah 00118100 36 Srinagar North Achnambal 00118300 37 Srinagar North Balahama 00118400 38 Srinagar North Bakshi Pora Teng Pora Ghat 00118500 39 Srinagar North Said Pora Achhan Ghat 00118600

127 List of villages fully merged in towns at Cenus 2011 (Cont’d)….. Sl. Name of the Name of village Code No 2001 Remarks No. Tehsil 1 2 3 4 5 40 Srinagar North Qamarwari Ghat 00118700 41 Srinagar North Parim Pora Ghat 00118800 42 Srinagar North Shala Teng Ghat 00118900 43 Srinagar North Malroo Ghat 00119000 44 Srinagar North Muja Gund Ghat 00119100 45 Srinagar North Anchar (Duga Pora) 00119200 46 Srinagar North Haji Bagh 00137200 47 Srinagar North Sharif Abad 00137300 48 Srinagar North Bimna 00137400 49 Srinagar North Hanjik 00137500 50 Srinagar North Batahar 00142700 51 Srinagar North Nara Kara 00142800

(a) (ii) List of Villages as Outgrowths in Census 2011

II) List of villages as Out Growths in Census 2011 Sl. No. Name of the Village 1 2 1 Bagh-I- Mehtab 2 Shanker Pora 3 Machwa (Nasrat Pora) 4 Dharam Bagh 5 Gopal Pora 6 Wathora

128 C.D. BLOCK SRINAGAR

129 (b) (i)

Alphabetic list of villages (C.D. Block wise)

Name of the District : Srinagar Name of the CD Block: Srinagar Sl. No. Name of Village 2011 Census Location 2001 Census Location Code Number Code Number 1 2 3 4 1 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) 01100020001 00068700 2 Dara 01100010003 00115400 3 Faqir Gujri 01100010002 00115300 4 Soiteng 01100020002 00154400 5 Takya Sangi Reshi 01100010001 00114900

130 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Name of District:- Srinagar Name of CD Block:- Srinagar Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920 1 Takya Sangi Reshi 002822 75.7 254 3911cccc c c c c c c c c 2 Faqir Gujri 002823 119.8 1900 309 1a 1b b c c c c c c c c c 3 Dara 002824 331 3177 5101221bc c c c c c c c c 4 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) 002831 204.4 2630 461 1 3 2a a b b b c c b c c c 5 Soiteng 002832 232.3 2362 425 1 2 2a a c b b b b b b b c Block T O T A L : 963.2 10323 1744 5 8 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

131 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Location CodeNo:- 010 Location CodeNo:- 0077 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner Degree with MBBS Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) waterWell (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube / Borewells well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond / Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 b b b c b b b b b b b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0YesNo No No No No No No Takya Sangi Reshi 1b b c b b b b b b 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0YesNo No No YesNo No No Faqir Gujri b b b c b b c 1 1 b b 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Dara a a b b b b a 1 1 b b 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) a 1 b b b b b b b b b 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Soiteng 11000002201000088152312210

132 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Name of District:- Srinagar Name of CD Block:- Srinagar Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is toilet & others given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the Yes / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or sanitary hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of forwaste productive use. office(PO)Post Sub post office (SPO) &Post Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility serviceBus (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine drivenCarts by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Takya Sangi Reshi No No No No b c c Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c b b b c 2 Faqir Gujri NoNoNoNoc c c 191121Yesb Yesb b a c b b b c 3 Dara No No No No b c c Yes c Yes b b Yes c b b a c 4 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) No No No No c c c Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes b c 5 Soiteng No No No No c c b Yes b Yes b b Yes c a b b c Block T O T A L : 0000000 15250040110000

133 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Location CodeNo:- 010 Location CodeNo:- 0077 Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is given, If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a banks & credit societies (If amenities available for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). code -Yes is given, If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to highway(SH)state Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Name village 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 2 c c b Yes b Yes Yesb b b b b b c c c Yesc Yesc c c Takya Sangi Reshi c c c Yes b Yes Yesc c c a a b c c c Yesc Yesc c c Faqir Gujri c c c Yes Yes Yes Yesb b b a b b c c c Yesc Yesc c c Dara Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b b b Yes b c c Yes Yes c Yes c c c Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) b b a Yes b Yes Yes b b b b Yes b b b c Yes b Yes b b b Soiteng 111515005100020001505000

134 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Name of District:- Srinagar Name of CD Block:- Srinagar Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is given, If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a Availability of for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). electricity (Yes/No) Nearest Town Area under different types of land use ( in hectares rounded up to one Sr.No. Name village Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic (ED)Use Power Supply for Agricultural (EAG)Use Power Supply for Commercial (EC) Use Power Supply for (EA) All Uses Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands 1 2 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100101 102 103 104 105 106 107 1 Takya Sangi Reshi c c c c Yes b Yes No Yes Yes SRINAGAR c 0 3.7 0 0 2 Faqir Gujri c c c c Yes c Yes No No Yes SRINAGAR c 0 2.4 0 0 3 Dara c c c c Yes c Yes No Yes Yes SRINAGAR c 0 7.3 0 0 4 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) c c c c Yes b Yes No Yes Yes SRINAGAR b 0 42.1 0 0 5 Soiteng b b b b Yes b Yes No No Yes SRINAGAR b 0 25 0 0 Block T O T A L : 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 3 5 0 0 0 80.5 0 0

135 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Location CodeNo:- 010 Location CodeNo:- 0077 Name of three most important commodities Land Use manufactured Area under different types of land use ( in hectares rounded up to one Area irrigated by source (in decimal place) hectare). Name of Village Serial Number Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Culturable Land Waste Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area ( Canals ) C Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 0 0 72 64.7 7.3 64.7 0 0 0 0 Takya Sangi Reshi 1 0 57.5 0 0 59.9 1.2 58.7 1.2 0 0 0 0Woodcarving Faqir Gujri 2 0 133.5 0 0 190.2 107.7 82.5 107.7 0 0 0 0 Dara 3 0 0 0 0 162.3 117.7 44.6 117.7 0 0 0 0 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) 4 0 29 0 0 178.3 51 127.3 51 0 0 0 0 Soiteng 5 0 220 0 0 662.7 342.3 320.4 342.3 0 0 0

136 C.D. BLOCK GANDERBAL

13 (c) (i)

Alphabetic list of villages (C.D. Block wise) Name of the District : Srinagar Name of the CD Block: Ganderbal Sl. No Name of Village 2011 Census Location 2001 Census Location Code Number Code Number 1 2 3 4 1 Inder Hama 01100010005 00116100 2 Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) 01100020003 ---- 3 Mulanar 01100010004 00115500 4 Sangam 01100010006 00116800 5 Takan Wari Pora 01100010007 00117400

138 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Name of District:- Srinagar Name of CD Block:- Ganderbal Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920 6 Mulanar 002825 35.2 399 69111bbc c c c c c c c c 7 Inder Hama 002826 16.2 294 5012bbbc bc c c c c c c 8 Sangam 002827 307.2 1819 276 1 4 2 1b b b b b c b b b b 9 Takan Wari Pora 002828 264.3 1880 257 1 3 1a 1c c c c c c c c c 10 Gagarzoo 002829 9.3 1187 200112a a b b c c c c c c c 11 Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) 002833 0 1411 24811aaaa c a c a a a a a Block T O T A L : 632.2 6990 1100 612 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

139 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Location CodeNo:- 010 Location CodeNo:- 0081 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Name village Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner Degree with MBBS Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) waterWell (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube / Borewells well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond / Lake Others 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 b b b c c c b b c c c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0YesNo No No YesYesNo No Mulanar b b b c b b b b c b b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Inder Hama b 1b b c b b 1 1b b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0YesNo No No No YesYesNo Sangam b b 1 c c b a b b b 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Takan Wari Pora a a 1 a a a a a b a a 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 Yes No Yes No No Yes No No Gagarzoo a a a a a b a 1b b b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Yes No No No No No No No Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) 01200002101000102060212420

140 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Name of District:- Srinagar Name of CD Block:- Ganderbal Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is toilet & others given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the Yes / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or sanitary hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of forwaste productive use. office(PO)Post Sub post office (SPO) &Post Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility serviceBus (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine drivenCarts by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 6 Mulanar NoNoNoNoc c c 191121c b Yesb b Yesc b b b c 7 Inder Hama No No No No c b c Yes b Yes Yes b Yes c Yes b b c 8 Sangam No No No No c c b 190001 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c a b a c 9 Takan Wari Pora No No No No c c c Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c b Yes b c 10 Gagarzoo NoNoNoNob c b 190017b b Yesb b Yesc Yesb b c 11 Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) No No No No c c c Yes Yes Yes a a Yes c a a b c Block T O T A L : 0000000 34361060210000

141 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Location CodeNo:- 010 Location CodeNo:- 0081 Village connected to highways,village roads, Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is given, If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a banks & credit societies (If amenities available for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). code -Yes is given, If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to highway(SH)state Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Name village 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 2 c c c Yes c Yes Yesa b b b b b c c b Yesc Yesc c c Mulanar c c c Yes Yes Yes Yes b b c c c c c c c Yes c Yes c c c Inder Hama b b a Yes Yes Yes Yes b b b b Yes b b b b Yes b Yes b b b Sangam c c c Yes b Yes Yes c c b c Yes c c c c Yes c Yes c c c Takan Wari Pora c c c Yes Yes Yes Yes b b c Yes Yes b c c c Yes c Yes c c c Gagarzoo Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b b b b Yes b a a Yes Yes a Yes a a a Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) 111646006000140001606000

142 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Name of District:- Srinagar Name of CD Block:- Ganderbal Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is given, If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a Availability of for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). electricity (Yes/No) Nearest Town Area under different types of land use ( in hectares rounded up to one Sr.No. Name village Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic (ED)Use Power Supply for Agricultural (EAG)Use Power Supply for Commercial (EC) Use Power Supply for (EA) All Uses Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands 1 2 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100101 102 103 104 105 106 107 6 Mulanar c c c c b c Yes No No Yes SRINAGAR c 0 0 0 0 7 Inder Hama c c c c b b Yes Yes Yes Yes SRINAGAR c 0 1.2 0 0 8 Sangam b b b b b b Yes No Yes Yes SRINAGAR b 0 16.6 0 0 9 Takan Wari Pora c c c c b c Yes Yes Yes Yes SRINAGAR b 0 0.4 0 0 10 Gagarzoo c c c c Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes SRINAGAR c 0 0 0 0 11 Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) b a a a Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0 0 0 0 Block T O T A L : 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 3 4 6 0 0 0 18.2 0 0

143 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 - VILLAGE DIRECTORY AMENITIES AND LAND USE ( AS IN 2009 ) Location CodeNo:- 010 Location CodeNo:- 0081 Name of three most important commodities Land Use manufactured Area under different types of land use ( in hectares rounded up to one Area irrigated by source (in decimal place) hectare). Name of Village Serial Number Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Culturable Land Waste Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area ( Canals ) C Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 6.9 0 0 28.3 28.3 0 28.3 0 0 0 0 Mulanar 6 0 1.6 0 0 13.4 10 3.4 10 0 0 0 0 Inder Hama 7 0 158.2 0 0 132.4 132 0 132 0 0 0 0 Sangam 8 0 83.4 0 0 180.5 106 74.5 106 0 0 0 0Woodcarving Takan Wari Pora 9 0 6.9 0 0 2.4 0.4 2 0.4 0 0 0 0 Gagarzoo 10 0 000 0 0 0 00000 Kursu Padshahi Bagh (Partly) 11 0 257 0 0 357 276.7 79.9 276.7 0 0 0

144 SECTION - I VILLAGE DIRECTORY Appendices to Village Directory Appendix I - Village Directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational, medical and other amenities - CD Block level District: Srinagar (010) Sr.No. Name of CD Total Total Villages having educational institutions block number of population Pre- Primary Middle Secondary Senior Degree Degree Medical college inhabited of C.D. primary school school school secondary college of college of villages in block school school (SS) arts engineering the C. D. sceince & block commerce 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 0077-Srinagar 5 10323 5 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 2 0081-Ganderbal 6 6990 6 6 4 1 1 0 0 0 Total 11 17313 11 10 8 2 1 0 0 0

Villages having educational institutions (contd.) Villages having Medical institutions Management Polytechnic Vocational Non-formal Special Others No Community Primary Primary Maternity T.B. Hospital- 146 institute training training school for (specify) educational health health health sub and child clinic allopathic school /ITI centre disabled facility centre centre centre welfare centre 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 Villages having Medical institutions (contd.) … Hospital- Dispensary Veterinary Mobile Family Medical practioner (with MBBS Medical practioner (with Medicine Others No alternative hospital health clinic welfare Degree) other degree) shop medical medicine centre facility

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

0 2 2 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 4 3 0 2 0 0 3 1 3 Villages having drinking water Villages having Post & Telegraph Tap water Well water Hand pump Tubewell/ Spring River/ Tank/ Others No Post Sub post Post & Phone (treated/untreated) (coverd/ borewell canal pond/ drinking office office telegraph (land uncovered well) lake water office lines) facility 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

5 2 3 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 2 1 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 11 2 5 2 4 6 3 0 0 0 0 0 9

Villages having Post & Telegraph Villages having transport Banks Credit (contd.)… societies Public Mobile phone Internet Village Bus Railway Auto/ Taxi Tractors Navigable Commercial & ATM Agricultural call office coverage cafes/ roads- service station modified & water ways co-operative credit Common pucca (public/ autos vans (river/canal/ societies service road private) sea ferry centre 147 service) 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 2 5 0 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 6 1 4 6 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 11 1 5 10 0 3 2 0 0 1 0 0

Villages having recreation facility Miscellaneous Villages having power supply Cinema / Public Public Availability Public Weekly Asembly Birth & Available Not video library reading of news distribution haat polling death available halls rooms paper system station registration (PDS) shop office

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

5 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 4 0 2 2 6 0 11 0 0 0 6 0 7 2 11 0 Appendix IA - Village Directory

Villages by number of primary schools

District: Srinagar (010) Sr.No. Name of C.D.Block Total number of Number of primary schools inhabited None One Two Three Four + villages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 0077-Srinagar 5 1 1 2 1 0 2 0081-Ganderbal 6 0 3 1 1 1 Total 11 1 4 3 2 1

Appendix IB - Village Directory

Villages by primary, middle and secondary schools District: Srinagar (010) Sr.No. Name of CD Total Type of educational institutions available Block number of No school At least one At least one At least one inhabited primary primary middle school villages school and school and and one no middle one middle secondary school school school

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 0077-Srinagar 5 0 1 3 1 2 0081-Ganderbal 6 0 2 4 1 Total 11 0 3 7 2

Appendix IC - Village Directory

Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available District: Srinagar (010) Sr.No. Name of Number of villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available C.D.Block Only tap Only well Only Only More than one (treated/ (covered / tubewell handpump source only from untreated) uncovered) /borewell tap, well, tubewell,hand pump 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 0077-Srinagar 2 0 0 0 3 2 0081-Ganderbal 4 0 0 0 2 Total 6 0 0 0 5

148 Appendix II - Village Directory

Villages with 5000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available District: Srinagar (010)

Sr. Name of Location Name Population Amenities not available (indicate N.A. where amenity not available) No. C.D.Block Code of Number Villge Senior College Primary Tap Bus Approach Banks Secondary Health Drinking facility by pucca School Sub Water road Centre

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 0077-Srinagar Not Applicable 2 0081-Ganderbal Total

Appendix III - Village Directory

Land Utilisation Data in respect of Census Towns District: Srinagar (010) Area on Hect

Sl. No. Nameof Census Townsand C.D. BlockWithin Bracket TotalArea (Sq./kms) Forests Areaunder Non- AgriculturalUses Barrenand UncultivableLand PermanentPastures andOther Grazing Lands LandUnder MiscellaneousTree Cropsetc. CulturableWaste Land FallowLands other thanCurrent Fallows CurrentFallows NetArea Sown TotalIrrigated Land Area TotalUn-irrigated LandArea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Nil

Appendix IV - Village Directory

C.D. block wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available Name of District: Srinagar (010)

Name of C.D.Block : 0077-Srinagar Sr. No. Location Code Number Name of Village 1 2 3 Not Applicable Name of C.D.Block : 0081-Ganderbal Not Applicable

149 Appendix V- Village Directory

Summary showing number of villages not having scheduled castes population District: Srinagar(010) Sr.No. Name of Total Uninhabited Inhabited Number of inhabited C.D. Block villages villages villages villages having no scheduled castes population

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0077-Srinagar 5 0 5 5 0081- 2 Ganderbal 6 0 6 6 Total 11 0 11 11

Appendix VI - Village Directory

Summary showing number of villages not having scheduled tribes population District: Srinagar(010) Sr.No. Name of C.D. Total Uninhabited Inhabited Number of inhabited Block villages villages villages villages having no scheduled tribes population

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 0077-Srinagar 5 0 5 3 2 0081-Ganderbal 6 0 6 4 Total 11 0 11 7

Appendix VII - Village Directory

List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. District: Srinagar(010) CD Block: Srinagar(0077) A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled Location code Name of village castes population number (Percentages) 1 2 3 Nil 002822 Takya Sangi Reshi Nil 002823 Faqir Gujri Nil 002824 Dara Nil 002831 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) Nil 002832 Soiteng

150 Appendix VII - Village Directory

List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. District: Srinagar(010) CD Block: Ganderbal(0081) A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled Location code Name of village castes population number (Percentages) 1 2 3 Nil 002825 Mulanar Nil 002826 Inder Hama Nil 002827 Sangam Nil 002828 Takan Wari Pora Nil 002829 Gagarzoo Kursu Padshahi Bagh Nil 002833 (Partly)

Appendix VII - Village Directory

List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. District: Srinagar(010) CD Block: Srinagar(0077) B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled Location code Name of village tribes population number (percentages) 1 2 3 Nil 002822 Takya Sangi Reshi Nil 002831 Abdullah Pora (Panji Nara) Nil 002832 Soiteng 21 - 30 002824 Dara 76 and above 002823 Faqir Gujri

151 Appendix VII - Village Directory

List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. District: Srinagar(010) CD Block: Ganderbal(0081) B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled Location code Name of village tribes population number (percentages) 1 2 3 Nil 002826 Inder Hama Nil 002828 Takan Wari Pora Nil 002829 Gagarzoo Kursu Padshahi Bagh Nil 002833 (Partly) Less than 5 002827 Sangam 76 and above 002825 Mulanar

Appendix VIII - Village Directory Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (C.D. block wise)

Not Available

152 SECTION - II TOWN DIRETORY

153 Section – II Town Directory

Note explaining the abbreviations used in Town Directory 2011 Census :-

Statement 1 :- Status and Growth History:

Column 1 - Serial Number :- Self explanatory

Column 2 - Class, Name and Civic Status of Town :- The Class is presented according to population of the towns in 2011 Census as follows:

Population Class Population Class 100,000 I 10,000 - 19,000 IV 50,000 II 5,000 - 9,999 V 20,000 III Below - 5,000 VI

The following abbreviations are used to denote the Civic Status of the town. Civic Status Codes Civic Status Codes i- Municipal Corporation M. Corp. xii- Notified Town Area NTA II- Municipal Committee MC xiii- Industrial Notified Area INA iii- Municipal Council M Cl xiv- Industrial Township ITS iv- City Municipal Council CMC xv- Township TS v- Town Municipal Council TMC xvi- Town Panchayat TP vi- Municipal Board MB xvii- Nagar Panchayat NP vii- Municipality M xviii- Town Committee / TC Town Area Committee viii- Cantonment Board / CB xix- Small Town Committee ST Cantoment ix- Notified Area NA xx- Estate Office EO x- Notified Town NT xxi- Gram Panchayat GP xi- Notified Area Committee NAC xxii- Census Town CT / Notified Area Council

Column 3- 25:- These columns are self explanatory.

Statement II:- Physical Aspects and Location of Town, 2009.

154 Column 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of Town:- These columns are self explanatory.

Column 3 - 5 Physical Aspects:- In these columns the Rain fall and Maximum and Minimum Temperature of the town is recorded.

Column 6 - 12:- Name and road distance of the town (in kms.) from the State headquarters, District headquarters, Sub-divisional/Taluk/Tahsil/Police Station/Development Block/Island HQ., Nearest city with population of one lakh and more, Nearest city with population of five lakh and more, Railway station and Bus route is recorded in these columns respectively. If the names mentioned in these columns are the same as the referent town itself, the distance is recorded as (0) zero.

Statement III – Civic and other Amenities, 2009:-

Column 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town:- Self explanatory.

Column 3 - Road Length (in km.):- The information about the road length (in km.) within the limit of the town is recorded in this column.

Columns 4 to 7 - System of drainage:- The system of drainage available in the town is indicated in these columns by the following codes:

System of Drainage Codes Open drains OD Closed drains CD Both drains BD

Columns 8 to 11 - Number of latrines:- The Number of various types of latrines available in the town is indicated in these columns.

Columns No. 12 & 13 - Protected water supply:- The information on source of water supply and system of water storage with capacity available in the town are given in these columns in the following codes:

Column 12 (Source of water supply):- (i) Tap water T (ii) Tube-well water TW (iii) Tank water TK (iv) Well water W

155 Column 13 (system of water storage):- (i) Over Head Tank OHT (ii) Service Reservoir SR (iii) River Infiltration Gallery RIG (iv) Bore Well Pumping System BWP (v) Pressure Tank PT

The information on 2 major source of water supply is given in column 12 and the system of water storage with capacity against each in kilo-liters (in bracket) is presented in column 13.

Column 14 Fire Fighting Service:- In case the fire fighting service available in he referent town, ‘yes’ is recorded. If the facility is not available within the town, the name of the nearest place having this facility with its distance from the referent town has been recorded.

Column 15 to 19 Electrification (Number of Connections):- Different types of electric connections have been shown in these columns, i.e. Domestic, Industrial, Commercial, Road Lighting (points) & others.

Statement IV : Medical Facilities, 2009:-

Column 1 - 2 Serial Number and Name of Town:- Self explanatory. Columns 3 to 13:- The number of various medical institutions such as Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Centre, Maternity and Child Welfare Center, Maternity Homes, T.B. Hospital/clinic, Nursing Homes, Charitable Hospital/Nursing Home, Mobile Health Clinic and Others as available in the town, are indicated in these columns (along with number of beds in brackets).

Column 14 - Veterinary Hospital:- The Number of Veterinary Hospitals available in the town is given in this column.

Column 15 - Medicine Shop:- The number of Medicine shops available in the town is given in this column.

Statement V : Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009:-

Columns 1 - 2 Serial Number and Name of Town:- Self explanatory.

Columns 3 to 15 Educational Facilities:- The information on number of Primary school, Middle school, Secondary school, Senior Secondary school, Arts/Science/Commerce colleges (of degree level and above), Medical colleges, Engineering colleges, Management Institute/Colleges, Polytechnics, Recognized Shorthand, Typewriting and vocational training Institutions, Non-formal Education Center (Sarva Shiksha

156 Abhiyan Center), Special School for disabled and Other available in the town, are indicated in these columns. If an educational facility is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance in kilometers from the town where the facility is available is mentioned.

Columns 16 to 23 - Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural Facilities:-

The information on No. of Home Orphanage, Working women’s hostels (with No. of seta in bracket), No. of Old Age Home, Stadium, Cinema Theatre, Auditorium/Community halls, public libraries and Reading rooms available in the town are given under these columns.

Statement VI : Industry and Banking, 2009:-

Columns 1 - 2 Serial Number and Name of Town:- Self explanatory.

Columns 3 to 5 - Names of three most important commodities manufactured:- The names of three most important commodities manufactured in the town are given under these columns.

Columns 6 to 8 - Number of banks:- The number of banks available in the referent town both Commercial and Co-operative banks are recorded against these columns.

Columns 9 & 10 - Number of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Credit Societies :- The number of Agricultural and Non Agricultural Credit Societies available in the referent town are given in these columns.

Statement VII : Civic and other Amenities in Slums, 2009:- The statement VII provides information on civic and other amenities in all slums whether notified or not and for all towns having statutory bodies, like Municipality, Municipal Corporation, Town Area Committee etc.

…………….

157 Statement – I

Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and Location Code Name of Taluk/ Name of Area Number of Scheduled Scheduled Population and growth rate (in brackets) of No. civic status of No. Tahsil/ Police CD block (sq. Km.) households Castes Tribes the town at the Censuses of town Station/Islands including houseless Population Population etc. households (2011 (2011 (2011 Census) Census) Census) 1901 1911 1921 1931 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

III, SRINAGAR 1 0101000043800014 5.9 3324 93 45 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 886 (0) Badami Bagh (CB), (NORTH) CB VI, SRINAGAR 2 0101000043002830 GANDERBAL 1.98 216 39 12 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Khonmoh (CT), (NORTH) CT

VI, SRINAGAR 3 0101000044002834 SRINAGAR 3.24 420 0 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Now Gam (CT), (SOUTH) CT V, SRINAGAR 4 Lasjan (CT), 0101000044002835 SRINAGAR 4.81 876 0 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) (SOUTH) 158 CT

Status and Growth History (Contd.)…. Sr. Population Density Sex ratio No. 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 (2011 1991 2001 2011 Census) 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 1809 (104) 4202 (132) 6596 (57) 7982 (21) 11227 (40.7) 0 (0) 18923 (68.4) 22214 (17.39) 3765 0 643 552 2 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 8307 (0) 2664 (-67.93) 2718 0 757 321 3 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4123 (0) 2490 (-39.6) 768 0 851 932 4 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4644 (0) 5281 (13.71) 1097 0 961 997 Statement - II

Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 Sr. Name of Physical Temperature Name of and road distance (in kms.) from Railway Bus route No town aspects (in centigrade) Sub-Division/ Nearest station Nearest . Rainfall Taluk/ Tahsil / city with city with (in mm) Police station/ population State HQ. District HQ. population Maximum Minimum Development of five of one lakh Block/ Island lakh and and more HQ. more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 JAMMU/ SRINAGAR SRINAGAR SRINAGAR SRINAGAR BADAMI 1 Badami Bagh 675 33 -6 SRINAGAR (3) (CB) SRINAGAR (3) (NORTH) (3) (3) (3) (3) BAGH (0) Khonmoh JAMMU/ SRINAGAR SRINAGAR SRINAGAR BARAMULLA SRINAGAR (3) 2 (CT) N.A 33 -6 SRINAGAR SRINAGAR (15) (NORTH) (15) (15) (6) (5) (15) JAMMU/ SRINAGAR SRINAGAR SRINAGAR BARAMULLA SRINAGAR, 3 Now Gam N.A 33 -6 SRINAGAR (5) (CT) SRINAGAR (5) (SOUTH) (5) (5) (5) (6) NOWGAM () JAMMU/ SRINAGAR SRINAGAR SRINAGAR 4 N.A 33 -5 SRINAGAR (0) NOWGAM (7) LASJAN () Lasjan (CT) SRINAGAR (4) (SOUTH) () (5) (7) 159 Statement - III

Civic and Other Amenities, 2009 System of drainage Number of latrines

Flush/Pour Sr. Name of Road length Both -Open Open Closed Pit Flush No. Town (in kms.) & Closed Nil Service Others (OD) (CD) System (Water (BD) borne)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Badami Bagh 10 -- -- BD 120 1000 15 1100 (CB) 2 Khonmoh (CT) 3 ------Nil 0 89 0 0 3 Now Gam (CT) 5 ------Nil 0 135 0 0 4 Lasjan (CT) 6 -- CD -- 0 118 0 0

Civic and Other Amenities, 2009 (Contd.)….

Protected water supply Electrification (Number of connections) System of Domestic Industrial Commercial Road Others storage with lighting Name of Source of Fire fighting Sr. capacity in (points) Town supply service* No. kilo litres (Codes) @ (along with Codes) @ 1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 Badami Bagh SR,SR TT(14000),TT() Yes 2372 5 400 600 0 (CB) 2 Khonmoh (CT) SR,SR TU(),UW() No,SRINAGAR 195 0 60 0 0 (7) 3 Now Gam SR,SR TT(),TT() No,SRINAGAR 410 0 50 0 0 (CT) (5) 4 Lasjan (CT) SR,SR TT(),HP() No,SRINAGAR 858 0 0 0 0 (5) *In case this service is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance from the town where facility is available has been given

@Two major source only S:Spring Abbreviation TK/P/L:Tank/Pond/Lake TT: Tap water from treated source O:Others TU:Tap water from un-treated source OHT:Over head Tank CW: Covered well SR:Service Reservoir UW: Un-covered well RIG:River Infiltration Gallery HP:Hand pump BWP:Bore Well Pumping system TW/B:Tubewell /Borehole PT:Pressure Tank RW:Rainwater N\A,NA,N.A.: Not Avialable

160 Statememt -IV

Medical Facilities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town No. of Medical facilities* (with number of beds in brackets) Charitable Hospitals Dispensaries / Family Maternity Maternity T.B.Hospital/ Nursing Veterinary Mobile Others Hospital/N Medicine (Allopathic Health Center Welfare and Child Homes Clinic Homes Hospital Health etc. ursing Shop & Others) Center Welfare Clinic Home (Numbers) Center (Numbers) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Badami Bagh (CB) 2(200) 1(3) 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 15 Kms. 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 3 Kms. 0 0 2 Khonmoh (CT) 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 1(4) 15 Kms. 15 Kms. 0 0

3 Now Gam (CT) 1(4) 4(18) 5 Kms. 5 Kms. 5 Kms. 9 Kms. 7 Kms. 6 Kms. 5 Kms. 1(12) 0 0

4 Lasjan (CT) 10 Kms. 1(4) 10 Kms. 10 Kms. 10 Kms. 10 Kms. 10 Kms. 1(0) 10 Kms. 10 Kms. 0 0 *If a medical facility is not available in the town,nearest place distance from the town where facility is available has been given *N.A.:Not Available

161 Statement - V

Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 Sr. Name of Town Number of Educational Facilities* No. Primary Middle Secondry Senior Arts/ Science/ Medical Engineering Management Polytechnics Recognised school school school Secondry Commerce colleges colleges Institute/ Shorthand, school colleges (of colleges Typewriting and degree level vocational and above) training institutions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 Badami Bagh (CB) 10 4 6 1 SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) 2 Khonmoh (CT) 1 4 3 1 SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) 3 Now Gam (CT) 1 4 3 1 SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) 4 Lasjan (CT) 2 2 1 SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10)

Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009

Sr. Number of Educational Facilities* (Contd.) Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities No. Non-formal Special School Others No. of Working No. of Old Age Stadium Cinema Theatre Auditorium/ Public libraries Reading rooms Education Center for Disabled Orphanage women's hostles Home Community (Sarva Shiksha Home halls Abhiyan Center)

1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(31) SRINAGAR(3) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(3) 1 1 2 SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) SRINAGAR(15) 3 SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) SRINAGAR(5) 4 SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) 1 SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) SRINAGAR(10) *If an educational facilitiy is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance from the town where facility is available has been given

162 Statement - VI

Industry and Banking, 2009 Sr. Name of Town Names of three most important commodities Number of banks Number of No. manufactured Number of non-agricultural agricultural Nationalised Private Co-operative Bank credit societies credit 1st 2nd 3rd Bank Commercial societies Bank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Badami Bagh (CB) SHAWLS CARPETS WOODCARVING 4 2 2 1 1 2 Khonmoh (CT) NIL NIL NIL 1 1 0 0 0 SILK PRIVATE 3 Now Gam (CT) NIL NIL 1 1 0 0 0 LOAMS 4 Lasjan (CT) NIL NIL NIL 0 1 0 0 0

Statement - VII

Civic and other amenities in Slums, 2009 (Contd.)…. Sr.No. Class and name of town Name of the Is it No. of Population of Paved System of drainage slum notified households the Slum roads (in Both kms.) (Open Open Closed Nil & Closed) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 I,Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) (Part) N.A. No 52650 343125 1 OD ------

Civic and other amenities in Slums, 2009 163 Number of latrines Electricity (Number of connections) Private No. of tap points/ public Sr.No. Community hydrants installed for supply of Road Pit System Flush/ Pour Service Others protected water Domestic lighting Others Flush (Water (points) borne) 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 7284 35965 245 508 37475 2052 46141 15300 0 Appendix to Town Directory

Towns showing their Outhgrowth with population

Sl. Name of Population Name of Outgrowth Population No. Town with of Core of Location Town Outgrowth Code 1 2 3 4 5 1 Bagh-I- Mehtab 6297 2 Shanker Pora 3617 3 Srinagar Machwa (Nasrat Pora) 3017 1180570 4 (MC) Dharam Bagh 5047 5 Gopal Pora 2960 6 Wathora 4911

164