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Plant Perception of Soil Heterogeneity in the Field

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Plant Perception of Soil Heterogeneity in the Field Charles University Faculty of Science Study programme: Botany Branch of study: Plant Ecology Bc. Adam Hrouda Plant perception of soil heterogeneity in the field Vnímání heterogenity půd rostlinami v polopřirozených podmínkách Diploma thesis Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Weiser, Ph. D. Prague, 2021 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou práci zpracoval samostatně a že jsem uvedl všechny použité informační zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla předložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze dne 22.4.2021 Acknowledgement I would like to thank my supervisor Martin Weiser for guidance, discussions and encouragement throughout the whole endeavour. Thanks to your positive attitude, I was able to find the motivation to continue in the project. My thanks goes to the people at the Department of Botany – this was the place where the idea for the project had occurred, where many thought-provoking discussions took place later and where I enjoyed the atmosphere of friendship and support. Many thanks to Martin Hrouda and Antonín Rukavička, as without their technical support the study could hardly be performed. The same applies to Václav Voleman, Petra Vavrincová, Martin Jalovec, Nikola Sixtová, Marek Brindzak, Jan Šašek, Pavlína Stiblíková, Matúš Otruba and Jurij Dubanych, who helped me during different stages of the experiment. I appreciate it very much. I cannot begin to express my thanks to Anna and both my families, who have all helped me and supported me relentlessly during the course of the experiment and later during the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to the owners of the property where the experiment was conducted. Abstract Nutrients are usually patchily distributed in natural soils. Plants are often able to respond to nutrient heterogeneity in artificial conditions by active plastic changes of root system morphology. The occurrence or magnitude of a foraging response can be altered by the presence of competition. However, it is unclear to what extent root foraging takes place in the field. I conducted a field experiment in order to determine the effect of an artificial nutrient patch on fine belowground biomass of (a) an established community and (b) model plants. The study array consisted of a grid of 30×30 cm plots with model plants located in the centre. Half of the plots contained the artificial patch located 5.5 cm from the model plant. Fertilizer patch treatment did not increase mean plot fine underground biomass. Instead, fine underground biomass was higher in places of greater soil moisture estimated from mean plot EIVs. Neither total model plant root biomass nor proportion of roots in the enriched quarter increased in the fertilizer treatment. Competition was probably higher in fertilized than in control plots judging by a 2-fold increase in death rate of model plants. However, greater proportion of model plants flowered in the treatment plots. Possible causes include a plastic response to the patch as well as strengthened aboveground competition. The results suggest that for species with small root systems, it is the distance from the nutrient source rather than foraging abilities that affects their survival. On a community level, smaller peaks of nutrient concentration are unlikely to cause shifts in fine underground biomass allocation. Keywords: soil heterogeneity, root foraging, morphological plasticity, roots, resource competition, field conditions, fertilizer, belowground biomass, plant community Abstrakt V přirozených ekosystémech jsou živiny v půdě rozmístěny nerovnoměrně, ve formě tzv. půdních kapes. Rostliny v umělých podmínkách často vykazují schopnost na takovou heterogenitu půdy reagovat pomocí morfologické plasticity kořenového systému. Ukazuje se, že přítomnost kompetice může mít vliv na to, zda a v jaké míře plastická odpověď proběhne. Míra uplatnění plastických úprav morfologie kořenů v přirozených podmínkách je však dosud neobjasněná. Ve světle toho jsem provedl terénní experiment, jehož cílem bylo posouzení vlivu uměle vytvořené půdní kapsy bohaté na živiny na podzemní biomasu (a) přítomného společenstva a (b) modelových rostlin. Pokusný prostor sestával z mřížky čtverců (30×30 cm) s modelovou rostlinou uprostřed. V polovině čtverců byla vytvořena umělá půdní kapsa bohatá na živiny, vzdálená 5,5 cm od modelové rostliny. Přítomnost umělé půdní kapsy neměla za následek zvýšení jemné podzemní biomasy ve čtverci. Tato však přibývala se zvyšující se půdní vlhkostí, odhadnutou pomocí průměrných Ellenbergových indikačních hodnot ve čtvercích. Podíl kořenů modelových rostlin v obohacené čtvrtině ani celková biomasa kořenů modelových rostlin nevzrostly ve skupině ošetřených rostlin oproti kontrolní skupině. Kompetice ve čtvercích s umělou půdní kapsou byla pravděpodobně vyšší, o čemž svědčí dvojnásobná úmrtnost modelových rostlin oproti kontrolním čtvercům. I přesto v ošetřených čtvercích vykvetlo větší procento modelových rostlin než v kontrolních. To mohlo být způsobeno např. plastickou reakcí kořenového systému nebo zvýšenou nadzemní kompeticí. Výsledky experimentu naznačují, že pro druhy s malými kořenovými systémy je zásadnější vzdálenost od bohaté půdní kapsy než schopnost plasticky reagovat na podzemní heterogenitu. Zároveň se zdá, že na úrovni společenstev se na podzemní biomase výrazně neprojeví menší výkyvy v koncentracích živin v půdě. Klíčová slova: půdní heterogenita, root foraging, morfologická plasticita, kořeny, kompetice o zdroje, polopřirozené podmínky, hnojivo, podzemní biomasa, rostlinné společenstvo Table of contents 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................1 2 Materials and methods...................................................................................................................6 2.1 Model species..............................................................................................................................6 2.2 Model plants' preparation............................................................................................................6 2.3 Study site.....................................................................................................................................7 2.4 Experimental setup......................................................................................................................8 2.5 Fertilizer application....................................................................................................................8 2.6 Survivorship evaluation...............................................................................................................9 2.7 Obtaining the roots......................................................................................................................9 2.8 Phosphorus content determination.............................................................................................12 2.9 Data analysis..............................................................................................................................13 3 Results..........................................................................................................................................16 3.1 Aboveground biomass...............................................................................................................16 3.2 Model plants' survivorship.........................................................................................................17 3.3 Underground biomass patterns..................................................................................................18 3.4 Model plant root distribution patterns.......................................................................................20 3.5 Vegetation and EIV distribution patterns...................................................................................20 4 Discussion....................................................................................................................................23 4.1 Overall response to artificial patch............................................................................................23 4.2 Response of Rumex acetosa to artificial patch..........................................................................25 4.3 Root system morphology assessment........................................................................................28 4.4 EIV distribution.........................................................................................................................29 4.5 Foraging responses in the field..................................................................................................31 4.6 Consequences of soil heterogeneity for communities...............................................................32 5 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................34 6 References....................................................................................................................................35 Appendix 1.......................................................................................................................................44 1 Introduction Mineral nutrients in natural soils are usually neither randomly nor homogeneously distributed, rather they are concentrated in patches (Ball & Williams, 1968; Jackson & Caldwell, 1993a). Nutrient concentrations
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