The Library of the University of North Carolina From the Library of Berthold Louis Ullman A Gift of Miss Gertrude Weil ENDOWED BY THE DIALECTIC AND PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETIES PA6395 .M37 1880 —— This book is due at the LOUIS R. WILSON LIBRARY on the last date stamped under "Date Due." If not on hold it may be renewed by bringing it to the library. DATE rft DATE rft DUE RLT DUE KtI - mi m nfTrifc fli 3k fj i r> ^ JMAR 1 9 499o 1 rr MAY j ' uoo { 1 In) ' II IKI A* o t> 3 —m s ma loo O Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/odesofhoraceOOhora_0 Ro/Mn/bn^c. THE ODES OF HORACE, S/rattglatefc into ©njjlisf} Wzxu* WITH A LIFE AND NOTES, BY THEODORE MARTIN. PHILADELPHIA: PORTER & OOATES. What practice, howsoe'er expert, In fitting aptest words to things ? Or voice, the richest-toned that sings* Hath power to give thee as thou wert ? Tjebnysob. LIFE OF HORACE. LIFE OP HORACE. Horace is Ms own biographer. All the mate* rial facts of his personal history are to be gathered from allusions scattered throughout his poems. A memoir, attributed to Suetonius, of somewhat doubtful authenticity, furnishes a few additional details, but none of moment, either as to his char- acter or career. Quintus Horatius Flaccus was born vi. Id. De(.. A. u. c. 689 (Dec. 8, B.C. 65), during the consul- ship of L. Aurelius Cotta and L. Manlius Tor- quatus. His father was a freedman, and it was long considered that he had been a slave of some member of the great family of the Horatii, whose name, in accordance with a common usage, he had assumed. But this theory has latterly given place to the suggestion, based upon inscriptions, that he was a freedman of the town of Yenusia, the mod- ern Yenosa, the inhabitants of which belonged to the Horatian tribe. The question is, however, of no importance in its bearings on the poet's life. The elder Horace had received his manumission 6 LIFE OF HORACE. before his son was born. He had realized a mod- erate independence in the vocation of co-actor, a name borne indifferently by the collectors of pub- lic revenue, and of money at sales by public auc- tion. To which of these classes he belonged is uncertain, but most probably to the latter. With the fruits of his industry he had purchased a small prop- erty near Venusia. upon the banks of the Aufidus, the modern Otanto. in the midst of the Apennines, upon the doubtful boundaries of Lucania and Apu- lia. Here the poet was born, and in this pictu- resque region of mountain, forest, and stream the boy became imbued with the love of nature, which distinguished him through life. He describes himself (Ode IV. B. 3) as having lost his way, when a child, upon Mount Vultur, and being found asleep, under a covering of laurel and myrtle leaves, which the wood-pigeons had spread to shield this favourite of the gods from snakes and wild animals. The augury of the fu- ture poet said to have been drawn from the inci- dent at the time was probably an afterthought of Horace himself, who had not forgotten Anacreon and the bees: but. whatever may be thought of the omen, the picture of the strayed child, asleep with his hands full of spring flowers, is pleasing. In his father's house, and in those of the Apulian peasantry around him. Horace had opportunities of becoming familiar with the simple virtues of the poor. — their independence, integrity, chastity, and homely worth. — which he loved to contrast with LIFE OF HORACE. 7 the luxury and vice of imperial Rome. Of his mother no mention occurs, directly or indirectly, throughout his poems. This could scarcely have happened, had she not died while he was very young. He appears also to have been an only child. No doubt he had at an early age given evi- dence of superior powers ; and to this it may have been in some measure owing, that his father re- solved to give him a higher education than could be obtained under a provincial schoolmaster, and, although ill able to afford the expense, took him to Rome when about twelve years old, and gave him the best education which the capital could supply. No money was spared to enable the boy to keep his position among his fellow-scholars of the higher ranks. He was waited on by numerous slaves, as though he were the heir to a considerable fortune. At the same time he was not allowed to feel any shame for his own order, or to aspire to a position which he was unequal to maintain. His father taught him to look forward to filling some situation akin to that in which he had himself acquired a competency, and to feel that in any sphere culture and self-respect must command influence, and af- ford the best guarantee for happiness. Under the stern tutorage of Orbilius Pupillus, a grammarian of high standing, richer in reputation than gold, whose undue exercise of the rod the poet has con- demned to a bad immortality, he learned grammar, and became familiar with the earlier Latin writers, and with Homer. He also acquired such other 8 LIFE OF HORACE. branches of instruction as were usually learned by the sons of Romans of the higher ranks. But, •what was of still more importance, during this criti- cal period of his first introduction to the seductions of the capital, he enjoyed the advantage of hia father's personal superintendence, and of a careful moral training. His father went with him to all his classes, and, being himself a man of shrewd observation and natural humour, he gave his son's studies a practical bearing, by directing his atten- tion to the follies and vices of the luxurious and dissolute society around him, and showing their incompatibility with the dictates of reason and common sense. From this admirable father Hor- ace appears to have gathered many of " the rug- ged maxims hewn from life," with which his works abound, and also to have inherited that manly in- dependence for which he was remarkable, and which, while assigning to all ranks their due influ- ence and respect, never either overestimates or compromises its own. Under the homely exterior of the Apulian freedman we recognize the soul of the gentleman. His influence on his son was man- ifestly great. In the full maturity of his powers Horace penned a tribute to his worth,* in terms which prove how often and how deeply he had oc- casion in after-life to be grateful for the bias thus early communicated. His father's character had * For a translation of the passage in the Sixth Satire of the First Book, here referred to, see note, infra, p. 283. OFE OF HORACE. 9 given a tone and strength to his own which, in the midst of manifold temptations, had kept him true to himself and to his genius. At what age Horace lost his father is uncertain Most probably this event occurred before he left Rome for Athens, to complete his education in the Greek literature and philosophy, under native teachers. This he did some time between the age of seventeen and twenty. At Athens he found many young men of the leading Roman families — Bibulus, Messala, the younger Cicero, and others — engaged in the same pursuits with himself. His works prove him to have" been no careless student of the classics of Grecian literature, and, with a natural enthusiasm, he made his first poetical es- says in their flexible and noble language. His usual good sense, however, soon caused him to abandon the hopeless task of emulating the Greek writers on their own ground, and he directed his efforts to transfusing into his own language some of the grace and melody of these masters of song. In the political lull between the battle of Pharsalia r a. u. c. 706 (b. c. 48), and the death of Julius Caesar, A. u. c. 710 (b. c. 44), Horace was enabled to devote himself without interruption to the tran- quil pursuits of the scholar. But when, after the latter event, Brutus came to Athens, and the pa- trician youth of Rome, fired with zeal for the cause of republican liberty, joined his standard, Horace, infected by the general enthusiasm, accepted a military command in the army which was destined 1* ; 10 LIFE OF HORACE. to encounter the legions of Anthony and Gctavius. His rank was that of tribune, a position of so much importance, that he must have been indebted for it either to the personal friendship of Brutus or to an extraordinary dearth of officers, as he was not only without experience or birth to recommend him, but possessed no particular aptitude, physical or moral, for a military life. His appointment excited jealousy among his brother officers, who considered that the command of a Roman legion should have been reserved for men of nobler blood and here probably he first came into direct collision with the aristocratic prejudices which the training of his father had taught him to defy, and which, at a subsequent period, grudged to the freedman's son the friendship of the emperor and of Maecenas. At the same time he had manifestly a strong party of friends, who had learned to appreciate his ge- nius and attractive qualities. It is certain that he secured the esteem of his commanders, and bore an active part in the perils and difficulties of the cam- paign, which terminated in the total defeat of the republican party at Philippi, a.