Ogham Inscriptions Would Require the Reprodu C

O GH AM I N S C RI PT I O N S

I N I R E L N D WALE S AND S O TLAN D A , , C

O GH AM I N S C RI PT I O N S

I N I R E L N D W ALE S AND S C O TLAN D A , ,

P RE FA E C .

n of 1884 s n Pre side nt IN the autum , Sir Samuel Fergu o , of s de liv e re d in E n r B in the Royal Iri h Academy, di bu gh the h d s on ae a nd s of Lecture Arch ology, at the reque t the committee ” s or hi s s “ ns ns he elected f ubject Ogham I criptio . He had n s n n n s in s of n for ma y year take a kee i tere t thi form writi g, which consists of notches of various len gths cut on the edge o r s of s a s n s n n n a nd n arri uit ble to e , ge erally u hew , freque tly

" ” de si nedl ob scure o h i n g y , alth ug ‘ " " m ' ‘ ‘ n re a onBf h aiffi fs iven rfi sms o key to the i terp t ti g g , a s in South Wales Roman characters occupy the face of the stofi i vvh fle — " " . i ' ' e dge s h as 15555 f ound to contain a n echo of fi fi saHE Zfi t

“ will readily be understood that the value of “ these bil lingual s a s s t of n n is example , a te correct re deri g of the Ogham , very r g eat . The stones are generally to be met with in remote a n d s s n ot n n in is s cultivated di trict , u freque tly d u ed churchy res erved for the burial of unbaptized children a nd On land more valuable for agriculture they have been broken or s n n st up , removed for afety to the vici ity of the eare church , or se t in msn In n n up private de e es. Irela d ma y of these in scribed ston es are found on the summits of lofty mountains or on lonely moors they aboun d on the rugged storm- s wept ‘ n s w i on s a n d s of s n promo torie h ch, the outh we t the i la d, are s n n s n on wa hed by the Atla tic . Agai , other are fou d the ele v a te d s m n n tract of co paratively barre la d which form the E E vi PR FAC .

- s s S n s a nd di ms ba s water hed of the outher river vide their , h n n n s t e a d . notably tho e of Blackwater, Lee , Ba do For many years it had been the habit of Sir Samue l Ferguson to spen d his summer holiday in visiting these monu n s H is a nd n i s s me t . time e erg e for the re t of the year were his ss n or f s his nn devoted to profe io al o ﬁcial dutie , but a ual n w a s ns d s vacatio co ecrate to the pur uit of poetry, literature, r n u i s s n o a tiq tie . The ede tary life of the city wa s then laid s a nd n s s ss n a ide, the lo g ummer day were pa ed drivi g about n in s s a n d n s n s the cou try, earch of the e ki dred object of i tere t . n a nd m s The rough accommodatio ho ely fare which the e s ns n n d n ot n excur io ofte e taile , were without their attractio for him ; his genial nature w a s happy in simple intercourse

h i - mn e s a u s n with fellow , while the vari d bea tie of the exter al a nd n Y world ever gave to him deep kee delight . ear after yea r every n ook a n d corner of Irelan d a nd Wale s wa s thus e explor d . In his ns n n earlier expeditio , Sir Samuel had to co te t him se lf with rubbings a n d care ful copies of the O gham insc rip n s s c r a nd s di tio , which were afterward ar ied home tu ed at le i sure ; but in these there were elements of uncertainty a nd h s s n n e rror whic made them far from ati factory . O more tha on e s n n n di n h a s occa io , fi di g the rea g doubtful , Sir Samuel taken the night train a n d started off from his home to the s n s e s n w a s n in di ta t pot wh re the to e to be fou d, order to s n n verify a i gle letter. Later he adopted a method of maki g s s s n n s a nd S paper ca t , which obviated the e u certai tie , ecured a n e n e a c simi s n its n s tir ly accurate f le of the to e with all marki g . Th e e ss is s a n d e s n proc imple , may be d cribed for the be efit o f s s n n is s other . The to e to be operated upo fir t cleared of n a n s n n s of ns liche d wa hed clea with water . The a heet u ized paper (good thick blottin g paper leave s n othing to be desired) is ns n a nd s s n laid over the i criptio , lightly moi te ed with a n s t s — a n s is s — is n spo ge . A of bru h old hat bru h be t the is n s n s n applied to the paper. It patted ge tly till it i k i to every n n s n n n i n crevice a d marki g of the to e . Should the i de tat o be so a s s of n s deep to break the urface the paper, a fragme t uit in s s n s s a n able ize mu t be tor off a fre h heet, freed from y i n n s a nd marg , applied to the broke urface, wetted, duly PREFACE . vii

patted with the b rush until it becomes amalgamated with the

- k n t s s u s pulp li e paper . The a coa of pa te mu t be lightly br hed

rf of n ns n over the entire su ace the paper coveri g the i criptio , f n on a nd ss of a s econ d sheet o blotti g paper laid , the proce n n n hi s s slightly moi steni g a d patti g repeated . T mu t be per mi s a s n s n n tte d a , far practicable , to dry upo the to e ; he ce the f n a s a s ss advisability o maki g the paper little moist po ible . is s n s a s a s a nd c a n Th ca t, whe dry, become ﬁrm cardboard, n ns n in be easily lifted a d removed . It retai every marki g

’ z nta lio a nd in n a s is s ins g relief, accordi g it tudied from the ide or s the out ide . — — One day typical of many others a t the close of a holiday spent by Sir Samuel Ferguso n a nd his wife in exploring the n n w s s hi i n s D a . s s a tiquitie of Kerry, u more Head vi ited T a oble n n on s n of s n hi mou tai the extreme we ter verge the i la d, w ch, a s a s its n n n n n s on well eighbour mou tai , Bra do Head, bear

its s ﬁ n - n s n n ummit a e Ogham i scribed pillar to e . A lo g drive from Dingle brought the little party to the base of the moun n s n a nd s n on tai . Here they di mou ted a ce ded foot, while the driver led the horse over the grassy slopes a s far a s ' it wa s ss s fa r r . a m po ible for a vehicle to travel At the home tead of e f on n n s wa s “ it-h n the mou tai ide, a halt called . ki dly grace a nd ma n s s both hor e were here made welcome to a re t, while the sons of the house shouldered the box which contained the

ns s - n a nd s preparatio for ca t taki g, led the way up the teep s s a nd s n m s precipitou path , over crag boulder , u til the um it wa s n s w a s of gai ed . The pro pect which lay before the eye a n n Bla ske t sl n s beauty ever to be forgotte . The I a d lay below, n n s— fri ged with the white foam of Atla tic wave the broad, n ss n n s n n u n bou dle , heavi g ﬂoor of ocea tretchi g beyo d, n a n n n n n one of broke by y la d earer tha America . O the n s of D n n ns not di s n bold headla d the i gle Pe i ula, far ta t, s S ss n s s n tood merwick Fort, where the haple Spa i h garri o , ’ hemmed in by the overwhelming forces of Queen Elizabeth s D e G ! wa s in s puty, Lord rey, obliged to capitulate, the ummer 1 580 n in of , o ly to meet cold blood their wretched fate . Looking i nland from Dunmore lay the picturesque region of

C Amn a g s t G e 8 t s e e mn — a n a s e a o mi i me t a r a te R a e S e o Lord r y roop w r y d r f W l r l gh , E dm u n e ns e & c d Sp r, . viii PRE FACE .

C orka u in s s s s n n s of g y, tudded with tho e my teriou mo ume t a e s S s n r mote pa t which had attracted Sir amuel Fergu o hither, a nd n s n ! amo g t which he had spe t some previous weeks.

After some diligent work a ﬁ ne cast of the pillar- stone on D n w a s n w a s n u more Head take , but before it yet dry e ough to u s a s f n n r n s o . remove , a f riou g le aro e, accompa ied by to re t rai The ston e w a s quickly enveloped in waterproof a n d great s f n s. n of a nd ss o coat, whil t their ow er de uded them, regardle s s s so a s s s the torm, tood clo e, till further to protect the preciou

s . a nd s n ot n ca t By by the torm abated , but u til the day w a s s n a nd th e n n s s n already far pe t, deepe i g hadow threate ed to benight the party in their dan gerous position on the wild n n — n mou tai . Cautiously the cast w a s loosened th e protecti g — s it wa s s a n d . waterproof till held over , but it moi t pulpy s t s n n ns At la , at the mo t critical mome t, whe about to be tra s n s of n ot n a ndin a n ferred to the box , a udde gu t wi d g u der, ns n wa s s s di s i ta t it carried aloft. The toiler tood mayed, n its ns in u n s n watchi g gyratio pper air u til the preciou thi g, n s w a s n n ! tor to piece , whirled i to the Atla tic Weary, wet, a n d s n s n n n s di appoi ted, they de ce ded the mou tai to the hou e , where horse a n d car were waiting ; here the travellers found s a nd s for a ho pitable meal of tea egg prepared, which their kin dly hosts would receive n o payment ; warmed a n d fed n n n n on win they co ti ued their way, retur i g the follo g day, n n su n a nd s s s ss whe , u der bright fair kie , a wholly ucce ful s of n wa s nd ff in s a o s . c a t the to e made, carried afety The spoils of a summer holiday were the material for a ’ ’ n s D n s n s of s wi ter work . uri g the la t mo th Sir Samuel life, w n n a nd w a s no n he health had give way, he lo ger able a s of s s to move about old, he would have the ca t brought to his s a n d n s n a nd n bed ide , with feeble ha d he would tur exami e a nd n n u s ni n A s them, e deavour to u ravel their tr e ig ﬁca ce . n a s e n n n a nd lo g he could hold a p , he co ti ued to add to th e s s s on s s correct proof of the e Lectures. Tho e Iri h Ogham s s on s a nd s were revi ed by him, but the chapter Wel h Scotti h ns - s n s not n nn n i cribed to e had bee fully a otated whe he died .

s u nta ns th e s n u a s a n Thi gro p co i i g l r Chri ti e diﬁc e of G a ll e ru s . Al so a b e a u tifu l u r h r ba l e re te i n th e t e l th e ntu nta n n e x u s ite e a t v e na ch c p o b y c d w f c ry , co i i g q i d cor i or

e nt. s u ne u mk e m a da IS a ﬁ n x mh i i l l e e e a e t e I sh ma ne s . Th r d ch rch of Ki r pl of ri Ro qu PREFACE . ix

n his n s a nd s Si ce death, three frie d whom he loved e teemed in life have been good enough to read the sheets of these

— - n f r n . s o R s D . . Lecture I gram , LL D , Vice Pre ide t the oyal n n f s . s o Iri h Academy, Dr A der o , Keeper the N n M s of n s of n a nd a s atio al u eum the A tiquarie Scotla d ; , D r s D L s W . . . s s . C regard two chapter , hitley Stoke , To the e n n r n s a nd s s s n s ge tleme , f ie d cholar , the warme t tha k are due , a nd n are here te dered. Sir Samuel Ferguson had n ot person ally examined the n n s of n n n n s mo ume t Scotla d . He k ew them o ly from rubbi g a nd s s n of i s ca ts made by other . The latter portio th book s n mu t, therefore , be deemed comparatively imperfect . I deed he would himself have been the ﬁrst to acknowledge the n of a nd c on te tative character the work, probably have side re d that the data are a s yet too limited to justify scholars in n n s ns n formulati g ab solute co clu io . He claims o ly the “ credit of h a v 1n supplied their researches with a rox i g ” pp n in s s n mately authe tic data the text pre e ted. He might s n his for h hi s ju tly have laid claim to more tha t , he made wit ow n n s s s of n s in n En n ha d ca t early all the Ogham Irela d, gla d, a n d s ne ndr a nd s - of Wale . O hu ed ixty three these casts have n n hi s s n n n for bee photographed u der uperi te de ce the . Royal

s a nd of s s n - on e r Iri h Academy, the e, ome twe ty have al eady n s in 2 7th of ns ns bee publi hed the volume their Tra actio . n s s s s s Whe ever the Academy complete the erie , cholar will

n n s c simil s of a have before them , for refere ce , i di putable f e s —ns s n s a s n ow s the e Ogham i cribed to e they exi t. No one ndi s or could be more ca d, mode t, free from dogma mn tis wa s u s n In hi n n tha Sir Samuel Ferg o . all s i sti cts he w a s di s n s n s a nd n i tere ted, true , ge erou , oble . He died a s he a nd a nd n in in had lived, revered beloved, e joy g full measure s n old a e n that which hould accompa y Ho our, love, ” g di n s n s obe e ce , troop of frie d .

M F . C. .

20 ORT H GR T G OR G E S - STR T UB LI N N EA E EE , D ,

C MB R 1 88 6 DE E E , . C O N T E N T S .

CH A TER I P .

a mns t ns in a t B t n a n — r I G e a d I e l a nd s e d ma sts re e Ogh crip io r ri i r Tho e v riﬁ e fro c p s nt in ma n a a e te s — e e t t s t e e ss e n in a mth d l ta Ita Th e e Ro c pi l l r ho c r i , lic Ogh of s me mt th n a e — a fa ily wi h e Ru ic lph a b t Accordi ng to th e Irish tra ditio n i ntrodu c e d mt n E h a h d n — l i n fro Nor her u rop e by t e T u t a e D a a a n colo nists Difﬁ c u t e s in re a di g i ’ t e se I ns t ns — a u s of e t e O D onov a n W inde le B a s H a n h crip io L bo r P ri , , , r h , org , G a v e s H t k Du e H a t ns n s — e e ss t a u t e nt r , i chcoc , Noy r, igh , A ki o , Rhy N c i y of h ic xt — a e a sts e a s a — m n a th e t e te s l t e d Th e a n u e st e t P p r c i y pho ogr ph i q io d l wi , Wh h r

h mis a a n or s a n r n a e s 1 - 1 8 e t Ogh a of P g Chri ti o igi ? &c . P g

CH A PTER II .

m- n M n me nt n rka u in a s e d u s I rel a ndin th e u nt e Ba Co Ogh i crib o of Co y of K rry , ro y of g y — — ’ - a t m - v a t v e R a h a l ode l ne a ne x s d e s t n a t a e R h c , Co o l L Fo crip io of R h c of mr — — B mn R oov e s o e u e nte t ne t ne ss a ll na h u nt : a u e r Lo gh r Li l S o S o Cro , y Ogh d

- grou nd Le a bh a r- na - h - Uidh re id e ntiﬁc a tio n of th e b u ri al pl a c e of E oc h a id — — r th c ns ns a t B l na h — h k n - B a l lin a rmo n A g e I criptio a l y u nt B a ll inv o e r Bra c loo t — ortn l a na h L n l h rri l a v e ma te a s G e gu l g u g a ga ppu Aglish Ag a c a b e C ri l t r me mt s e s o h a s n a t s e brou gh f o c e erie c a ll e d Kille n ; u se d o nly f r t e b u ri l of u b p i d — — — — childre n a ndsu icid e s I ns criptio ns a t Ki nard T ra be g Ba ll inta ggart B a llyne — m — — — — s e ni E a e B m in M mnori h a t e g l gh W st u rnh a H ou se Kil fou nta a u a g C hir

~ — ml M n — — m a e s 1 - 4 1 na a t e e a a a n T v oria u n e or e e a d 9 g T p h y D or , Clogh r H P g

CH A PTER III .

n l n a ni Ba n nn m—Th e u h a nd am a mns t s a t B al e l a Bu n a Ogh i crip io y g, li r ig , r h ch rc , Ogh — — ms n mk Dr - s t a ll e ru s s a nd i nscrib e d to b to e a t Kil a l e d ar y to ne chu rch a G Kill — — se u a e es B a rba roru ma m- ns e st ne on B a n n Kill e e ns p lchr l L g Ogh i crib d o r do M mm— M i s r M u nta n a nd a t Cl onsh a ra h artra a ne a e v e s t t t o i , g , , C p Sli i h , wi h fo of — — - l i ma nd non C a hir Conre e S tory of B a na d Div iding l ine b etwe e n th e Ogh a ic n mss n h a ms a n n e n W t th m a t a Og ic di tricts of Ire l d coi cid t i h e li its of th e P rici i io — — a mon mr k a nd no t n a ms e e l a e K c kﬁ e rna ns Ogh of K rry , Li ic , C r i crip io Ogh — — onm a n M nt n M m n mnts a t Cl a c C a l l ou a i e ori a l pil l ar a t Knoc k a stool c ry Mo u e — a t a n its a ss a n — a ms a t Bresta h n s t s t u e e n Ma e v e oi R h Crogh oci io wi h Q Ogh g , e a st e e A h a sc ribba —M n mo n k M n or H B a n l u e nt n a l Topp d , C d rg, g o K oc y , i l of i ; s se se u l n ms e a t u e u e e n B a w e T e u th a l T e c h t ar e ppo d p chr of Q i , if of , who d h a nd rial o n k n h A D bu n K oc Ma y is re cord e d in th e Anna l s u nd er t e y e ar . . 1 1 1 Pa ge s 4 2 - 6 3

CH A PTER IV .

rma e se a t th e a t a n u —I ns d me n a t e nna n—Mu ll oc h e A gh , chi f of P rici ch rch crib d ol L

m— a rns a - - a u a t n il t th s ma e e e l l e v e a a l a T a e n e I l Ogh S p lchr c i S i C l i gh ; ri h O y pi , c l d s — — tl mn r for it a ms & h e N r a ti o b a te e c . T B ne me w a n e s e tu u G C g , oy li g CONTENTS . xi

a m- na d one th e t e e st a n u es u n e d a a d ns A . D . Ogh Do r ; of hr Chri i ch rch fo d by P ll i

- — mn n i ma its nne t n w t D u fta c h Ma c c u l u a r a n 430 1 K ll e e Cor c : co c io i h g , co p io

- - - ma ic a t k th e u n a e h is s e t Th e H Lu a ir a nd H Cor of St. P ric b ryi g pl c of p y g y , — m- ns e st ne s d d nste s a n A D 1 1 9 a d e s e n a nts Cu c orb n e . c of , Ki g of L i r, l i Ogh i crib o mal l booda n n a Ba ma wra n ara u e B a t Kl e e n G i l Cor c , o , Cl gh , D b ll , y , Wi dg p , lly a m I d mn v e nde its e e n nta n n se v e a v oone s a n u a a u y, l , Dr loh ; c r Kill co i i g r l Ogh ’ d — i — dmits nd w — a nt e a n s B e d h is K a n r e u e l e ge n s l grov A or Ro To r S i D cl , p e digre e Pa g es 64 - 84

CH A TER P V . — — — i m- ns e st ne s a te u mn a t Kil ter d u Se sk na n a d Mo n e t a Ol Ch rch of Ogh i crib o S l r B e Gl e na wil le n n k Bu rntfort G e e n B we e n Mona ta a rt ridg , , K oc boy , , r hill , g, gg — n mk mth e B n u s s to a m th B s e e All io Ogh cite d by e i hop of Li ric fro r ho — — m- mme mnu mn a s a ns e d s t ne u e n I s n a t e t a t L w Ogh i crib o , Kilc ll po i g g li hic o — l ’ n t rra c h a ra n . a n s a s n : de a n S a n B a u Agh a bu llog e St O pill r to e i tiﬁc io of t. Ol “ ” h n - a m t t st in rr d e A D 6 2 1 s a e tu t St F ba . t wi h i i or of . , of Cork ; who i d . Ogh Kno kro r Lia d na o li mor a ll h a nk oov e s more Ga rra ne s c u s Gl ou l h T u l e B R , , g g , g , y , , , — ooldorrih Kno ko ra n a m- ns e a r- st ne se e e Mr indel d d C c u t . W e y, Ogh i crib pill o l c by or i — h l on omli K a ska n a v a ne f h s own mnu me nt a na c o o a th il c B S C o , , , llycro , mn r s n n a Ma n —D rr u r a a a a Go tna c a re e l a t e ow t a e e C pp gh , Lo gh , pi l r o Ad r or yg a ne mk a Kil o ron n ns e o a h ir i n Kill e e dr n e e l e ow t a e d t C c v e e na e e a r , Dro r , g ; r f rr , al e ota s ns st n mn h mn n — G i crib e d o e a o g t e ou ta i s ne ar Lou gh C arra Kill e e n — — a Kil c ol a h t a ms t n Kil o bin h i - t g Ogh o e a t g e t W te ﬁ el d Ca v e a t Du nl oe u ne h Ki na n mn — u lbo e u me nt eme a Ma n a R i d ch rc of o r o v d to Ad re or R th c a v e — Tinna h al l — ar s ne s wa n a - a v ar m y Pill to Ardy ig R th c e a t Ke e l : pill re ov e d to Corkaboy Pa ge s 8 5- 1 12

CH A PTER VI .

B s m t — t a s e u e n m a a e mn ri i h Ogh fr q ly cco p ni d by Ro a e pigraphs Th e L a u gh a r — a min a e s ns - e n se m l o a a n al ta Bi n u a ns t ns a t Ogh W , i crib d b of Ro r li g l i crip io ' ml o n — ’ w C G Usk a k Treﬁ a rn a r st ne s a t St. ma e s a n e a n y , P r , g Pill o Dog l , Ll f ch , — — Cl da i e a n t n m- i u a ns e d st ne s in ev n h a t a t a v st k y , C lg rr , R hi Ogh i crib o D o T T i oc — u t m - u n ne a Bu k a n na me s t ne d u a d now bro gh fro Roboro gh Dow , r c l Mo chor F r l o in B s Mu s m— s m k t e u e a s a t a nda w e al n Du oe d a n n ri i h W l h Ogh Ll , Tr lo g, g , Ll wi io , — — no w a t Middl e ton H a ll Bi- li ngu a l sto ne on Ca lde y I sl a nd Pill ar sto ne s a t

B ide Ke nﬁ ne a e - u l tu e d u e on e st ne now in Br t s r ll , gg, r Pyl Sc p r ﬁg r Llyw ll o , i i h M m a on f M u seu ma t t h e Ma n Ac h wn a e n ne a t n i nt e d w t t e s n , co p r i h h , r o y , Fli

shire P a ge s 1 13 - 1 32

CH A PTER VII .

s m min e a n a e s nd E n a n — e t a n tt a s ffe t se I d a d d Sco i h Ogh di r fro ho r l , W l , gl Sh l ’ ms L nn in n a n s : Bre ssa — ne Bu rria n e e e n a u a st : St. Ogh ; g Ni i y Ork y ; , Ab rd — — shire ; Ne wto n : L ogic : Aboy ne Sc oonie sto ne in Fife shire Gol spie in S u therl a nd 5 Pa ge s 13 3 - 154

INDE X TO O G H AM LE G ENDS Pa ge 1 55

INDE X Pa ge 1 58

CH APTE R I .

— ma sts re re a mns t ns r n se v e e Ogh I crip io in Gre a t Brita i n a nd I e l a d Tho riﬁ d fro c p — a mth n n m n in ta Th e e se te d i R o a n a ta e te se e ss e ta I c pi l l t rs tho l c r i , lic Ogh of s m — h s t a t n nt u e a a m n e e f ily with th e Ru nic a lph a b e t Accordi g to t Iri h r di io i rod c d m n s—D ifﬁ c u ltie s in e a n fro Northern E u rope by th e T u a th a de D a na a n colo ist r di g ’ t e se I ns t ns — a u rs e t e O Donov a n Windele B a s H a n h crip io L bo of P ri , , , r h , org , G a v e s t D u e H a tk ns n s — e e ss t a u t e nt c r , Hi chcock , Noy r, igh , A i o , Rhy N c i y of h i te xts — r — ma e st n e a t w t e t e r a e a s ts e a s a e d Th e n u d P p c ily photo gr ph i q io l i h , Wh h th e O a mi gh s of Pa ga n or Christia n origin &c .

H E on t mn a ns ns in s s n s T e M n e 1 . ly C l ic o u t l I criptio the e i la d , which c a n a t the pre sent da y be sa id to need fu rthe r elucida

a mf mo w t n O h a miu sc ri t n a re se on i e in th e h f . io , tho c ce v d Og or ri i g g p (m “ s s mt ns a n e s a n i n ma nt e e d Furth r tudy d quiry y co ribut omaddi io o t ns bu t a t a n t n s st nt ns ne c rrec io , , th y hi g ub a ial re ai to be do for s s n u n a n t s W e s or a ati factory ge eral acq ai t ce with Scot i h , l h , s ns t na a n t of th e n t n Iri h i crip io l tiqui ies ordi ary alphabe ic ki d , be n n in h s e s n . W e s e e t e e m u likely hall , th refor , co cer ed s n n t th me t a nd s s a s pre e t i quiry wi h e Ogha vari y, uch topic T o s n legitimately asso ciate themselves with it . pre e t perfect pictures of Ogham inscriptions would require the reprodu c

n of s s f n s ma s s n o ts tio photograph take from ca t the origi al . A fro c fasciculus of twenty- ﬁ v e such reproductions h a s been printed by the R oyal Irish Academy a s part of its 2 7th volume of ns ns n lis ns of s s ot . s Tra actio , yet pub hed I tead the e co tly illu tra tions s of s n n nt , the reader the pre e t work will, I hope, be co te with th e reproduction in R oman print of those examples re pre se nte d in R m “ m“ which I c a n personally vouch for from casts mostly i n my P

ss ss n . In ns n of s n po e io the primary tra literatio the e, the R oma l s s a s n capital wi l be employed for uch character are certai , the Italicised capital for such a s are presumable from remain in ndi ns n n min s a d n g i catio , the Roma u cule where the i dica

ns ll dis a nd la c u na: l tio have who y appeared, the are ﬁ led up n e s hypothetically. Where alter ativ power have to be repre s n s s n th e e ted, the everal letter will be arra ged vertically, B OGHAM INSCRIP TIONS 1

f ms l o r a t t s , s s a s nn so g q c more probable above . For uch example I ca ot i n I a i t l c . i i s i n s s W i . vouch, Ital c ed m u cule ll be employed M n e nts so ns e e st th e n e of n 2 . o um i crib d xi to umb r early e a re e n in a e s two two hundre d in Ireland . Ther ightee W l , n mn n of t n in S t E n n s six o ou h gla d , at lea t the ai la d Sco la d ,

Ke ese v e d. s Th e e ne y Pr r a nd four in th e Orkney a nd Shetland Island . g ral ke y to th e reading h a s been traditionally preserve d in Ir e land a nd be e ns te n ss n could r co truc d , if ece ary, from the Roma e pigraphs which accompa ny a nd e cho the Oghams on th e n e nt s s of th e e ts biliteral mo um s of Wales . The ubject t x are st e s n s nn t th e Ma i almo xclu ively proper ame co ec ed by word , ” g a n n “ t se s of o e accepte d a s me i g son of . Al hough a rie pr p r n s is not t to nt s in th e st a t ame calcula ed excite much i ere t ab r c , the re are historical a nd palaeographic conside ra tions which

v t e se mn nts on th e tt nt n t s gi e h o ume a claim a e io of Bri i h a rch aeologists not much infe rior to that of th e Rune for Scandi

v n s a na ia chol rs .

R e a te d to th e II Q Q I e x te nt of t e sa w t th e l 3 - P g Q P. _ L h Q M u me i h A I ill i family B u u e ’ h b n n i h m n t t t e te st of t s of t s t e e Ru e , ha charac ri ic o h ki d wri i g l mnt st st s a il a d ﬁ fdr e e s c rv e on o or p oy e of raight rok ym ” W od s to g n n th a e s h o na n a a e t e t e t . T e formi g alph b ic l t er rigi l Ru ic lph b , ‘ h e is not e th e Cr t c na ti re bu t owev r , , lik Ogham , of a yp i i f

it is th e n t n on c th e r t - ims in fou da io whi h c yp ic Tree R e , hav g fl se ve ral points of re se mbla nce to th e Ogham, a re fou nded: ' ' ' w ne in th e n t e n n s a s we ll a s in th e e t Ru , or h r la guage C l ic , - "' ' - h " fi § r u h di sé c et, b t t e ii§vian w fi ’ ' j a t nnot b a to li s r mi lphabe ca e s id e more e c e t or ysfi iiiii s t a n a n t e a nd it th e na e n in its ori inal h y o h r, , if bore m of Ru e g sta it b wa s e a se l e t t n of a n n te , proba ly b c u a phab ic wri i g yki d mv ' wa s e ste b th e n t e n t ns to whomi d emed a my ry y or h r popula io t ' n ' ' wa s s a or b t se n st i ma a v t e een fir t imp rted , y ho amo g whom yh b ‘

e e - u ne ﬁ s n n - t e t . e ne e n e on it is a Tr R r i v ed The Tre Ru , howev r, fou d d , s ne se e a nd n de ig dly cr t highly a rtiﬁcial kind of writi g. Th e t so e r e n n t U Fu horc ( call d f om comm ci g wi h F , , Th , O , R , C)

ns sts o f s te n e tte s e re se nt in th e e - n co i ix e l r , r p ed , Tr e Ru e , by a n e a n e of a te s i Th qu l umb r char c r formed n this way . e

t is n in t e s ns — st six e tt s Fu horc arra ged hr e divi io the fir of l er , a s th e s n a nd o f above eco d of five , H , N , I , A , S the third M Y. s s ns or a s a re n n five , T , B , L , , The e divi io c tegorie k ow

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

mu c h / th e sa e n se e s u for h mroc e ss of na s 4 In th e O — a w , a A , m r r , A logo g p ‘k m ki d m w w Q M Of to a e n a do te d not onthe f u nda tion o f th e u th orc $ 2; h ve b e p k — h F , 3 ' n f romth u th orc o in th e but bf anotheralpha be t diffe ri g e F b th

” '

na me s nu e s a nd se n s of its le tte rs. s is th e sh , mb r , que ce Thi Iri — n s of on Be thl u is B et/du isnion a n alpha bet de signated altogethe r by ame w - ﬂ l l ’ ry h am. “ W ”io n “ s nte in its a a n s s t repre e d , Ogh mic equiv le t , by traigh

st s th e s n n o f e n s n a v s n , i di i io roke ig ﬁca ce which dep d primarily o _ of the E ma isnion n o e s a s the F t o t s i t lik categorie u h rc , wi h thi

e M N ST R , G , G , ,

n - ’ 7 n ms o a i mn or followin the H f o e , their a e the B (ki d g) " ’ m h M a i a nd h A a i m. So mt e ome t e o e a io e , , i ll w In h n s e in n s s. t e t bla ce are obviou ex t p ,

u i nma ti n - “ m' ' se v e réil stems of tlié tem line is d a t s th e re s mla n is s dis e b c e provi ed for all the char c er , till 0 “ w 0 'u ‘ a rni l ul im stra i h c e b e t ate the g fl i strokes or digits of th e Ogha m a re given their a lphabetic value s e n s s n th a e s a l hou h n , e t ot by r fere ce to thi tem li e p rall li m, g ‘ m so s st e sts In . obviou , ill xi I the ‘ W M M rd “ traw l rt H W W a u nw- re sente d ‘aw r—em by a n‘ p r i Q 4 a m ~u o um. “ I and in re a m c s digit, g w a nd a c c ordiiigas these n u der, lette rs of the first Pa ths “ - M a nd so on to r f ac h a ms five o e ic c ; thu

H e re we se e th e sa me guiding principles of nume rica l a nd loca l rela tion determining th e va lues both of th e Ogham a nd

w the - R ne a t u t f n s in a li e ? Tree u , l ho gh wi h di fere ce their pp n e it t n t st n n th e ot nts ca tio which mak difﬁcul , o with a di g her poi s a n to sa t a t e t e s s mis the o f re embl ce , y h i h r y te derived from t o th t e l be to a e o n te o her, alth ugh bo migh w l thought h v rigi a d n a nta in some older commo p re ge . If eithe r is to be dee med a IN E AND . IRELAND, WAL S, SCOTLAND

t e it is ost o th e - R ne of deriva iv , , m pr bably, Tree u , which , I e e e no e a e s e n n o e n t se of b li v , x mpl hav bee fou d ld r tha ho

Maeshow e on n to th e e of th e e s e e s . , b l gi g p riod J ru al m pilgrimag ' B u t th u sni G U th orC na 5 . Q MW E No origi l Be th lu i’mi‘m doe s in the o o f a e tte e o n e . None bu t M - ‘ , f rm l r d ri i al alp M 'W W g “ M ”M n 1 ﬂ l h a be t. - - hab t p Ro a R d O a me s m n gh lett r 0 on mnt f t e se C é tfic m u e s o h a vocabula ry of le tte r- na me s a p ptahle to the de tterrsigp s e ither d -

‘ ” ‘ ll R oma n a a e t or o f the e a d t is t o thé of t e lph b full r , h ughtf n- i w e . “ i ” ' ldé r formo h e F t o c the Futh orc a nd e e - n o f t u h r . If Tr Ru e " h mha s e n e x e we s on e t t e e clud d, hould c clud tha Ogha b

n on h oma n e t re - n e a nd a s e o e t e R a f u d d lphab , am d m r hall d h h a o nt owe e into t e B th u is ni n se e n e . T e O h a me d e l o qu c cc u , h v r , which g a ll ge b ‘m' h m i a t it wa s o t in th t e s t e se e s e of it s t e Iri h h lv giv , h br ugh by Zin ﬁriéii e a h a f- th a o on of the T u a th a de D na n t rly l my ic l c l y a a , whom hey n m t o ’ bri g fro th e northe rn pa rts of the world hr ugh w i

6 . e e is one e a t e in th e se s Th r f ur wp “ hich em to s a sh t a t its e s e e of th e t n e t n e t bli h fram r w r La i rath r ha 7

‘ ' INF Té u tonic bra nch of th e E urope an Th e T ‘ ' h ra mr a rt y a na E ié nié t 0 is e t a a awn o the fl , d , , , q) p p mp g d fr m p l g jag ap w v w ——t s w fl m : w w w U n u r mnl i c g a a t , i ni t1 l e tte s of th e n l n e s one two t e fdu r a l r cardi a umb r , , , hre , , mm f W eth e r i t wa s a n o n ost s e a F t h rigi al l Iri h alphab t, u horc o f th e n e r so or th e L t n a t of th e R o ns t t lo g rt, a i lphabe ma ha o th e n t on for th e it st be e n s f rmed fou da i Ogham, mu r cog i ed that the pe ople wh o adjuste d it to its fourfold division a nd locative val ue s in th e Ogha mic syste m did not e xpress the ir ” ” n e s o or fi v e th a n n t a s e ton um ral f ur wi i i ial p , T u ic or not Te u to nic s e e s o o e ne f 0 ’ Cymric p ak r pr bably w uld hav do . A fi th division f o fi v e furthe r signs for th e shorte r e xpression o f th e diphthongs h a s e e n a e a t e d e . t is e h , I t e Fo ea da or or ta m b dd d a lat r at call d f Th e F , ” r / o e - t e e s a s e n s e enta a nd oe s n v r r , b i g uppl m ry, d ot e nte r into he x s t older e a mple .

Th e ﬁrst a nd third of these are the only ones I have found in lapidary u se .

7 . de e th e R n i s If riv d from u e . t frame rs have no t OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

s e in v n on th e r na l t in e s u s ucceed d impro i g o igi , ei her p r picuo s n e nta u s a is ne s or ﬁtne ss for mo um l e . The Ogh m very much re s t n th e u thorc a nd n t t sta n n th e mo cumbrou ha F , , o wi h di g a e nt s t of its a n e e n h a s a n n e e nt e e e nt ppar implici y arr g m t, i h r l m

o f n e ta nt n n n e e in a n t e a e t . u c r i y, u k ow . I b liev , y o h r alph b Th e st n t e s a e s o f th e e tt s o f u th orc a nd th e di i c iv h p l er the F , s o e o f th e e e - ne n e s w s ss u s a nst l p Tr Ru bra ch , al ay a ure ag i

e a n th e e tte - n s e n or in th e u th orc r di g l r ba d up id dow , , F , in a n B u t th e order re ve rse to that inte nde d by th e carve r . n of th e is s t t or r ts ature Ogham uch , tha a digi g oup of digi a t one s e e s b w th e n l which , looked from id , app ar elo li e , wil e it a nd e e ss ffe e nt tte a t app ar above , xpr a di r le r , if looked from th e t e a nd t n e ss t be s s n a s in old o h r ; hat, u l here ome ig , Ogham t e n e is to n a te e nd th e e e n th e h re ev r , i dic from which of l g d r m e n is to n t n st e r adi g comme ce, a rial readi g mu be mad f o each s h s e ma n e nd a a s e a c in t e well yllabl ,

or a m is o h n a a mma it t e mn n s bviou at the leg d will read , , g, g , a n a s it is e a a b e or e a ccordi g r g rded from below or ov , r d from

e t e e nd. s f t of se sa e a s e e n n i h r Thi di ﬁcul y, cour , di pp r Wh r a k ow

e tte s t s th e e e a nd re c tiﬁ e s th e s t t n bu t group of l r ca che y i ua io ,

- in th e abse nce of such ca tch words e rror often arise s .

T h e n e n a e s th e t tra nslite 8 . readi g which g er lly giv righ a t n e s me to t bu t t s s t t the r io proce d fro l ft righ ; hi implie ha l e ge nd is ﬁrst pu t in re adable position ; for there might e a e be e a n t to t t e e nd q u lly W ll a r di g from lef righ from the o h r , s if the reade r change d his place to th e Opposite side . Th e e n s ns e a re e ss ne th e t o f th e e co fu io , howev r , l e d by prac ice arly Irish Ogha m ca rvers o f utilising th e continuous e dge s or arrise s o f sta n n st ne s or o f st ne s to be e in st n n di g o , o plac d a a di g

n - In a n s t t n ste ne s . s s t t s a n po i io , for heir commo m li uch i u io O gh am le ge nd ge ne ra lly be gins from be low on tha t a ngle of th e st ne to th e e t n th e s e t t a n it m o l f ha d of p c a or reg rdi g fro th e front ; bu t if ca rrie d ove r th e h e a d of th e stone a nd down the s te n e it w so e t e s n ta n e t e the oppo i a gl , ill m im be u cer i wh h r carve r inte nded h is re a de r to re ta i n h is position or to shift it

t th e S t n st - n a ndin t s tru e a nd wi h hif i g em li e , hi way a valuable l N IR E AND . ELAND, WAL S, SCOTLAND

re ading in its beginning may be discredited by a n unintelligible n n M n n n ns t n in s st t e di g. The ou t Bra do i crip io , the ame di ric of s n n t n s of its st f Kerry, which give alo g the or her arri we ace

mtli ir old s nt of s r u i the word C , the Iri h equivale Pre byter in th imitir — o e Oghamic form e , where carried ver the head o f the stone a nd returned down the southern arris seems to s th e son o f ma —a n n make this Pre byte r S o og g name u like a y n e e nt bu t a s n ou t b th e thi g lik ly to be auth ic , which, poi ted y

s r is th e - n n n oma i C o n n Bi hop of Lime ick , really well k ow ame g ’ st nt du e to n th e e s s t n the altered adju me a cha ge of read r po i io . s a n t or o f ts h a s n t n Thu , though Ogham digi group digi o hi g er se s w is or t t s n p to ho which top which bo tom , the righ po itio a n s n s of s e n c a n n a t d eque ce uch a l ge d ge erally , f er a little

e e n s t n . xp rie ce , be a cer ai ed A n n n in 9 . example of a lege d co ceived throughout retro grade seque nce is afforded by a very ﬁ ne Ogham pillar- stone n w in h a M se of R s I o t e Lapid ry u um the oyal Iri h Academy . t is one of a similar monuments du g up from a cave a t Mona ta a rt th e s D n e in the n t e n gg , pari h of o oughmor , or h r to re trogra de se u e n e of E st k. w w t its n q , part a 0 Read up ard from belo , wi h i scribed c ’ a n n s t s t it s th e gle faci g the pecta or lef , yield impracticable seque nce r mn i u tc n c n o o d de c g g gg f ,

on n s S but, bei g read from the oppo ite ide of the a rris with n s s it s e n i ver e value , give the l ge d

mi l c rc o o u nle c t f q q g g gg ,

n in e t n s Fia c h ra n t e re bei g comm mora io of ome (ge i ive F q q ) , to s n t ns Moc oi a nd Gl u nle e t th Whom the de ig a io gg , e latte r probably signifying the seem to be ascribed ; a nd a nd n so of seve ral othe r re troverse i verte d readings of the sa me kind .

10 n n - S n o n , Agai , where the Ru e mith could fall i t o c on fusion of letter - forms u nless h e desired to exhibit a deliberate

t or si lu mone t s liga ure g where charac er hould have the force o f se s th e e in n n s veral letter , Ogham carv r, e gravi g ome o f his s to e n nt th e f t o f a t S n st group , had cou er di ﬁcul y ccura e paci g, le , ’ ’ ’ in t n le t u s sa two B s two D s two M s wri i g, y, or or , he should ma e so os a s a e a I c or e s e i a s not ke th m cl e to pp r , , g, r p ct vely ; ,

a e in th e Lu nna stin a in th e M s of th e for e x mpl , g Ogh m u eum n u a e s of t n it is e t h Socie ty of A tiq ri Sco la d , doubtful wh her t e s or a mmt re a ding should be a gof c t of c s ; owing to th e inde cision in the s n of t e se two s mn of th e ca rver paci g h te crossi g digits a mor n to th e e e m e or ss n which m k 9 accordi g gr at r le dista ce so e of e o is e be tween the m . This urc rr r ve n more trouble some in n s n s hi s lo g vocalic group , where poi t w ch make everal s one n s n ns of s vowel succeed a other, without di ti ctio pace . n ow in M s f A ﬁ ne Ogham pillar from Kerry, the u eum o n lin s his a nd n s Tri ity College , Dub , exempliﬁe t a other ource of ambigu ity in Ogham writing originating in the carelessness h e s s of l r n r of s . T o caprice the cribe arri e the pi lar are ou ded, a nd the value of the characters depends on their relation to

n a n of n . s of s n the ge er l li e co vexity Two group , each eve

- di s in a nd s s a r equally Spaced git , occur the text, ome other e so ambiguously placed in relation to the medial ridge a s to d n s oi leave it doubtful whether we are to read the iphtho g , io ea or in s of s n ns of hi , , ome other the variou combi atio w ch a nd n n they are capable ; whether, havi g regard to the relatio s of s the other group to the ridge , we are to read them eeddu ini

or sedda c ini. to h e u se N Bu t a e of s n na t s ne of a s of 11, the pr ctic u i g the ural tem li the rri

“ ‘” m“ mte S h a s le d n e fﬁ t s of e e nt n t se i ne to eve gr ater di cul ie d ciph rme tha he l , In i nherent unce rta inties of th e syste m . e very cubical block it is h a t st s a nd t e arris th ﬁr get chipped abrade d . In blocks of laminate d rock th e adjacent face s on e ithe r side o f th e line

s nte te n a nd one o f st - ss n di i gra u equally , half a em cro i g digit ma a s t s s e the t e is n y ome ime di ppear . whil o h r half plai ly visible ; a s in th e ﬁ rst proposed e xa mple no w repre se nte d ve rtically a s it would a ppear on th e arris of a n u pright pilla r

e l ss of th e a - t t of a th n H re the o h lf digi to the lef , or bove , e li e , IN iRELAND AL AND . , W ES, SCOTLAND

wo e e the e te s o n ba n —of th e a - t to th e uld l av l t r f rmi g , h lf digi

or e o th e ne se n ha n. a n a nd to we a t e r n right, b l w li , tho formi g Or, we theri g h i g, e os on o o a e t a nd in a n s se s a l r i may wh lly bliter t a digi , m y uch ca c l n o e s e n e a ne w e t a s one t a n o th e c on i t xi t c l t er, , if digi be t ke fr m n th e e a n e a s S a nd one o S e s a nd cludi gN, r m i d r m ke , fr m mak F , n a nd one from F le a ve s L . The re e xists a ve ry gra d imposing

of n e a t n ne - ou - in block co glom rate Ballyqui , ar Carrick Suir, the o nt of W te e s to a e on e o ne C u y a rford , which app ar h v c b r , in a e - o o one s ow ts the e e n Ca ta ba r l rg ly pr p rti d hall digi , l g d

l B h n o s a r on i mFiri u or b . u t t e e s e n a ogo g N ) ﬁ al gr up ly vi ibl o e t a nd so e of th e s e t n t e o t ne s fav urabl ligh , m digit r ai h ir u li e s n t a o t th e e o nt of e e n t a nd so mor di ti c ly b u middl p i th ir l g h , in o e s a nd t s e e e s a a o Th m o s e s. ight s m light om y ppear v w l e te rminal group h a s so come to be re a d a s if Ca thba r were th e h a mo son o f Firi on o e t e n e o e te is t of q g , wher m c m m ra d tha Th s Ca thba r th e son of Fc rc orb. e o s e s a a n to cr fractur , g i ,

mn n s a r a a a to M OSS - a s o e e s e w so e s which uch um t ubject, may t k y m digit fr c me ' o ml ma n of a a nd e e t e s A S a t Te e a ha n n group l av h r . , p , a termi al fractu re a t the top of the stone h a s le ft thre e ove r- line digits

o f th e n s s e a nd a t what co text how wer probably four ; , Ardmore,

t e e n e - l ne ts in a e e e nt hr u d r i digi lik pr dicam ,

conve rting th e pre sumptive 0 i nto t in th e one instance a nd nto in th e o 8 i f ther . t so n se s of n e ta n n 12 . Wi h ma y cau u c r i ty , i he rent a ndCo ns e q u e nt ”f ”m e n it is not s s n t t s a s t a s xter al , urpri i g ha chol r ﬁf y ye r a go looked on n e s t on a s a n n s n e n Oghamic i v tiga i u promi i g mployme t. Sir J e s n M t e am Ware a d r. As l had made public th e fact tha t such a n t e st a nd t s mn s s alphabe xi ed, hat Iri h a u cript of re specta ble

nt t e sse e s of se e t s o f i a iqui y prof d to give exampl v ral varie ie t,

d h h u - a n n s t e s. L d t to fur i h key y , the fa her of Ca l nbro British

a a se n th e - ns rch eology, had e Ogham i cribe d s tone of B ru sc os on th e stra n of Tra be C e e ne n e a d g r k, ar Di gl H rbou r , in K e rry . OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

Pe t e e e e n n n a a a a n e of s a ri . P tri had mad k ow the ge er l ppe r c uch

mn nt his n of th e - ns a - st ne o ume by drawi g Ogham i cribed pill r o ’ Ma nc h a n s in th e s ne not a t St. , ame ighbourhood but he did a t tha t time rega rd su ch a n inscription a s true a lphabetic t n a nd tt no a ns n of ts h e wri i g, a empted tr literatio the digi had E e n a nd ns nt s ts n t h wa s n. e draw xc lle t co cie iou draf ma hough ,

mis- not ss t a n u f h nt he h a d indee d copied le h ﬁve o t o t e twe y

four le tter - equivalents ma de up of seventy- eight digits of which th e e n ns s s a nd ss th e tr ns te t n leg d co i t ; , had he e ayed a li ra io , would have elicited little that could be called articula te a nd ’

n t n nt . H is ts e s e O D onov a n o hi g i elligible doub wer har d by , s s t s wa s t se of r s who e cep ici m the more weigh y becau , all our I i h s s wa s e s n t t s h a d cholar , he b t acquai ted wi h what bardic wri er s in t e n s ns a s n n s st m aid heir frequ t allu io to Ogham a k ow y e o f a t t n a ndw t n s e s a nd d s lphabe ic wri i g, i h the umerou k y para igm ns f t o f i which the mediaeval grammaria pro essed o gi v e t.

’ ’ O Donov a n . Bu t a t this time O D ono v a n had not had th e e xpe rience which

s t te e e l n in his n a fte r te r l for hor ly af r b f l him, whe , e quiry ma ia th e t e n e te n n e S r e M of r n h e h proj c d Ord a c u v y emoir I ela d ,

found himse lf unde r th e O gha m - inscribed rooﬁ ng- stone s of th e

e of D u nl oe a nd to n t t st in Cav , had ack owledge ha he ood the

e se n o f n st a e s e n u s b nte a t pr ce a lo g pa g p aki g to y i lligible , r i

t s ns. e t e e his t no t cula e ig P rie , too , b for dea h , would doub s t t ss h is ss n e in h e have Wi hed ha pa age of e ay expu g d , which challenge d the Munster Antiquarie s to sho w that the inscription in t s t s in th e C t e a t a nd hi charac er pre erved a h dral Ardmore , u D a wa s “ t t n a n which they tho ght ruidic l , li erary wri i g of y n s M ns n m t e s e e n t ki d . The e u ter A iquari w re of modera e s s e n s s n a nd n s chola tic acquirem t , but i cere very arde t explorer

of th e antiquities of their country . The le ading spirit amongst M W ind le o f th e t of o wa s th e t r. n e a them la e Joh , Ci y C rk , ma n o f t n t l t a nd o f t n s n s grea a ura abili y , hat co tagiou ge iu ttra s a nd te s s in n s o f t e s which a ct , propaga it elf the mi d o h r . Th e y had already asce rtained the e xistence of a considerable

number of Ogham- inscribe d monuments in the counties of d Mr W inde le se h a d s t r te a n . . Co k, Wa rford , Kerry him lf vi i ed a nd st of th e e e n s n e s t t copied mo l g d , amo g the r t ha at Bally i n a ta a r mc o esti on a . H s t ns ts C b o qui , which he made f g g ra crip of the numerous other texts from time to time copie d by him

S e na t na t Feth g . Fe th na t e na t. , S g

A s s in s s ot o n l e s ucceed g cribe g farther from rigi a xample , n n ns e a nd n s n their i ve tio became mor idle co ceited, compri i g ha me s n s of n mh s s a s a o O N g , wher the letter have the ame ai t , i r n n n n n La s e & c . D a ha m a r n O e Bre da , , Fi ta , ; g , where they n s of n a s in En s called after bra che k owledge, if we, gli h, S sa for for s a nd so on B ia hould y B , Biology, L , Logic , ; d ha m s of di a s n & n O c . a d g , after article et, Baco , Lamb , Fowl, , other such ineptitudes for which th e later Irish penmen had n l l s s u . se i ns a i g arly chi di h partiality All the variat o , however, a re n on o n of hi th e grou ded the rigi al Ogham alphabet, w ch di n of n n st s Al tra tio the cou try ever lo ight. though they took no n or e of th e n n s th e old s otice car mo ume t , people pre erved a nd E n s the key to the cypher, had it committed to gli h n s n e th e s of Lh u a nd s e c ou try ver e lo g befor day yd A tl .

or one s n F B troke at your right ha d, nd s n A L doth alway two dema d. For F draw three ; for S make four ; n ou n N one e Whe y wa t , you add mor , a nd so on through the alphabet in ill- rhymed but intelligible n Mr Winde le r s a n ns a n e of its u s e in ou r o li es. . elate i t c wn times which is worth preserving

a n ma d f h t I h s e o t er wa m Th e oddest u se ve e e is let s by a a n n Du n n n a he old H a d of Knsa h m t T mns v a t ee e e e . s a n na ed Co lli , li i g , r i l i h a d a fa ou te a n - st c of ood S z e wh c h he c o ou ed b a c a nd v ri w lki g i k g ly i , i l r l k,

h h te oil- c o ou a on I sh oe mon th Z oda i on it pa inted wit a w i l r l g ri p e i c n i w n m h mha t . Th s st c s no i ossess on a nd is a er h a a c e t e Og c r r i i k y p i , v y nt u of o Th mn u h sa e e so t striking insta nc e of a pa tie la bo r l ve . e p r p is w m f a t a nd mn d e mmh a a s on i as su o e b o h na e in s a c c te h s c e t i il r r r r , [ ] r e

Ma st a tes a t ett Sess ons. On th e e denc e h owev e of the Rev . Da n. gi r P y i vi , r, ’ ‘ m l f nn n m n tn n l u v a n now P. P. o I s ee a ost c o ete t W ess o a su b ec t O s lli , i k , p i j s h mm e ta n n to su c h te a tu e Co ns was dsc a ed bu t ec o ended b p r i i g li r r , lli i rg , r y ” h mt a a end n i a t ha f t a n n — Win h s a t o . l t e a gis r tes to pp o s c r s t 3. r l i ( de e

M . 1 48 b. SS . , iii , )

’ Ye t s wa s Windele s of s a s 14 . uch love the ubject, much I n for its s r a s for its s ni n a imagi e my te y ig ﬁca ce , that, although s a nd of th e R n r piou orthodox member oma Catholic Chu ch, he IN iR E LAND AND . , WALES, SCOTLAND chose for the headstone of his own grave a ﬁ ne Ogham- inscribed

n n - n s M s ss mo olith beari g at top a deeply i ci ed alte e cro , which doubtless h e believed had been superadded by a Christian han d to some Pagan memento of religion or philo sophy c on v e e d n s his n ss s wa s y by the Ogham . Amo g t you ger a ociate

i of o B as the a e Mr. R ra s of C t . l t Richard olt B h , the v C rk , architect, r h a man of e xce llent powers o f obse rvation combined with a n ’ nt a nd a mn u s a s a t inde le s e W acute judgme w r th i m, who , f er a nt n to s t th e a n de th , co i ued pro ecu e Ogh mic i quiry with equal n s t t n e s s in a s l i du try , but wi h grea ly e larged r ource material wel a s in s s s a nd ss n h s to chola tic aid , who , addre i g im elf a very u h a s n n s in m ch wider circle , made a ame which will lo g urvive ’ nn n s n n t of Winde le s co ectio with thi ki d o f learning. A o her

ss wa M n sh e s of a n a s s . . ociate the late Rev athew Horga , Pari Pri t Horg n s s no u n s the o t n Blar ey, who , there eem do bt , recog i ed f e re curring group

‘ ’ a s th e e a n of Ma i son of a t a n o in quiv le t g , , early peri d their s s h a s n o t s n s s re earche . A c ra cteri tic e tchi g f hi ge ial e ccle ia tic among the W inde le papers now a t the Royal Irish Academy is th e e n of th e n Ma c lise a s one of Mac lise , I believe , from p pai ter , l o . ’ the circle drawn together by the winning force of Winde le s cha racter . It is ss not to e e n a o n of s a 15. impo ible xt d a large m u t ymp thy

a a te st s to these eager South Irish antiquaries . Fully pe rsua ded of th e Ch r c ri ic

t e s . n o n of th e n s a nd of a n a e of t of h ir chool Paga rigi Rou d Tower , g li erary t f e n n of st n e cul ure be or the i troductio Chri ia ity , th y regarded their Ogha mic discoverie s a s so ma ny Orphic fragments from h ae n n s n or in s e whic prim val lear i g would , oo er later , om ma s o s a nd n s a a e be n t e n o e ur , rec ruct d ; co te ted , with rd ur far too h ot e e o n n h not e n to n r , v ry pi io w ich did t d adva ce thei a nd s n s be n a n views a piratio s. Thi heat lo ged to their period d ne o f s a nd s now o to n local to ociety ; , if it mu t be all wed have bee u ns th e s a s a we a so uitable for e rch after hi toric l truth, may l m ss s ake some allowance for th e e xce e of a n ardour which had n i Bu othing dishonest or uncandid in t. t there is no pursuit in ’ which more room should exi st for distrust of one s own obse r vation or ge ntleness in disse nting from th e obse rvations of o t s t n t s e s iii e e so n e nts her , ha hi r earch a ﬁ ld wh re ma y accid of light a nd position conduce to varie tie s of impre ssion o n

e nt e s a nd nf s st e e nt n e e - tne sse s: diff re ye , to co lict of at m amo g y wi

’ Tis n tis e e n sir a ss o u gree , gr , , I ure y . Gre e n crie s th e oth e r in a fury ’ ’ Wh Sir d e n st s y , , y thi k I ve lo my eye

Th e e n s n no n n n South r chool had , i deed , toleratio for a yo e who would not se e with the ir eyes both se nsibly a nd in th e way

of t na t n a nd of th e f e n in s ra ioci io ; much e ﬁci cy which, uch a

s t s c o - t n a nd n e n h a s pur ui , ﬂow from opera io mutual e couragem t , o e s in n in nse e n been lost t Oghamic r earch Irela d co qu ce . e th e S t e n a nt e s n th e 16 . Whil ou h r iquari were addi g to n e th e r s e s bu t not n n in th e u se umb r of i di cov rie , adva ci g of G a v es n s n ns h R D a r s t t t e e v . r. a e s r accur te t a crip or reliable i duc io , Ch rl

G r e s te w r s e s n th e a s e now av (af r a d Pr ide t of Roy l Iri h Acad my,

s e r s th e te ts so a s Bi hop of Lim ick) ubjected Ogham x , far he ss re d t e th e ss ma b be e te e could a u of h m , to proce which y rm d

- te st ss n e be t e n in th e r s o f ou r the cypher , a umi g th m to wri t I i h s t n t e nta olde st manu cripts . The propor io a e perc ge o f each lette r in th e known te xt identiﬁe s the corresponding le tte r in te s ts th e O n t s n it t t th e t t n l the cypher . hi pri ciple appeared ha radi io a ke y wa s in substantial accorda nce with th e theore tic values of n D G s n e tte s so a d r. te e on th the l r deduced , rave e r d fur er Oghamic inquiry with th e assurance tha t he proce eded on ﬁrm t t w s wa s w th e s ground . Shor ly af er ard he re arded by di covery D ’ of th e t n e nt a t St. s in s e e bili eral mo um ogmael , Wale , wh r

il’i u nota mi t n is a r mni C h the S g a f of the La i echoed by t e Ma i u na ta mi tt n h a S a ra ni C t e e e n e Ogh mic y g , pu i g quival c of ’ Ma son o u t of th e of t st n S q i to of way doub or que io . pee dily a s a s a other disco v eries followed . It w ce rt ined that th e Scottish

n St n s s its s e n n s e a Newto o e , be ide e mi gly Roma e qu epigr ph, n e n a nd t a t t insc ri bore a lo g Ogham leg d , h o her Ogham p

ons e ste t in s a nd S t n . O ne Bre ssa ti xi d bo h Wale co la d from y , in a n n of S e t n wa s s b t to D r . G a s the m i la d h la d , u mit ed r ve ,

n t a t th e n wa s s a nd t t it se e who fou d h la guage Nor e , ha me d to commemorate a daughte r a nd grandson of a known Scandi n navian persona ge of th e ninth ce tury . IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

ons e e o e t ons o f h ns s now 17 . C id rabl c ll c i Og am tra cript had t t Mr. a a ccumulate d a t th e Roya l Irish Academy . Rich rd Hi ch Hi chcock n n s s st n s a nd cock had se t up umerou copie , di i gui hed by care

H e o se s of t t s substantial a ccuracy . b rved that upward hir y uch monu me nts in Ke rry a nd W e st Cork were ma rked with th e Sign Th M ns nt s n n t f t e ss . e o h cro u ter a iquarie , however, mai tai ed tha s s e no t th e n e s n e e the se cro se form d par of origi al d ig , but w r the a dditions of Christia n zealots wh o took this method of

s n t n a a n e ns a nd a s t n a s ss- s ne nu ss - s ne d a c ifyi g P g r mai ; , of e cro ig d mo Cro img m” me nts n e n s s n n s e beari g Ogham l ge d have i ce bee di cov red , have e t th e t ost n t t s n n adh red wi h u m te aci y to hi opi io , for which n ne ither e vide nce nor th e least pre sumptio of probability exists .

D u s se n the e t se Du e . Mr. Ge orge Noyer al o pre ted Acad my wi h veral Noy r volumes of admirably- exe c u te d dra wings of various objects of nt t t th e n r n u n n ns ts a iqui y hroughout cou t y , i cl di g ma y tra crip d a s o f e e n s . t s e t n Ogham l g d Al hough a very accompli h d r f ma , H h n h is te xts a re not to be re lied on . e a s a ﬁ e drawing of th e n n t s its n a ta ba r m C oc o Ballyqui mo oli h, but make lege d f estigu a r . e nt n ns now n th e 18 . Frequ commu icatio bega to be made to

’ s in s s G e s n Gra v e S s Royal Iri h Academy, ome of which Bi hop rav co tri e ss a ys ' bute d valuable resul ts of his views on particular legends a nd a s st o n th e ge neral subject. It w under ood that he had for s e e n n on t se in th e ome time b e gaged a larger trea i , which all s mn ss Iri h tracts on Ogha writi g would be discu ed ; but that e x t t n ha s no t e t e n h e st nt n e pec a io y b e fulﬁlled , although ill co i u s from time to time to e nrich the Publications of the Acade my

t s t bu t s n c u riou s a nd nt t s s O 11 wi h hor , i gularly elega trea i e

r s va iou bra nches of the subject .

te R e v D n a of E n n n Bi i a . . e rmn 1 9 The la a iel H igh , rdi gto , ar g H igh a s t l n n a nd a ss d t ham , had pplied him elf with grea ear i g i ui y to t s a nd old E n s n t e s s a nd n n Bri i h gli h a tiqui i , hi torical mo ume ta l .

h is 8 5 3 na se P . . 1. t s ” He a ly d ( roc , R Academy) wha ever Iri h Ogham t s e ss to in 1 8 76 a nd o e m ext w re acce ible him , c mpar d the

c ritica lly with the Oghams a nd Brito - Roma n e pigra phs of e s a nd n n Th e n s Wal South E gla d . co clu ion which appears to h a v e impressed itself on his mind wa s in favour of the ir very

a nt t n n t e s n high iqui y , exte di g back hrough the arly Chri tian i to th e a a n H is a ha P g period . de th s been a se nsible loss to early OGHAM iNSCR iPTi oNs

‘ E n s e h e n e f No s a n gli h lit rature , which had e rich d rom r e d

n - S n s s a nd ss if v e A glo axo ource , po ibly, he had lived , would ha

u st a te ou r t e - s s f rther illu r d from li tl u ed Iri h mate rial . a s s sa is no n e t u O n s. 2 0 . Br h, al o, I grieve to y, lo g r wi h

h is a t a t t th e t e s of hi de h, it appe red tha he had devo ed la er y ar s life to th e compilation of a conside rable work on th e g e ne ral ns n H i s u bj e ct of Ogham i criptio s . s papers were put into th e M M. t n n o . f th D s n n s of r. G s e S t n . e e nt n e A ki o ha d A ki o , partm of cie c a nd A rt a nd n his s in 18 79 e e in n , , u der editor hip , , app ar d a ha d

s e a nd n - n st n t nt t e om i deed a highly i tere i g quar o volume , e i l d “ Th e O ham- inscribed Monume nts of th e Ga e dil in th e British ”g n Isla ds . a s wa a a n a nd hi i Mr. s s s c O ou s s 2 1. Br h good draft m , p illu s e n M ns tra tions have been upplem ted by r. Atki on in seve ral

a s mi s a nd n s st of of e e c i le f drawi g , mo which are r markabl T h e is e n in a n th e e s o f ﬁdelity. work writt accord ce with vi w

h e M ns s o . t a ss nt m t u ter cho l I am obliged to wi hhold my e fro mn o f th e n s a nd sa f st th e c on a y readi g , , I may y, rom almo all nt ns s m lnsions. on c It co ai , however, much curiou atter col

e s s a nd in t s of e s n s lat ral ubject , the fur her cour e th e i ve tiga u n n n f tions I shall thankfu lly make se of i formatio draw rom it. n e s n h a s n n b th e 2 2 . A oth r impul e to the i quiry bee give y f n n d o f P ss s of t . ss r fou datio , at Oxfor , a rofe or hip Cel ic Pro e o

s s t s s n s n a nd e ne l Rhy , who ﬁll hat chair, be ide bei g a cie tiﬁc g ra h st k s t n st in old n a nd p ilologi , ta e a par icular i tere the la guage t n of s a nd n a nd h a s t e lapidary wri i g both Wale Irela d , ravell d through both countries in search especially of Ogham insc ri p

r s h a n u s inf r e tu e . ns on hi s o L c tio , w ch he already give much valuable n a n n s in his s matio d ma y helps to tudy publi hed Lectures. w a nd n n to 2 3 . It ould be premature , , i deed, arroga t preten d that a ny deﬁnite analysis of Ogham texts c a n be I nv e st a t n in s n s of ou r n nl ig io made the pre e t tate k owledge . The o y way s il nta t 1 e t l te i . in which the subject c a n be presented is a s inviting to in duc n n a s ndin n s s tio rather tha expou g i ductive re ult . The whole of so a s c a n n u r the material, far it be authe tically proc ed, s s ss in a nd h a s n mu t ﬁr t be pa ed review ; , from what bee seen of the extraordinary liability of these texts to errors of tran s n is s s n of re ro d c criptio , it obviou that ome ki d automatic p u n of s s s u s tio the object them elve ought to be before , if we rN i RE LAND AND . , WALES , SCOTLAND would be assured that ou r labour Shall not be lost in the u i f n ms s of or n s o t pur t pha o , where the mi take a digit a otch a s s of ou r s nin a nd n may have altered the whole b i rea o g, tur ed what ought to be fruitful investigation into mere illusion a nd reverie . ns c a n n th e 2 4 . Such reproductio be attai ed without labour of ns n a ss s of s of s ns of tra porti g heavy m e pla ter Pari , by mea

s s s is n of s h a s n c a n u l e a ts . Paper ca t . Th ki d ca t the adva tage that it P l r c be conveniently held in the hand a n d presented to the light — in varyin g degre e s of incidence a n important means of n h s of n ns ns of in getti g at t e tra c e wor i criptio all k ds. The s h a s th e a n of so a n Paper ca t further dva tage pliability, that inscription extending to two surfaces which could not be seen on one ne e f s c a n s pla r lected from a olid model, ea ily be ’ f o s e ns e s on th e t . xpo ed lat the photographer l I have , to s s of s of therefore, from time time procured Paper ca t mo t r the Oghams I shall refe to . ts n s n s s 2 5. True tex bei g ecured, the ext requi ite toward

n th e n n is ns n ns a n getti g at mea i g a right tra literatio . There Tra li ter tio

n no - di s ns s in n s s bei g word vi io , ave a few exceptio al ca e , the v erba tim so sa n s in , if I may y, depe d a large degree on the n n sa of c a n k owledge a d gacity the reader. I here no longer s h e sa e n n In peak with t m co ﬁde ce . what I Shall propose in th e of e n ns ns to s a n i way r duci g tra literatio word , d n n se s En s u i n s n givi g to the word their gli h eq vale t , I by o ns mr s lf fo s of n a s in ia e to e s mea clai my e the ame degree certai ty l bl rror .

ss n n of n n s s . s the a ig me t the co ti uou value If, hereafter, law , or ns n u l l e i i grammatical co tructio al , Sho d appear to be g t — mately deduced a nd the probability of a large addition to th e present material gi ves reasonable hope that such laws be s s —a n of may yet e tabli hed, to e authority may become justiﬁable ; but at present the study is exploratory rather than demonstrative ; a nd he who speaks with most mode sty is th e e to n a n n li n n m mor likely obtai i tel ge t heari g from e n of e n judgm t.

Th e n s i ns s 26 . mai que t o agitated are Whether the Ogham Q u e tio ns “w " is of n or r s n n of n n a n Paga Ch i tia origi Whether, if Paga origi , y of the monuments are Christian Whether the Welsh imparted sh or v ic e v ersd a nd its s it to the Iri , ; , Whether form belong C Minor questions relate to the meaning of particular phr ases or s n of n s formula which , from the freque cy their occurre ce , eem of o n s to be removed from the category pr per ame . I Shall n ot be able deﬁnitive ly to clear up the m e anin g either of Ilf a gi mu c oi or of Ma i dec edda and g ; I Shall have to leave the e s n of s or s a s a s o f n s n qu tio Iri h Briti h, well Paga or Chri tia i n n n on s n n e not orig , depe de t the que tio of la guag , which I do “ ” ss s . t n sa s a nd profe to olve I Sha ll of e have to y perhap , n s n rn n s ns s e e s ofte pre e t alte ative co clu io . The e my r ad r will have to judge of for themse lves ; n ot that I shall withhold the expression of a ny opinion I may think mys elf capable of forming ; but because my judgment in such cases will be of n of a n n n s n little more weight tha that y i tellige t by ta der. I e in s n n s Shall be abl , however, I th k, to Show rea o able grou d e n not a ll n for beli vi g that the bulk, if , of our Ogham mo u n s s n s s n s me t are Chri tia ; that ome of them repre e t, perhap , a s old a Christianity a s h a s ever been claimed for the Church ” in s n a nd ti in hrista c r edentes either i la d ; that the S c o C , to whom Palladins w a s s ent by Pope Ce lestine in the ﬁfth c e n~ nu ms e s e in th e s of n tury, wer , e p cially outh Irela d, a more erou a n d b e tter organised commu nity than h a s gen erally been s s s n n s n a nd s uppo ed . I hall, I thi k, bri g Iri h Paga Briti h Christian monumental usage into actual contact in Wale s a nd n s n s n a s co tribute omethi g toward the further elucidatio ,

s n n n s n s of n . Chri tia mo ume t , of the Sculptured Sto e Scotla d of n is s The bulk the material, however, lyi g here , it propo ed

e e s s - ns n to proc d, ﬁr t, with a urvey of the Ogham i cribed mo u n s n me t of Irela d .

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

n m a s a ne a i s s a d n n s a o se ve C tlem i , Ogh m c ite mo ume t y be b r d s nume rous 0 11 e ithe r ha nd a s we proce e d we twa rds . n h a v m s t s M s t a ss t e r e e S e 2 8 . Af er p i g which epara liev i h with its ruine d barba ric fortre ss of Cahir Cou rs e on its e s n e e t — o th e o e n n s we e n e th e w te r xtr mi y , fr m l wer mi e ce , t r

s of Ba llinv oh e r ne nt bu t u n pari h , a rough , lo ly cou ry , abo d ing towa rds th e se a in remains of circula r huts a nd o ther

st n ns t ns n a n - bu t dry o e co truc io , i dic ti g a former ill civilized

n i H re t n n a n n e s t . e s s e th e um rou popula io , ome di a c up mou t i

t to th e t in th e o n n o f R a thma l e ode t acclivi y righ , t w la d , h re f s Ba th or e a rth e n a nd in it a ormerly exi ted a fort, a c ve , the l n e nt n e to n on it ss i tel over the ra c which , havi g a cro a nd a n ns n wa s ns e to the a n n Ogham i criptio , tra ferr d djoi i g t n a n e it s e th e sa se ow l d of Lougher, wh re erv d me purpo over ’ the door of a fa rmer s dwe lling until removed to the Royal D s in n e it now is. We S e Iri h Academy, ubli , wher hall hav

- R u th c a v e . a s n n t n t e s e e te a nd a t occ io to o ice ma y Ra h cav h r af r, I may once cite the compendious a nd intere sting account o f these constructions give n by Colonel La ne Fox in his description of

the Ogham- inscribed monuments found in the Rath- cave of mor in th e n of : R oov e s e , Cou ty Cork

h v a m They (t e forts or Ra ths) ry fro 3 0 to 1 00 a nd 200 fe et in mh a e st no of in th o a d i T e I e s u t f I nd c al L s d a ete . o e e i r l rg k w h r l , l

- m na a a h a s a da ete of 2 8 0 feet th a dtc 1 2 feet de e a nd 3 0 r h , i r , wi i h p , in width a t th e ou tside Th e interior spa c e of th e ra th is mn a u nde d b a s f c a m h mnv a b e et o be s t a ost e l i ri ly r i y h r , u a b n n n m c wh c is s a o s a a dm entran e to i h u lly y pe i g so ll a s b rely to a it ma n n h h e bod of a n c ee o t e be . me in t y r pi g lly These c ha b rs va ry z v a 9 fe et in en th b 3 o 4 in h min s e bu t a e e t e t a nd t e sa e i , r g l g y h igh , n n mm mna o c o u n c a n h t a o e s te o wa d to t e o e width . Si il r rr w p i g i r s h r ’ mm d n al ma nd o et es t e se u n e ou d v n o wo c ha bers ; s i h rgr g leries di erge i t t a ms c n h o n mri n s of c be oc u t e w e te o s a c e W t n or o e st r g h mr , pyi g h l i ri r p i hi h h a n n a n h n nc n s . m th e c irc u it of t e i tre e t T e i e tr c e is fre q u ently in nd m h a a is no u nu a th e s h h e dtc of t e t t su a est . W en t e t i h r h , lly ll h m n x a u re of th e ou nd a d ts it t e a re ofte e c a v a te d in th e na tu a n t gr i , h y r l n omd ov t ou t a n a t ﬁ al su o ea th a d d e e c t bu t ot e s re r , r wi h y r i i pp r ; h r a

na n Ma I e a nd nta ns six s u a e e ten th e a u E a ch sh ee t of th e Ord c e p of r l co i q r f e t. To ligh l bo r of a r e a s u a e th e re e e n es a re e u e to a e a s a foot e a a s s e archi ng s o l g rf c , f r c r d c d r of ch a l u l . u er l e t. it . 0 . u e r e ntr . u . r. u e r ri ht. . pp f pp c pp g

r l ower le . l . c . l ower c entra l . l. r. l ower ri ht. l . l . ﬂ g IN AND . IRELAND, WALES , SCOTLAND

mton h d K ned in th e ns de wi t u nd e sse d a nd nc e ente d s es t e s e s nnnr li i i h r u , i ‘ c a ka u in c onv er in towa rds th e to w c is su a ﬂa ed ov e wi t a r e ( g l h g g p , hi h u lly gg r h l g a m m a h a nd ea s a bs of stone se vin to oo th e c h a be a nd t t e s e h vy l , r g r f r, , m t v en h d mfal n in a t ot e t e b t he e to e t t e s es f o i , y ir w igh , pr i r li g ; h r m h e a r fo m mn n one t es t ou a e t e ed b t a bs of u e st i , h gh r r ly, y r y uprigh j h w

mor , like th e c rypt a t R oov e s e

The ns t n on th e o h e n e is e e bu t LOW ? 29 . i crip io L ug r li t l imp rf ct, E e no ns to n e u s to one nota e a se in a ugh remai i troduc bl phr Ogh m c . s sepulchra l lege nd . It re ads

CURCIMAQIMUCOIF «x -x

a nd mo a y obvi usly be divided

mu x - curci maqi c oi f x

t is a o n to ou r s n s th e s n of C u rc son hat , cc rdi g pre e t light , ( to e) of M u c oi F - x x The meaning of Mu c oi is still subject of ’ s e t n h a s t e i n t a nd . m h n t to p cula io Haig ak ea daugh er, would ‘ ’ sa y tha t in this ca se before u s C u rc should be re garded a s ’ son of th e a t of F ee n to e e s d ugh er , accordi g the all g d Picti h a h system of tracing descent through the mother . Br sh as thought it a noun descriptive o f th e calling of the person

- s M e s n te a s s n e n a nd n n r. d ig a d , wi e herd . The lat lear ed i ge iou e t e n a t t a s st e o f ne H rber , if he had b e ware ha word ugge iv porci ma n n o s in so old a ns t n n nt o e i g ccur n i crip io al mo ume , w uld h a ve recognise d trace s of that Early British Church organization

in h e t t one of th e e s wa s orou s Christi. which, hou h , rad g g ” p” ” Ot n s n mu n . c oi to her have take mea pure , holy, virgi

e st f e in th e e ss s of th e 3 0 . o e W ward Lough r, high r up rec e mn Ba ll n rh nt ta n n n mSt n ss on u e t ou i , we come to a mo um arked o e Cro y f 4 na n e Ma a t s in th e n n of Ba ll na the Ord c p, a farm tead tow la d y “ 2 n hu t. It s ta nds attached to th e gable o f one of th e fa rm build n s t n e sta n it e n t o i g , whi her, I u d r d , had b e brough from a h ly well h nta n to th e e s ss s it igher up the mou i a t. The cro which give its n on th e is of ns e s of the n ame map co iderabl ize , Lati form , n se on n A n ns i ci d the broader e d of the stone . Ogham i cription h a s t se s a nd th e to of n e e nd occupied bo h arri p the arrow r . the s ne se t so a s e t th e ss the Were to up , to xhibi cro , Ogham

a mr n in th e e t . s e is u nde would be co cealed ar h Thi , how ver, what we Ogh u nd m gro ’ ight be le d to expect if we looked to ou r olde st written ‘ mn s nd th e a n e e n o a s n t a t f e nd o t e . e , rra g m Ogh m leg h m — The re e xists a re ma rka ble roma nce a nd a roma nce inci n s m e n de nta lly re fe rri g to uch a atte r is a s good evid ce a s a t e t se —t n t s s e t in ou r e st s s la r a i ouchi g hi ubj c , old Iri h ecu r

ma n s r t th e Le a bha r- na - h - Uidh r e in th e e e e nt e u c ip , , compil d l v h

Th e st r t n o n h o h b a c e ntury . o y ur s t e ide ntiﬁca tion f t e uri l

- a e E o c ha id A r th e c e s n e of t e nt te . pl c of g , a p r o ag hird c ury da In e de n e o f his n be e n e a t t a one vi c havi g buri d a par icul r place , o f th e a t s in the is nt e a s s n a e th e c or piece i roduc d ayi g, T k up a sta n s e It a his na n th a t ne t t t . e s e A d e s o h d h re b r m . Ogh m th a t is written on th e e nd o f th e s tone tha t is in th e e a rth is ma th s : E oc ha id A r tlcec innso E oc h a id A r th e c i g , g It y be that th e Ba llyna h u nt inscription exe mpliﬁe s this suppose d pra ctice of h iding th e se pulchral e pigra ph under ground ; bu t

such is not found to hav e be e n the ge neral practice . O the r

a e s e a re not nt n of - ns e ﬂa ex mpl , how ver, wa i g Ogham i crib d g st ne s l ﬂa t o n th e s e a nd t s e o aid urfac , hi may very probably hav

e e n one of t t a ss . te e its a e Ba ll na h u nt b ha cl Wha v r g , the y n ma no is s n n nt not n st e t o , I ke doubt, a Chri ia mo ume , o ly — ev ide ntly by its cross for I pu t a sid e the ide a o f Christian crosse s h av i ng be e n supera dd e d to Pa gan se pulchral monu

e nts a s e st n on no e e n e or e s n e e s t n m r i g vid c r a o abl pr ump io ,

ma h u no t t e s h n b t i prob bly by te rm of t e i scription itse lf . Th e rea ding app e a rs to be

E NN L D UG GG E MAQ iR e DDo S . U

which I would divide

D u e e l ma r eddos . g n g gi

O ne digit only of wha t I suppose to be l re mains at th e top ; a nd n e ss th e a a te be 1 th e e x na t n of t s st a n , u l ch r c r , pla io hi r ge sequence of sylla ble s which pre se nte d itse lf to my mi nd a t th e

t e e n st e a ne th e n e nt st be s e im wh I ﬁr x mi d mo um , mu di card d ,

D is a l titio n o f I t u t t e n th e n e t ss D u re ddos d p ho gh , h , am migh po ibly be g divi e d

Nu ’ms ' th e nte e t s m“ a e E e l a i st e th e son by i rj c d word n g g , po l of , “ ” a nd not D u mD u u son o f R e ddos m b a s i e e t h a s g gg or g n g , , s n a by o the r be e ta ke n to be . Se ve r l e xample s of this kind o f

- nte a t n on th e ss b t of e e c , w c I h word i r al io , po i ili y hi h av her IN A ND . IRELAND , WALES, SCOTLAND

la a re n in a s a s s s s Ka nnr specu ted , fou d e rly Iri h ; the ver e improvi ed

mb ill on th of Lon a ra d of Kill a ra d . by C olu k e e death g g (Fel

[ Eng cxlii . ) Is ma rb lon mor in don do chill garad , — D e ad is Lon (of Cill) garad great the e vil 1 where do cill is interposed be twe en the constituent parts of ’ Lon a ra ds n e a nd in th e n s of u n a nd e g am ame C chulai F rdiad ,

a inma la n a n u a n om d d C d c C

n limsa F er dia d I dar dil

ns n in th e Tain poems in th e Book of L ei ter . If other mo u ments shall appear to sugge st something of th e same kind of dis a rtition o f n e s it w be e to Ba ll na p proper am , ill w ll bear the y hunt legend in o u r recollection.

e A nna sc a u l in th e n n o f s th e 3 1. N ar , tow la d Rathduff, lie

Ba llinv oh e r s sta n n st n s th e B a llinv oh er pari h graveyard . A di g o e here bear I remains of Ogham chara cters now reported to be illegible . t mn be o s s a s t e ss n se . s al o be r a ripl cro , i ci d There ee to trace of a church . T o t of s s n e mnn 32 . the lef the highway , ome di ta c fro A a s t n th e n s o f th e s n t caul , wi hi bou d pari h of Balli acour y, the ’ l a n of a . f e s n on th e t n n n B ra e /{ o n door li tel arm r dwelli g ow la d of Brackloo , o o o O If e s s s n Ins i ti n ln M w c h r. my m mory erve me , bear a other cr p o , Bra sh (239) reads

E r a c a ma i . 96 c ﬁ c g c at

Th e remainder is lost or possibly hidde n in the masonry of th e

ss ss n nd n s a . st a n wall Not po e i g a ca , havi g mi l id my drawi g, it is with some misgiving I state my impression that th e termi na t n o f th e n n is a s It e s io pri cipal ame ﬁ e c . app ar to be one o f n e u s ss n n in ee e a nd u to th e n a um ro cla e di g f , ﬁ , pec liar Cou tie s o f Cork a nd K e rry . A t Ba llin rmon 33 . ta n t n n in s s , a o her tow la d the ame pari h , is a n - ns b a n u nt of h Ogham i cri ed pillar , acco which a s been ' ” u in ll s e Va a nc e s t ne . . 4 . 22 p bli h d y Collec a a, vol vi , p . A copy th M ’ e te t r. ind l i s in M W e e s r. s s of x by publi hed Bra h work ,

. 200 bu t e b It s ss . p ; appears ill gi le . bear a cro I have no t

se e n it . RR E n e n on th e a s of M na the e ne a a e KE Y 3 4 , t ri g p ri h i rd , g r l char ct r orka u m ( c g y) ' ma ns th e sa —a st o f two or t o f th e c ountry re i me rip hree miles bre a dth be twe e n th e mounta in a nd a long th e coa st full of rude stone re mains of old n T o th e le ft o f th e a e s th e t n n o f o ta tio . highro d li ow la d G rt ne u lla na h o one of th e ns e O n g g , fr m which i crib d gham mo u ’ me nts no w in th e de s o e t n wa s e a n Aca my c ll c io r moved m y It e nt e th d o o on th ye a rs a go . form d a li el ov r e o rway f e of e s n a ns fe stone is e n r on wo rude to e clogh re rred to . The g ave d t

- a n e s c u t ss e t e n . O ne s de e a s gl , a boldly cro b w e i r d

MAQQID E CE DDA .

a i da M q q De c e d .

t e e e t a t the e nd The o h r, imp rf c

MAQQ ICATT UFIC .

Ma i a u q q C tt fic .

do no nd a n o n a s h s I t ﬁ the r cha racte rs . Re adi these t e on y g ” of D e c e dd on one s e a nd th e son o f C a tu ﬁ c on the o t e id , h r,

th e e st n n t e se nts tse f e s it t t th e qu io a urally pr i l , How com ha persons inte nded to be commemorate d are not th e mse l v es

n e bu t nl t e a t s ? If t e be no t ns e am d , o y h ir f her her o her a w r

tha n th t s wa s n st of e ta in t ms e e a uch a commo yl pi ph Oghamic i , a s we s a se e wa s re e n a me s it st be ne t t h ll it by f qu t ex pl , mu ow d ha o u r ﬁrst entra nce into th e inquiry supplies u s with a kind o f sepulchra l formula not easy to reconcile with th e obje ct of

s v n n d n n m pre e r i g i divi uals in mo ume tal e mory. W e have no mn e x a t n so a e in se ra titu li e se e e a nd a ple of y hi g v gu pulch l l wh r , ma n t th a n a e e s in e to th e ma i d c dda e e y o e omaly, pecially r g rd gg , r for future e fe rence . 3 5 th e a st st n off f th e n . A highway to co , riki g rom mai road a t G ortne u lla na h n ts to th e n n o n a n o f g g , co duc adjoi i g t w l d L u yn l ﬂpp u l n H L u a a u l . e e on th e ft h a n of th e a a t gi g g pp r , le d ro d , a place a Pa rkna fu lla th e e o f is a low a n on e c lled , or Fi ld Blood , c ir c s r n e t sta n n st n s o of e n two u rou d d wi h di g o e , f ur which r mai , ’

e n Ins i e s a w Mr. a s s e s on of th e b i g cr b d . I h ll borro Br h d cripti

a nd e a n of th e ns t ns e not se place r di g i crip io , which I hav my lf se e n

0 . l a I fou nd a low c a n 3 0 ft b 2 ft. of a n e u ir y , irr g r

e c a n u 3 ft . t a a omo d d n m. s e c se of e a t a n sto es a nd f o 2 ft to r g l r h p , p r h , r IN IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

h wo nsc bed stones a r on Ke nny a bov e th e genera l lev el of th e ﬁ eld. T e t i ri e c orka u in - o md ( g y f th e e a ste n s de of th e c a n . No . 1 is a be a t u e a ov a r i ir u if lly r pill r, l

m o nde d to e fe c t c on c a . u n e ar. n se c t on a nd e fe c t s ooth w t a d d i i p r ly , i h r u p p r ly i l Ro pill

n 5 in. a nd 1 d a m 1 f . be t in . its e te It is in en t 4 ft. 2 l g h , i r i g h nsc t on u ns en se on th e c ent e of th e stone 2 in . T e t ft . i rip i r l g hwi r , m a nd d t n a n mn n v t e e ss fro th e a s c t th ou t ste e e e e u t wi y li ; r h l , r g l ri y i i

ness of th e c a a c ters it is u te e a s to e c o n se t e r v a es . It h r , q i y mr g i h i lu h tto a nd n d h 1 . a d mmn a 9 in . f o t bo s o n e c o e c es t ft e t e r m , ru r u h Gossu c ttia s . m No 2 sta nds on th e sa e side of th e c a irn it is a

- 1 a b n 4 . m ar . ﬂa tte a nd o e r e u a s a e d t n No e ft in r r i r g l rly h p pill h , i g h n in t c ss . Th nsc nd in . . n dh a 9 e e t on en t 1 ft 3 i . in b ea t l g h , r , i k i rip i is on th e o nde d fa c e nea th e c ent e u nn n en t se ards and r u r r r i g l g hwi upw , 1 n a s fo o in . in oc c n ft . 1 0 e t upyi g l g h , ll w

Stic u na s . — 1 9 M n . 7 O . o ( g ,

M h Mr W inde le in his S . e e nt A s e t of . t s 36 . k ch which i le

ha in Lib. s e s th e st nto a m Mu m n Iar ( re olv i g , maki g

a mzc u na s g ,

- a pparently a more likely looking combina tion . The n e e e s be n s to a e of 3 7 . rou ded pillar h r d cri d belo g typ W t which we shall presently have ma ny examples . he her these a re a rtiﬁ c ia ll - s s or t se a b s y haped block grea rolled peb le , I do not n of e st n a n e e se cannot sa y . I k ow their xi e ce ywh r el n in s e s t s e in one ns a n e tha thi immediat di tric , av i t c where a fra gment of a n inscribed pillar of the same kind wa s found on n h the s a st o f f n t. T e a s n of e coa Wex ord , ear Hook Poi b e ce a

t - n is ns e in e se n s em li e compe ated by gr ater care pr rvi g the Li ne orco n s e o f th e s n th e o e s n s o n s t x y ymm try paci g, v w l bei g h w by hor Zfe xiil iii:

ts a e t n n e s a nd th e o e - ne a nd nde - n digi r th r ha otch , v r li u r li e s a t the e n e t group placed well par from middl co v xi y . L n 3 . e n u a a u l o a s th e e s we 8 Proce di g from g g pp t w rd w t, re a c h / t h e t n n a nd n of s the t ow la d rui ed church Agli h, ceme ery A glish M 51 of which h a s furnished to th e Lapidary useum of the Royal ”; r s its - n a ss A ilo do ns n s I i h Academy much ca v ed p g i criptio . Chri tian times are e mphatically writte n on this s tone by a Malte se ss in s te on s a t t s cro a circle uppor d a tem , ei her ide o f which

‘ s e e a ﬁ lfo t of ss in Pa n a may be di cov r d , a form cro ga s we ll a s RR s n u se bu t a e e a a nd n a o a ll KE Y Chri tia , here m d collat r l a cill ry t the ( C orka gu iny) n n e e . h a a a te s a t one s e We reco cili g mbl m The Og m ch r c r id , if e t e a s o te e may tak h m c mple , r ad

MAQIMAQA

Ma i M a q aq ,

ma a n a sk s n nd h is Ma e o ? a w o a t wh re we y ag i , What q , if tha be n n o f t s t o f e n A t the ot e s e the e di g hi par the l ge d h r id , i ma nne d wn a d w e n n e r o w r e e r adi g lik , hav GD A PILOGGO ST whe re grea t e mba rrassme nt a rises from th e pre se nce of a n

n of u s - ss n s a e o n i jured group fo r tem cro i g digit , c pabl f ma y

a ns t a t ns . a t one t e n e ta n th e e a e tr li er io I im e t r i ed id that, lik

th e te Cella c /i o f th e a s t s duplica cypher, which re d bo h way o t n e nt e so ss t s e n is u ward from a commo c r , , po ibly, hi l ge d n n mh te to be t s n t e n s to th e i ded read bo h way i ward fro e d x, mn a f s s A s bu t t s s n i f r t M o toli t s t . r aki g p hi olu io rom a i fac ory . ra s mth n ss in st n e tte e s e A bilo a s B h ad , I i k, a be r gu ugg i g g ,

- n n n t in s a nd s nn B u t th a well k ow ame bo h Iri h Wel h a als. e s h a s s se t u s t t in s n to Bi hop of Limerick , perhap , bo h righ eeki g de nt th e na a s A e dlo a n e n t t it th e i ify me g , co c ivi g ha may be e o f A e dlo a son Ma e ltu ile tt n of th e n r cord g , of , a pe y ki g eigh bou rin t t w se a te s t or s nt g erri ory , ho d would be ix h eve h n ma n n h e o f t s e nt . I ou t t e n s th c ury ki g equival ce he e ame , e s t ts th e X te a s n t e on Bi hop rea charac r havi g a hird pow r,

th e n of v a nddb a ss n nt one a no th e r in n e s grou d p , , , p i g i o um rou x a a nd ma n a a e mple s ; I a f r from sayi g th t he h s no t ma de a a n n th e s a o A s p e rsu sive argume t. I ame churchy rd f gli h still

sta n s n t - ns b t e s not e d a o her Ogham i cri e d pillar . I do app ar to n be o w l e gible . i M s lmm 3 9 . s n n ss nt Ay rrible From Agli h , i ard , we cro the hill we tward i o th s na a nd a th t n n A ha c a rribl e e e e . pari h of Ki rd , r ch ow la d of g s in th e t e n e s o f e a n be a e Thi , o h r provi c Ir l d , would c ll d Agha l l e f or c a rb e or A ha c a rv i . nt e e I) m g The i roduced vow l b or f n r is st n t e e t t M nste a nd s t ollowi g ill o ic abl hroughou u r , mu e s e te in s s a s st f we w be r p c d uch word orm, form , arm, if ould s h n a ts e n a s a te no t di locate t e prosody o f th e provi ci l poe . Ev l a s th e n E z a b t e is s e t in f e nts reig of li e h , Carb ry p l o ﬁcial docum

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

Ks nmr e killeens or c a llu ra hs e se a re e n s i call d e g . Th v ry umerou n the so a nd e st of a n a re not se for th uth w Irel d . They u d e inte r

Not now u se d e nt of r s a n a In os f th ts . mo m m Ch i ti dul t the e buria ls a re r rn m n M . o ne to_ n a se nfa n s. r s h a s v e n a figgfifsiiaz c fi d u b pti d i t Bra h gi highly a du ts . s a nd a a e a o nt of mhi l curiou v lu bl cc u the In s posthumous v olume m T ese c e ete es a re to be d st n s d omh d h ri i i gui he fr t e or inary buria l rou nds of th e c ou ntr a t esent in u se a nd hic h are nv a a b g y pr , w i ri ly c onne c ted t a nc n m wi h ie t c hu rc hes or re a ins of a known Christian c a r h h a c te r. T e ke el is unc onne c tedwith Christian c hu rc hes or a ssoc i a tions of a n nd a nd l mu f e e st ade se o it is so e for th e y ki , , wh r il , l ly n mn dr n d a z a T i ter e t of unb pti ed c hil en md su ic i es . hey a re su a c c u ar a ea s of a r n da ete r d st n uis ed from u lly ir l r v yi g i i i g h h m d c : h n t e ra th by ha v ing bu t one ra part without a ny it h t e e tra nc e is a r h n msta nc s th e e e i c u t th ou gh t e fe c e In so e in emmk l s eu c lose dby a c irc le of upright stones In so e exa ples they a r low c a r a c a n w o a n fenc e I ma n e c u o o s t n ir l r v l ir , i h ut y y a s h mnd a nd n h a v n a sed bu t h c es t e ou fe c e e been e t e e t e ir ly r , s te h a s be en eft to na tu e a nd h l e th e fi e d a ou nd it h a s be en i l r ; , w i l r a u nd d mb o n u a nd c u t v a te d not n ndu c th e t e s e e e h r i r k p l i , hi g will i ou h pea sa nt to pu sh a spa de in or driv e a plou gh thr gh t e ke el . In n m omn a a nd h h a f omt o m s e nsta c es in v a u b e t e e e s bee e t t e i , l l l , k l , r i i , d h a mn th enc oa c ed on th e c u t of t e f e e tt e bette of his r h ; pi i y r r, g i g r t f a d himo u s h i t a e a d b a d on h su e st ou s e s e a s t s t e p r i i r , l p h ill g , y r y y r , rim c h O a t on is u te v den a u T e e e t t o twa rd of th e weird c ir le . p r i q i i Kilc ola h t in Ke a nd Kil rov a ne in W a te fo d bot ba e c c a g rry , g r r ; h r ir ul r,

n h m- u enc losed a nd u ntille d spots in ric h ﬁ elds ; t e Ogha insc ribe dstone s — M n . be n u dd ed to et e in th e c entres . O . o i g h l g h r ( g ,

They are extraordinarily numerous in the Counties of n Mr a nd In . s Waterford, Cork, Kerry. the latter cou ty, Bra h n s n n n ns l n e umerate u der the de omi atio Of Kill, Kyle, Kil ee , ’ - Ce a lu ra h a nd r n s n s. one n a n d g , Child e Burial grou d hu dred n s s s one n a nd old thirtee example , be ide hu dred four burial n s n n nn a n so grou d ot ow co ected with y church . They are al n s in n of n in one s hi umerou the Cou ty A trim, pari h Of w ch, u lf i h trim e C g ,

r h n ﬁ d n o nd n D . Re ev es a s de t e n e f t ose ee s e ende t of th e i i i h k l , i p ” a v e a ds in gr y r still u se .

Mr s n s his n s n n of s . Bra h co clude very i tere ti g otice the e IN AND . IRELAND, WALES, SCOTLAND

i s s a s n s e nn cemeter e , which he regard wholly Paga , by the tate K ﬂ m ( Cork gu y) ment

In c onv ers n t th e asa nt of th e sou t and est of I e a nd i g wi h pe ry h w r l , I a v nev e et a d mu s e th e o d to des na te a c c h e r y he r the w r kil ig hur h ml th o d m a s d b t e e e e e h o dTe a u il i t a t nv a b e t e w r p s h i ri ly u y h , whi w r k l ”

- is a lwa ys a pplie d to th e bu ria l grou nds .

H ow shall we a ccount for th e se mi - sa cre d ye t not quite holy chara cter o f the se ce mete ries The write rs wh o a sse rt a Pagan origin for Ogham writing rega rd them a s th e burying s of th e a n o t n a nd on s n a nt place Old P ga p pula io , thi grou d ccou for th e want of reve rence for the ir gravestones shown by those wh o plunde re d so many of them to obtain materials

for h ons n o - a s In s o t e c tructio f their rath c ve . upp rt o f this view it is alle ge d that th e Ogham inscriptions found in rath A nd caves ne ve r bear th e Christian e mblem . this is generally W e e se n o e t a t th e ss on . G true hav e , h wev r, h cro the ort ne gu lla na gh stone did not prote ct it from be ing used a s a lintel o e th e o f th e a n e a nd in t in t v r doorway clogh ther ; , fac , his

e of A ha c a rrible one of th e a s one s t o n A h a c a rrible cav g w ll t , al h ugh ot g

O - ns e a s two n se ss s a nd h a s e s a gham i cribed , b r i ci d cro e , pr um bly, a s a s th e o s e e n t r s n or well ther , b brough f om ome killee disuse d

ceme tery in th e neighbourhood . The theory assumes a total d s se of th e a n s the a st ns s i u P ga cemeterie by e rly Chri ia , ave for th e n nt o f th e n t s is not ns s i terme u bap i ed , which co i tent

h s th ra ns t n f o G nt m with t e cour e of e social t i io r m e ilis to th e a t s a ns a nd s a ns se in a n n F i h e l ewhe re . P ga Chri ti repo the djoi i g i o f th s Th e n n e n t loc u l e Catacomb . repug a c i dica ed may have s n o a n e s to a s e o h pru g fr m oth r ource , which wider urv y f t e

ma a u on. e vide nce y le d s further n A ha c a rrible t its a n n s to e n 4 0 . Leavi g g wi h m y hi t r ﬂectio , we to th e o n n o f n E a s t its n proceed t w la d Ki ard t, wi h rui ed Kina rd 55 u a nd e u nt n n two - n ch rch r g lar cemetery , co ai i g Ogham i scribe d “ ; n n s O ne s th e n e mo ume t . bear am I I MAR AN ,

h a s a n e a nne with w at ppear Oghamic alphab tic diagram xed , nd a n n s s a i a ss. o s t s s e s ne i ci ed cro The ther lie , eem d ig d to

a a n on th e s f of th e o n . It is ns n h ve l i , ur ace gr u d i cribed alo g ol o f one s e th e h e a d . a nd n t o h the wh e arri , ov r dow par f t e

a s s te a nd a ds rri oppo i , re

ACURCiTiFiNDDIL OR a S D 0 A c u rc iti Finddilora s d c

t ndilora s or w n ns which migh be read ﬁ , allo i g for the tra s s n n n n mon os t e t t o e m p i ion om ime a te di g the cha ge fro ar s to

th e o t id ra n a rc itt be s e nt e nd o c . C h r, fi The ame will uffici ly a to ou r s sen to n th e n t c a n famili r eye pre tly i duce i quiry , Wha be signified by the initial a ? A Sign o f contractio n

a s n s it a nd e s t s ns t n th e st ppear i ci ed over , giv to hi i crip io mo I mn s a n n t e . t ss st n s oder a pect of y ye t o ic d po ibly a d for a n

n t a r mo f h s l n e e s i i ial formula , whic we hal have ma y xampl . So little did I regard it a s part o f the inscription when a t n in th e n e nt t s st e s t t it h a s not Ki ard comme c me of he e udi , ha

e n n in s a nd its e e n h a s n s n be i cluded my ca t, r l va cy o ly i ce

a e s h mo f th e ns a re nt . t t e t n become pp to me No al o for i crip io , importing that it is th e memoria l no t of C u rc itt son of Findi ’ o a s or dora c bu t in th e osse ss e o f C u rc itt s indilora or l r , p iv , F , a wh te ver th e se cond name may be . f ! n l I a rr n e th e Tra be n 4 1, At Ki ard we ov rlook creek of g lyi g to the st a nd i ma e th e a e t a t se l c Sli ee v a u n na ee la w , , if be low w er, y g , a s th e T ra be st n is on th e s t g O gham o e popularly called , oppo i e

T h e B ru sc os s n is a n s r e beach. to e a h d ome pillar which fo m rly st e t on th e Ga rﬁ nn D n s of T ra be bu t no w ood rec y or i gle ide g, s on h s r n i is e a Th t e t e t s te . e lie a d , wher wa hed ov r at high w r t s st one s of th e st n s e e charac er adju ed to arri o e are ea ily l gibl ,

s t a s th e e nd o f th e ns t n th e e h a s ave ow rd i crip io , where carv r

h is mt i nn n had to crowd work so ewhat o ke e p t from overru i g h is s N t t st n in s e of th e n t e s his n r pace . o wi h a d g, om o ch of ﬁ al g oup

' t the th e st n st reach par ly over head of o e . I made a careful ca

of th e in 1 8 70 th e t f is s e whole , pho ograph rom which pre erv d ; bu t the light nee de d to bring th e cha racters along th e side into e e f n d t on th e to s no s w t e a nd r li f alli g irec ly p , give hado her , , th e a st a n e n st or s a c a n n o wn c h vi g be lo mi l id , I o ly vouch my e t n of h recoll c ion for the existe ce t e terminal i of the lege nd . It re ads B RUSCOS MAQICAL IA CI

& c .

s s Ma Ca lia c i Bru co qi , IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

a uoc i a n a s n s n th e l a re a RR or C l , ccordi g the otche followi g reg rded KE Y in a s six or in n e . a n s ﬁve umb r If ﬁve , the app re t hiatu mthe i n a nd B u t s n s to group divide s t i to it 0 . the eemi g hiatu y s ns of a n s t n a nd th e e ye betray the remai abraded ix h otch , e a n s ts a s in Div itia c u s Ca lia c i s s st r di g re ul , , , which eem mo probably a statelier pre sentation o f the ordinary na me Ce lla c h .

s o f Tra be is st n nt n in th e 4 2 , Thi creek g the ﬁr i de atio

s - ne fr M s is f n long coa t li om Slieve i h . It ollowed by the la d e s t o f D n s e st a nd t s lock d hee i gle harbour , two mile w hi a a n a t ss n a th e e s a nd s t g i , a le i terv l , by qually capaciou hel ered h n h e n ns e n of nt . t e e t t t harbour Ve ry About c re Of pe i ula , b wee T ra be a nd th e o f D n e on to g harbour i gl , a byroad the left,

B a llin a a rt stands th e Killeen of Ballintagga rt or Priesttown . The church t gg I i a nd e t r a t tt d s n . t s r gular ceme e y are a li le i ta ce a rough ff“ 6 in n f t. e e s t e n 0 . circle about diam t r, urrou ded by a di ch d fe ce

a ss is a on th e n t . O n n e n one s The cce by a g p or h e t ri g, perceive no fewer than e ight o f those rounded pebble - like blocks o f which so e n h a s n i n a t Lu na a u l on th e s a e m accou t bee g ve g g pp , laid urf c h n o th n s do n round t e margi f e e clo ure . They ot appear e ver s t bu t th e s a nd s n to have tood uprigh , top bottom , alike rou ded a nd st in s s st n s th ill ome degree poli hed , are di i gui hable by e t n o f e e n s th e s s a nd t direc io th ir l ge d , which occupy ide ops s t tt n st n s only . The e obla e ﬂa e ed o e phe roids a re most difﬁcult

o a s in e . m t c t pap r The mould must be ade in seve ral parts ;

t r s it no t O ﬁ t t te n a nd th e n t o he wi e will come wi hou ari g, ju c ure of t s s w e e ss or t n o f t ma he e piece h r the lo duplica io a digi y t a ns t ns so t ns is u s n ss o f e s work r forma io ex e ive , a b i e exc s ive n t s th e n nts o n ice ty . Add to hi i cide f wi dy or rainy wea ther a nd th e n ss of n e n e n s a nd it n awkward e i experi c d ha d , will ot be matte r of surprise that the casts of the se pulvinaria n cope s a nd h M st ne s t n t e t r. u tt b t o , ake by my elf la e B rche , exhi i many

fe t ns . s n ss o f th e sts n e e h a s in imper c io The harp e ca , i d d , many cases been blurred bv th e necessity of carryi ng them in a we t s to a t e tate where they could be dried a ﬁre. W re the to a n s th e o nt o f work do gai , I would advi e empl yme plaste r o f

a s e a sts t n a t e P ri , from which pap r c migh be take l isure unde r cove r ; for the pla ster cast cannot be turned to the light or fi e xamine d with a t all a s pro table a scrutiny a s th e light a nd

a s - a n e of a i ma lt y er c é . St t t e e il h dl d piece p p ill , wi h h ir help , I ‘ think I c a n a nswe r for the transliteration o f these e igh t le ge nds . e nn n t th e fi st s ne to th e e t one is st 4 3 , B gi i g wi h r to l f , ruck with th e pe culiar tridenta l form o f th e e nds of th e a rms a nd its t o f th e r ss n se on s t e r n e t . Th e s em c o , i ci d moo h upp co v xi y o a n n n s mri h a t n a r a nd me t digits o f t e cc mp yi g i scrip io e broad y

‘ h e n or t s e nn n o w is th e l . n t m c a O f e orth righ ide , b gi i g r b lo , sa e na e a e n t e a t n m m l t ly o ic d Ki ard,

CUR CITTI .

n th e o os e s e e nn n so o e o a nd o n n O pp it id , b gi i g al fr m b l w r u di g th e th e e e n e s top, l g d r ad

T R IAMAQAMAILAGNI

a M Ma ila ni Tri aqa g .

H e re we have a n e xampl e of Ma q a uncomplica ted by a ny doubt a s o n of th e a t n is s t s e e t the ﬁ ality . No hi g di pu ed av wh the r Th n Ma ila gni should not be read Meola gni. e u divide d six s t t e or t m a not e e a n or che migh be read ei h r way, h y ight be r d , u a or in a s t e n t ns th e o f the n e o , v riou o h r combi a io if form am u t h s n o s s so required . B t e que tio for m re seriou con ide ration s e t ma a e is e n ne in e e n w i t t wh her the q h re a f mi i , agr me i h

Tria a nd th e s e th e s n Ma a of th e s s ne ? , am with eemi g q Agli h to n Tria is it a s n na e or a n e s n r or a The , , per o al m um ral , a i gula r ? s ns e or e e n ou t th e e t t plu al I wi h I could a w r , v hold hop ha ns ma be in ou r ma e ls for a n e t se t ria a w r y expected fur her cour i h of n e st t n . CO ou s a s t e n a t is it a s i v iga io But, p ge eral m erial , , e t s s n o t e of s e n n s in a a nd y , upplie fur her xample imilar di g ,

I abstain from conj e cture . Th e se n s s a n e o of n e n s s l e s 4 4 . co d of thi tr g gr up mo um t upp i , not a ne w a ne w on t e e nt in no e n a t if word , ph e ic l me m cl ure,

n . e n nn n a t th e tt which will ofte recur The l ge d, begi i g bo om t n s of th e s ne ns nt n s o a nd le f ha d ide to , ru co i uou ly ver the top

n th e t e s a n a n ss on the s t e e n dow o h r ide , h vi g plai cro pace be w . Its n is o te th e s n o f th e a a t readi g c mplica d by pre e ce X ch r c er, to so e s e n e s a re e ne a which , far , we hav e , two valu g r lly — e to be ss n e t n in e a s ea ea & c . allow d a ig abl the diph ho g , , , , I is a n th e n e n of n n a nd . t e e s ﬂ p pl i , from co curr c vow l a ki g he X t t it a nnot be th e d t n h e e a nd n to t , ha c iph ho g r ; , by givi g IN AND . IRELAND, WALES, SCOTLAND

it its a e s is th e ns i n s to RRY p v lu , thi tra l teratio which appear KE Corka u in ( g y) . re sult NE TTALMINACCAPUI MAQ QiMu COIDOros IQA

&m.

i ma min u Netta l a c c a p q

a ma i ma o i th e netta W e e asily se gre gate the now famili r gg q but “ ” t the netta is to be n na ta l or netta l a nd th e p u i a re ne w. Whe her take a s of e n or a s a n n e n nt o or to parcel a prop r ame , i dep de v cable ,

a tta ss th e t a n s ns be read s e l pre ceded po ibly by ar icle , are que tio

a s hard to solve a s a ny we are likely to encounter . I had s no t a it o a of n e N etta la mi t t ﬁr t doub h f rmed p rt a proper am , ,

bu t th e a st e se s to t a n a t th e l a nd s u s to c r fu admi af er , compel ' tta l mina c c a ta n a s o f t n e read , which cer i ly c ll up the idea I alia

T h e or n n n nt in th e a p u i mn . o achism p oi p u i sta ds i depe de ly pl ce e we t e e t th e c a u l a in th e se nt n a nd s nts wh re migh xp c p e ce , pre e t e o f s e t n t e It is in t the welcome fea ur om hi g predica iv . , fac , th e e b s sta nt in th e s t ns W e s n it v r ub ive pa t e e. hall Ofte meet in th e o oi s n n to th e s boi t 18 u it f rm p , corre po di g Iri h , hat f , “ ” “ ” wa or wa s . mno s who I ake doubt that th e Bishop O f

e is n e in t s s a nd t t Lim rick quite well grou d d hi di covery, ha whether it be a n Italian re ligious who is here commemorated ' or o ne e N etla miti a Ma u s n s N d n e ss s ome call d ( ) , the l ge d a ert “ or s h e wa s Ma i Mu c oi D o ros he gg ( ) , whatever that may . n mea .

thiI d of n its to s n B a llinta a rt 4 5. The the group , givi g p force the eco d gg ( 0 ) s character , read PE RIT A F T I,

s n n E i s s t so E ritt. E ritt ra tt s n e which eem to de ig a e a of f f , f , a am h r a n n in t n n s . a t e e e ma k ow Pa ricia docume t The p r fo y be n

h s a th n h t e W me e t t e sh ma i . early form of el h p , equival of Iri g Bu t th e e st n e s nts ts n e th e e qu io pr e i elf, Whe c came mploy mn — — e o f a i h n m e tt not n t e t e t p , l er origi al Ogha alphabe , her a s we ll a s 0 11 th e prece ding a nd on th e Aglish monument ? The re — we re two line s of Bri tish connection with Munster one before the nt t n o f t n st n t the t h i roduc io Pa ricia Chri ia i y ; o her , throug ’ th e We ls h e cclesiastics wh o came in some Patrick s train. The

rst nn t n sts on t B t s a nd s t n ﬁ co ec io re bo h ri i h Iri h authori y dati g Use "o f th e 19 m° from the time of Ne nniu s ; the se cond appears by a curio u s P D KE R R Y

me n a e t a tr o not ono n e th e r s who c m wi h P ick c uld pr u c I i h

r u imthir o u f Presb ter a e st bu t a e word C (c rr pted rom y , Pri ) , c ll d ’ h ns s s it P mt r . n a s t e s of t e s t on be re e Accordi g p h e i crip i hall

‘ ' re fe rred to the one or the othe r of . th e se origins will be th e s t w ma o f h n n l e ngth o f th e re tro pec hich te rial s t e ki d ow be fore

ma st u s in ta n . u s y ju ify ki g The o t e e of th e o oﬁ e rs th e s e e 4 6 . f ur h m mb r, gr up ﬁr t xampl , so fa r of we s e n n te t t th e e te a t . vo l b i g i dica d hroughou gr a r p r

s - ss n ts a n a os m o f th e te xt by tem cro i g digi equ lly lo g s th e e o ns n nts s a s t a th e r s o f ployed f r co o a . Thi dd ma eri lly to i k e in ns te a t n bu t th e e e n e n n ne to rror tra li r io ; , l g d b i g co ﬁ d d n ne onson nts th e fﬁ t is ss s a n e e t. v owel u d rli c a , di cul y l fel I I I M N SS ONAS .

w m n be simn e t e n se in n i a S o in If the ame , igh r cog i , the i itial , E h re ﬂe ction of th e inso of oc a id. B a llinta a rt s is one of th e st ns e a nd e a s gg 4 7 . Thi mo clearly i crib d ily t tra nsliterate d o f th e grou p . I reads

MAQQIIAR IPOIMAQQI MUCCOiDoFFINIAS E A

& c . Ma i ma D ni i a mu c o fﬁ s. q q Iari poi q q c i o

Th e n e t th e a t ns s a to am Iar, fa her of f her of four virgi , t ted be “ ” v e ne a te a t e n e n Ia rain a nd in C orka u in o s in r d C ll I g g y, ccur

JE n u F 6 . E n 2 a n . . . F lir s e l . Se r th e e é O c t s . . . of g ( g , , Tr R I A Ir , ’ a a t e is n a nd s in i . x . s e i h sc r v . C e e n t e ol i , li ) I r f h r am d d crib d p tion ; bu t ne ith e r in it nor in th e F e liré is a ny furthe r de signa ’ n o s son M ma t n e t a i Ia ri t e s e io giv Iar . g y her fore be uppos d to h a v e be e n a pe rson of sufﬁ cie nt distinction to have be e n

m a s — h n n— i e e e e on e o o h s it r mb r d s p r aps o ly s f fathe r . Or

ma b t a t s in s h n h s y e h such formula we re u e w e t e son wa calle d ’ a te th e a th e n t n a t e s n a s in f r f r , or by a dimi u io of the f h r ame ,

C e ll Inge n Ia ré in . A

e s n t n e st na e . is th e s e e o 4 8 . Off r o hi g qu io bl It impl r c rd

l l C F E TI MAQQICATTINI

D fe ti ma i o G tt n q q a i i ,

w u e ss e se s th e n e D ofe t son of t n hich do btl pr rve am of , Cat i .

B a llynestee nig, 4 ” Bridge a t th e he ad of the D n e two e s ou t of n se to th e h o i gl , about mil the tow , clo ighr ad o n th e e t in th e n n Ba ll ne ste e ni is se e n a n t e l f , tow la d of y g, o h r , a nd th e st a s it is so th e e st o f th e nt a ss o f la , al larg , le icular cl n e nt we h e st to n t e It e a ns ne a in mo um which av ill o ic . r m i rly

i la n s e n M . a r th e sa me place where . t y whe e by r Pe lha m e ly

wa s t e n e n r- e n t s n . e i hi ce tury It h whol , a rou d d pilla lik

- n a i n t . block with semi sph e roidal e ds o f bout 7 ft. n le g h It h a s s n e e n n in b n n ﬁ re nst it bu t i c be broke two y ki dli g a agai , the t e h a s not In e th e ns t on is o frac ur jur d i crip i , which b ldly incised along th e me dial convexity MOINE NAMAQ IOLACON

M in na la o o e maqi O c n.

It wa s early pointed ou t by th e Bishop of Lime rick tha t

Moine na is e - no n n ne se e a e c c le sia stIc s a w ll k w ame bor by v r l ,

a nd Ola c on th e n t Olc h u a n e - n n , ge i ive of , qually well k ow n t e a nd s a n l h u e n . e t O c wa s prop r ame He w fur h r, howed that d M in n ra n fa t e of S t. n n a n t o e a wh o e in th e g d h r Bre da , hat a di d ’

e a 57 1 wa s th e s t d to . e n a n s n ste y r , bi hop at ache St Br d mo a ry ’ n t h e e n nte in a t Cl o fert. Tha should have be i rred Bre ndan s s m a nd a n st t se e s not e e t n no on ce ral di tric m i probabl , c r ai ly e c a n e a s n In s n o f s s st n th e a o r o ably, pre e ce uch fact , que io ppr

ia n s f th s h a mn e s h r te e s o e s t e ns n p cro w ich cco pa i i criptio . st on th e ts ts D n e a n to th e e t 53 . Ju ou kir of i gl la eway l f a s t th e t n n E a W s e s n s th e le d hrough ow la d of ml gh e t, wh re ta d fra gme nt of a pillar bearing th e le gend TALAGNIMAQ C T l i a a n m. g aq(i)

Ta la ni e L a ddi ni of A h a c a rrible a nd Ma i a ni g , lik the g g l g of nt t s s e n t of a e na e e Balli aggar , eem to be the g i ive prop r m . W

s a ﬁ nd n s of s a s a o h ll ma y example imil r form . They ppear t l a n n t e s in 0 3 t se imp y Ogh mic omi a iv . I ems a gree d on that th e re pre se nta tive s of those in a gni at th e pre sent da y would be s in (i an n n s u a s a an &c . form , ch T ll , Bo , IN . IRELAND , WALES , AND SCOTLAND

The o nt o n D n e o e s n st to RR 54 . c u ry ar u d i gl ff r a marked co tra KE Y r ss th e rugge d tract through which it h a s bee n approach e d . Ac o

th e la ke - like harbour is see n th e lofty reside nce of Lord

B u rn/ta m n h a s ss Ve ntry a t Burnham . Lord Ve try a embled here a col H M S " t n of - ns on e nts se to lec io Ogham i cribed m um , which I purpo describe in conne c tio n wi th their places of origin proceeding a t once to th e rich Oghamic trac t which lie s to th e north a nd est w .

T o e no - s f mD n on th e a w s t 55. mil r h we t ro i gle Kilmalked r f to th e e t is th e n a nd ne O f road , l f , Killee rui d church Kil i? nt n its n a Mr s s t s t t on t . t fou ai , wi h m ume al pill r. Bra h ta e ha

w t n - ha remai s o f th e church is in dry stone mas onry . There a re n n a ns e n s e ionnta in in th e s ma y Fi t , g erally p lled F Iri h C a lendars ; bu t th e name a s it a ppe ars on this monume nt in n t I is ns b n R oma charac e rs is Finte n . t i cri e d u der a characte r istic e t oss a o n e s n a nd not ne a nt C l ic cr , cc mpa i d by i gular i leg n e n n a nd t a re d n n it n th e s of or am tatio ; here , a joi i g , alo g arri s ne a s INs nt n on 0 h the to , three Ogham ch racter , , wa i g ly , w ich ma n y have be en the re to make th e inso we have bee in search i e n is of. It s on of the rare instance s in which a Killee found in nne n w e st n ns of a nd t a n co ctio ith xi i g rui a church, wi h n s n t evide tly Chri tia n monument erected in it. Bei g Chris ian a nd e su a onse te it a s is the pr m bly c cra d , why , may be ked, ce me te ry now regarde d a s unﬁt for adult Christian buria l ? a ndwhy a ndwhen did it come to be so re garded Whether a ny a nswe r c a n be given to these questions must depend on a fu ller surve y of the remaining evidences ; bu t e nough h a s been see n already to give these Kille ens a wider interest than they ma a t st s s y ﬁr have appeared to pos e s.

o Kilfou nta in b - n stw n s 56 . Fr m , a y road leadi g we ard co duct 4 to th e o n a n o Ma u ma nori h e b n n f e d , w t w l g her will fou d a other £ 3 ’ e n s - a nd in it the n ns of n childr burial place , fou datio a rui ed a nd a s n n a n mn church to e monume nt beari g Ogha lege d o f a

nore e a nd so a n . is a g compl x, , far, ovel character That it s n on nt is t s e two M t s ss s one Chri tia m ume a te t d by al e e cro e , of t e s s T h e on st a s on th e x . e h m upport d a em, Agli h e ample ns n is n e of s on is i criptio carried rou d the fac the t e , which a

n in situ on a n a t ste - ne a nd boulder appare tly , r iﬁcially cut m li , OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

a t ﬁrst sight a ppe a rs to pre se nt th e following singular succe s sion of syllable s ANMCOLOLOMBNALILTE R L a nmololo na lil C mb te r .

n o o a nmo n s a n a a ma nori h Th e t s o o t e e e s M u g i r duct ry ccur m y o h r x mpl tha t it is e a sily se pa rable from wha t see ms th e principa l

a e e nn n c ol . a t one e o t th e a nma nd n m b gi i g with I tim th ugh c l e e to re o s o t a f a s in th e z z l o w r be ad b th way , u w rd rom c , pu e e o f c ella c h n th e n e o n to cyph r , yieldi g am C lma , which I wa s e n a b th e f t o f th e a n n n n cour ged y ac djoi i g tow la d , which

a n e Ma u ma nori h a s s u b- n n t n t e migh h v i clud d g a de omi a io , e n a e n a nd of t e e n no or b i g c ll d Kilcolma , her b i g church a o n t e a nd a n th e n to be a n t e buri l gr u d h re ; t ki g ame Colm , h re s e s n for n s n in th e n s eem d ood rea o reco i i termi al group , g g g ” we e r s t te th e a ilitir . ligh ly al red , word , pilgrim I had , ho v , n n a n u se of mO II n n t t n to t s a n aba do hi cillary , fi di g ha combi a t n of e tte s a s it is n r e e to io l r to be , , a commo fo mula pr fix d n t ns t ns a nd th e re t f t of th e ma y o her Ogham i crip io , g a di ficul y nte e e c ololol st a n s s t n e i rm diat ill rem i ed . A clo er cru i y , how ver,

o f th e te t se e e to s re lma n in not e r x m d re to Co a h form ; for

t a t fi st s t se e e th e te n l r na lilter a n wha r igh m d rmi al befo e , h vi g a t o f its st t st t s tse nto p r ﬁr digi above the em , migh re olve i lf i a n ma nd th nt t s ble on re m Cololo b e e t b a , m ki g , i erjec d ylla ly

maine d to be dea lt with . In this sta ge of th e inve stigation my D h is n n r. t e Sto e s t r n it t e t frie d , Whi l y k , h ew upo ligh which o ly to be h a d from ve ry rare le arning a nd re sea rch in ma nusc ript H in h ra n t e e D n o na s . e n t e rigi l fou d Lib ry Of Tri i y Coll g , ubli H 2 in th e a n t n of D e Ma c Firbis t a t e ( , h dwri i g udl y , a r c call d

itlme . u La D u a itlmnt n n a s s a r a te e ss il L e s D il , co ai i g a cl of word f b ic d by a proc

rmo a in s e ns n e o l d s call d f , from ord ary Iri h word , eith r by i erti g n nin ss s s or s st n n s certai mea gle yllable , by ub ituti g certai letter

s ns s s of i D u il L a ithne for other . The i erted yllable , wh ch the

ff s s 0 3 0 a nc in mma r u u l r s s or a s c e c l o e a ord example , are , , , , , , , , ” a i a u a r a n d ll a s llu ma on s r r a c o c , , , , , power, formed the Iri h ” u ma l u i n n s c c c o l ic en o r s u ic nn , k tche , formed the I i h c e ju t a s s s Ma u ma nori h s s here, by the ame proce , the culptor Ofthe g s n r l m s Ogham appear to have e g aved Colo o b for the Iri h in a t s Colomb . The Z the n lil er I would suppose to be a uper IN IRELAND , WALES , AND SCOTLAND .

t n h e s n a nd n RR fe atio Of t ame ki d, co clude that Columb the KE Y pilgrim is the person in whos e epitaph these pains have been taken to dis guise his name a nd manifest hi s Christian s n ot s s hi s n labour . We will be urpri ed, after t , to lear that Ura ic a t or is Prirn e r of s the p , what called the the Bard ,

n s no n b a r la s of s on e Jll a u ma nori h e umerate fewer tha eight e or form pee ch, g

hi b a r la toba id s s di n Of w ch, the e , eem to be formed by ad tio s f a n n s of s hi s s n s o some d droppi g other letter . All t ou d very fanciful a nd unlikely to have existed in practice among a n n s ns u se of n a people havi g the ordi ary occa io for the la gu ge . But in a n isolated community with various castes a nd orders Of s ociety such a thing may be conceived Of ; a nd we may not di s s n n r a c Ne ssa altogether credit the tory Of Ki g Co o M , n his s s n in n who , havi g heard judge debate a que tio la guage n n a nd s n s n i n u i telligible to him the by ta der , e acted that the dmi n s n s for n a i tratio Of ju tice the future the la guage used s n hould be the ver acular Of the day. s n ri n n 57 . Columb appear to have bee a favou te ame amo g

e li ions of orka u in etrie h a s n a. n of th the r g C g y. P give drawi g e n n o a u ma no s n of t M ri h in his to e a other Columb far from g , e ss s of its n of M i ay. I cite it here for the ake mo ogram ar a , which it exhibits In conjunction with what s eems to be the s n son of Ma l in n almo t obliterated ame of Colum, R oma

characters .

l s dis n n - s n D u nu rlin na 58 . Two mi e ta t, to the orth we t, ear the Oa h ir ga t

in n n of Ba ll wih e e n on - s road, the tow la d y , we come a way ide ’ i of s n s hi - na - a t or s s s n pile to e called Ca r g Cat Ca tle, urmou ted n in a n nin n Its n is by a pillar fou d adjoi g Killee . lege d almost unique in its completeness a nd the certainty of a ll its digits

T OGITTACCMAQ ISAGARE TTOS

i a a re t os T og tta c c maqi S g t .

ma n i i a s n If g be a ge it ve , we have hitherto accepted it, the nn In n n n T o itta c c a n it ca ot be agreeme t with the omi ative g , d n s T o itta c c u s s hi the readi g mu t be g Sacerdo Filii, a ghly h ri s n a nd n n n in n C tia doctri al mea i g , quite accorda ce with what h a s been seen respecting the names in a s already

o s on . a n ma i n n b erved But if y doubt whether g be ot e c e s sa ril n s n s its s n y ge itive have ari e , thi , for olutio , will await n u s a nd the Atla tic . At 59 . a a h e a nd mn n a th e ealu r o a of e e C g , c ll , ume t l pill r T mpl ’ s a s i r - it n ns M na n . s e n s a nd a ha Thi l o a childr bu ial place , co tai

one of those dry- stone ce lls or oratorie s with which Pe trie h a s

me u s a in h is e ss on s e e s a st h t t e . ad famili r ay Iri h ccl i ical arc i ec ur

A rude cause way le a ds to the door of this little structure . T o ’ th e t of th e se s n s S n Ma nc h a n s in righ cau way ta d ai t pillar , wo ss s a nd it a e n t scribed with t cro e s Ogh m l ge d . A frac ure at th e h a s e w so e d ts a nd n t s bu t top carri d a ay m igi o che , you will n f th readily supply th e remai de r o e lost formula. What re mains re ads

QE NE LOCIMAQIMAQIAINIAMUCOI T e ne lo i a inia mu i Q c maqi maqi c o .

ma e e Mu c i s e n n n n o What y hav follow d mu t r mai u k ow , but it ’ e nd of th e n s Ma nc ha n s looks a s if it were the lege d . If thi be ‘ e t is s n u s h is s n e t pi aph, he pre e ted to by ecular am , which migh be s s e n C e nnl oc C e nnl o h a or so t n urmi ed to hav bee , g , me hi g H e is son th e son o f A inia e not n w s . n n imilar made of , a am k o s ma to me e s . s s s f n e s his l ewhere The cro e y u ﬁcie tly t tify to h h n n s n . n t e s n avi g bee a Chri tia Why , the , que tio will recur , ’ s his e e t now h is n nt n s dis hould c m ery , like eighbour Fi a , be pa ra ge d by th e faithful a nd reserved for th e unbaptised ? n n n s n s n 6 0 , The i termediate mo ume t referred to ta d ear hi r T v oria in n n of T e e ra v ona the gh oad at y , the tow la d . It does not bear a n Ogham inscription Of the ordinary kin d but is n oticed on account of its monogram correspon di ng to h On s n n t at the Colomb to e , accompa ied with a device some s in one a t n a nd a n what re embl g the Ki ard, probably Oghamic Of Ma ria biliteral echo .

T v oria n se a - s a nd n th e 6 1. At y we are ear the hore, , taki g s s D n n coa t road outhward, reach u more Head. O the ridge n in ns s s n n Of the promo tory, a co picuou po itio over the Atla tic ,

' st n s - s n n n on one s a d a pillar to e beari g the Ogham lege d, arri Q E RCMAQIE RCIAS E re E r ia s maqi c . IN IRELAND, WALES , AND SCOTLAND . a nd on the other after intermediate characters not now KERRY C O Pka mn n n s ( g Yl legible, the ame , already oticed el ewhere,

DOFINIAS . A

U s to n ma i a s a p almo t this poi t we have regarded g n su ffi x n ns infl c tiona l a nd ge itive . The e d i h a s bee co idered e n to infi x e d i of ma ic n n equivale t the , the more moder ge i ‘ " M a i see m ma n i in n s s tive of c . Here it appear i d putably to be agreeme t f g l g l t l e n n e E r e a nd s n s a s with the omi ativ , excite re ewed doubt to iiorifirifttiie thes e Oghamic forms bein g governed by ordin ary grammatical s n n n law . The ia s genitive for n ouns endi g i c a d n is again fi in s ns n a nd exempli ed thi i criptio , which, rugged weather n a s is s ns on e of s wor it , mu t be co idered the mo t valuable for u se or n n a s s hi philological , war i g, the ca e may be, therto n oticed. H A C PTE R III .

n n a m—T ns t ns a t Ball ne a ni Ba a nn Bu h e u h a nd am a m Ogh i crip io y g, lli r ig , r h ch rc , Ogh — n ma ke ar Dr - s t n u r a t a r — ms e a t e G lle s ins cribe d to b to Kil l d y o ch ch u Kill s a nd — — e r: B a rba roru ma m- ns e Kill e e ns se pu lchral L ge Ogh i crib d s to ne o n Bra ndo n ra ma ne a m— e v M M u nta n a nd a t Cl onsh a ra h Ma rt e s t its rt o i , g , , C p Sli i h , wi h fo of — — - Bla na id v n ne e t e e n th e a ma n C a hir Co nre e S tory of Di idi g li b w Ogh ic nd on n n e n w t th e m d s I e a d d t ts th e a t n ms Ogh a mic i tricts of r l coi ci i h li i of P ricia i s ion me r k a nd a e —Knoc kﬁ e rna ns t n — e a mo ms n a Ogh of K rry, Li ic , Cl r i crip io Ogh — m a r a t Knoc ka stoole r —M n m nta n Me a u e nts a t l onma C a l l a n Mou i ori l pill y o C c — a n its a ss a t ns w t u e n Ma e v e — a ms nois Ra th Crogh oci io i h Q e Ogh a t Bre sta gh rI ba —M n mn o n e d a s t e e A h a sc b u e t n k Ma n or H m R a Topp , C l d rg , g o K oc y , ill of e n a n w e T u h a l e m su se d s e u e u e B e t T c h t ar w se e a th a nd ppo p lchr of Q i , if of , ho d n k Ma n is e e d in th e A nna s u nd e h e a D 1 u a on t e A . . 1 1 b ri l K oc y r cord l r y r .

U n a nd in 6 2 . T RNING back from Du more Head, proceed g in n O f a nd s n n the directio Smerwick Bay the height of Bra do , l ni u . c ss n s Ba l ne a hi s on e of . we pa the la d of y g, w ch have upplied s is the Ogham example at the Academy. It imperfect, but, I ’ n n in Mr s s n thi k, accepti g part . Bra h correctio Of a former r din of own n ea g my , may be re dered

LU I RITTIM I G Q A (Q ) . ri i Q tt .

Lu c rit would n ot strike the eye a s a n abnormal form Of a n

s D a n d is s n in s - ss Iri h ame ; it may be, here , it pre e ted tate dre . We in s of w n 6 3 , are here ight Of the harbour Smer ick lyi g n u s a nd of M n n n Its s betwee the acclivities ou t Bra do . hores n a n d s s n s n are barre olitary. A broad a dy beach curve rou d i n n i n n n ts i la d marg . O a low promo tory about the middle

' of s in n n of nr nn s B a llinrg nnig thi beach , the tow la d Balli a ig, formerly tood 4 2 n - n n n s s eve Ogham i scribed mo ume tal pillar . Whether the site w a s a c ea llu ra gh or a cemetery attached to a church cann ot no mn w n n s o w s s s be deter i ed, the blo i g a d have over pread Mr Windel e s in 1838 a nd it . . vi ited the place , made a highly of n s n characteristic sketch it a s it the appeared . Of the eve s one n ns in situ now s a nd n pillar , o ly remai , pro trate co cealed

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

RR Ma . n s c Cu rtin KE Y He ce it may appear that the Iri h lexicographer , when he wrote the followin g paragraph of his treatis e on n nn his D n wa s not Oghamic writi g a exed to ictio ary, alto n n hi s s n e gether without fou datio for tateme t, howev r puerile in s s s n the way he put it, that matter to the di parageme t Of a s n n n in s the dece ed were Ofte co tai ed their Ogham epitaph . wa s n s s for a n s s n It pe a he ay , y but tho e that were wor n s or s For in s e s A tiquaries to tudy read the ame . the e charact r those sworn Antiquaries wrote all the evil actions a nd other s s of i n s a nd e s n s viciou practice the r mo arch other great p r o age , a n d n ot n n a n both male female, that it might be k ow to but ” y s s n s n n s a s s n them elve , bei g wor A tiquarie , afore aid . He ce, s s s s for nt al o , a probable cau e may be urmi ed the freque ’ n of s of n s n Ma i s obliteratio part Ogham lege d , leavi g the g ’ n n a d Ma c oi e u touched. r of n s s n 6 4 . Th ee other the origi al pillar are al o at Bur ham . On on e of s ns n e tho e I thought I traced the remai of the , am

i la mu ra or la in n n n of l r i mu r s M a G G l ra co ti uatio a gi Yen e Ou the opposite an gle MAQQIT E NAC

iLL M as G A URR .

s n of i a mu r a n s The Chri tia form G ll r s excited much co trover y. s s s th e s ns n of It till eem to me likelie t reco tructio the text, which notably illustrates what h a s already been s aid of th e inherent ambiguities of this kin d of writing ; for it depends altogether on whether the second digit Of what otherwise would be a n i of ﬁve n otches h a s not extended on both sides s n n n di in s n is i a mu . Of the arri , tur i g i to The git que tio s n n a s mu s z horter tha that which, take , helped over the puz le of m n s l mMa u a nori h n Co o b at g ; a d both are u der the u ual l n n s is n ss . e gth Of that letter, although d ti ctly cro i g the arri n s of G ortne u lla na h 6 5, A other follow the example the g g

n n n n m. _ e s xample, givi g appare tly o ly the patro y ic

MAQQ ICUNITTI . I I I MAOQ O TT .

Th e is s s third imperfect at foot, but pre erve the form B RAFICASMAQIMUCOI . G

ra ﬁ c a s mu oi c (g) maqi , IN IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

where we se e again the genitive in a s instead of ia s of other KERRY . ° mn a e n min mu i for ge s s a d n c o xample , may ote the ter al future refer i u oc ma mc e ml t r

e n c e .

nn s s n 6 6 . Of the Chute Hall group I ca ot peak from per o al n s n s in s of one k owledge . I have ee everal read g made by n n of s a nd n s n a nd ge tleme kill experie ce , but greatly di crepa t, not s s n do reproduce it. Of the other, all the copie I have ee agree i a ma i a tt i c mini c in . C c gg

Cu c u imis n a n s s n in ib ne the ame of Iri h per o recorded the L er H ma n so u l s t noru md y , , if I might be bold, I wo d ubmi that Cic a min s n n for na of give a more probable fou datio the me

Broe h - a mn s n hi D u n Clic in the , , tha the local circum ta ce w ch h a s n s s n bee ugge ted to accou t for it. “ - . n n of Cili Vic ka lla ne or G 6 7 Lea vi the cair , the rave g ” ns a s s s s is s mi yard Of the So , thi olitary pot till called, a d its s of s n a nd now ou r s s wa te a d water, we may direct tep n so to Kilmalkedar, from the road to which place we bega n i n n n n Kilfou nta in d s . ilma lk r lo g a verge ce whe tur i g we tward at K e da Here we ﬁ n d a comparatively large Ch ristian church of that

Hibern o - Roman esque style which Petrie h a s en deavoured to show wa s earlier developed in Irish than in British e s u r n n is l xample . S rou di g it a regu ar church cemetery s n s of s n ns crowded with the grave to e perhap thirty ge eratio , n no n di a nd u n s a n u der popular i ter ct, where the bapti ed d s n o n n n uicide would t be admitted . Amo g the other sta di g s n s n s Of is one to e marki g the grave the Faithful , pillar Ogham n n min s a nd s i cribed, which, whe I ﬁr t exa ed it, appeared to c n ss n of n Ba llina h u nt n o ﬁrm my impre io the te or Of the lege d . ” s n n n It eemed to read a gel before the pri cipal ame , but too s in s ns i n n Ob curely to justify me a publi hed tra l teratio . O ’ s is n a nd ma or a the ca t it see that a n what may be two

- s ns n of widely paced g, with room for a co iderable umber n s l in n abraded vowel poi t , precede the letter the i troductory of n his n n a part the lege d . T may be the freque t i itial formul ‘ a nm i a n n M r a in ri X followed b a el o M oil b c , with i terjected y ” Ma “ n il X after e il or it may be a ge followed by . I have n Mr for s n n . s s to tha k Bra h, ugge ti g the former readi g, which now s s o e s eem to me the preferable n . But what hall we RR KE Y .

regarded a s a n on - vocable symbol thrown in ou t of a s n ns n s n a s on superﬂuou piety amo g the co titue t Of the ame ,

’ a nd n - n ns of mi Norse bracteates A glo Saxo coi the later ddl e e n n now r r n s. age The whole l ge d, the , would appea to u , including what may be considered doubtful in brackets

MMa oi h t is LINBIR IC . n arr G e

Left MACI BROCANia S . mli nmoi n r ni A a bi c broc a a s ﬁ ] maci [ ] .

B r oc a ni or B r oc a nia s a s nk wa s n The , I thi it e graved,

in B r oc a ni a nd ss might be expected the form g , po ibly we have here a transition from a n older to a more modern inﬂe xiona l

n u n n n s s n of c for form , a co jecture co te a ced by the ub titutio g

in ma i. c

in s dis ma b s 6 8 . Before leav g thi Kilmalkedar trict we y o erve

c ell or - s n Ga llera s the remarkable primitive dry to e church at . It is a small ediﬁce with sloping sides rounding into a Gothi c

arched roof surmounted by a crest or barge - course of masonry ; a n d exactly corresponds in outlin e with on e of the n ni a s n hi Roma mi ature cell e pre erved at Na cy, w ch I am about s n s to refer to . We mu t have bee truck with the fact that,

s a nd n s Ic ills ave at Kilmalkedar Ki ard, all the cemeterie , ,

kille ns a nd c ea llu ra lzs so n a n e . , g far oticed are either without y s or in n s s a s Kilfou nta in trace of churche , exceptio al ca e , at ’ a n d Ma nc h a n s ss . s St , are a ociated with ediﬁce little removed

u c lo ha ns of n In r from the r de g the cou try. egard to s ss n s the e churchle buryi g place , it might be thought that n s s in or n woode churche may have tood ear them formerly, a nd n ns hi may have bee co umed by Time . But t s is

a n n s n u i in d s r exceptio ally to e b ld g i trict . From Vent y west the s eacoast is covered with the dryston e ru ins Of what is ” n a nd n called the city of Faha , the whole tract the ce to Kil ma lke da r i of n n n s s s. s n full to e mo ume t The exi te ce , how of s s n no s s ever, cemeterie without churche eed excite urpri e . s a s s s s n s of If the e were , eem mo t probable , Paga place burial n no n n nn origi ally, there would be grou d for expecti g a exed u i n s of n i ri n in b ldi g either wood or of sto e . What s surp si g IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

nn n is h ow kill a nd E R “ co ectio with them they came to be called K , “ ” “ ” “ ” kill en n a nd or . e , equivale t to church , little church , chapel In ri s of dl s kill of is c ell th e the I h the mid e age the topography , — e quivalent of—I do n ot at all sa y derived from the Latin rimmil a or of s in it la lla is s c e l . Ce p y cellar place depo it ; s n s ns or s n e s e eco dary e e the cell hri Of a temple , the eparat i no i n n of a n of n & c . s t s n ill a nd dwelli g a mo k, It u ed the mea i g K s In a n l so a s n In epulchre y iterary record, far I k ow, but early l £23311 a . ri s n s s is so s n s In Ch tia ymbolic culpture it repre e ted. Lazaru the catacombs a nd on the sarcophagi always Issues from th e

of l or - s u s s portico a ittle cell temple like truct re , ometime

- s a n n s ridge roofed, ometime domed like Byza ti e ba ilica; What indicates the conn ection this seems to have with the kills a ndkilleens of Corc a gu iny comes not inappropriately from th e —“ s a a r m. n i f . L ege B r b Oru I the Sal que Law o Graves If a nyon e throw down or plunder the p a rtic u lu s se t up over a dead person ; If anyon e shall pillage the house made In th e “ of ba silic a o v s n n n n form a er a dead per o , If a yo e bur a ” a i a n him b sil c s ﬁ ne of so over a dead per o , let pay a much . Down to later than mediae val times the representative of these Frankish p ortic a li a nd ba silic a in Provence were called ha a n n of In P n s c e ls d . p , appear to have bee wood aga time

. n f n is a n ss of s they had bee o sto e . There a emblage uch s in s n in ndi n M s N n object to e the Burgu a u eum at a cy. They a re min 2 r 3 in n n E dic u lce of o . R iature ft height, beari g oma ns n M a nd s D . i criptio with . preﬁxed, exhibit all the character istic s of st n s a nde a rl s n s a s form the o e cell y to e churche , well a s s s n s of s s n a nd Of the epulchral to e vault , the e outher

n f n of - i e we ster Irish places o burial . The ame the cell l k

s s hr ss n - tructure over the epulc e pa i g to the burial place , n or s s kills n n so might accou t f the e Iri h havi g bee called, s is s e although without associated churche . There om

s n F tru m in n s s ere authority for the ugge tio . , a bier, the Origi e “ ” of s is la c e hi n a nd I idore , the p to w ch the dead are bor e , is not s ea rt in its s ns it improbable that the Iri h f , e e Of a ”

of s n . s s grave, may be the ame origi I read ome curiou ly ’ corroborative matter in Colonel Forbes Leslie s Ancient R s S n n s ou t s s n s ace of cotla d . He poi t that everal to e circle a nd ns of n s a n of remai buryi g place , apart from y place ” RRY shi n n kn wn th e n s KE w , c , or ”p co ti ue to be o by ame chur h “ a nd “ a nd Ma kirk, chapel I may add that the c Ma h on r nn s n in M n n s a n ns bu ial vault, at I i kee , o a ha , bear i cription ” g n s w a s & c ' purporti g that thi chapel erected by, . We may ns n n s n n co eque tly co clude that we have up to the pre e t bee . n n s s n a s mai ly amo g the trace Of a Chri tia church, which, s s shi w a s ss or s regard place Of wor p , churchle , , at lea t to s n of nis n is now ome exte t, a church catacomb orga atio . It time to resume the survey which next leads eastward over n n n n Bra do mou tai . On s n s M n n n hi s s 6 9 . the we ter houlder of ou t Bra do , w ch ri e

s se a is la tea u precipitou ly from the , there a comparatively level p forming a terrace between the v erge of the cliff a nd th e n s u n n u r s in th ce tral ummit Of the mo tai f ther outh . Here e n n of A rra l e n s of f t. tow la d g , at a height Of upward , n mh i n n s s c ru i t r E of ta d the pillar. xcepti g the fou dation n s n is no of n n a moder ig al tower, there trace habitatio withi f n n s s u n o . mile , ave the r i ed hermitage St Bre da , ft . i n s on n n on . s s e o h gher the ridge behi d Two cro e , the fro t, M s ss in on the other, a alte e cro a circle , the back Of the pillar, n it s n s sufﬁcie tly attest s Chri tia character. Up the eaward s of s n n ns a n n arri the we ter fro t ru O gham lege d, about which, Is no dff n of n s its s . ave la t latter, there i ere ce judgme t

IM I QR IT R ROS ,

i u l s 3 or n s . n whether the la t letter be doubtf If , it will read, in n n n a s of n R ona n Ma co ti uatio , part the proper ame g hi n mo a nn on s s . s n Co g the arri oppo ite If , w ch I ca ot help n n taki g it to be , the lege d would

R I MITIR ROS MA COMOGANN Q AN Q ,

’ n n ot so s s a s H a i h s n ds certai ly ati factory g readi g, which yiel n n n a f bi s O c ru mt r . the ame Ro a that the din n s of n n 0 . C lonsh a ra gh 7 Procee g alo g the eaward face the mou tai , we s on its s n i ss reach a tream ea ter decl vity, cro ed by Tier Bridge , a nd s n din s s n in de ce g toward the coa t village Of Clogha e, the n n Clonsh a ra h on e a lla u ns or tow la d Of g , come thre great g n n 7 f 1 0 ft di s n in n a n d s t. . s s. s n ta g to e They ta d li e, mea ure , , 12 n i n a nd . s s ft above grou d respectively. Their a pect certai ly n ot such a s ou r present information would lead u s to expect IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

h n n s now s a s R R . in Christian mo ume t . A fourth , pro trate , KE Y ss of formerly stood to the left. The rude , ma ive character

n s a nd s nn ss a nds of s n the sto e , the ter e olitude the ituatio , make ’ ms “ s on n a profound impression on the mi d. O gha digit exi t the side a nd top arris of the great block in the centre of the a nd not n n . s sta di g group They are cattered, legible ; but if Chri stianity be plainly written in Ogham on the A rra gl e n s n nn s of is O pillar, the ame certai ly ca ot be aid th gham n h a ra h marked Ga lla u n of Cl o s g .

' now n n n n i a t s s e 71 . We leave Bra do mou tai , wh ch thi id

s n s ss n s n pre e ts a va t gra y co cavity, urmou ted by a wall Of ’ n n n s a nd s rock u der Bre da hermitage , proceed ea tward

s in n ri s . in n n to Ca tlegregory, Killa ey pa h Here , the tow la d ’ - n - s s lf a ma ma ne Ma ra ma n e u il n J rt Of , b t i to the chim ey brea t of a farmer 3 s a n ns ri s n s n cottage , formerly exi ted i c bed to e , aid to have bee ”i ? one Of Ma h e re e s n s in f n n ow brought from the g I la d the o ﬁ g, I n in n s . ts the collectio Of the Royal Iri h Academy lege d, f h ’ l o . Ma n a n s e nd eni oc i c . imperfect at the , will recall the Q St Q ENILOCGNI MAQI D Qe niloc gni maqi d

ns on e ns n so 72 . There remai but other Ogham i criptio , far rka in a s n s in Co u . my k owledge goe , g y We reach it about

a m s s in n n n C ﬁve mile further ea tward , the tow la d Of Camp , ear p where the Castlegregory road is met by the lin e from Anas n n s n of caul . We are here agai u der the we ter declivity M s n s . s Slieve i h If we a ce ded the valley, which at thi s s s n n ﬁ nd ide kirt the foot Of the mou tai , we would the u in ss Conre e r ed barbaric fortre of Cahir at the summit . This means the fort of Cu roi (making c onree in the genitive) son n s in ri s n n Of Dari , a ame famou I h roma ce, the co temporary a nd Cu c h u llin wa s s n in his n n rival Of , by whom he lai mou tai s n ss Bla na id tro ghold, through the treachery Of the faithle . s s She milked the fatal white cow with the red ear , which Cu c h u l lin a nd Conall Carnach had plundered from E oc h y E a c hbe ol n of n n s nn n n , Ki g Scotla d, i to the tream ru i g dow hi hi wa s s n th e ther, w ch the ig al for the attack . Here , to

s of n s u l - on s of n is ea t the A a ca road, the urface the grou d, s n r ﬂa ttish n n of ee a g eat block, like the coveri g sto e a n hi s s cromlech rou d w ch the oil had accumulated. It bear a E RR KE Y .

n on m . Ogham lege d the edge re ote from the road Read from ri in s nn s ns n left to ght the u ual ma er, it yield the tra literatio

E I SOQUQ C AFFMONISOQUR ,

a n d remain ed unexplain ed until the present Bishop of i n r Dr. s G s Lime ck (the Rev. Charle rave ) perceived that the s n a n d n is character are i verted, that the readi g really

Conu n e a tt G n maqi o uri, or , it may be , onu n a tmi onu ri e t a C q C .

The cross a n d the Roman letters forbid our thinking Of the s on of D ri is fﬁ diss n a , but it di cult to ociate the ame from that C u roi G n in hi his s a n d Of , o uri , the very locality w ch exploit so n n insc ri betrayal have made famous. The accompa yi g p

n in n min s s s s Fec u n u ni. s tio , Roma mixed u cule , eem to pell There is a vertical dash over what h a s been taken for the hi ff n n nn s s n c di . O e , w ch may a ect the rea g ca ot help u pecti g is t n a nd din is that it a i verted, that the rea g

u i F ec t C nu n .

of Cu nu n n c onu nea tt of n the tomb , recalli g the the mai n lege d . s n 73 . We have thu travelled through a cou try more thickly enri ched with Ogham remains than a ny other district of equal extent elsewhere ; a nd perhaps it may be a relief to look n orthward a nd eastward a s far a s the eye c a n reach from the s M s a n d n r ummit of Slieve i h, lear that th oughout all North a nd n n s Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, eve beyo d the vi ible ’ ’ z n in n s n n s n n hori o Quee Cou ty, Ki g Cou ty, Lo gford, Leitrim, a n d s n o n is n n s nor h a s We tmeath , Ogham lege d k ow to exi t a n n Of s n in y bee heard , ave , by doubtful report, ear Tarbert , r a nd a n d Kn oc kﬁ e rna in North Ker y, at Rathkeale , Limerick,

s . n n in s re pectively If, i deed, we looked dow the oppo ite ’ d n on n Ma onih Mo Con in irectio the plai of g y, the Old y O q , ’ s s n n n n s the ite of Ptolemy Co ca i, exte di g outhward from M s s s n of Slieve i h to the Reek , we hould co template a ﬁeld abundant material for such matter a s h a s occupied u s up to s n the pre e t . To this ﬁeld we shall return in completing the

i - n LAR . n n Ennis s n Enn s C E cou ty tow , , a well tilled cou try. Betwee i a nd se a of s n n s a nd n r the the character the ce e cha ge , ea M wn M s n n n u s ilto albay become rough a d mou tai o . Slieve n hi s n n in his not Calla , the ghe t emi e ce t tract, though a lofty n n is ns s s n s mou tai , a co picuou feature from great di ta ce all u n n nn s s s ro d . The leadi g road from E is we tward traver e it a t n its s v n s a nd li e early greate t height, ha i g the ummit a ttl n n ta mon ri n n on e s mou tai the ght ha d. O lope of the ridge, s n s n s ﬁn e on s ri i g from the lake , ta d a cromlech ; the Oppo ite s on s lope, further from the road the peaty, heathy urface,

s - di s ss M n n n n is lie the much cu ed ou t Calla i scriptio . It s n of 9 2 ft one e nd a ﬂag to e about ft . by § . , fractured at , a nd bearing a n Ogham legend which at once strikes the eye a s belonging to a school of inscriptional work different from n n so s a nd s n n a ythi g we have far Ob erved, tro gly recalli g the style a nd appearance of what may be called the Scholastic s Of s E s s n in n Ogham the book . xample of the e are fou d ma u n n n scripts rangi n g from the ninth to the seve tee th ce tury.

s s e n- n s n a nd Their characteri tic are , a p draw tem li e, vertical

stem - crossin g vowels a s distingu i shed from Oblique stem s n ns n n s n n e s or cros i g co o a t . They are ge erally trivial ot a s s s n on e sa s s n phori m de ig ed, would y, for the purpo e of howi g ’ ff n in M Of nn s of o s . the scribe s accomplishme t . Thu a S the A al Innisfa ll e n in n , the Bodleia Library, we read

mu n n in n n ra n s h u r Ne (for emo) s e umo o o t ullu amatur.

N n n n a nd n n o e without mo ey ho ored ; yea, o e h a t s n of his own s o . Loved, but g ome mo ey

A ndin s M s M of n s a Briti h u eum S . the Breho Law

B ithma idn a a h a is a loc ht mr c c e e

sa i a h a n ma ir hi. S tis omo i c o c o f c b b

A s s s : ou o other age our y , people , g ’ Un s n so der my feet have law protectio .

s s of s n is s li But the erie character , however lo g, till, ke all the n s n a n n Of lege d we have yet oticed, without y ki d word s n on n M n n divi io . Here the Calla o ument not o ly are the

s di n s a nd n a n n s s - in word vided by poi t over u der i ci ed tem l e,

a nd s s - ss n di s all the vowel formed by tem cro i g git , but the AND . IN IRELAND, WALES, SCOTLAND

e n i or n Cru z whol lege d s se t in a n incised frame cartouche, givi g . a t ﬁrst sight to tho se acquainted onl y with ordin ary Ogham a n n a nd n s ri s nt u exampled questio able a pect . But I h a i

u a rie s wi - s ns of s q , familiar th the word eparatio Scotti h Ogham n s no n on s n s s s n a ndth e lege d , lo ger look the e poi t with u picio ; surmises of fraud a nd forgery which at one time discredited his n n now a s dis t mo ume t may be regarded altogether placed. What chi eﬂy excited the di sposition to question its genuine n ess w a s a n ambitious attempt of a n Iri sh scholar patroni sed ’ G n r Va lla nc e hi s Fla na a n ns e by e e al y, Theop lu O g , to tra lat in u s n so a s in n s it fo rfold eque ce , to produce , moder Iri h, a s ense appropriate to s epulchral commemoration whether read

or v ic e v rsa or one s of s from left to right e , from ide the tem n or s s of n n li e the other. Be ide , he made it the epitaph Co a Ma oil n of nn Ma c n , the co temporary Fi Coole , although , i deed, not ﬁ nd n n n n s or n s he did the ame Co a there, but o ly Colla Co a , hi a s ona f a ndin his s n not w ch he took C fourfold expo itio , had on s n s di s a nd n s wa s ly to uppleme t ome git retre ch other , but his s ex c u rsu s to obliged, after ﬁr t from left to right, altogether

di s ns of - s ns s n — a s regard the limitatio the word divi io , refu i g — they did to fall in with his ne w syllabic necessities so that when it wa s suggested that he himself had forged the insc rip ’ t n on his n n s n s nse io to play the credulity Of patro , me commo e at once perceived the incon gru ity Of a forger devising a fabri c a te d text which would n ot len d itself to the exigencies of his n n n in no on e c a n on th e i te ded elucidatio . But truth look

n - n i s dl di s n u is th e fai t, weather wor dig t , har y ti g hable from n s on n ou t wri kled urface which they have bee picked , without s n s s n ns ri n is n n s old a tro g per ua io that the i c ptio ma y ce turie , a nd of f i n a e n n o . ts , whatever g , a ge ui e piece work But te or is qu ite different from that of a ny other Oghamic s epu l chral

n - n ss lege d . The word divisions indicate the ece ary course of in . s ns n ru n read g If they be Ob erved, the tra literatio will

s Fa n ol a c os lia do lica c olla s c g c Obad

n s s n n Be eath thi to e, although a formula foreig to s r n n not n ss O ghamic epulch al la guage , eed e”ce arily be more n n s h a i u m a ra u i moder tha the u b oc c ongeries l p d cf the C s u s n n in s n s s s mo ume t Wale , adjudged by compete t cholar to ome n s a e n time before the eighth ce tury. I pre ume that do lic m a s ” a c e t n n u se of S n of j , though I am u able to explai the the ig n hi is r n l n mn the past te se ; w ch hard to eco ci e with mo u e tal s n a s n s a is n n . so s n la guage No uch ame Co a , far I k ow, fou d M in s n n . E n n n a oil a s n Iri h ome clature ve were it Co a , the cou try s ss ss n people have alway a umed it to be, the exce ive a tiquity demanded would be discredited by the modern aspect Of the n On e n n u s s dis lege d. co jecture may reco cile to the e c re a nc ie s a nd is in hid n e p , that that the true read g may lie u d r some of the cypher system s contained in the books which have evidently supplied the form of the characters a n d the s of n n a s no s ss h a s tyle their arra geme t but, yet, ucce atten ded the effort to extract by such means anything more

n n n ima n intelligible tha that re deri g which p r f a c ie prese ts s s s s its n n s s n it elf, however u piciou appeara ce , u der thi to e

s s or s s s - lis lie Colla Co a ) the) word accomp hed, the (ﬂeet) ” ( ( footed. n n n of M n 78 . Whatever be the ature or i terpretatio the ou t n ns n no s n of c a n s s i n Calla i criptio , que tio forgery ari e re pect g mi a memorial pillar on the sum t Of the eminence called Knoc ka stool e r n D n on s y, ear oole Bay, the coa t road from s n n in n of s n : Li doo var a, the orth the ame cou ty but the cha n i ra c te rs . , though, I thi k, Oghamic , are illeg ble h a s G n n n nor 79 . Neither alway, the ext cou ty to the orth, M n in in n South ayo , a yth g the Ogham ki d legible , though s s ss n n a nd on trace , I am told, exi t at Ro Hill , ear Co g, the “ n s n n n n . lo g to e at Kilmai e , ear Balli robe ss nn n ou t G s 8 0 . If we cro the Sha o , however, Of alway ea t ’ mn i in Cl on a c o s n s n on ward, we come , at , the Ki g Cou ty, the n of on a n n n left ba k the river, u impeached lege d Of what I s of is have called the Schola tic variety Ogham . It a little

ﬂ s n n n olma n in C n s ag to e beari g the ame Roma letter , with nn di i s ds the a exed g t , to be read backwar

is n boc ht or n a u er s n n That Colma Colma p p , a de ig atio of il u i ns s n s n in e hum ity q te co i te t with what we have ee K rry, so a s n in n ot n n n a n but, far bei g Ogham, cou te a ced by y of n s ns n ma the other umerou i cribed mo uments found at Clon c IN AL AND . IRELAND, W ES, SCOTLAND

' in n a nd i ng s o n s s n s C . oi , the e bei g exclu ively the Roma character, K , R OS CO MM O ’“ in the usual a nd regu l ar sepulchral formula of the Irish

n a s s n Croit do or p a ric mn Patricia , of the Scotti h Columba Church, t ” ” B en a c z: do or ss n on s . d , a prayer for a ble i g the decea ed n ss a nm is n in of is n in There oth g th ki d Ogham, u le the , which i am" n n s n a nima a nd Ogh n ns s is found in about a doze i ta ce , ta d for , s n n in s imply a prayer for the soul . The di ti ctio the va t n s i s a nd a s n h r s ns umber of case s ab olute , betwee C i tia , s n of n n n or s s imports the exi te ce either i depe de t , what eem i ns r of s ss n s . more p obable , ucce ive orga atio A s n B oc ht n s n . s 8 1 regard Colma , let me otice omethi g is s in old ri s n n s which calculated to mi lead, I h writte refere ce a s s s s to Ogham . The word, u ed, eem equally applicable to

a n n or a n n n titu lu s . s Ogham, a Ru e, y mo ume tal Thu , Corc , son of Lu a idh n s M n s s n s g , ba i hed from u ter, eeki g helter with F e ra da c h n of s s n ns , Ki g Alba, bear letter of Belleropho i cribed on his s i in off h eld Ogham , If the bearer come by day, cut his ni n off his head before ht ; if he come by ight, cut head ” g n of L oc hl a nn n s n a n before day . The Ki g bri g to Irela d f hi s n n in hi o s s . s Ogham the lt word, Obviou ly a Ru e The oble ’ a n d clerics of Leth Qu in (Con s half of Ireland) are interred at l nmnoi C o a c s

The n obles of the Cla nn Ouin lie n n s n Be eath the ﬂagged, brow , lopi g cemetery, n or n A k ot bra ch over each body, A n a n n d accurate Ogham ame .

Where what is meant is Obviously a Roman- letter - written n of ns s n s l nm C o a c n oi ame ; for the i cribed tomb to e from s, a n d a nd nin collected by Petrie, edited with a care lear g not n of his n M ss s n ot on e s u worthy ame by i Stoke , , ave this of n s a n of n Colma Bocht, exhibit y trace Ogham i ﬂuence ; but

ns in s n - n all are i cribed the ame Hiber o Roma character, of which the Kilmalkedar alphabet stone may be taken a s one of s s the earlie t example .

n s s s of R a th c ro h a n 8 2 . Leavi g thi famou eat the Patrician Christianity g of n its n s s u r ss s a nd Leth Qui , with rou d tower , culpt ed cro e , fé — elegantly inscribed little ﬂa gstone s for every personal memorial of its dead shows forth the humility which we may OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS — OSCOMMON . n mn u s s n a nd ss n i R bel eve ador ed the livi g, let a ce d , recro i g nn n n s n s the Sha o i to Ro commo , proceed toward what Ptolemy

h a s n n of s n h s de ig ated the other Royal tow the i la d, w ich n n n to a h r h a n may with reaso able certai ty be take be at R t c o g . The earthworks of this old residen ce Of the Conn aught n n s s s n te n s s E hin Provi cial Ki g till ta d mile outh from lp , in the centre of the vast tract of grass lan d stretching ” s A s E ni s “ from Boyle to Ca tlereagh . ma a, the ﬁr t Regia of ns of hi s is n Ptolemy, the remai w ch till ex t ear Armagh , w a s the residence of the Ulster Kings a nd of Conor Ma c ss s s s n of n so Ne a, the mo t famou overeig their li e , Rath ’ n wa s s of n s di u n M a nd crogha the eat Co or vorced Q ee , eave ,

- n Ai ll n mh s n n s li of lne a c t in her eco d take hu ba d , Ki g the O g , ’ whom we may without much difﬁculty recognise Ptolemy s a na tae or a s in n a nd n s N g , , a other probably a better ma u cript hi a m s a r in n s Of N tae . o e Of geography, g We are he e focu the great cycle of heroic story which revolves arou n d Con or a nd M a nd s s n n u c h u llin n eave , pre erve the re ow Of C , Co all n di a nd ns f Car ach, Fer ad, the other champio o the two n s in s c a n provi ce who fought their war . We hardly doubt that such persons existed ; a n d certainly barbaric hi story presents n o better marked characters than Conor a nd Meave : n n s s ns s he , lear ed, valia t, a tute , amorou , cruel, u crupulou sh e s ni n ss in s of , ambitiou , mag ﬁce t, reckle the pur uit power n n n n s a d ve gea ce . Her ame till lives in the topography Of n n in nn s the cou try, although co temporary the a al with that s s is s n n of Augu tu . It impo sible to walk over the gree plai a bout the Ba th which sh e inhabited without being trans in n n s n n s a nd n ported imagi atio to the e a cie t time , amo g the actors in her war with Conor which forms the subject of th e

s Ta in bo Cu a iln e. s n great Iri h epic , the g The circular to e su r ndin R e li na r ec or r e wall rou g the g , oyal cemetery, wher n onn a c ia n n s a nd n s lie n r is s il the Paga C ki g oble i te red, t l 30 s s is s su s a nd traceable . About yard we tward a maller di ed ss s n of churchle cemetery, al o circular, withi the area which are the entrances to what is traditionally known a s Queen ’ ” M s - u s is ss in li s n eave treasure ho e . It a ﬁ ure the me to e rock which runs westward about 50 yards outside the circular n a nd a n n n h a s n s in bou dary, here ide tical ame bee pre erved IN AND . IRELAND, WALES, SCOTLAND

N of is n st n s R os c oMMO . Ogham . The roof the cave formed by lo g o e laid

ss to of a nd ss su . acro the p the cleft, covered by the gra y rface i n n ns s s R a th c ro h a n. A lintel over the direct e tra ce , which ope to the ea t, g (A) - n s a n of one of Ogham i scribed. It exhibit example the subsidiary group of diphthongal forms not included in the

is is n - n original O gham paradigm . Th the u der li e curve s ndin u i a n d ss for u in its ta g for , po ibly other vowel combi n n s atio s . All the character are well cut, but whether the n is n a s i s on or n n termi al group mea t three dig t , u der, the atural

n n of s n is n n . stem li e formed by the co vexity the to e, u certai

on is u a nd n If , it , the lege d will read U QRAGUIS MF ra u ismu Q g , if u nder

n a i s a s n a nd whe probably Qr gu may detach it elf a proper ame, s of n n a s si lu mor the re t the lege d remai to be regarded a g n n n mo ogram ot yet i terpretable . ff n n s s s R a th c ro h a n. 8 3 . The e tra ce to the cave from the outh o er ome g hi ( B ) n ni a nd of n s . n thi g more deﬁ te extreme i tere t The li tel , w ch ss s n of n n s cro e it at the li e ju ctio with the other approach , bear on its outer arris a name beginning with FR a nd ending COI six n s n is n n n e with vowel poi t betwee . There othi g to i dicat s n s di a re how the e vowel equivale t are to be vided . They f nu ms n ns a o ss capable very erou combi atio , but the ociated cons onants suggest the most probable reading F ra ic c i

Fre oc c i,

F ra ic or Pr ec o n a n hi in bei g proper ame, w ch the Ta in bo

F ra ic h h a s ss ns R a th c ro h n local a ociatio with g a . n on nn r s is n 84 . The lege d the i er ar i eve more remarkable MAQIME DFFI

M Me dfﬁ aqi .

The over- line digits forming the D a nd the under- lin e digits n s F in s a osite d a nd formi g the fir t are ome degree pp , might n a s GB be take , Me bfi g , but I make no doubt but this slight overlap in dicates no real n of a nd s n is modificatio the text, that the fir t readi g the true on e n of Me dif in own is n . The ame , here her peculiar crypt, eve harder to dissociate from a n historical identity than w a s that

of G n n s hi Conr e e . o uri read u der the hamdow Of Ca r But, if it n n of n n n is n hin be i deed the ame the A azo ia quee , there ot g to tell u s how long after her death it may have been borne by s a nd lik s s r n Me dif other , e ome other vocable al eady oticed, l a in s n a s s n . ss may be ma culi e wel femi e We are impre ed,

h s - s ss s n of per ap awe truck, with the po ible pre e ce a memorial of n a nd s s n st the Hele Semirami Of Iri h epic roma ce , but I mu n n R a th c ro h a n s min be co te t to leave g with a ceptical d, kn owing what awaits u s at the tomb Of another queen later in s n of s s date . It may help to ome more deﬁ ite idea the u e of n s a nd l n n ma y cave which have wil come u der otice, to s n in s s of n refer to a tateme t everal of the Live Sai t Patrick, regardin g a subterranean apartment in the district beyon d

on s . n ss s Boyle , the border of Sligo He had eed for ve el for his f a nd not n O ﬁce , , prompted by a dream , at a place ide tiﬁed, ” G or s n a nd in called Slieve rada, Order Hill, fou d a cave , it a n a nd on ss li s hi altar, the altar four gla cha ce , with w ch he his s n served occa io .

5. on e n R a th c ro h a n n O . MAY 8 With exceptio , from g to the Atla tic , r s n a nd n M n o th oughout outher ce tral ayo , there appear to be n a n n n in remai s Of y Ogham mo ume t . Proceed g westward n n n s Of M one s s i to the orther part ayo , reache , at ﬁve mile n of M n ss n s beyo d Killala, the village ullagh acro , withi a hort s n Of hi on n s Bre a sta h s n s di ta ce w ch, the la d of g , ta d a very

n - n Its ns ns n 2 fi e s . 1 Ogham i cribed pillar dime io are early ft. 2 2 f it . o s s s n n by 5 ft . by ft Two arri e have origi ally bee occupied by Ogham lettering part of the inscription on one n in n s n w a s se t bei g buried the earth whe the to e upright . is a s s its s n is it What chiefly remarkable , regard ituatio , s dis n n n s of ss great ta ce from other mo ume t the Ogham cla , a nd the singularly Patri cian character of its local surround n s is on n n s f i g . It the immediate co fi e o the distri ct Of

hi s of Of F oc lu th Fog ll , the ite the wood , from which St . Patrick, in his s Of s n dream , thought he heard the voice the Iri h calli g hi n n n s ss . I is R a thba n him to mi io the immediate vici ity , a

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

. n s in ne 87 Further orth, a cromlech at Ca tlederg, Tyro , wa s s a o a n of n n n s ome time g object much a tiquaria i tere t, not a s hi n s of n n x min ex biti g Ogham the ki d we have bee e a in a s s n n one of s of g, but pre e ti g the very few example incised scorin gs hitherto found in that class of rude stone n n s sa w a s s h a s n s mo ume t . I y , becau e I hear it bee de troyed on s n s n by the farmer who e la d it tood. Fortu ately a cast of s n s s s a nd n of s a the cori g exi t , a careful drawi g the tructure s s c a n no s n it tood . There be doubt that the cori gs preceded

s n of c a - s n not ink the impo itio the p to e , but I do th they could n s ni n n ever have had a pho etic ig ﬁca ce . They belo g, how

- a nd - n ss sc u l tu r ever, to a well marked widely exte ded cla Of p n s s n seu do s s n i g , which may be de ig ated p Ogham , eemi gly mi imitated from true Ogha c examples by persons ignorant of n s ss a nd s pho etic character , but impre ed with the value my tery n Of writi g. ﬁ ne a nd n s n n n of e 88 . A very i tere ti g mo ume t the tru h Mr n st n s Ogham type, brought to lig t by . Wakema , a d at A h a sc ribba n n of n in s of th e g , ear the ce tre Tyro e , that di trict n m i s cou try approached from Po eroy. It a high, rough, but not s l n of U s n n o itary regio . At the time the l ter Pla tatio the n ative Irish expelled from the fertile lowlan ds of Tyrone were fain to take up their abode in these recesses of the n n n ns n n s Mu ter Lo ey mou tai . Here they co ti ue to peak their n n a n d s di n s Old ative la guage , pre erve their tra tio al courte y a n n nn s n s n s mi d frie dly ma er , u der circum ta ce which ght well of ss n s s have barbarised a people le ge erou attribute . They look on their monuments with reveren ce not untinged with

- n wa s n s s n . o e uper titio The Ogham beari g pillar , at time , r n n on s n s th ow dow by the farmer who e grou d it tood. He ” s in his sa n a nd had the ﬂood byre , they y, withi the week, w a s t n s l s e . glad to it up agai The fairie , they tel you, make their cavalcades about the great standin g- ston e in the next a nd a nd n s n is s s ﬁeld, a deep prolo ged mu ical ote ometime s n s n in s of heard from the detached to e ta d g ea tward the circle,

ll Cr u c a n a tha na boithie or M n of which they ca , the ou t the or of i i hi is li Ford Field the Both e , h gher up the ll . Th ttle c ircle seems the remains either of a cairn or of a ston e - built

- is n n on n Bothie or bee hive cell . There othi g the i scribed IN I AND . RELAND , WALES , SCOTLAND

n n Tmoxs . pillar to indicate whether it be a Christian or Paga mo u n ' is of n is s of me t. All that legible the lege d compo ed over line characters

DOTe CT a MQI as ae x - X

- n rmc n ss a tro The under lin e digits which expre ed the p y , bei g n nin s n s o the adjoi g face expo ed to the orth , are almo t wholly n n is not n in s obliterated a d illegible . The ame fou d Iri h s so a s n n n ss T ote c t of record far k ow to me , u le it be the the n s ns is s on e of Book Of I va io , where it a cribed to a pre M s n n u l n a n th e ile ia race , bei g, I wo d imagi e , earlier form Of

of A a mn a n a nd T a d u nbe ll . Ta dida d odd a c Of the D Ogham The name A gh a sc ribba s eems to signify the Field Of the n a nd s s s n th e Writi g, pre umably carrie back the exi te ce Of — monument to the ﬁrst imposition of townlan d name s a n ni s T o ma n on e n a e i deﬁ te retro pect . whatever g it y belo g, cann ot look aroun d on the wide tracts of moor a nd craggy waste intervening between its site a n dthe nearest ecclesiastical f n n Bodone s n s n ou datio (at Lower y, eve mile further dow the

' valley) without a se nse Of wonder at the art of writing havin g so n n s n ss Bodon e is early pe etrated i to uch a wilder e . y the

th omna c h or D omu s m n s lis B o d do inic a Of the Patricia e tab h ‘ n h s is hi n a B ot s . s me t. , a hou e , peculiar to t regio Bovevagh Me dhbh a s of M Bo da fe a (Both , the Hou e eave) , y (Both da

ﬁ a c h s of R ns R - , the Hou e the two ave ) , aphoe (Rath both , the

F - s s n n ort hou e) ; but, el ewhere through Irela d, the equivale t

in s s ns is t tu m word employed imilar compo itio Tech , ec . n s n 89 . We are here ear the water hed betwee Lough Foyle Knoc k M a ny 59 a nd a nd rni n s hi Lough Neagh, , retu g outhward over the gh ”i , n of n n its on tablela d ce tral Tyro e , come at verge the head s of nn n n s n water the Blackwater River, ru i g i to the latter ba i . a n The valley Of the upper Blackwater, about Augher d n n in s s a s Cl ossa h is Clogher, k ow locally Iri h record the g , a a nd n s on n fertile beautiful regio , heltered the orth by a n n n one in n n ra ge Of mou tai , outly g emi e ce Of which over n n s s n looki g the rich tract about Augher, i terpo e betwee that n a nd s n ou r s E plai the ecluded valley where Carleto , Iri h ttri ck wa n n s a d . his is n M n so Shepherd, bor educated T K ock a y, a s n of ni of T e u th a l T e c h tmr n called bei g the Hill Ba , wife a a d of Fe lim e c h mr R t a n mother y , royal ames familiar in the YRON i s of n a nd s n T E . ped gree all the great Highla d I la d families of n w a s in Scotla d. It u rin his nse n on Atta c ottic li n hood d g exile, co q ue t the rebel o , when the unfree or tri butary tribes (A ithea c h Tu a tha ) revolted ins r M s n s In n aga t thei ile ia or Scotic conqueror . Scotla d ni n is s probably he married Ba , daughter of a ki g, it aid, of n s n hi T u th a l n n . s s s e Fi la d A embli g force here , retur ed to n n of s l s Irela d, where , after maki g great havoc the ervi e tribe , ns i s s u r on n a nd in he rei tated h m elf ec ely the thro e, the year ma n nn of ou r 1 1 1 s of s era , if we y accept the te timo y our A al , s his n is on s w a s lo t quee who , it added, the ame authority, n M n in ossa h s s f on Cl . O buried K ock a y, the g The ide the n n hi s is a n d on mou tai are t ckly wooded ; the ummit bare , the summit are the remains of a great sepulchral tumulus of s s s r ns of everal chamber , till partly covered by the emai their n s n sk s n s cair , but for the mo t part ope to the y. The to e of n of s s n n of o e the e chamber o ly remai . Two them are covered with barbaric designs Of the same general style a n d character a s that at New Gran ge a nd the monuments on th e

n a nd l - n a - l n ss Boy e at S ieve Cal iagh, a other great a emblage, of s n s on s of M epulchral tumuli ear Oldca tle, the border eath a nd n Cava . n n of s ff s s u l 9 0 . The ge eral feeli g all the e e ort at c p n is s a nd t s i in tural decoratio the ame , hey all have a tr k g

’ resemblance to the ornamentation seen in the Ma ni ~ Ne lu d

n a v r- n s n n s in n n s n fla nk a d G i i mo ume t Britta y. O the ea ter ing ston e of the prin cipal cell these concentric rin gs a nd z — n n parallel ig zags exhibit a certai degree of regularity. U du l a ting lines form part of what looks like a work having n n G s of s in ni n s s ome sig ifica ce . roup the e defi te umber flow on n n s on parallel to e a other from other li e which they abut. s Of s n s n n or n s Other group traight li e sta d o depe d from the e . The whole aspect of the sculpture gives the idea Of some kin d Of writing invested in a masquerade of barbaric flourishes

a nd iz s s is n s b a rrerie . The ame idea co veyed by traight

digit- lik e indentations cut across the edge Of a walling s s s hi s s lab at the oppo ite ide , w ch recall at ﬁr t ight very

- v dl on s s of n . n ivi y e Ogham like pecie Ru e The Ru e, it will

is din or R n . be remembered, either or ary alphabetic , cryptic , u e IN IRELAND, WALES , AND SCOTLAND . m n n s s Tmoxm. n The cryptic Ru e may be i dicated, either by bra ched te , or by l onge r a nd shorter di gits arranged across a ban d ; the shorter ones indicatin g the a it or category to which the letter

- n s n n s its su b n in a it. belo g , the lo ger o e umber the

If it could be said that the digits which cross the ban d formed of s n di s n ns in by the edge the lab , here , had deﬁ ite ti ctio n or s n s n s le gth otherwi e , we would look with the kee e t i tere t for the three Of on e kin d a nd the two of the other which ’ s u s Of n ni s n hould yield the B Ba i ; but if Ba ame be here , it is concealed under some other device ; for the lines are only nin in n a n d s in n n e umber, are too Ob cure their termi atio s to enable one to sa y whether they vary in length or other

s On a n s s s - n wi e y y tem . They look like a p eudo Ru e , just a s the ﬂourished lin es with which they are associated look ik s - s n s ndin a s l e p eudo O gham imitated without u der ta g, we se e the straight strokes surrounding the head in a n orthern bracteate representing the Byzantine name illegible to the hi of n s . n s on arti t If, the , t be the tomb Ba i , which , the e v i n c a n dl s n de ce , we har y doubt, we mu t either co clude that at inn n of s n n a n din the beg i g the eco d ce tury, or ary Ogham n wa s not n of n lege d procurable eve for the wife the mo arch , or else that the ordinary Ogham wa s in her case elaborated a nd n s a s s s a s i ve ted with e thetical my tery, ju t we se e plain writing di sgu is ed in ou r own days in the affected alphabetic s n nd s r ss s a ns . n s i gularitie Of add e e architectural pla Our mi d , n ot n however, will be better made up to either co clusion til l s s n n l x mi the whole ubject hall have u dergo e a much fu ler e a n n a nd n n s n in atio , at more compete t ha d tha m e . CH APTE R IV

rma e se a t th e a t a n r —I s d d me n a e nna n—Mu lloc h u n e t A gh , chi f of P rici ch ch crib ol L

— - a mu - ma e e e a a ns a t e v e na a a e te n th e Ir s Ogh S p lchr l c ir Sli C lli gh ; T il i h Oly pi , c l bra te d for its a m— — a stle tini on e s & Th e B ne mNe w a n e C c tu u G g , . oy li r g a m— na r d o ne d d a a ns A D . Ogh Do of th e thre e Christi a n ch u rche s fou n e by P ll di .

- — i mn 30 1 e e n m a r a n 4 a : its nne t n t Du fta c h Ma c c u l u K ll Cor c co c io wi h g , co p io

a t h — - - orma i St. t e u n a e h is s e t Th e H Lu a ir a nd H C c of P rick b ryi g pl c of p y g y , — e s e n a nts Cu c or n n m- ns e st ne s d d b n e ste s a A D l l Q a d c of , Ki g of L i r, l i . Ogh i crib o e n ma n a Ba a t e G ra n a a Du nbell B al l boo da n Kill Cor c , ow , Cl r gh , , y , Wi dg p , lly v oo ne s a n n se v e a a m u mn r n i n I a c a e u de ts e e n nta y, l d , Dr loh ; r Kill co i i g r l Ogh — ' e e n s - Kil rov a m — a n s Be d h is d n rd e its u nd w a nt e l g g A or Ro To er S i D cl ,

p e digre e .

n of s s n s 9 1. WITH the exceptio ome doubtful cori g at ’ in n f nd Mr n s o D a . Corrody, the Cou ty erry, Wakema report of s s in n n n hi n a uppo ed Ogham cave Do egal , I k ow Of ot g in n n s s n Oghamic the orther part of Ul ter . But the eighbour f m n o of hood Ar agh , the chief place the Patricia church, nis s one s n n fur he example . It come from the vici ity of Paga E ni s ss s s s ma a, but bear a cro , de cribed by Dr. Reeve , Bi hop wn a nd nn Of D o Co or.

ON G H AN n M n n s t . M A . 9 2 . Southward from Armagh lie the Cou y Of o agha In its a n d di s n n of in th e hilly rough vi io , to the orth Ballybay, s of Tu ll c orbe t nn n n n r pari h y , at a place called Le a , we e cou te ns s n ot n a cromlech i cribed with character . They are i de n s n s a s s s s termi ate cori g at Ca tlederg, but character , ome hi n s a nd one hi s s Of w ch look like Ru e , w ch re emble a s of Schola tic variety Ogham . They were regarded by ’ D onov a n n n n n in 1834 a s O , whe he exami ed the mo ume t , a n ot n n n n n forgery . I do thi k that Opi io will be e tertai ed after ’ a n ns n s D onov a n s i pectio Of the ca t . O failed to Ob erve a s n n s s s s very ig iﬁca t culpture above the e character . It look a s s s n on s like a galley, galley are repre e ted the culptured n n s of n a n n n s n s mo ume t Britta y d Sca di avia. Save the cori g

on s a nd s a n d nn - n n thi the Ca tlederg cromlech, cha el like i de ta tions on the upper side Of the covering stone at Brennans IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

n n n of n n ns in or mo n o s M n/ m tow , ear Dubli , I k ow other i cribed dolme , V N CA A , n . Irela d M“ T H m, m. hi n M n n a nd n 0 9 3 . Where the lly cou try Of o agha Cava s s s n n n M n ub ide i to the rich plai borderi g eath , we agai meet

Mu lloc h n i n M u lle r/b with a regular O gham at , ear Virg ia Water . It 4 “ s n s in s s a nd is ta d the churchyard be ide the pari h church , l c . . legible up on e arris OS BAR R ,

or ss Osba rrn n n hi s s a nd , po ibly, , a ame looki g to toric time , , n n a n s n s u m although u accompa ied by y Chri tia ymbol, very n likely to be Paga . n n n M n r n s M T “ 9 4 . Adva ci g i to eath, a li e Of g ee bare height EA rising from the wooded plain is visible along the western n f of F or di s n of bou dary o the valley the Blackwater. a ta ce two

- m - n h s a s n S lie v e - na s s a s ile the e Slieve Calliagh ill , they are called, co ti a ma G f n tute a vast cemetery o scattered sepulchral cair s. The group

mi of of c . reaches to within eight les that part the Blackwater where T e lltown is at this day thought to preserve the n ame a nd s Ta ltin s s its ite Of , the Old Iri h Olympia, famou for nni s s a nd s a nd s a s one trie al fair , race , ame , celebrated al o g ” n “ of the great cemeteries Of the cou try before the faith .

Hence it h a s been supposed that in these Slieve - na - Calliagh cairn s we have the remains of Irish Pagan interments ; a nd in a ll s s s n a n n in n they do , re pect , pre e t appeara ce accorda ce n n ns its n with that idea . The cair co tai ce tral domed chamber, a n r di a s Ma e sh ow or N approached by ar ow a t, at ew G n on n is s ra ge the Boy e . The chamber the ve tibule to inn s on s s s s s n s er cell , who e ﬂoor re t hallow to e arcophagi . l s a nd n s s v i s The wal rooﬁ g lab are covered with carved de ce , a nd n s n n s n n n more wild fa ta tic eve tha tho e Of the Ba i mo ume t . i s z i — s n s n s of s in s C rcle , g zag , pitti g , fri ge traight l e , maggot s a nd s s s n s like Object , other omewhat re embli g boat with t n s s s s ver ical li e for the crew , are cattered over the urface , n r nn n n s appare tly without design o co ectio . The eare t re sem n n s s r ou t of n is bla ce fou d to the e freak Of the g aver, Irela d, on ilsford n i ss the Co sto e in Ayrsh re . A po ible chariot pre ceded by a diapered fantasy which may have been inten ded s s is one of ns n s a n n for hor e , the few i ta ce of appare t attempt s n n n n n n at repre e tation of a y k ow Object . The o ly exceptio

F. H MEAT . to this fantastic sort of ﬁguring is foun d on the lintel of th e s n of n n e outher cell the ce tral cair . Here are what have v ry n e n s s i s s of ge rally bee uppo ed to be Ogham d git , ome them ss n s n on a nd cro i g the arri but the greater umber the ﬂat,

n e n n a n - in m i dep de t Of that or y other stem l e . They uch s n M n s n s re emble the K ock a y cori g . They have all the n n n n s e n o appeara ce Of bei g co tempora eou . They hav , doubt, l s a nd ss n nin . n a purpo e, , po ibly, a pho etic mea g Certai y, if ‘ n a n s s the Ogham be a developme t of y earlier y tem, we are n its s a n d s n s ns a n d n e here amo g root ﬁr t ma ife tatio , the atur of e s s i s n s that oth r y tem, if it ex ted, will have to be i ve tigated on the assumption that some relation holds between these s a n d n s of in s a n d n di s ﬁgure the umber their l e , the u covered

n u b- n s of s i ms a d s . a ic e umber ome prim tive alphabet In s ns n n ns 9 5. the e cair have bee fou d co iderable n f n f n s s o s, s o , collectio bo e Object ome which bear i ci ed s ns of n n n n a s n n a s s de ig i terlaced or ame tatio , if i te ded matrice

- s a s s Of for metal work . Were we to accept the e record the s s n n s n builder , we hould co clude that the fa ta tic ﬁguri g Of the cell walls w a s executed by those who cou l d have covered them with elegant a nd regular pattern work if they had

e s e s n or s n n pl a ed, but who adopted the barbaric d ig , eemi g wa t s n a s s n s i n a n d ss Of de ig , omethi g perhap trad tio ary po ibly s s s of s hieratic . The ame may be aid Of mo t the cave e n n s hin s which have yielded graved bo es el ewhere . The etc g on th e bone s contrast strongly with the barbarous ruden ess of n n s se e no of s n n s n their surrou di g . I way e capi g the co clu io

that a higher art c o - existed with the u se Of tradition ary s s in s n n s n ss s s e s barbari m epulchral mo ume t , u le we uppo e th e

rifled cairns a nd tumuli to have been used a s hidin g- places s n s ri a n d a nd workshop by Wayla d Smith Of a later pe od ; , in s e n in s thi vi w, it may be worth remarki g that Iri h tradition such caves are regarded a s the haunts Of musicians n d a rtifi c e rs Of T u a th a D n n fir s a the Old de a aa race, who t in n Of s a nd on n s brought the k owledge the art , , their co que t

M s ns s s n n . by the ile ia , hid them elve u dergrou d

- na - ns s of 9 6 . From the Slieve Calliagh cair to tho e the n e n n Boyne is a di sta ce Of about tw ty miles. The Boy e tumuli a nd their chamb e rs are too we ll kn own to require a ny len gth

n of Ma i i a n dMa i a re n (the equivale t Ma gi) N i. g n g N e fou d s N i n n n n rVo el ewhere , bei g appare tly the ge itive Of the ame ,

s n on . r Gosu c tea s s n n al o fou d further If ead , the eco d ame n a s on e of n s ss in mo s hould be take the umerou cla formed , “ M so ma G n s n o c . my, probably rou d have bee thought to

s n s Mosc ar a n of s n in s exi t for readi g thi , the ame a ai t Iri h hin r h a s n s of hagiology ; but I t k the e bee a mi take fact. If of s s not read either the latter way , the X character hould be ” nd r s a s “ n a s a ini . take a vocable , the e idue be read , here It seems to me that fewer difﬁcu l ties attend the reading ﬁrst suggested

su ti smsa c ma Go c o p i N i. s n of Gu sa c t MUCOSUS son of N The to e o .

n u mu s S os Co f. p

The second Academy stone of uncertain origin bears the legend DD DD MUCOTU C A C AC

where the resemblance of the vocables Tu dda dda c to a proper n n on on e Of nn n n s n ame fou d the Kilke y mo ume t , oticed

on s s Mu c o a s ss a n n Of further , eem to detach po ibly equivale t

Ma i in s s n s of ﬁ lia tion — a g ome eco dary tage , matter worthy ns n in nn n w Mu i n ot JVIu Of co ideratio co ectio ith c c . I do take

a s n Of df oc a toc s n h a s n equivale t to the mo , who e ame bee

thought to be recorded here .

W c Low. VVic kl ow n now s n Of nn n 9 8 . Cou ty take up the chai co ectio , th e links Of which will become clo ser a s we return towards imn n Ca stle t o in D ns n s n s . the outh At , u ga tow pari h , betwee ns Of a nd se a s hi the remai a cromlech the , at the ide Of the gh

s r l - li hi road, lie a la ge bou der ke block, w ch may have better

served the purpose of a coped grave- ston e than a pillar n n n n its n n i s mo ume t, beari g very legibly alo g rou ded a

NE TACARINE TACAGNI .

What will ﬁrst strike u s is that he re are two names con ceived ’ A s a n d neta n s a s n n in the B formula, that e ter a compo e t

netta s e e e s . into both , like the of earlier Ob rv d exampl IN IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

’ N e ta a r a a h a s n a n O dd s a nd c x row c s Ne t c g certai ly a pect, . induces a suspicion that some other n ame is con cealed n rmla ss n i s s s a s in o o d u der adve t tiou yllable , the f proce

r a ra ntoc n s al eady referred to . C would be the ame mo t likely

so hi n a nd neta su ffa rc ina tion a nd s s . to be dde , merely a di gui e

in in n n u n n W Gl e nd lou h 9 9 . u s g Beh d , the mou tai co try dividi g icklow g ’ in of n s s s of u s . from Kildare , are the r St Kevi eccle ia tical City f f, Gl e nda lou h n n of n hin a nd dis g , a other ce tre Patricia teac g i lin f mi c p e ; but neither here do we ﬁ nd a ny trace o Ogha c n writi g. 0 r ss n n s D ona rd 10 . If we c o the mou tai , however, toward Kildare , 2 1 a nd s n o n n n its s n s de ce d Do ard, lyi g at we ter ba e , we are “ “

n in - di s n n agai a well marked O gham trict, i cludi g the remark

Of n hi n ns s. able cemetery Killee Cormac , w ch co tai four example Inthe stone fences about D on ard fragments Of Ogham monu n s n s a nd n s s me t are umerou , the ame Of the farmer who broke s o n them up are remembered. A hort mile from the village

the south - west stan ds the O gham - inscribed pillar called the ’ ’ P s n n of n n rs Pi er s stone iper Sto e . The common traditio profa e da ce p . a nd musicians being turned into ston e exists here a s in most ’ dis s n n In n n n P s other trict abou di g sto e mo ume ts. The iper n is ss a nd its n s f Sto e exce ively rugged, lege d mo t di ﬁcult to

. s s a nd s s to decipher It how the X character, eem read I IGI N .

n is a nd s h a n a s one of 101 . Do ard alway s bee accepted the three Christian churches foun ded by Pa lla diu s during his short

ss n s in A D 4 3 - is n . 0 1 mi io to the Iri h . . The authority Of ve e not sa s n u i s rable , to y re pectable, a tiq ty. The three churche s n —Killﬁ n n mn h te na n a d D o a c de ig ated are , Tech Roma ach , Ki . llﬁ nte h a s on s n s n s s Arda , plau ible grou d , bee uppo ed to l n m be Ki lee Cor ac . There is n o question that the House of ns is s n Ti rone n nor the Roma the pre e t g y, ear Wicklow, that D omn — — a c h D omi i n in c a d mu s a ta s . Arda o l Do ard Although Ti rone ff s no ns s n g y O er Ogham remai , yet their exi te ce at the oth er two sites must detract from the force of what h a s i prev ously been said respecting their absence from Glen da lou gh a nd the other seats Of that Patrician Christianity

on ss n ns is ro which followed the mi io Of Palladi . It more p hi bable , however, that the Ogham u se Spread ther from a K ILDARE

r i of M ns to the g eat O gham c tract South u ter. n s n D n n six s th e 10 2 . Killee Cormac lie beyo d u lavi , mile to s in n s Cobbinstown in n of we t, the la d of , a detached portio , th e sh of D s n in n is s l p avid tow , the Cou ty of Kildare . It til s a s h w a n ns u ed a regular burial place , althoug ithout y remai a n i n n di n ss . s s m Of a ociated church It a mou d Of co iderable e s ns s ss n n s n io , piled up by ucce ive i terme t from the grou d level . Were the upper strata removed a nd the superﬁ cial sepulchral ns ns n c a n co tructio laid bare , it would, judgi g from what be s n of s n n n s n s ee the e rou d the u der margi , pre e t much the ame appearan ce a s a denuded cemetery of apparently the Pagan n l n c olu mkill in n n E e G e D . p riod ear , the Cou ty Of o egal ach ' n n is in its own s n - s a nd s Of i terme t to e built ci t, the e are i ns ns n n s s n s large d me io . The e tra ce are ee to two uch s e c ellce of s n s so sa of s pulchral the eco d torey, if I may y, thi

di di s n - s s exuvial e ﬁce , vided by a to e pillar, which bear trace on its to a nd h a s n s Of O gham p , dow each ide a groove for the n s n s n receptio of the clo i g to e . of is s n n a nd r 10 3 . At the foot th mo t a cie t remarkable g ave mn n n n s ndin n s ou d, ear the e tra ce to the level urrou g e clo ure ,

lies a ﬁ ne pillar- ston e inscribed in Roman a nd in O gham ” s c a n no s n “ D s character . There be que tio that the word ruide s n a n d hi s n n form part Of the Roma epigraph , t bei g the o ly instan ce of the mention Of Druids on a ny known lapidary n n n ns n nn mo ume t a ywhere, the double i criptio ca ot but be n in s s s regard e d with extraordi ary tere t. It eem to me to b e n s n a nd n i part at lea t bili gual biliteral . The Roma epigraph may read IVV EN E DRVIDE S

ru l c v c ne d ides,

or n n if , owi g to a ﬂaw maki g it doubtful the ﬁfth letter be R or N IVVE RE DR VID ICS

r Iv v er e d u ides,

or a n u se of s s in , by allowable the two ﬁr t character their numerical value

is u a tu IV (that Q or) v ere dr u ides . IN IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

s s ni s n Of Y s or ILDAR Thu , it may i fy the to e the Druid outh , the K E . g ” s n u v a n th e es n n n ot in to e of J the Druid (for ge itive eed , s s b ss u s or s n “ view of the Wel h example , em arra ) , the to e of ” D u i s s s u s n ss the Four true r d . At thi tage let exami e the a oci a a n se hi ns n ted Ogham d e w ch co tructio it may favour. The

Obvious regular - marked digits read

UFANOS AFIE FRATTOS .

r Uf a nosaﬁ ef a ttos.

n a s U a no sa a n d ns n sa ei is u s re a d Taki g it f ﬁ , co ideri g that the Va rio n n s ma n s h a d s s o os moder middle Iri h for age , wi e , p , it if n t a n nl f v a n u i appears o u ikely echo o J u the Dr d . But where J u v e neD ru ide s is the J 7 It h a s no regular equ ivalent in Ogham a n d we

a sk is n ot s n ss U a nos may the ece ary to complete f , whether n n or n so s l it b e omi ative ge itive ? If , we hou d be left to ’ s s n a s a n s a n d s s utili e the eco d word , accepti g Stoke Rhy ﬁ ” n f n n f n versio o it a s the early Celtic for desce da t o . The we s n n din h a s hi hould e quire for the patro ymic . The rea g therto n Sa ha ttos s s n bee , but the pla ter ca t take from the paper s s di s n n s n s mould how ti ctly, though fai tly, what the to e it elf, s s a s is n over hadowed by tree it , could ever reveal, that the ” in is E ra ttos a n d U n of s n n s of E fra tt read g ; fa the de ce da t , f ” s n n “ U n s wi would be a better eque ce tha fa the a e , th ” g E fra tt s n din s s s n s ta g by it elf. But there are ome cori g or s s s hi s s n n n character , be ide , w ch mu t al o be take i to accou t . A n d n ot in s di s imperfect , paralleli m with the vertical git we

n di s ss n s U a n have bee cu i g, precede the f . I call it imperfect because on e digit is boldly a nd the other very slen derly n s a nd s i of i ci ed, over the la t dig t the f a delicately carved

n t s n s s n . u a tu or very mi ute , ta d ju t above the li e Here the Q v ere dru i s din n s s n n n A s de rea g begi to receive ome cou te a ce . n in s s n s we omit or bri g the e uper umerary character , we may U n or D n or D u fta n or n have fa ufa , were it allowable to take

its n R e e . s Du fta a nd so ff s n v J . S h a r for Oppo ite , q , the e ort of my lear ed frie d , . m ‘ ms Mr n . n h a s nn . , the Rev Shearma who lo g laboured to co ect ﬁ ge gz

n r C orma c with D u fta c Ma c c u lu a n n of Killee Cormac with g , the compa io ‘

. nn n St Patrick, would be rewarded . I ca ot take upo me j j ﬁgffr gﬁ l ’ a ni u o v i n is f o z. to do that ole ce to th text, though I am aware that p q P a ’r'c” s cholars Of eminence do n ot shrink from such chan ge s when n s Of ns ns s the exige cie other i criptio eem to require it . The ms n s t is s 11 mn . K mi u cular a very mall object, but s s hi nn ome O gham character , w ch I ca ot n n n s o a twi pillar lyi g be ide . outlined head of the Saviour nu mn a nd on h hi s t e t mo e t, s are inci ed . Whatever we may ’ nn e n of D u fta c h s s of H —Lu a ir co ctio the place with ept the y g ,

is ou t. n s s a s n well made The bou d Of the ept, laid dow ld s s i n in o . s the Iri h book , embrace it It the o ly topo n in s of le n da l ou h a nd raphical Killee the Dioce e G g , a g ” Killeen u lu a ir on s n n is g , the other ide Of the mou tai , n n in D 1 1 83 enumerated amo g the possessio s of that se e A . . . n Du fta c h hi s is n n n The , m elf recorded, with ma y other emi e t s s s n in dinnla c h a or s eccle ia tic , to have bee buried the mar h

s H - Lu a ir hi of hillock of the y g , w ch, from the peculiarity the

s n c a n n a n . a s s po itio , hardly mea y other place Next, regard

orb Kin n Ki l n The H - Lu a ir n u l e orma i . C c e C c , g the ame y g were a bra ch Of 3 3 9 rma i n n son o c n s C , s s s , git{122331 1 9 the Hy both ept bei g de ce da t Of Cormac

r th e r n F lim t u o of n n 1 19 b e nc e s C c b s w a s s . . a o of Of , Ki g Lei ter, who lai A D , y y e h ma r in n s a s n t E w R c . s if, ighth de ce t from thi Cormac Sai t

L u a ir n s s n n in old s n s n g . Abba , who e de ig atio Iri h ge ealogical de criptio Ma c c u ormi n of his s n a would be C c . O the death t holy per o n n n hi n mn f S a int A bba n a co te tio for s relic s sprang up betwee the e o North ns di a n d s of ns Lei ter where he ed, tho e South Lei ter, where n s wa s s he had chieﬂy mi i tered . The feud compo ed by the appearan ce Of two wains drawn by miraculously sent oxen a n In s s s — n s n commo device uch ca e , each carryi g the eemi g ns s n hi n ff n di ns remai Of the ai t, w ch , taki g di ere t rectio , led n s Off a nd n n the combata t the ﬁeld, after the e tombme t, n s in s n n s N va i hed the ford Of eighbouri g river . ow, the local di n n ormi i C a c s tra tio at Killee that the Cormac buried there , a nd h a s its n wa s n s from whom the place ame , a ki g who e ns n n hi remai were brought thither by certai oxe , w ch , after n mn a hou d acco pa ying them had indicated the spot for the n n n ss his on e tombme t, by leavi g the impre of paw the head

f n n - O s i s n e n off a n d n s in G s . a ta d g to e , w t va i hed the River rei e ’ n s n hi his in Bu i e th Ki g Arthur hou d , w ch left the track of paw ’ s e a s on nn n f n ma e e Ne iu s s s o to erv Of wo der Britai , y hav ’ suggested that part of the story relating to th e dog s paw still L IN IRELAND , WA ES, AND SCOTLAND .

n m f h u ma s n n s o a s s . how at the Killee , but the re t the traditio uch a K n s s of s n n of s on of like e s to the tory the de ce da t Cormac , Cu c orb a s n s n h is , may lead to the probable co clu io that are r s the Ob sequies refer ed to . Let it be Ob erved further that the son of s or Finns of Cormac , from whom the two tribe the — H - orma i a n d H Lu a ir s n wa s La bra id a n in C c d y the y g pra g, , n La bra id hi ns s n refere ce to , w ch happe to corre po d with the

s n s n of s n ns la br a im third per o i gular the pre e t te e Of , I

s s La bra id Lon se a c h S tor f peak, let me recall the tory Of g told y {i L a w“ on ' “ ” L g n D s se a L on s a c h s by Keati g. oe the comer by ( g e ) peak 7 s u i of s se u n a ked the dr d the uppo d dumb exile , who had ret r ed h is G s s n n on hi s n s with auli h auxiliarie to take ve ea ce e emie . ” g “ La bra id — h e s s— w a s a nd so La bra id peak the reply, , the

S e n n n . peaker, the eloqu t, became a oted ame If we have

n hi s in H - Lu a ir s s rightly ide tiﬁed the llock the y g mar he , it will

n ot D u fta c h Ma c c u - Lu a ir a nd n M orma i be g , Abba aceu C c n s s s ﬁ nd s alo e , who e epulchre we may expect to here , but tho e also of sev e ral other emin ent descendants of this La bra id; n n s ns D u fta c h a n d s n of i cludi g three o Of a female ai t , great Cu a c h Gonin e n of a re celebrity, or , all whom recorded to lie g ” inn la a in s D c h . s n n together the ame Suppo i g the , the true Mr n u a tu or v ere dr u ides . n readi g to b e g , Shearma may be well excused forhis persisten ce in believing that at least under ” n s n ot s ns Du fta c h n their Ogham ame , if o te ibly, himself a d m n n S s ot n o e Of the three other are o ly i terred here , but monumentall y commemorated in the inscription under c on s n for s ns n ndi a n d a n ideratio four per o bei g i cated, take a s ” ﬁ n n s n n of is n s s n mea i g de ce da t , it plai that the ame de ce t,

s one his n E fra ttos from ome here called by O gham ame Of , is

a n d E r a ttos s n predicated for each Of them ; f , it mu t be ow ed, h a s n of G s n L a r all the appeara ce a reeki h equivale t Of b a id, s hi so . s se e the peaker If t be , we may that whether the

n Inv ene D ru ides in th e U a nos a i t readi g be , reflected f f ef ra tos or u a tu or v ere D r u id s Of the O gham , Q e reflected in the fourfold readin g suggested by the supplemental a n d minus c u la r s of s n him digit , it would be equally true all to de ig ate or a s e n ti u s a a them d ep o b L br dii . B 10 4 . u t ou a sk H it will have Occurred to y to , ow could se n s ns La bra id w the great gra d o of , who a s but fourth in s n Cu c orb ss in n de ce t from , have po ibly lived the fifth ce tury ? n w a s s n n Cu c orb hi hi Abba eve th o ly from , w ch , at t rty years n n s A D 1 1 9 2 1 2 . . 0 3 to the ge eratio , place him ( 9) more n n ss n Of ns tha a ce tury before the commi io Palladi . It may be that some gen erations have dropped ou t Of the pedigree ; but if the di screpan cy could have been explain ed on that s s n s s s n ot ugge tio , the Old Iri h hagiologi t would have had s n a s hi s n occa io to allege , they do , that t Abba lived three n a nd s n s n n ss hu dred ixtee year , bei g the time ece ary from the s his n himn pre umable date of birth to bri g i to chronological f nn s n n n s . co ormity with the A al We ta d, i deed, amazed at

s n ss - di n s s s the vi io Of po ible pre Palla a time , which eem to rise before u s in contemplating this mortuary hillock in the H —Lu ir s s y ga mar he . n n of “ D u s 105 . Half way rou d the mou t to the right the r ide s n s r n s ns to e lie , or fo merly lay, a other di placed block, i cribed in Ogham round both arris e s a nd the top_

MA Q IDD E CCE DA MAQIMA RIN .

M e da M n aqi dd c c e maqi ari .

c n s dec edda Ma rin s n is We re og i e the , but , eemi gly complete , n e w a n d n ss n s not s n , , u le be eparable , ea ily reco cilable to

other forms. n de c e dda s n n 10 6 . Beyo d the to e half way rou d to the s n s n s in ne w n n right, ta d a pillar beari g digit a arra geme t .

e on e di is s a s s - n e s in a H re git made to erve tem li e for oth r ,

n of su b- n n s n ki d virgular depe de ce , Obviou ly co trived for s s n Of s cryptic purpo e . A other example the ame device will n f on s s O r bu s do t s . occur further . It eem to be a ki d e for f o n n I L NN 107 . n n s a ds K KE Y . Tur i g we tward outhward fromKillee Cormac , ss ri n Of Ca rlow n n of nn we cro the ch garde i to the Cou ty Kilke y,

where at Gowran Abbey we ﬁ nd an other cross- sign ed ﬂa g n h a s n n n n n ow sto e which o ce bor e a lo g Ogham lege d, much s e s mutilated a s well a s the cro s. The crutch d head of the ss n i Off a s s arms Of the cro have bee ch pped , it would eem , to form the arrise s on which the remains of the Ogham text are n a n n n of s n Of fou d, appare t evide ce the prior exi te ce the ss n r h a s n n n cro , quite co tra y to what ofte bee adva ced regard in g the supposed earlier inscription of the Ogham . in such

s s n Ma i Z lf u c oi is n s on one s . ca e . The freque t g reco g i able arri

Ba ll booda n in n s 110 . y , K ocktopher pari h, more to the s h a s n s its s u is n nn outh, fur i hed la t acq itio to the Kilke y M s i n n . s ﬁ e s Lapidary u eum It a pillar, till legible e ough to show that it records the na me of

or i i ma a a C b p o gi l bridd ( ) .

G wa s son of La bra id c t n ss orb , that , the p bei g expre ed its n n w s of a n by X with atte da t vo el . Labrid may be y “ ”“ ” n u i Cor b s s n s in a tiq ty, but , wicked, lewd, accur ed, ou d s f- n a nd s s of n n el deprecatio avour the cell . A other rece t n nn M s is n Mr ns n additio to the Kilke y u eum oticed by . Atki o . n s n s n n s s Not havi g ee it, I a b tai from reproduci g the ugge ted din rea g. ss n u i nn T 111 . Cro i g the S r from Kilke y through ipperary n Ca rrie k- - u i in n a n d on i to Waterford at ou S r, we have fro t of mmra h M n ns on the right the rugged group the Co e g ou tai

e a nd - s n of s s . the l ft, the wood far preadi g glade Curraghmore din a th rmu o c ss s mi s R A road lea g to g pa e , at about two le k n s Of n e in from Carric , through the la d Wi dgap , wh re a cave in - oolna mu k C c a circular earth fort, locally called Rath , a boldly cut ﬂagston e preserves the legend

N GATIGNI OI LUGONI MODDAG I MAQI MUC .

M n son of Ga tin Mu c oi n . s Of oda , Of Lugo It may eem to n n s r s s you that it co ti ue to favou the hyp othe i Of Haigh, that

mu c oi s n s . ig iﬁe daughter n hi s C u a n d 112 . Taki g the gh road toward rraghmore s 3 s on Kilmacthoma , we come , at 5mile from Carrick, a tract n n in s n n n s n abou di g to e mo ume t at Ballyqui , where the great n n a ta ba r mc ston e which appears to have bor e the lege d C o o

i orrb s n s s hi - s n a s ﬁ r g ta d at the right ide ofthe gh road, ervi g a

- s n massive a n d lofty gate post. There are few more impo i g n n s n n s s mo ume t , or more like what we might be i cli ed to uppo e

r n s in n . s s n su vivals from Paga time , Irela d Cromlech exi t ear

- a n d s . it, a double chambered cave , probably epulchral Crom

- s n not a s s n . lech , however, eed be regarded all pre Chri tia At

n a a ri ma oil is e in M l c n t Balli a, ayo , the a perfect croml ch though raised over persons put to death in the seventh c e n ’ a nd moc o Of Ca thba r s n e tury ; the family am may appear to IN IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

’ ' A mna n ss n n W Ar R R rO R D . readers of da s life of Columba le a tique tha the '

n ma . more freque t gi s s B a llyv ooney 113 . If we proceed outhward from Kilmacthoma we reach

n s n of . the se a coast ear the picture que little tow Stradbally ff, s Ba ll v oone in s About half a mile to the ea t at y y, a ecluded n nnin n se a s is gle ru g dow to the hore , a holy well covered s n s s s a nd n o f over by to e lab , all adly bemired broke , but two

- n n s them bearing Ogham ins cribed names Of n ovelty a d i tere t. The ﬁ rst a ma i t N et f rogi g gi .

Kit is it a s n n n ot u s. Ca rn The g , a proper ame , eed revolt f n M in s n of s o . the tomb Cath , the layer Quee eave Ro commo N etaf r og may be readily recognised a s Na tfra ic in its state

s n n ﬁ nd N ta n n n n - dre s. We co ti ue to e e teri g i to ame com s n a n d n n n s n po itio , begi to reco cile our mi d to rejecti g the of its n s n s Of idea bei g a eparate vocable . The fragme t the s n eco d, put together, yield the epigraph,

rita o ma i loba t Q g , with the elegant associated names

A nia C ra c olini. ﬁ ,

ne n s s s n s in i n of ritt O aturally a k , Were the e the ame rel gio Q a nd L oba t respectiv ely ? a nd when ce came the classical taste

which so long a go brought these non - Celtic sou n ds into a

pastoral recess Of the Waterford s e a - coast ? s n f s 114 . I mu t crave your patie ce to re er to ome of n n s of s hi s n Of the mo ume t early Iri h church tory. The ame JE n u s u r s in n Of Aid Orni h e g the C ldee , who ﬂou i hed the reig g , C u m“ D 793 8 1 7 is n n a f : A . s O . to , k ow that the author Of two very n i s s ns— on e h a s n di ve erable relig ou compo itio , which bee e ted

D r. s s s n n n a by Whitley Stoke , a urpri i g mo ume t Of pal eo a nd i i s n a s is s graphic ph lolog cal accompli hme t, it al o a splen did example Of literary purity a n d elegan ce in the u se of n F e lire s of n s s H a F e lire our la guage , the or Fa ti the Sai t , e pecially , l 0 7‘ tho se of Irelan d ; a n d the other which still awaits the han d l 31 ﬁ /(3583 Of n s his n s t kes the moder cholar, Lita y, partly publi hed by Petrie S o . in his E ss on s E s s hi In ay Iri h ccle ia tical Arc tecture . the

n [ E n u s n s ns a nd H is L il a n Lita y g i vokes various holy per o companies of y. T RFORD WA E . ns n in i h s n Saxo , who had ﬂocked to Irela d prim tive C ri tia

s in s n ss ff s e time earch Of the happi e a orded by the a cetic lif .

D ss Tu bber Kill E ilte n s of oubtle we are here , at , ear the ite

s n no iu ms s a n d n c oe b o ome Lati Of the e early time , truly place could be foun d better ﬁtted for a tranquil a n d contemplative

n n s s l I sla nd 115. A other remarkable lege d exi t at a place ca led s n n se a on th e s s n I la d, ear the , Oppo ite ide of Stradbally. O one side of the ston e is inscribed

CUNE Ta S MA [Q JIGU

a nd on n the other, readi g upward

oma a ec ec Q g f , or s , read rever ely

n ta s mo n e ege .

n n n is I ack owledge my i ability to determi e which right. We Shall ﬁ nd a n equally perplexin g choice se t before u s in n ns n of s n the pri cipal i criptio at Ardmore , which pre e tly.

- of D n Is n n hi h 116 . The rath cave rumloha the ext poi t to w c we shall proceed ; but I must here speak from my own n s in hi n s s i a s drawi g , w ch I recog i e the ame liabil ty to error in r w n s s D u n s e s n the d a i g Of other . r mloha lie two mil orth n hi ns from Stradbally, a rough boggy cou try, through w ch ru n n its n n the drum or ridge Of arable la d givi g it ame . Withi n s n n dis s K s a illeen. a wide circular earthe fort, exi t e tirely u ed

Kille e n with In n n n removi g part Of the circular emba kme t, a cave c a v e . w a n n din n a n d n its s fou d exte g u der it partaki g of curve . The ston es formin g the side walls a n d roof almost all bear n s n n ns Ogham lege d , but, havi g bee i cribed before they were n s u se s n s of tur ed to thi , have for the mo t part portio their s n e a s ny text co cealed. Imperf ct, however, ma Of them are , they introduce u s to further n e w a n d characteristic local n s a nd ss s in n e w in n n s ame , po ibly to ometh g the mo oto ou n s n vocabulary hitherto employed . The li tel to e over the entran ce seems to me to read along one arris a nd roun d the head

a h a ma a no a ti mo c i m o y g ( ) , IN AL AND . IRELAND, W ES, SCOTLAND

a nd n s s VVATE R FO R D . alo g the Oppo ite arri ,

Ma c a r b.

a A r n n s is s n n M c b, we lear from the Breho Law , the de ig atio h a s in of on e who graduated poetry.

D ru ml h a n n s s n s n 117 . The fourth rooﬁ g lab pre e t the ame , o

a lu no ma i mu i C c o ﬁ g g ,

n s Mr s s l . with fol owi g character which Bra h read , I believe

lito so a s s . rightly, f , far they are vi ible We have here the s ss M ns n s in e fir t example Of a cla of early u ter ame fi , which n we shall Ofte meet with . s n s on on e s h a s 118 . The ixth roofi g lab arri what I take to n in n n be the ame the omi ative ,

a nd on the other,

Ma i gin .

n s s If Ni be the patro ymic , we might uppo e it to be the n of s s a s s ge itive ome uch form Na, which we hall meet with hereafter ; a n d here again we ﬁ nd ourselves intro du c e d to a monosyllabic n omen clature s omewhat stran ge to n n s n in the eye , but corroborated by ma y ame Of the like ki d s s a s A1 E n Uh & c the Older record , uch , , , Id, Ith , . s n n s n is ns on its n s 119 . The eve th rooﬁ g to e i cribed all a gle . n n s r is s s a n d The cave bei g ear the u face , it ea ily tripped, when expo sed exhibits a continuous a nd n early perfect legen d

u na le a ma i c l a r u C ge g Celu ﬁ g f ec i (0

’ n M n h eniloc i . a c a n s a nd Rememberi g the Q Of St , the f M r ra ma n e n eniloe ni O a t s n Q g , we recog i e the pri cipal n ame

hi w a s in its G or Ce nlo h a son Of w ch probably local form uloe g , s n s n s s n a nd omeo e who e ame eem to have begu with C, to n 1 s s f n have e ded with . We al o have u ficie t examples to mi fa liarise u s with Celufic a s a person al name ; but the ” i n n s e w . in particle ar betwee Ar, whether modern or n n s so a s n n s a cie t Iri h , far my little k owled e exte d , when ” ” g ” s a s s n ns on “ a n d u ed a prepo itio mea , at, for, if this be its n a n d n n is s employme t mea i g here , it the fir t equivalent yet ” f nd f ni s c l n VVA TE R ROR D o a o s . . met with the at after Ru c epul hra lege d s n se t s s n his Th orkill Sw e n o l e t Thor tei thi to e at father . s n hi is s raise this to e after s mother . Such the Nor e in its s s u s ou r son epitaph imple t form . But it p t Celtic A ” ” of or n his son of or C —a s so B , eve t , A B f , I take it, far, to — mean to some discredit in point of expressiven ess a nd n s n s s c on whe it goe beyo d the imple formula, though till s is hi a nd n s ci e, it full, predicative , biograp c , eve picture que a n n n ot s a n to exte t matched by the epitaph of y other people . n n Of n ss If I have read the lege d aright, a other word ece ary signifi can ce to complete the statement remains after Cu l u fi c ec i ff n u s n n f , O eri g to , if we be willi g to accept a Lati formula in s n n n : Cu na l e e a son Iri h compa y, the complete mea i g I , g , dis s sa or C . ( daughter, we may probably be po ed to y) Of , hi lu fi n n n n s Ce c . s have made t for Two fai t i de tatio follow,

0 . s n u r s which may be It would, perhap , exte d yo complai n s s u s or o iu m o c a ce too far were I to ugge t p ﬁ , although

n in n on - ss authority might be fou d for both , but Celtic a oci n M din not n s s atio . y rea g, however, bei g upported by a ca t, s n t is ns n Mr s mu t be take for what i worth, co ideri g that . Bra h (2 75) h a s read the characters

u na a ma i ta s a C lege g c e i de r dc g f ec i.

s n h ss- n s of 120 . The la t lege d ex ibited by the cro laid li tel

the roof yields the very archaic - looking names

I u ma i a d g g g,

a nd I am unable at this time to sa y whether the text is n o is ns complete , though I have doubt it rightly tra literated . l s n n n h a s 12 1 . The wa l to e to the left at the e tra ce the legend

B ir ma i mu o t s . g c i r ot a i

son Mu c oi R otta is so h It may be Bir, Of but, if , we ave here a genitive in a is n ot counten an ced by a ny other i not n a s n in . s s so example Bir fou d a proper ame the book , a s kn n s n s a s n far I ow, although amo g uch ame have bee n n n ot ns s n lately e umerated it eed be co idered very i gular .

irr ta is h a s n n a n d n s But b o a mea i g, if fou d by it elf would IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

V a s n n a s n e of dis V ATE BFO R D . readily, fter what we have ee , be take a am

a ra e me nt n Ma i Mu c oi if not a s in p g . Here agai g , tep pedi

u l not n a n in n. gree, co d be other tha terjectio

Th e hi lin s n is ns on th e fa e 122 . t rd wal g to e i cribed c

Ma i gin .

h nn e s n What may be a t t e back ca ot b a certai ed.

in s n s s th e n s 123 . The ﬁfth wall g to e how ame

’ O a ma i D ena e d e f g f ,

n e w a nd for of hi on u of both , both w ch I rely the acc racy Mr s . Bra h .

On or s n s of is n one 12 4 . the right, we ter , ide the cave o ly

ns n rs on ﬁf n n . i criptio . It occu the block th from the e tra ce I read it

i s ma u i D o i mc o g g ( ) ,

ns n n n n in with probably a n u ee co ti uatio beh d.

1 s s n s ns th e 25. That the e to e have come ready i cribed from nin n or a s is c a ll e din his r of n adjoi g Killee , , it t pa t the cou try, Killeena s s hi ns n of , eem ghly probable , but the co tructio the h a s s s in n cave exhau ted the upply. Look g at the remai s a s s one s s sa i n wa they exi t, would be di po ed to y, The K llee s

s n n n a nd R - ﬁr t, the e circli g Rath ext, the ath cave made from s of s n the poil the di ma tled cemetery.

R n n s a s n n etur i g to the coa t, we approach Du garva , Kilgrov a n 3 1 a n s not dis n Kill n is other de erted, but wholly ma tled ee a M ” Kil ro n i n nd v a . s a r reached at g The place Ope a able . A s is n ll in s little pot left u ti ed overlook g the e a . Four rude ﬂa g stones were here se t up a s pillars when I ﬁrst visited it one nl is s n n now i ss n n is o y ta di g . The mpre io give that n ou t of they have bee brought together a larger area. ns ne b s ss s a ndn w They are all i cribed. O ear exce ively coar e o l e n n ns e n mi e n il egibl i d tatio , but vide tly Ogha c . A other rea ds

Olni mu c i c u nu u . c OGHAM INSCR IP TIONS

AT RFORD W E . The third pill ar bears the legend

’ NAMA I LUC UDE CAM MAT ONI j Q UCO U] .

a ma i u u c a u i a t ni. N l de mc mo g g o ( )

n t r n m na o N o er se a Na a ton If be like , p prope ame, might be taken to be the true titu lu s with the matter ending Lu d a s ﬁ n mu i n . u e c d s e a s c o i terjected g we hall el ewher Lu u de c c a s in n a n e n of th e u nﬁ x e d g the ge itive, vide ce either s s or of n s n s grammar u ed by the Ogham writer , li gui tic cha ge n n implyi g lo g lap se of time . r Kil rov a n ll ff s s s 12 6 . The fou th g pi ar o er ome feature n ri s a ns n of r dis n in s givi g e to co ideratio mo e ti ct tere t . We s n s of s n min have ee that the character the uppleme tary a io e the O gham alphabet stan d for the respective vowels in their n n for & i n s a s c a ei c . dphtho gal combi atio , X , , If they had

t is for s n - ss n of no th wider capacity ou d expre io , the object din to in u l not n ad g them the orig al alphabet wo d be i telligible, s in becaus e the separate character are there already. So the s of s n n s t s s s ca e the group repre e ti g , the e letter already exi t s a nd s out ide it, it may fairly be aid the group would be superﬂuous if it did not afford s ome additional facility a s by e ss n not n st 3 in its ns n n a s X xpre i g o ly but all co o a tal, i n n ss s e in its s a s st so 3 & c . expre e vocal c , combi atio , , , 9 , The legen d runs I SC NISl GN MAQE O Left U ST R ight BI

N isi nu ma sto i. g g e b

s not a n n B e tob bu t z a s There doe appear y ame , if the group , is of so or 3 n Ma es obi liu s it called, have the force 9 , the g g , ﬁ e isc o i h a s n n a nd a n hi s s n n p p , a literary mea i g toric ig iﬁca ce , which in the general dearth of tangible matter must be highly

acceptable . n n n f of 127 . We are here ear Du garva , ormerly the place Mr i s now n of . s wa s reside ce William Will am , decea ed. He a n n ns a nd h a s s eager i quirer after Ogham remai , left copie , hi s f of s s ns n on n n made by m el , everal uch i criptio s mo ume ts no longer forthcoming ; but I refrain from using or com ntin on s not n Mr s me . g copie capable Of veriﬁcatio . William wa s dis of s in n the coverer the Ogham the cave Of Drumloha ,

P OGHAM INSCRI TIONS .

T RFORD . n ns n s re WA E 129 . A other Ogham i criptio pre erved at Ardmo ds a ma u insi iens a nd hi in n d of rea , p , a t rd, the collectio the s is n din R oyal Iri h Academy, a fragme t rea g ANACI MAQI [ A na c i Ma gi

’ L u dec a ndA na c n s in D n s wa s g are both ame ecla pedigree . He

P e di re e o of s n s n M H is g f the outher De i, origi ally a eath tribe . pedigree c la n S t. D e . ’ F m r e l e h m is R e c t a s n n traced to that y , who e mother Quee Ba i s

n n . n nu m tomb lately e gaged our otice Havi g regard to the ber s n s in is s f in n D n Of de ce t it, there ome di ﬁculty putti g ecla far n f n n o . e ough back to be eve a co temporary St Patrick, but there exists a great body of tradition to the effect that not nl did in his s shi on o y he precede Patrick apo tle p , but that ’ s s n a nd Iba r Patrick approach to the outh, he with Kiera , two

- n s s n s of other pre Patricia bi hop , co te ted the authority the ne w a n d ff s s on re c o ni comer, e ected a compromi e ba ed the g ’ f n s s s s in his own di s tion o D ecla eccle ia tical upremacy oce e . h a s n s n n of s Dr . Todd lear edly how the i compatibility the e statements with the annalistic chronology ; but the Life n hi n a s of n Of Decla , w ch Colga regarded the eighth ce tury, n n n n or could hardly have bee writte if, duri g the Patricia n not n hr s n n s n Palladia period, there had bee a C i tia orga i atio ns s n n or not s f n in Mu ter, whether repre e ted by Decla , u ficie tly é in n n mi not nu - n ss stro g to a ert a local depe de ce, which ght s s s n n n n natu r ally cau e it to be afterward di cou te a ced, whe n s f n s s the n e w missio had u ficie tly e tabli hed itself. on n Du n 130 . North from Ardmore , the mai road from n You h a ll s garva to g , about five mile from the latter place , at G n or Lis re na n h a s the Old cemetery Of ra ge g , there lately n n ns on s s been recovered a buried mo ume t, i cribed two arri e . ’ n d s not s n a R e v . E . I have ee it, take the text from the Barry Mr k ns n s 4 14 letter to . At i o (Bra h , )

a nsa l Left arris oti. ma i mu Right d g c oi.

ti is a n n hi s s The a nsa lo preceded by i itial mark, w ch eem s n s min mu c oi s . to make the Of the right arri ece arily ter al CH APTE R V.

— — — n m- ns e st ne s a r u me nt a t K ters d u h S e skina a d te Mon il Ol Ch rc of Ogh i crib o S l B d e Gle na wil le n n B u rntfort G e e n B we e n Mona ta a rt ri g , , K ockboy , , r hill , g, gg — mmth e B e n u ns to a m h B s e All s io Ogh ci te d by t e i hop of Li rick fro r ho — — - mn ms n me a t u me n a mns s n u e n t a t a s e d t e I L w Ogh i crib o , Kilc ll po i g g li hic o ’ r c h ra n—A a l a n s a s t ne e nt a t n St a n B a r a a u gh b u llog e St. O pill r o id iﬁc io of . Ol “ ” s A D 6 2 — a ms 1 a t th n t r e d . w t e tu t inba r . St . F i h i i or of , of Cork ; who di Ogh i l h a nk v more art n s o kr r L a ds l na li mor a l R oo e s C a e Kn c ou , G ou l o h T u l g e , B y , , , , —g g , o l dorrih Kn ko ra n m- ns r e d l a - st ne s e e te Mr W inde l C o oc u a . e y, Ogh i c ib pil r o l c d by — mli i a sk n a for h is o wn mnu me n h a na c l oon oo a th Klc a B v a ne t S C l o , , , lycro , a m r a st ne n ow a t a e Ma n —Derr u r a a na G o tna c a re e C pp gh , Lo gh , pill r o Ad r or yg a n r mk a r Kil o ron now t a ns e e to C a h irc iv e e n Kill e e na dre e na r e D o e e l e , , g ; r f rr d , a t n mh mta ns ne a a a — G a l e ot s i ns cribe d s o e a ong t e ou n i r Lou gh C rr Kill e e n il h — a m Kil oh in — h ite ﬁ el d— a a t K c ol a g t Ogh s to ne a t g e t W C a v e t B a nloc n e n me o Ma n — n m ar a R u ne u Kil bo a ne mu t e v t e i d ch rch of ; o r o d Ad or R th c a v e — Tinna h al l - a r s ne s wa n a t - a v e a t e a re m y Pill to Ardy ig R h c K e l : pill r ov e d to Corka bo y.

n 131. You h a ll o of R T RFORD AT g we come the embouchure the iver WA E , Kilte r‘ s n in s n s n on Blackwater, a ce d which to Villier tow , a tatio the g é g t nk ms of n z lef ba , we reach, about a ile outh that poi t, the , c . ll n of Kil tera in s of s a nd nl n of Ki ee , the pari h Agli h tow a d

. One of s n s s in Dromore a group Of to e here, eem gly the ns of a ist or s s ns n remai c epulchral cell, bear the i criptio read Mr s by . Bra h

Colla bot mu c l . o (imperfect)

The reading is supported by another example of th e same n n in n of ame from Lahara , the Cou ty Kerry.

on s s of mm - o r r 13 2 , C e a h o s a sh m We are here the oppo ite ide the g a Mona v ou lla h n ns hi n 1 3 g mou tai , from that by w ch we e tered n a n d in dir Waterford cou ty ; , if we proceed their ection to th e n - s n s of e skina n orth ea t, e ter the pari h S . The Old parish now dis n s n s in il church, ma tled, ta d a rough but fert e tract of u n m n s Mona v ou lla h To co try, pi g we tward from g . provide its in s ll s a nd n s n n w dow i li tel , a eighbouri g cemetery s n n of its n s s s. Mr appear to have bee ra acked head to e . VVAT E R rOR D s h a s n is s in ns of ll n , Bra h fou d th ite the remai a Ki ee partly

OR . C K n f n A s i cluded within the bounds o the prese t graveyard . s of s s s a nd n s a re might be expected, everal the e ill li tel

- ns In ns n s c a n th e Ogham i cribed. very few i ta ce , however, f n u rn o n s . ne n S a rti whole the lege d be ee O remarkable ame , g , s on n of n s appear the li tel the lower wi dow Of the we t gable,

a a nd ir ma i mu a r on s. C c Cor b C c oi e ﬁ , , g ( ) legible other The — church cann ot be Older than the ﬁfteenth century a singular evidence of the continu ing disposition to regard the Killeen wf u l a s a la quarry. R nin s n n 13 3 . etur g we tward by Cappoqui at the poi t where hi is of its s ns the Blackwater, w ch up to th part cour e ru from s s n s of Kn kmldown a nd we t to ea t alo g the ba e the oc e G M n ns s its s n di n se a altee ou tai , take outher rectio to the at Y ou h a ll two n e w n s on n g , we meet with ame a broke Ogham s in sn Th e n pillar pre erved the deme e Of Salter Bridge . lege d reads mn a dia s ma i a t o mi i C c b e g g ,

h s or ma i i . t e c b ti The fracture leaves it doubtful if ﬁr t be mn a dia s li is w s n 0 o t o g , but the probabi ty that the digit maki g n s n n n r Mon a d o . the belo g to ome lo ger a tecede t g oup y , r s to be son of Ma c ibit or son of son of B it howeve , appear , a J it or b . s ndin of to s 134 . A ce g the valley the Blackwater Li more , formerly a great ecclesiastical school of the Patrician esta b

hmt - n lis e n ﬁ nd mn n f l n s o Od R , we a y remai Hiber o oma ns ns a s in s s n n n i criptio , but, other like ca e already oted, othi g a nd s s n ill to n O ghamic the ame Ob ervatio w apply Cloy e , the ecclesiastical capital Of the rich tract between You gh a ll a nd s of N nt in s r Cork, outh the Blackwater. early ce ral thi t act, a nd n n s s ns a n s ORK however, the ce reachi g we tward , begi almo t C . continuous succession of Ogham site s a nd monuments extend in a nd n Glena willen n M dl n g to Kerry the Atla tic . At , ear i eto ,

in s of T mle na a rri a in a n s - e c the pari h p g , era ed rath cave were n s n s now in th e ns i n on e of fou d two to e , Royal Cork I titut o , ” s n l ma ni “ n s e which (A) bear the ame Co o g Colma with om undeciphered additions

COLOMAGNiFerO Ma Gi

OGHAM INSCRIP TIONS

n n s n s G nhi . is a ﬁ ne 137 . The other mo ume t ta d at ree ll It i C s e n u n 8 . n pillar, ft. high The i tial haracter hav bee fo d f on a M . di u l s 0 . ﬁc t to decipher (Bra h, g , By the aid Of cast of this part of the inscription kin dl y made for me by the

R e v . s n u s s Thoma Olde , Ballyclo gh, I am ati ﬁed that the ‘ n s ‘ a nd se e no r s n a th e i itial character are Tr, ea o to doubt th t e ntire legend reads

r nu or Treni ma i mu oi ritti. T e g c g hm s nni s s n n of D n o 138 . Kil ha g pari h, al o lyi g orth o oug re , ne e is r n s n supplies O xample . It appa e tly a low grave to e n of Bw e e n is n close to the R oma Catholic church g. It otice

a e its s s - ss n di s a n d for its bl for vowel , formed by tem cro i g git , M n 144 Mr s s . o L min n . in t . . 0 at er atio Bra h read it ( g , )

M n u s o g .

n n mi be Th e n a nd a re st s e e g di i ct character , wh c it ght

e s in h e e endi s orm inferred that e xampl t mor comp ou f r n i s a e of more rece t t me . ns n is nsi e 13 8 3 . At the Royal Cork I titutio there a co derabl

n of - ns s n s s n of collectio O gham i cribed to e , the de criptio all save on e Of which will be found in connection with their s of n one of n n n no place origi . The u certai origi , but doubt n is a nd a n d dif early local, much abraded very rough ﬁcult Of n ou t decipherme t . I make

SCOT TALia NiSCOTT OL 96 96 - X

sh nni s e u n s 139 . South from Kil a g, lie the larg pla d pari h n s s of Do oughmore . It occupie the water hed dividing the s of a nd its valley the Blackwater the Lee, tributary to the n Cl da u nn n n M a nd former bei g the y r i g orthward to allow, to th e s nn n s to latter, the Drip ey ru i g outhward Coachford . s n ns w s s of The Drip ey, ear Brew Bridge, ru belo the lope a

- M n n hi n o a ta a rt. O s s high lyi g farm called gg t farm , everal s a o in hin n s year g , the occupier, ploug g, fou d ome great s n s u n s r mn a n of or to e der the u face, for i g ki d chamber, i n in a nd s s n s s rather pit, wh ch co ta ed black earth a he i ter per ed n s n s on n r with broke pottery. The to e bei g emoved were n n a n n n ns fou d to bear lo g d u usually perfect Ogham i scriptio . At ﬁrst th e presence of the ashes a nd pottery suggested the IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

r n s s so OR idea of sepulch al crematio ; but the e object might al C K . n R n ns s indicate a bou dary mark. The oma Agrime ore were n ot the onl y functionaries who marked boundaries of land by f n s M n in his of s o s s a d s . the depo it a he pot herd arti , memoir s n s nds h a s n in s the We ter I la , oticed the practice everal places where Roman customs could hardly be supposed to n wa s no s have pe etrated. The Object , doubt, to leave ome hin n s a s a a nd t is t g i de tructible memorial, the prac ice probably

E n n n . n n Old uropea rather tha Roma Here, the , if a ywhere, we might look for e vidences conﬁrmatory of the all usions to s f n L s s of the u e o Ogham in the Breho aw . The Bi hop Li h a s H ow n merick lately collected them . ma y ever A llu sions to h a mi”w O " burnin g can dles are there by which perpetual ownership of g B re h o n L a ws n 1 morra l f i storra n s s ? Me s o H s of n r n la d ecured the , A c e t coll e c te d by ” 3 o in in n n M n s n M f s . of Writ g , A cie t ou d The joi t emorial two g77i, sy

r i in G a lla n - n s . s. s or Ter itorie , , The Ogam the (pillar to e) , it mi n n “ of s n ght be the evide ce two eighbour . Agai , To f f o i. s. n o ma n decide by the recital a rock, , that the ame the n i n of n i. s. th e who bought the la d be the bo d O am, , that [ ] g ” of s in ﬂa of n N hin Ogam the purcha e b e the g a mou d. ot g, n nd in s or s n n h i deed, i icat g purcha e territorial de ig atio a s a s yet been found on a ny of the buri ed Ogham - inscribed stones hitherto Off ered to notice ; but if the ashes deposited in s ndi n on e u l thi pit really i cate a bou dary mark, co d hardly look on the n ames recorded on the stones contained in it a s other than those Of proprietors takin g this method of per e tu a tin n r s of p g the evide ce Of thei titles. The form the ns r ns n ot n u r his i c iptio , however, do e co age t idea. Three Of n ow in n of s them are the collectio the Royal Iri h Academy. “ One of these (A) is in the simplest A son of B form.

D a a ni ma i da li. l g g f i i 1 o s s . 4 0 , The other two have more the rel g ou a pect The n s n ff s ne s Camp i criptio a ord the key to o . It mu t be read from to n s n r left right i ver ely, givi g each cha acter th e value of its opposite in the Ogham scale

F r mi l e e o u l g g go g n egget.

is s n ia c h ra son or s ns of G that , the to e Of F , ( Of the o ) lun

legget. Ob serve the departure from the hitherto constant i a nd n e OR . of Ma s hin C K form g , ot the approach to omet g di c a tion in n nin of lu nle et the appare t mea g G gg , the Possibly also I might not misinterpret what may be in some ’ min s of s e his my reader d , if I qu ried whether t means the Son of n r or n or n n of on l the K eele , the K eeler Pe ite t the S . It wi l ss n s s n e doubtle have bee Ob erved that, up to the pre e t, ther h a s n no i n n in a n of s n s bee d rect me tio y the e lege d , however hris n a nd s in n s of n of C tia religiou their ge eral a pect, the ame ou r a nd Ma i in s of its n s n s Lord ; that g , ome umerou co text , c a n hardly mbe referred on a ny intelligible principles to th e person com emorated. hir n n Mona ta a rt now in th e 14 1. The t d mo ume t from gg is in u i u i a nd s s Academy the q f t form , avour Of the ascetic

s n of s l - n s in s fa hio e f humiliatio . It read the u ual way

B roeniena s p oi neta ttrena lu go

s s s di of Broenie na s h e wa s n if It al o eem to pre cate that eta, s a nd n n that be a eparate vocable, whatever mea i g it may of s on e Trenloc — n of T e nl oc have , ome called champio , for “ ” ns n - or n n n i ta ce, , if eta be part Of a lo ger ame , that Broe nie na s (before taking that name in religion) had been l s n n s e ta tren oc . s ecularly, N The e two latter mo ume t are

- in n n ﬁ ne s n s of 8 . a d s pillar to e about ft le gth, Obviou ly t on e n d intended to be se up . ns ns Mona ta a rt 14 2 . A fourth i cribed pillar remai at gg built n of n n is not into the fe ce the road leadi g i to the farmyard. It

ns on s n h a s a n s - n i cribed the arri , either it y actual tem li e , but depen ds for its interpretation on the adjustment of its digits

n in is s - n s of to a n imagi ary l e . It the mo t delicately i ci ed all s of di s n the examples so far ob erved. Some the git are eve

s n n s u l s of n- a nd a ll horter tha the mi u c e Killee Cormac, are n n ss cut with extreme ﬁ e e . I FE RGOSOMACI M GO LSLO UUNA A.

The dimensions of the pit are stated to have been about n i n a d 3 . w 5 n 3 . . s o ft. lo g, 5 ft broad, ft deep It ﬁlled up , u r n s n s a nd the site restored to agricult e . Whe ce the to e or e s s ns came from , why d po ited there, are que tio hard to

n is dis s - n on s a swer . There a u ed burial grou d the Oppo ite

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

OR n . s of n C K 144 . To the we t Do oughmore we e ter the pari sh

ll . is still th e s n n Of Aghabu oge It ame upla d cou try, sloping upward to the north towards the watershed n s of a nd Le e a nd betwee the valley the Blackwater , to s th Bo ra M n s e ns. th mi the we t toward gg ou tai About e ddle f s is r of l n o . C a . In th e u r the pari h the chu ch St ch chyard, set u n n s st n s is p amo g moder grave , a d what regarded “ ’ - a s . Ola n s s n n St pillar to e, although the lege d which it s s not e him n is a n bear doe commemorat by that ame . It of v n n a nd s n w object great e eratio , ever i ce it a s ﬁrst n oticed

h a s n wn a s e - s n Th bee cro ed with eparat cap to e . e Old cap s n h a s dis d a nd n one h a s n to e appeare , a moder bee recently in s s . r is ub tituted The belief rega d g it , that to whatever distance it may be removed it will be fou n d next day in its l s e is s s n s o d place . The ame belief x t re pecti g everal other s s s n s in n is a suppo ed acred to e Irela d. It very widesprea d s s n a nd not e a ma n th e e G s uper titio , without x pl mo g reek . ll is n s n f end to e nd a nd h a s The pi ar i cribed early rom , to be s e t nni n of n his rai ed to g at the begi g the lege d. T comprises of s a nd ns w two the X formed character , begi ith the letters n a s a n n l O a nm u . dif already oticed i itial form a N real ﬁculty s s in a n of n s s in one of exi t y the followi g character , ave group di i s n n s t two g t which, with certai vowel otche , precede h e n a s s n s s on n seco d X . The group it pre e t it elf the wor surface u l bmhi s of wo d read , w ch might be the re ult the upper half of one digit of a n original g having disappeared through n In b n n abrasion or other accide t . the combi atio it will not assimilate with what goes either before or after in a ny n n n n v oc a lisa bl e combi atio . But if we be co te t to assume that the group is a g of which the upper half of the ﬁrst digit h n s a n d s s s l n a s bee lo t, to uppo e the pace fol owi g to be n s u i n its n in occupied with vowel otche eq vale t to le gth , mak g u n din s n ll e a nd a probable , the the rea g become i te igibl relevant ’ P e G a P ANMCOR R E A MAQFUI DDa I B M u E ATT

& . c & c .

n r ima u idd A mCo p g f

mn - i s mn t ss in timM Th e d in git for i g the ter i al have a cro bar, g f n n . s s n o n of 40 11 . , 9 a co tractio We have had a u picio the employme t IN IRELAND , WALES, AND - SCOTLAND .

ru ml o h a n lr i OR . n Latin i f ec i at D g . We are a eady famil ar with C K i n i a s n of u i u it. Fu it in r s s p o the equivale t g f , Old I h pelli g ” ’ u l u id a s n del in in s G ss wo d be f , , u der g, a p , Cormac ”lo ary

le id s s ae . deleg, ex quo g (a ligat) dua parte tog The inscription then would be read a s if gu if u it foll owed the name “ r ima r s n in its n of Co Cormac , he e how i ﬂated form p q , who — wa s whatever the last word of the legen d predi cates Of mh s s s s n n not T e hi . la t word eem to complete the e te ce

E n L ita n o wa s . doubtfully, Who the gyptia But why expect to y f ﬁ nd E ns in n ? ns s in gyptia Irela d The a wer mu t aga be hitfiiin mnks n I re n n of Z E n u s n s s i draw from the Lita y g , where , amo g t other vi i o d ”M “ n s n s s n E n n s lie in ta t , he e umerate the eve gyptia mo k who ” ’ la n is not s s . O s s U Disert Ulad. I do uppo e that St Di ert lad ; mi s n u rs n s ll not su r se but, a d uch a co co e Of foreig er , it wi pri ﬁ nd a n s s of E n n e u s if we eccle ia tic the gyp tia rule , eve her in u l in a s r s n for Aghab loge Cork, we al eady had ome grou d recognising the record of a n Italian one among the rounded

- n llin in a n E n s . cope sto e of Ba taggart Kerry But that gyptia , or n of E n u l s u l a mo k the gyptia r e ho d be called Cormac , will,

no s n . so n doubt, appear tra ge There were, however, ma y n s of n of n n of s n s of s n ame origi , e dearme t, per o al trait , per o al n n s a s a s n s in n in u se n s i cide t , well ame religio amo g the e n n ima e s s a d s Cor a s nomn e arly Iri h mo k cleric , that p q a t u mn s no s ns of n n n a da iv . p eed cau e e e i co gruity Ola , how e is n hi h a s di n ll n to n ver, the ame w ch tra tio a y clu g the patro

in nn n his ll - s n Of Aghabulloge, whether co ectio with pi ar to e, r hi And so hin n hi s o s . t s church, holy well far every g poi t to

or ma c of ns n a s a n a lia s hi s n C s the p the i criptio Of t holy per o . n n him di s mi s n Could we ti ctly ide tify , we ght have a rea o able assurance Of stan ding on firmer grou n d than a ny we n A nd hi s n n h a s n u s. hi have yet felt u der t ide tificatio , I t k, n ns ns really bee demo trated. The Book Of Lei ter records E ola n a s n Un n g ve erated at Aghabulloge . der the ame Of E v olen u s s of n s him g the Bi hop Limerick fi d commemorated “ ” ” ” a s ns hi n “ or ni i titutor, w ch may mea tutor i tiator, Of St. Finba rr a nd , Of Cork ; further, that he had the a lia s name of Ma r n c Co bi s. n s f Finb rr I the Iri h life o St . a his baptiser

is s Ma u r Finb rr c C i b. a A D 62 k a bi hop called died . . 1 . Ta en n n s s n altogether, the ide tiﬁcatio eem complete, a d puts th e OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

ORK. n n ma c s in C mo ume t Of Corp back to ome time the latter part of

s n . n A . D . 600 r n the ixth ce tury If, the , prior to , Ogham w iti g ss n its s n s e a n n had pa ed i to eco dary tag , time for n a tecede t s of n s n hi n ; cour e developme t hould be fou d, for w ch the i ter di ns s s f n me ate period from Palladi might hardly eem u ﬁcie t . ’ ’ Ola n s or E v ole n u s s s n s s 14 5. g holy well , ta d ea tward at a

dis n i n - . s s a nd little ta ce from the cemetery It to e domed,

s n . s over hadowed by a ve erable tree A great lab , which formerly served a s a foot bridge over a stream at the Opposite s h a s n se t s ide Of the church , bee up be ide the well . It bears

the rudely- cut Ogham inscription

N o ma i d g ego.

s n n s a nd s n The tree , the to e vault, the trickli g tream , the ta d ing stone make a n agreeable feature in the bare surrounding n cou try. n h a s n of s 14 6 . The eighbourhood formerly bee full rath ,

- s a nd s s n n s hi so rath cave , tho e de erted buryi g grou d , Of w ch n much h a s already been said . Of the umerous insc rrptions s li s n one is Kill en in upp ed by thi lettered moorla d, from a e n n of Kn oc krou r now in ss s n n the tow la d , the po e sio Of Colo el n F h a s n La e ox . It bee read A ’ MUDDOSSAM(A ) QQ 6T

Mu mu ddossa gga a t

u t s n Of n s s s s a s th e b the i gularity the ame ugge t , preferable, n din s n n n reverse i verted rea g, al o cou te a ced by the fact that r n i s the stone is fractu ed at the termi al dig t . f a s onn mac collum . o n

n n n s of De elish in s 147 . From the eighbouri g la d , a imilar

n - Lia ds n h a s n ns buryi g place called , a other example bee tra h e R ns n ns on ferred to t oyal Cork I titutio , i cribed two

A IMA IRIT E Left arris OTM Q Q . ot maqi maqi rite .

I RIBIRI JCO CO .

i ribiri c o c o .

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

n of 52 ft nd ORK. s s n . a C variou chamber exte d through a le gth , it ix s ne of wa s h a s yielded s Ogham example . O them pre sented to the Royal Irish Academy ; the remaining ﬁve were Mr W in del e s n his th e u i . acq red by the late ; but, i ce death, ’ entire collection h a s been reunited in the Academy s Lapidary r n f f M s . n s o s ss o u eum Two othe mo ume t the ame cla , n n is n Windel e n a nd u certai h tory, were amo g the collectio , n i All s ﬁ s s u . have al o bee acq red by the Academy , ave the r t, n f s a n o . o mf are extremely rude No e them bear y sy bol s n n s s i s Chri tia ity, though the lege d are characteri t c Of a cetic “ ” ” shi n olc a nd c orb n n n fa o , , bad, wicked, e teri g i to four Of n s Ba ll h a nk s the ame . The y group read re pectively SACAT TINI ULCCAGNI

C O R BAGNI [COICOR ota NI GG N O BA i C R Q ST

& c .

In his s s - ssin di s i n s for t la t, tem cro g git are except o ally u ed s vowel . s s n 151. The ixth example yield the more predicative lege d

Ma i ellia c i 0 Ma i N i g g ,

n n now r nn n of th e with a other li e , illegible , u i g up the face

hi is n s n ss a nd n ss. pillar, w ch of extraordi ary coar e e rugged e

n sa 0 ma i n . I am u able to y what the before g may mea The s of n ma ni i n on 0 character are capable bei g read g , bei g partly a nd n s of n the head partly carved dow the arri the sto e . of n n n nn s 152 . The other u certai origi ca ot be aid to bear a n ns n is n s a nd s s y i criptio , but covered with li e digit culptured ss in mn s r n s or in o po ibly i itatio Of Ogham Ru e , , it may be, a u a s s n n is n n g i Ogham till u explai ed. There a great abu da ce s seu do s in s of n u l Of uch p Ogham the outh Irela d, but it wo d not ss n in l be po ible here to otice them detai . Ba ll h a nk n n of s n s 153 . The y mo ume t, however, mo t i tere t, is the one mentioned to have been ﬁrst acquired by the is s n h . s s hi h a s e Academy It a mall, mooth lab , w ch bee e a nd a n d s s graved with car delicacy, pre erve a remarkable n Forrti u rn u i s n n n ame , g . It had q te a fa ci atio for the mi d f o e R ev . n n his the lat Da iel Haigh, who co ceived t to be the IN I E A ND . RELAND , WAL S , SCOTLAND

f n n of is in n n o s. OR ame the Brit h k g Vortiger , the i viter the Saxo C K . s s ss Vortigern wa s a n ally of the Iri h Scot . After the lo of his n a nd n n ns n G n be dis ki gdom the de u ciatio Of Sai t erma , a — s sa n n s ppeared ome y bur t by ﬁre from heave ; other , in H i on P s th e s . s s a sc e nt wallowed up by earth ; other , exile n n s a nd s el n co ti ued the truggle, re orted for aid to Ir a d, n n s illa moru s a s his whe ce he retu r ed with the Iri h C ally. m in of f r n w a s or I ela d , at that ti e, the ord ary place refuge dethroned British princes a nd unsuccessfu l B ritish insu r

Pa e nt wa s s n E c or n s . sc a E obba ge t al o accompa ied by p , s r him n Off hi s i s n who e ved by carryi g compet tor by poi o . D s n n s igit which, amo g other readi g , might yield the in r s min n bioba s u l ame , are carved ve y mall u c ar Ogham on s s s n . is n Vorti e rn the oppo ite arri Of the to e It a remarkable ame , g , ’ u n in s a nd Mr H i h . a s ique , I believe , Ogham record , , if g [ M M in on e s n n n hi s a ml read g be the true , give a good cou te a ce to belief q . F M S’W that it wa s this E obba who caused the monument to be e n '

. s n is dif u l graved But to who e memory e graved, the ﬁc ty. i n his own n s Vort ger had a daughter, the mother, by i ce t, Of n s s a nd s or s Sai t Fau tu ; they peri hed di appeared together. hi n s n mi is not ma i The word w ch i troduce the patro y c , but ”g hi Mr s to ma i . n g , w ch Haigh take mea daughter . The ’ name of Vortige rn s daughter h a s never been divu lged in

s so its n on- n n hi tory, that appeara ce here eed n ot excite su r s is n of s pri e . But there the appeara ce ome suppression or s n of s n n m o i ob curatio ome ame goi g before g . There are ﬁve n n s N u derli e digit preceded by the vowel a . ormally they u l n n one is dis n s wo d read , but the ce tral ti gui hed from the rs n in n hi pai ﬂa k g it by bei g very delicately, w le they are s n R din hi s di tro gly, cut. ea g up to t git we would have a lb, a nd s in n a nd n n n , re il g the ce comme ci g a ew a s if a ll were n A lba n hi one m ormal, we would complete , w ch at ti e I n n n thought might be the mea i g. But I ow rather imagine the slender lin e to be what in Runic writing is called a n n or n a nd elega ce caprice Of the e graver, that the legend shou l d be read

ANMOQIFOR a R TIG UR N . i F ti n a n mo orr u r . g g

A n ma in s n s s or s n s p , Wel h, i timate ba tardy, omethi g wor e , II OGHAM INSCRIP TIONS

u se its u i n is ns s n Mr a nd the Of eq vale t here quite co i te t with . ’ ’ Vorti e rn s h a s n n H a igh s theory. g epoch ge erally bee ﬁxed rmn f G e a u s O i n . u l in relatio to that Of St Auxerre , wh ch wo d put the closing events of his reign in the post- Pall adian is f in n n him i n period. But there a d ﬁculty bri gi g dow to

n - ih - M s so . n so of late a date He had bee law aximu , who 389 a nd s nd n n di A . D . a ed , the wild, my tical, roma tic i ci dents of his story are better su ited to a struggle with some s l s s n s of u x Briti h ecc e ia tic tha with the great bi hop A erre, s a n d di s ss ns ns s who e biographer imme ate ucce or, Co ta , doe ’ n ot so a s n n Vorti e rn s n his son Pa sc e nt much me tio g ame . If procured the aid of a n Irish kin g whose name sounds in s ni n s in Chri tia ty, he could hardly have bee ought for the eastern or northern parts of the island : but if there were n r s n ni in M ns s n the a Ch i tia commu ty u ter, the Briti h arrative s u l ns s n In a n s in s . thi re pect wo d be co i te t y ca e, the Bally ” hank F ortigern stone will probably be considered on e of the most interesting a nd possibly most precious monuments n n n nn n Of the early existe ce of a Irish a d British co ectio . ’ E s stwa rdw e R ooer s 154 . ight mile further we reach Bridge more on n n in n n of R oov e s the Lee , adjoi i g which , the tow la d , is of E is s s s a o in par h gl h, there exi ted ome year g a cave the ns hi s n i s remai Of a rath, w ch the farmer, de iri g to ut li e the h n n n r n a s s s . la d, i ce era ed The cave co tai ed th ee Ogham inscribed stones of the same general character a s those at nk n ru ml o h a n now s in Ba llyh a a d D g . They are depo ited the s M s a nd n s Briti h u eum , have bee de cribed with remarkable in s e s a nd of accuracy, both the particular of th ir depo it the n n F x n s ns o n o . lege d i cribed them , by Colo el La e They are n s all e graved on both arrise . One reads

one n n ne w in its n mn i The ame bei g formatio , where h therto n s n a n in n we have bee accu tomed to g the other echo , ame a n d n of u n formatio , the D more Head example .

5 s n n is s ri s 1 . 5. The eco d lege d marked by everal peculia tie Digits cro ssing the line are employed for vowe ls ; in some

s n n s - The to e beari g it appear to have come from a rath cave , a nd in n n e is Kill n Mon ee C . . the ear ighbourhood a ( g ,

- . a n e s n s e s n n 158 At about qual di ta ce outh w t from Ba do , A h a liske in s of Kilm a lo da n at g y, the pari h , a oth

n Mr Winde l is s r . e M origi ally explored by , de cribed by . He reads on the fourth rooﬁng lintel from th e entrance the legen d

Giro n g g, where analogy wou l d lead u s to expect i instead of g : but Mr s s s his ss n ns n w . Bra h tate impre io that the i criptio a s origi

n n Mon . O . ally lo ger ( g ,

. On s n n n n on r s 159 the eve th li tel from the e tra ce , two ai ed s of n s ridge the u der face , he read

u na u os Ma i mu c i Q g s g c remarking that the ston e h a s been built in without regard to s of n w a s s n i s s s the cour e readi g, hich, the to e l e , eem to be i from right to left ( b. 0 T s n s on r n s n s n n 16 . he e lege d the ooﬁ g to e were k ow to i n s Mr s s r n on a the orig al explorer . . Bra h di cove ed a other s t n uppor i g pillar.

4 n h i f . 3 in . in a nd 1 . 6 Th e u t a s t e t 2 in b in . a t prigh pill r l g , y ma s d mn n h h c n a nd of so ew t e se e s o s a t t to a nd bo m t e e t e e tto . r , h l r i i p md fou nd i o b a a f mxt e t I t t e e e c t nsc t n c u To y e re e ligh r p r i rip io t with th e ea test a c c u a c a nd c a e a nd oo n a s f es a s if en a v e d gr r y r , l ki g r h gr

- h m Th e tte sc o e s a re t e s a est I a v e t s en be n e ste da . e e e y r y l r r ll h y , i g

s o t a nd ﬁ ne bu t dee c u t . T e a ea not to a v e be en h r , ly ply h y pp r h n u fo me d b u bb n t a s a too a nd wa te u c e d b t p h , r y r i g wi h h rp l r ’ Its th e stone s os t on in th e c a v e w t th e nsc bed a n e tu ne d to ( ) p i i , i h i ri gl r mn th e a e se v e d it f o u r th ou th e on ou nd of c entu ri es it w ll , pr r r i jy r gh l g r h i mu a a n e c onc e a ed. T e nsc t on s a s fo o s st h ve l i her l i rip i ll w

i a i mi mu i a Co b gn g c o .

mma nd o u 1 . in . o th e bo o c c s f 9 in . mmf . 3 f tt e bu t t I c o enc es 2 t t r , pi — O . Mon . of th e a n e . gl ( g ,

From these stat ements we should regard the c oi a s a distinct

n n mu c i vocable a nd not a s the termi atio Of a mutilated o

nl ss n s of i s - ss n r u e , i deed, the ﬁve digit the be tem cro i g , r a A s s which would give the familiar Co b gni. regard the IR AL . IN ELAND , W ES, AND SCOTLAND

- his nl ns i n on OR u l e ss mu oi K. f ly expr ed c , if t be the o y i cript o the C ns n of mu c i s nl n a s a n c pillar, it mu t certai y be take i ta ce n s n n s s n its termi al , with uch i fere ce re pecti g grammatical

r n ma ns r i n . elatio to Ma gi a s y follow from that co ide at o

n r - n n s d 16 1. A other ath cave , which had lo g bee clo e , at Cooldorrih in r s of l y, the pa i h Ki michael, about midway Cooldoﬂ ih u 8 2 n n n a n d M w a s n in 18 70 betwee Ba do acroom, reope ed, , for 0 Mr s n s n ll one th e . Bra h . He fou d the upporti g pi ar Of Of n n s ns n hi s rooﬁ g li tel i cribed with a lege d, w ch he read

F a na ma i E a d. ego i g go

The E a is represented by X ; the terminal character question Mon O . . able ( g , Kn k u r . In s s on n s of oc o a n or M o u nt M 16 2 the ame pari h , the la d , usic 8 M n s r M s , s M . ou t u ic formerly tood the pillar elected by “ 3 W in l hi n n a nd n ow O h am: de e s O wn for mo ume t, , I believe , erected g "worm" in d n i s n s ll h s , . the gar e Of former re ide ce at Blair Hi Cork It illa r st ne p o ,

- se le c te db M r bears a deeply Inc rse d Malte s e cro ss wrth the legend y . Winde le / or , S S R Ins o w m Q n nu ANNA CCA IMA IAILLITT o NN R me n t.

n in s s s The alter ative read g are cau ed, fir t, by a doubt whether the group s following a nna c a are of four or five digits each ; n n s ns n of th e ext, by fai t but vi ible protractio dow ward five

l n di s n r ma Of Ma n i a c ie i a d s out i e git formi g p f the Q g ; , la tly, by the ambiguous relation of the ﬁnal group to the line of s s its di s di s n a nd s n ot arri , ome Of git ti ctly, other at all appearing to cro ss the an gle ; but to my eye forming R n n n a s in rather tha N . If the lege d be take the ordinary of “ son of s din th e formula A B , it would read, di regar g protractions

8 8

A nn a mA illitt a n . a c i a gi ( ) 7277.

s n n . a s The la t vocable bei g a proper ame But if it be , I “ ” s s is A illittr s s s n uppo e it , , a pilgrim, there ari e a tro g pre s n din of ma i is n n umptio that a double rea g g i te ded

A nna c a ssi ma i Ma ri a illittr . g

16 . t mi s M in 3 s th e Abou twelve le we tward from acroom, s of n Sh a na c loon is n pari h Ballyvour ey, at , a pillar beari g a CORK .

perfect .

In n n s n n n 164 . the mou tai ou cou try betwee Ballyvour ey mli n n Coo a h E s in s of Kilmm a d oc a o u e Ba try, at a t, the pari h g , n s n ns n w d ts n sta d a i cribed pillar o mutilate . I lege d w a s n r Winde l e w a s s n s M . tra cribed by while it till e tire . It i Mon min s appears by th copy (Og. . ) to have ter ated with the in s n ot e s ra c . yllable g The preced g character are l gible . n n n ns s 165 . South of Ba try, that portio Of the pe i ula epa n n s of e n n ns rati g Ba try Bay from the e tuary K mare , co tai s s s n s n n n n n two example . The ﬁr t ta d ear I chi tagli Bridge o n s of A dri ool e s th e orth ide the g river, be ide the Old church of Mr s s n n Kil c a ska n . . L u u rit Bra h read the pri cipal ame g q , s n i is a nd make the whole lege d, wh ch much defaced,

u u r it ma i ritti. L g q q g

is n on s n s of 16 6 . The other example fou d the we ter hore n ns on i n of n the pe i ula , the marg the Ke mare river at Bally of Kil a shmr rov a n e in s c o e . ss in c , the pari h We have pa ed

n - ns - s n s his is review ma y great Ogham i cribed pillar to e , but t n s s n mn i by much the gra de t example Of uch a mo u e t n ﬁ ne is 2 in n n is 5 . a nd Irela d . It really a Obel k, ft total le gth, f r ns a ll n n s of its o g aceful proportio , although , like mo ume t

ss n s n . n ot s n cla , u touched by the to ecutter I have ee it, Mr its di ns ns . s a nd a sa of its but take me io from Bra h, wh t I y

n n s w n Mr. site a d appeara ce , from a characteri tic dra i g by Its ns n n of s W inde l e . i criptio , from the agreeme t almo t all i no a s Mr in n s s n . s the tra script , , I have doubt, give by Bra h the sequence

c a sa t a ia s Ma gide edd ﬁ or n .

c edda n of s n If read de , the ame the per o commemorated would a ﬁ tora n S a i e dec edda s u l a i be S (like ﬁ g g) if read , it wo d be f n In e s D e c e dda l n s n of . s u n a s gra d o Tora ither ca e , ho d be take n a nd s s of D e a a d a proper ame it eem a likely Oghamic form g ,

s of H - D e a a id n from whom a wide pread family the y g , i habit

n s n s n . e n s i g thi regio , de ce ded We hav had ma y example of

R R KE Y . n s in T e mle n n q e orther ide , p

D e rrygu rra ne Brash transliterates it

A nmru na n ma i u C L isma . g g

The Bishop Of Limerick makes it

A nmru na n ma u C lu c u n c i . A 1 s s . (Proc . R . I . . , . ,

C in its e n s e If the former be orrect, it might, t rmi al yllabl , n s e n n offer some a alogy to the ﬁr t leg d at Rath Cro gh a . ’ n s D romk a r in di e e D s 171 . Procee g we tward , at , romod pari h,

n - ns n is n ear Loch Curra e , a much abraded i criptio read doubt fully n a i n n Tu d u mme le n. c g M n O . o . ( g ,

Kill o rone s of in Killeen 172 . At g , pari h Caher, a , formerly

ss- s n ns n ow ns stood a cro ig ed, i cribed pillar, tra ferred to the n n of s n a hir i e n groun ds of the Co ve t Chri tia Brothers at C c v e . The legen d exhibits s e veral examples of the employment Of tho se sigla from the F orf ea da which stan d respectively for o n a l n n h in s. a n m a n de in their diphtho g combi atio It s bee exa ed a nd read by the Bishop Of Limerick

M e lea mir a ma F m A nmo oe d c i a c i ea n. g e

A 1 s R . . . s. . (Proc . I , ,

Bishop Graves refers to many examples to justify his accept

ma s a n n Of a nima or Of a n an ce abbreviated equivale t , , it may

a nima n n nin e ora tio ro b , of p , givi g to the lege d the mea g of s u l of hf a e a dh a ma r s n son (a prayer for the o ) l mi bor Of F a c ima n d s s a dma c i i s mea n e F ea c i (or ) ; Ob erve that the all e tma i on e of n n s in itself with the o g Of the mo ume t the Royal ns n l n n n n Cork I titutio a ready me tio ed ; i timati g, at the

e e his n n e s s hin dis s am tim , opi io that it impli omet g to the Of s s n s s s credit the decea ed , for which rea o , he ugge t , the inscription h a s be e n carved on the e n d Of the ston e remote ss a nd so su n n n in from the cro , pre mably i te ded to be hidde IN AND . IRELAND , WALES, SCOTLAND

B smmor n s s s ll E u the grou d. He al o remark that the pillar tood, at Ki o KE R ” n di n a n d s n gro e, at the hea g of a grave , that a lower to e marked the foot with a n elaborate cross a n d a clove engraved nn l a mir s Moe e oe u pon it in a very peculiar ma er. g appear to n n F a c ima n s a d e e be characteristically Chri tia , to be a more n digniﬁed presentation of the patronymic foun d at Loma agh . s G s s s n 173 . Bi hop rave al o appear to have exami ed the n s n Kill e e na dre e n a in s n of en Kille ena dre e na i scribed to e at , the I la d Val tia, Mr s s a s on his which . Bra h read au thority

o o i ma i erena n . L g g g

In di n - of s of n on s 17 4 . the rectio the Lake Killar ey, a ite n n ns n n ns amo g the mou tai ear Lough Carra, a other i cribed n s Of Lirne ric k ston e h a s lately bee discovered . The Bi hop describes it a s expressing the single n ame

a ta g leo s .

u r s in n of n Fin la ss 175. F ther ea t, the directio Killorgli , the g n in s u n s n me s of River, de ce d g from the Reek , r u der the p

n n n in n n Kilc ola ht E s s Kilc ola ht a gree emi e ce the tow la d Of g a t, the ite g 6 n n ow on e s n n of n , di a nd a other Killee marked by ta g pillar “ ? i

s n s s - ns s everal pro trate fragme t Of other , all Ogham i cribed. ndin ll is ns on its n s n The sta g pi ar i cribed all four a gle . O on e face (south) it presents the legen d

Q R IGIFIQQ

ri i Q eﬁ q q .

or s nniti ern of , read rever ely, g ; but I take it to be a variety n Ke llu ﬁ c n s n the Ca ttu ﬁ q a d type . O the Oppo ite a gle what remains exhibits some appearance Of that kin d Of double in nn n M n M s m n readin g oticed co ectio with the ou t u ic exa ple . There s eem to be remains of

p an . ” e SIGANGNG L MA R I i ,

but the digits of the n are protracted in fainter lin es on the

u a s if ossibl n n s n Ma r pper edge , p y i te ded al o to yield the ame i. hi s ff Of n n ot s n T , however, may be the e ect weatheri g, de ig . n n s s n innin a nm O r the orth face it how a lege d beg g ﬁ O O , r n is but the emai der to me illegible . H P OG AM, INSCRI TIONS

R i A T OCCMAQILONC R I J F [

oc c ma i lo ri n g g ( ) ,

n s Loc rin recalli g the Briti h . Another u r g,

h n P s r r i s n F a U u st o t e u r a s . w ich may have bee icti h g , cog at g Another JC C OMAQ IC I L§[

a o ma a i i ll gg g g , or s ill s st of a s i n s n n in , perhap , g , ugge ive Chri t a de ig atio gilla . An d s a n di i n e a ﬁfth, more complete, yield ad t o al xample of s s n n s in e l s oh the e tra ge ame ﬁ , a ready ob erved

I RITTUFF E CC MAQ iMa F DDON s U U g

R t u a i — a s i t c md on . f ec g f d

s of su n in n s r s bu t All mark a rrou d g e clo u e have di appeared, is s s s n is n a n d s the site till re pected. The ce e touchi g impre s a n d on e s s n a n d n Wh s u l ns ive ; a k agai agai , y ho d the remai of these Qrigifi c s a ndRittu fi c s be deemed unworthy to min gle with baptised clay ? din in di n of h s 176 . Procee g the rectio W itefield, the eat of

Ma c illic u dd on e s a nd s n - s n s The g y , reache , at a ford teppi g to e la sh e n c kmu k n n on G e Co c s s the tream , de ce di g from the ml n r of Kil in t n s a d n ob e . I Reek , the poor ha et rui ed chu ch g ” the “ street Of the eastern part of the village is a roundish s n n n in ns n to e lyi g ﬂat, beari g Ogham the i criptio

N E N AN AF .

In a n adjoining meadow to the north is another with a lon ger nd hi n a n n s nn lege , w ch, owi g to accide t to the ca t, I ca ot n or ﬁ nd s n on a swer f . I failed to here the pillar to e alleged f s Mr Win del e s the authority o a ketch by . to bear the eem

in l n n D u u nn u nns. n ns g y ab ormal ame , g gg A Killee adjoi the village .

OGHAM INSCRIP TIONS

ss n a nd din 179 . Cro i g Beaufort Bridge , procee g s n in di n of M l n on di ta ce the rectio il tow , we come the i of Kilbon a n e n n church , givi g ame to the parish wh ch s n s of n a n d n rr e r embrace both ba k the Lau e, , alo g the v on n s s n s s n a nd s both ba k , pre e t much ylva pa toral beauty. The

e dCh mc R u in h in n n hin church is the ope cou try be d . It seems a thirteenth O K’lbom'w' f or r n n u i in n s fou tee th ce tury b ld g. At the orth ide of the altar is in n fla of s n s n a grave covered with a lo g g red a d to e, mi a n broken across the ddl e . The arrises d flat of the slab lin s n hr n are occupied with e Of Ogham , there bei g t ee li es on n n n s on s s n the flat, i depe de t of tho e the two arri e . Looki g mn n of ns n s u l where the com e ceme t the i criptio ho d be, the on s surface is uninscribed. Further it eems to begin A gni Ma i ll s n of n s in n n g , fo owed by a tri g ame the Lati ge itive n r n of n n form . Seeki g for the earlier po tio the pri cipal ame ,

one s s ns s n in a ni Ob erve , at a co iderable di ta ce preced g the g , a b ss di i s a n d a s ih a ociated with ﬁve g t , collateral to it were s s n on s u i e in nn of h a s n n i te t it elf, q t the ma er what bee oticed,

- l n a s su b . di i s the virgular Ogham at Ki lee Cormac The g t , s n r u ce of s however, eem to me to be atural g the urface to

b h a s n . which the bee accom”modated Here we perceive a s of b o n i a ni little lapidary rebu (from) , wh ch, with the g n n Bon a nu s n an n r followi g, make up the ame of g , Bo , the fou de f its n n a nd giver o ame to the origi al church. The rest Of ’ n s B on a n s his the lege d appear to be pedigree to great, ’ mi n n n ma i s . great, great gra dfather, o tti g the i termediate g I a s n n son dl n son Of ire ma n N son of would read it Bo a , of A o , , n n son of D a n on min E ssc u so n , of Lamida , g , ter ati g with s n s n n Ma gi Mu c oi. But the mode t ame e umerated prese t a s n in mi much more pompou appeara ce their ampliﬁed Ogha c forms

NI R e MNA QAGNIE S SICONI DDALA O C A NGUNI MUTOI LA MI TOIDAGNI

ma i h a il na nir ma b(o) na gni g dd o e n ga gni essic oni a a n oni mu i la mt dd l c o i a ida ni g g ,

n n s ns n in i s bei g, I believe, the lo ge t i criptio leg ble Ogham letter n ma i mu c e nd c i yet fou d. The g at the appears to show that IN A ND . IRELAND , WALES, SCOTLAND

s s a s in s s n ot Of ltE sI DU E or the e word here , previou example , are part the KE R R “ i s n ns a n d . so ped gree , but omethi g extri ic formal If they be is if u l to se e s n ot so ns here, it d ﬁc t why they hould be co idered n s nn hink where interjected into other lege d . I ca ot but tm s in ma a a s n is i dec c ed that, I imagi e the ca e the g exa ple a s s ou r a n d s n s l o , the word relate to Lord, corre po d to piou s hr n in e nd of ins n n s formula t ow at the other criptio al lege d , a s in li n a n d n n n s the bi teral Roma Ru ic carvi g at Vi ge , We t G othl a nd r n n on e s a ndits s , whe e , betwee the Lati at ide , Nor e

M r a r t a re n s A v e a i G a ia . echo at the other, i terjected the word is i nl s a n m n for s s d s But th o y my gue , u t be take what it may hereafter appear to be worth .

In s s - in n n 18 0 . the ame pari h, from a rath cave the tow la d of n ns - s n s n s a o L a h a ra n Lahara , two i cribed pillar to e were ma y year g 57 du a n d s in s of n n n g up , utili ed the wall a eighbouri g dwelli g. “ i , n n a nd n ow They have bee removed the ce , form part of the ’ E of Du nra v e n s n M n s is arl collectio at Adare a or. The ﬁr t Mr s read by . Bra h

Ma i tta ma c lu t g ri gi o bo .

s n ns on s s s The eco d, i cribed two arri e , appear to repeat the

s n r Mr . s s n s la t ame , which , it will be emembered, Bra h al o ﬁ d Kilte ra in at , Waterford

oil a tta s m C l bo i c orbi g . Ma i mu c oi g gc ooi. Mon 0 . . ( g ,

M n r 181 . is i n is At Adare a o , probably derived from th reg o , n nu mn rin n in n a other mo e t bea g the lege d Ogham , accordi g ' Mr D u . M s n S . n to Noyer drawi g ( , co ﬁrmed by Lord Dunraven in the Memorials of Adare

r i i a o ba ni ma ta . C g g bf

182 . A n n n r nds Kilbona ne Ope , cheerful cou t y exte from , s r to e n n we twa d the s a . Overlooki g the sa ds of the Bay of s n n n a n d M n Ca tlemai e , about midway betwee Killorgli illtow , n s of Tinn a h a ll a nd its are the la d y, with their rath cave, hi w ch h a s furni shed two very ﬁ n e examples Of Ogham to M s f o . rs the u eum the Academy The ﬁ t, a huge rude block, OGHAM INSCR IPTIONS

s n s X n in its ea a s n n pre e t , evide tly power, comi g betwee ns n n s in n co o a t , the lege d

A nmt a a n ma l e i de en g g g ,

e s ns of n n dis u n wher all ig i ﬂectio have appeared, arg i g com iv e l i a ra t . s s a nm p y a late date It the la t which we meet

is s a nd s - with . The formula peculiar to the outh outh west n i of . n Irela d I would, with Haigh , imag e it practically equivalent to the titulus or ja c e t of the Welsh Roman s ns ns a nd i ns n e que i criptio , that, l terally, it mea the ame ” n s of Lirn e ri k Of the perso commemorated. The Bi hop c ” n s is n n n a nd co ceive that it a co tractio for pro a ima, “ n n u l c roit o for equivale t to the Patricia form a d , a prayer f the sou l o . s n is ﬁ ne s l hi n Tinna ha lly 183 . The eco d a very Obeli cal pi lar, ex biti g a marked example of that kind Of double reading already n h a s n oticed. It the te or

mc a ru dr a nn Ma s r n di s A n d i f g (with t o g git over, very l n th e l ine de icately protracted u der, )

do ligeinn.

n n i n mn f n f di s a s s r a o n S o o s o . Rea g Iri hi m for cholar, lear i g S on of in s is so n s ni two Read g , if th were re dered, might ig fy ih s on of D oli e n s s s n a doctor both law . S g eem tra ge to the e e a s n a nd u r in is n y a patro ymic ; , if the early ch ch th regio ss ss s so in s s n its po e ed formula peculiar epulchral compo itio , colleges probably had equally peculiar designations for their in s in n . s n grade lear g However thi may be , the g, beyo d s n is s a s n in Ma i a nd que tio , made to erve a double eleme t g M a ri.

n M n a nd s n ni in 184 . Betwee illtow Ca tlemai e , at Ardywa g,

s of n n e s n s ﬁ n e - s n hi in the pari h Kil a ar , ta d a pillar to e , w ch ’ Mr Wind l n . e e s a n time bore Ogham lege d, read by him

The whole Of the inscription h a s sin ce been split Off by the n n n n n n imprude t ki dli g of a ﬁre agai st the sto e . The additio ’ of on e Mr W inde l e s s digit to . ketch would yield the more probable reversed reading

F estos. son of Ca l h u rn n p , ever pe et remains in lapidary w n u s a s e able to take clearer , the propose in my next lectu r e to a nd En n South gla d. A CH PTE R VI .

m t — h a r s s re u e n ma ma n e a s h L a u Th e Briti h Ogh a f q ly a cco p nie d by Ro pigr ph T e g n a s ns e n a s e ma n a —BiJ in al s ns a t a mi e d o a t u n t Ogh W l , i crib b of Ro l r g i crip io ‘ ’ l o n s a k T r fi a rn— a s t ne s a t St ma e s a n e a n wmG k e i C U y , P r , g P ll r o Dog l , Ll f ch , — — i rr m- ns n e n a v st k Cl da CIl e a n u t n a e s t ne s i v a t a t y , g , R hi Ogh i crib d o D o Th T i oc — D n n a B k n - M na m st ne now t mR u e u a u a e u bro gh fro oboro gh ow , r c l d o chor F rd l o M m— e s a ms a t a n a ke a n D u oe d a n n in B t s u se u ri i h W l h Ogh Ll d w , Tr llo g, g , Ll wi io , — — now a t Middl e to n H a ll Bi- li ngu a l s to ne on Ca lde y I sl a nd Pill ar sto ne s a t B de Ke nfi ne a e — u l tu e u e o n e st ne now in B t s ri ll , gg, r Pyl Sc p r d fig r Llyw ll o , ri i h m t a t on th e Ma e n Ac h wnfa e n ne a st n in nt se ma e d W t u u M , co p r i h h , r Mo y , Fli s re hi .

O s of n ss n s AL S 186 . THE gham Britai , although much le umerou W E .

h a ms o n s of r n in s ns n Th e tha tho e I ela d, have , almo t every i ta ce , the Qq f ’ n n n n s great adva tage Of bei g accompa ied by Roma epigraph fifiifiifia iiiii ma n e i i n n to s. b R of wh ch they ge erally are fou d be echoe It may, y o p grap h” a flirme d n s s n therefore , be that they belo g to a period ub eque t 56 a nd s of s on s n to B. O. , ome them , at lea t, may, rea o able nds be of R n n grou , referred to the period oma occupatio in D 4 10 f s s is ndin A . . . e g O the e latter, the mo t remarkable that inscri bed on one angle of the base Of the R oman altar

s n in G ns i i no L a n h a r pre erved at La ghar, lamorga h re . There s doubt g . of n n of N n the ge ui e character the altar. either c a there be a n s n s y que tio that the character are true Ogham , although s l a nd c n s n s of s the letter , with i di ti ct trace ome vowel n s c a n now n s n otche , are all that be recog i ed. If a co tem ora r ns n s u e f n p y i criptio , it put the s o Ogham i Britain back n of s n nis a nd i to the time urvivi g Paga m, greatly impairs the argument for its Chri stian ori gin ; a nd it would be a some what forced assumption to sa y that it h a s been added by a n n later ha d. Co jectures Of this kind have been employed to rebut the presumption that Oghamic monuments marked with s s n s n s. s h e a s the cro belo g to Chri tia time If the e , I c on c e iv e n dmi ss they are, i a ible , much more so wou l d b e the em n a s of n not n n ployme t, here, a lege d havi g a y Christian s ni n e s n of n s ig ﬁca c to a ctify a relic Paga wor hip . The OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

L S . La u h a r in a n n n o WA E g altar would, therefore , y large exami atio f

s n s n a s se - n n the que tio , be provi io ally regarded a lf evide ci g i i of n . s s one O ghamic relic the Paga period It al o , w th n nl s n ni exceptio , the o y Briti h Ogham u accompa ed by a n Roman co text . s n s in r s of wri n 187 . The e co text vary thei tyle ti g from

well - shaped Roman capitals to mixed capitals a nd minuscu l es s a e o f of the most corrupt form . The comparative g the monuments h a s usually been estimated a s proportionate to f n n e ss or n ss o . the l greater rude e the letteri g Imperfectio , is n n nnin s n n however, i cide t to the begi g of imitatio Of ewly m a f se t s a s s o s exa ple , well to the withdrawal their upply ; a nd where other indic ia exist from which reasonable inference s n ae n may be draw , the pal ographic argume t may have to be

accommodated to them . indic ia a re ff s s is 188 . Such a orded very per ua ively by what

wmGlo n. C Vita lia nu s ns n Gl o n n i called the i criptio at Cwm y , ear hi s . m ss s n Never , Pembroke re The Ogham erely expre e the

a ia n i ita li i E mrit V it l ni. s a n e a name F The Roma epigraph , n s s n importi g, it eem to me , however u grammatically, that n a a n mitu s or r n of Vitalia w s e er reti ed military serva t the

Empire . k Us k P a r . s s of Usk ns n 189 . The ame may be aid the Park i criptio , kh l n i i n ric ow e s . s n n s C , Breco hire It co ceived a Lati ta te n n mi quite differe t from the crude Chri stia Ogha c formula

Tu r illi ic ia c it a eri trilu ni du noc a ti p p ,

echoed in part by the Ogham which employs X for the ’ n u i a n n n a T r li d n . exceptio al p , p , after a lo g lacu a two I ” ’ take “ trilu ni to have referen ce to the child s life of three l n s. n u s s mo th If a proper ame , the epigraph wo d lo e ome hin its n s Of Tu r ill a n d u e ri t g of Lati a pect, but the p p the p would still distingu ish it from the other bilite ra ls of what s i n a n d n n n may be called mere Briti h or gi , poi t to a domi a t n n n in n i s . ss s Roma i ﬂue ce the compo itio Neverthele , it to

s Tu r ill is in n a s in be Ob erved that p put the ge itive , the s s n is ia c it Iri h example , though, perhap , the followi g may be n n in n s n in su mea t to be take the co crete , corre po d g to a p

ss a is or t tu pre ed l p i lu s. H o tiris ns n Treff a rn s of 19 0 . The g i criptio at Little g , outh

L S . to u s s n in r s u l nd WA E probably appear if pre e ted thei ec ar u ress. Th e Latin text is

Tr na c a tu s ie ia t i e c i liu s ma la . f g gni

Th e O a a ni n e nl gham ccomp me t, v ry clearly cut, e xpresse s o y

r T ena c c a ttlo,

e lo e ns so fa r a s u n st n u n ne wher r mai , I der a d, explai d, if it

be not th e s s n n of G is l a early Briti h repre e tatio the aul h og . 1 ns n th e u l n to th e 9 3 . The tra itio from reg ar Roma R form

now regarded a s the Irish a nd Hiberno - Saxon variety appears to have begun at the date of the next monument to n i s s s a n s in ns r n in be ot ced. Thi al o t d co ecrated g ou d th e u of l da i n s min C E n i n ch rchyard y , ear Newca tle ly , Card ga shir th e to of ll h a s n off e . Although p the pi ar bee cut to

th e s for su n- di th e of n nd form eat a al , whole the Lati a e n of th e ss e O to s h wa s a n ough a ociat d gham how t at it echo , remains ; eterni fili v ic tor E TTE RN TO R

e ssin n of E tte rn on f Th t s o . e ogether xpre g the ame , Victor

n E tte rn E n E n is - n a s r is ame , dder , deyr , Brito Lati , Victo so a nd n a s or s n purely , both may well be take of, oo after, the ' n A s n i Occupatio period. mo t attractive theory regardi g th s n n h a s n i scriptio bee put forward by Haigh . He took it for a monument raised by the Emperor Fla v iu s Victor to his uncle

li l - n hi E te rna s s s ns . , both wel evide ced toric per o But the f s s ns obstacle o the ﬁ li eem to be i uperable .

C il erra n g . In s dis i r n on T e iv in 19 4 . the ame trict, at C lger a , the y, the n f Tre n u I n s e s s o s . ts pari h cem tery, ta d the pillar g Lati legend is

Trenegu ssi ﬁ li Ma eu treni hie ia c it.

ss n not of n It bears a double cro , but appare tly co tempo r s n A n h a s n s ra n e ou s execution o de ig . Ogham o ce exi ted th e n of one r s s n down all le gth ar i , eemi gly, from what

ns ss n n s Tr en a s a nd Ma itreni. remai , expre i g the ame g g s n n s n n s of 19 5. So far all the e i determi ate Wel h mo ume t , which it c a n only be predicated that they are of Roman but of s n s n in n ot demonstrably Chri tia time , are fou d South IN I AND RELAND, WALES, SCOTLAND .

n h a s n AL E V N s. One O ns n n o W E s D O . Wale gham i cribed mo ume t ly bee , n in N s a nd n s s hitherto fou d orth Wale , it belo g to the ame

in n hin M nms ir P o l P a rk . s a n s P category. It t d Pool ark ear Rut , o outh h e , o a nd s in w - s n n bear , ell haped, though greatly wor , Roma n Ami hi s s s to e lini s , w w character hat eem be the am ” ith s n n s t w so s r hi Tov i a c i . . o de ig atio (W y y g, Ir Toi ech c ef) s a nd his is a n on th e f e of uperadded, t echoed by Ogham ac n T ose c h s to sa the sto e where take the form ﬁ e . s s s s ill two s e s f n 19 6 . Be ide the e , are t other Briti h xample ou d, not in s in En n n n to s e Wale , but South gla d, belo gi g the am t is r of ns ca egory. Both come from the d t ict Devo hire, border in on E s now s R Ta v istoc k g xmoor. The ﬁr t, pre erved at the ectory, , D e v on' s n s on n n Tavi tock, origi ally tood Roborough Dow , ear Buck l n M n Tov isa ei h a d o achorum . Like the example, it adds to t e n of s n his s n n or n ame the per o commemorated de ig atio calli g.

B oba ni a bri li E na ba rri f ﬁ , on e the ﬂat, choed by E na ba rr in s now n s n Ogham character , much wor but till legible, alo g of n E nba r a s of the edge the sto e . would appear Celtic a form name a s Finbar or Ca thba r ; a ndits occurrence so far eastward of s a nd n nn is n s n Wale Cor wall ca ot but be h torically i tere ti g.

19 7 . sa n n of s F a rde l now From the me regio , orth Ivybridge , come the , n n n n now in s M s better k ow Fardel mo ume t, the Briti h u eum . e m u s u . The Fa noni Ma gu irini of its R oman e pigraph is accompanied by a n Ogham e xpress in g th e singu l ar sou nds SFAQQgQAg

MAQIQICI .

a u Ma i Sf gg c c i gi Q ei.

S a u c ei in th e ess re We have, however, met f gg before l p u l s of S a i e i of D u nbell Kl nn n n ive form ﬁ g g the , i ke y, mo ume t . It a nd Qiei probably designate Fa non a nd Qu irin by their u i n s in n n eq vale t Ogham ome clature . The coarseness of s nds s m the ou grate on ears accusto ed to the ordinary ni s ou r n . s u n s n ns harmo e of la guage Tho e couth de ig atio may, VON AL S n a s n of s - s e DE , W E . however, have bee adopted evide ce elf di parag

n s s n s s ndin a me t by ome Chri tia a cetic . The Celtic ou g S gra n ni r m s on th in its ceremo al form Sa g a ni appear e back of the

n s in s or n - n sto e . The letter are more the Iri h Hiber o Saxo taste than on the other examples above noticed a n d altogether the aspect of the monument is suggestive of Irish n s n ns a d Chri tia associatio . s n s s n s a nd ri s ss i n 19 8 . A tro g avour of Chri tia time I h a ociat o

la nda ke n L w . also di stinguishes a Welsh Ogham monume t at Llan dawke C n L ou h a rn e in shi n ot hurch , ear g , Pembroke re , although n s n ns n on marked with a y ymbol . The Lati i criptio the ﬂat

s B a rriv endi Filiu s Vendu ba ri a nd on on e H ie ia c it read , edge , in not ns s s s of li s is all u hapely capital , ave that the Fi u s n s s i in rever ed . O both edge there are Ogham , wh ch , read n s s n one s the ordi ary rever e cour e to the Lati , yield at ide S H UME L E DONAF

M M u of to of a nd at the other a gi ( c oi) . A fracture the p the ston e leave s u s un certain of what shou ld follow ; but the space which h a s been occupied suggests the formu l a

Mu i n s n n c o . Here agai we may rea o ably co jecture that

H u mel ons is a lia s of Ba rrﬁ n d son n d the Oghamic , of Fi dbar, s f m n a s o n the ubject the memorial would, I i agi e , have bee in n r of his a nd hi s a s called the ver acula day, may add t a

of Mu n further example c oi termi al . O hr s n n of 19 9 . S far, however probable the C i tia origi the n n s n or s of mo ume t e umerated, ome them, may be , we have n hin n n ns n ot g amou ti g to demo trative proof. But whe the ss s of s n s n of its cro form part the compo itio , the pre umptio

hr s n n nn ss- s n C i tia origi ca ot be rejected . The cro ig ed O gham monuments of Wales are hardly less numerous than s n ot so dis n s a nd in a r hi n of tho e ti gui hed, the pal eog ap c poi t

ra llon T . a n n i ll n n g view may claim equal a tiqu ty. At Tra o g, betwee Cric kh ow e l a nd n is s in nn n Breco , there pre erved co ectio with the parish church on e of these Obviously Christian s n of its memorial , remarkable for the comparative elega ce

n n a nd - ndi s Roma letteri g, for the clean cut i putable complete ness of the accompanying Ogham a nd for a phr ase of the u l s n n n n is Ogham form a till u explai ed . The Lati lege d

YVA LE S e n n s on n of r . xceptio al i tere t, accou t the fo m taken by the n n a v i s s in in Og L , ham equivale t for th”e ati u ed eem gly the s ns of s n n of e e de ce da t , like the w n n mi no the commo patro y cal 0 . a singular example of Roman charact n n n s s s tha their accompa yi g Oghams. Thi ari e from the n of s a nd s n employme t ligature , al o , I imagi e , from a tamper

in on e . s n nt nin n g with letter The ﬁr t li e , co ai g the pri cipal n h a s hi n D s ame , therto bee read BIA The cast show a ‘ of s A e u i n s s ligature the A, thu , q vale t to LVA . The uppo ed s s s s s s a s H B I take to be S . The ca t al o how the uppo ed D its s n n n D H is s with lower ectio rou ded i to . the Iri h form of

N in s ns ns n so n r - n Wel h i criptio . Taki g it , the ab o mal looki g B ia di dis s a n d its is n appear , place take by the more recog nisa ble il a n AVIB IBE VE S v ni. s G The follow O , where a

s n - mi u s in s G i gularly haped ght leave further doubt, were it not that the accompanying Ogham reads plainl y afii boc i at on e s a nd BE Ff E s n n ide , at the other. It omit the pri cipal ame s n s n otherwi e Silva u would have bee earlier detected. The of s in a nd in value the text lie the AVI, which both here the ” Irish examples appears to signify grandson - but of whom ? is not i n Mr in B o ibev e . . ss g a l kely ame Haigh , the e ay referred n s s of s ns n s to , by a careful a aly i all the Wel h i criptio al formula , shows good ground for takin g B ogu s a s the grandfather a nd n f s n n n B ev e a s the ame o the per o erecting the mo ume t . The n r s his s n n s n a boc i a nd be e Ogham co fi m rea o i g, howi g fi fi nd in s s s of din ss in separately a rever e cour e rea g. A cro n scribed m a n oval occupies the head of the sto e . In a ll s s s ss s a n n of 2 0 2 . the e ca e the cro form i tegral part

- mi n n the design but there is one cross signed Ogha c mo ume t on which the Ogham certainl y appears to have existed before u l u r s s s is Ca lde its Latin legend a nd sc pt ed cro se . Thi the y

I s l a nd. i ow s in on Ca lde s n ns n . s n i criptio It depo ited the church y i la d,

s l - kn n n ns n Pembrokeshire . It bear the wel ow Lati i criptio

s n of ss s- b for th e s u l of Ca tu oc on be eechi g the pa er y a prayer o , if not a n n Gla c on of which, it be early Cadoga , may, like the Ba ll ne stu ri s n for s Ga tkon y g, ta d ome who had carried that mi off s of warlike name to this peaceful her tage the rock

n n is s in its s s. Te by. The letteri g very Iri h all characteri tic IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

n n s f a s in n n L S is s r e . But, what t a ge , it comme ce with , if co ti ua WA E n of s h n n a n d i st n wa s u i tio omet i g precedi g ; , wh le the o e b lt n of n s i to the wall the church porch, a tiquarie hoped for the ssin s n n s on a nd s u l on s mi g e te ce the back, pec ated the trace of Ogham digits near the top a s probably bein g in continua t n s s Th e of th e ion of others on the co cealed arri e . removal n n Th e ston e h a s shown these speculatio s to be grou dless. is n to n n n off Ogham merely a fragme t, the p havi g bee broke , a nd i is of n is hi quite illeg ble . But what worthy ote , that w le

n s - a nd s in in the Lati letter are deep cut harp every outl e , the Ogham digits a nd n otches are so worn a nd abraded that n o on e looking at the monument cou l d suppose them contem ’ ora n e ou s a nd n r of Ca tu oc on s h a s p , the e grave prayer n a s of his ss s on evide tly regarded them immaterial, two cro e the upper side s of the slab being cut through a nd over th e f is n attenuated traces of some o them . It i deed a palim se st in s n n is n p to e ; but the origi al, which it hard to thi k n of e s n is eve the arly Chri tia period, irrecoverable . They n a s n s n of s have bee read yieldi g a eque ce vocable , but I am

n a nd ff no ns n. u able to follow it, o er tra literatio n of di ns i 2 0 3 . Reverti g to the rich Oghamic tract Car ga h re , hi h a s n s Cl da i a n dDu o e d s w ch already fur i hed the y g example ,

now n n s of B ride l one I would refer to the eighbouri g pari h Bridell . l st . f s n h o m o t s f Here a great pillar to e , wort y co pare with ome o s s s n s in the Iri h example , ta d the churchyard . It bears a ss in on one s a nd a n n quatrefoil cro a circle ide , u usually

n n n n . ss ss s lo g Ogham lege d alo g the a gle It, however, po e e n o other inscri ption by which the trans literation or construing of its Ogham might be helped ; a nd the disintegration of its

lichen- covered surface makes the determination of their values dif n ns n extremely ﬁcult. The lege d begi ear the bottom with

N tta S a ri or tta sa ru ma e N e . the group g , g The differenc e depen ds on whether on e in dentation is a vowel n otch or a

n . In a n s n se s N tt atural ﬂaw y ca e we recog i the Iri h e a .

n s Ma i M u c oi rec i or br eai ndin on The follow g g , depe g whether six or s n s s n eve core have bee employed at the top . I have no s n a nd a ll ss th e n doubt there are eve , cro li e . Whether it breei or rec i of hi n s is n be g , the matter c ef i tere t the occurre c e of n Ma i s mu c i. o is Mr here the freque t Iri h formula q It to . VVALE s n n n n . Brash I am i debted for correcti g a erro eous reading of own in is of d s i n my th group igit , which I had magi ed c on i n f s u nl ta ne d the ame o a Bi hop O doc . The o y criterion for a e of n n is s of n the g the mo ume t the tyle the Ogham letteri g, hi s s di s a nd n s for s a nd w ch employ both hort git otche vowel , n a s n s o f may, I thi k, be therefore regarded amo g the late t s n n the Wel h O gham mo ume ts. s u l a nd 2 04 . Still, what ho d be deemed late, what early, s s in s n ss n ss s c a n re t the utmo t vague e , u le ome time be fixed before or after which there may be reasonable grou n d for supposin g some of those inscriptions to have been exe c u te d a nd n of hi hin , there remai two them w ch may, I t k, justify some speculation more or less confident in that n s Ke nfi a nd n directio . The e are the gg the Llywell mo u

n s Ke nﬁ s n s ndin - me t . The gg to e , ta g by the high road from M in G nshi s n insc ri Pyle to argam , lamorga re , bear a Roma p n n its s on its n n tio dow face , with Ogham character adjoi i g u l x mi s s s s u l sa e a ide arri e . The top arri I wo d y, from caref n n h a s n n a n ns n s atio , ever bor e y i criptio . The urface , with its n n s a nd s s s no n of atural pitti g rugo itie , bear appeara ce n n n s or a nd is havi g a ywhere bee moothed abraded, free from f s n s o . the lea t trace artiﬁcial culpture The Lati epigraph,

is on n s is P u miu s a ra nt r u s e C o i . e it agreed all ha d , p The

is s n - S n 6 n on e of the Iri h or Hiber o axo form , , bei g, with n n ns n in hi n exceptio , the o ly i ta ce w ch the Roma epi graph s associated with thes e Welsh Oghams exhibit the s n n Its s n s late Iri h i ﬂue ce . pre e ce would eem to me to den ote a period when personages bearing Roman names of di s n n n o n s n in a n a nd ti ctio were lo ger re ide t Brit i , to ” w n a n d ma i son sho that Ogham writi g the word q for lin gered in Britain at least until after the Irish character n n had been partly adopted i to lapidary writi g. The s of ri n h a s dl Bi hop Lime ck, I would thi k, har y allowed time for its adoption into British lapidary writing when he seeks to ﬁ n d here the name of Saint Ca re ntoc of the sixth n r wa s son of a nd in ce tu y, though he the Pompa ; Pompa, ss s l in on e s n of the form Popa, may po ibly be pel ed ectio the

s n n - n O gham . It would be a very welcome ta di g grou d for this Welsh exploration if one could accept this identiﬁcation

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

wa s n n s in VVA LE s. fou d, I believe , at a place ear Treca tle , Brecon shi n Ca dno a nd is now in th e s M s re , called Pa t y , Briti h u eum, a ndis a nd one ri s w ns i n charged, face , back, ar , ith i cript o al

. n n ns a n work A Roma lege d ru up the back, echoed by one nn n n s a nd e of th e n Ogham ru i g dow the arri , the fac sto e

is covered down to the ground- lin e with ornamentation a nd a nd ss s hin n barbaric imagery, po ibly omet g more . The Roma s s s s Th nl n n character are lightly deba ed capital . e o y u certai s s is M or a nd th e tie are whether the ﬁr t letter V, whether is s T o sixth letter from the bottom a C or a deba ed G . my ' th e ni is V a nd th e Gr din th e e n eye i tial other , yiel g r adi g

Va c c u tr mi ma isa i i u ni. e g l g d

is n ns n of n ma i a nd s It the o ly i ta ce a Lati g , appear to com Ma c c u tre n son of Sa l in or u l n a dis memorate g S ge , n echoed by the shorter Ogham

Ma itr msa e i ic i ni g l d .

Ma c c u tre nu s is u s a nd be s or already familiar to , may Iri h

s - u l n is s a nd s s Briti h Celtic . S ge Wel h, , I would uppo e , may s now i . u s n s equally be Iri h Let tur to the face . It s ome n n e n what wider at top . Horizo tal li es divid it i to four n s n s of hi su is t pa el , u der the lowermo t w ch the rface lef i n ns n n nd. n so ns u touched, for i ertio the grou Bei g i erted, the fir st s ection of the Roman a n d the concluding section of ns r n r ou t of s n the Ogham i c iptio are bu ied ight, leavi g the n in s hin s s on e pa elled face full view. The fir t t g that trike is is in of n n n , that here a k d barbaric or ame tatio very much s n n n s th e in the style of the Iri h Paga mo ume t . But that work is Christian is evinced by crosses introduced at either side of a figure represented a s tramplin g on a serpent in th e n din u n ss of his fi u re third pa el . The extraor ary r de e t g s of r s two which consist merely a ci cle with dot for the head, n s a nd a nd lin es divergi g below for the limb feet, two for the s n n o — one s in F igu re o n th e arm , there bei g body would make he itate L l we ll st ne y o , n a n n n n not ascribi g y i telligible mea i g to it, were it that the ma re dwith Co p n n n of s ss o ne o n th e figure o the lower fro t pa el the culptured cro called M a c n A c hwn A c h wnfa e n n M s n in n shir n in the Maen , ear o ty , Fli t e , e gaged a e n a s u l f , c p ’

n s s s n n n. tu rodc ross nea r similar actio , give a key to the culptor i te tio The M 0 ! 3 gm. s is s in Flintshire ﬁgure it elf barbarou a high degree , but IN . IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND

n imn n n n s a nd . d s L S exhibits a body a l b co tai ed withi outli e , WA E

ss s of n n . is expre e , with a good deal Spirit, trampli g actio It u nn ecessary here to in quire whether it be a spear it grasps in of s n s be a s one hand or the tail the erpe t . It mu t accepted a remarkable instance of the possible combination of very good art in ornamentation (for this is one of the most elabo

ra tely- designed a nd decorated of all the British crosses) with

r m s in n of n . ext e ely low idea mthe drawi g the huma ﬁgure n s on s n in The bei g who tra ple the erpe t, however, the is in s n th e Flintshire example, well pictured compari o with

n on s nshi - s n n correspondi g ﬁgure thi Breco re pillar to e . A other attempt to represent a bishop with his pastoral staff on th e is n n a nd ss s panel below equally i fa tile exce ively grote que . for n s di n for A dotted circle the head, two li e , verge t below, s a nd lin s one of n h n in e the limb feet ; two e , them bra c i g thre mi r fo s a nd n a nd n at the extre ty, the arm a ha d ; a other for

- ns s s n the curved headed crozier, co titute thi eco d figure , the general effect of which is singu l arly like the barbaric imagery Lou h c re w n n s s of some of the g mo ume ts. The acce sorie are — a ltogether in the taste of the Irish Pagan monuments flowing z i — s n n s a nd s of s s g zag , co ce tric curve , row hort parallel traight n on a nd n n s i n lines insiste t depe de t from other . A th rd i ti n of n s on e s of to matio a huma figure appear at ide the p ,

n n sh - ns wrth havi g ear it a ield like object, i cribed a St . ’

n s ss. n n A drew cro The ext pa el below, charged with a n of u s a nd ns is s complicatio c rve reticulatio , traver ed by a

n - n s - di ss n In hi stro gly i ci ed tri ra al device i ui g from above . t s

i u l not n s s o ml it s difﬁc t to recog i e the ame obje c t e p oye d on i Ke nﬁ n n . s on n the gg mo ume t It followed, the pa el below,

by a caten a of ten lunette - shaped characters resembling the four Coll Ogham digits which stan d for the vowel e in the

Kilbona ne n . te n of s hi a s O s lege d There are the e , w ch, gham ,

s o i a . wa s n in n would yield the vowel , , It i timated comme t in on Kenﬁ s n n r s g the gg to e , that certai vowel g oup have

n to e n n n o s - i bee alleged hav a k ow relatio t thi tri rad al ﬁgure . ss n n s s They expre , accordi g to moder Wel h bardi m, the s of ni a nd n n In n my tery the Tri ty the Divi e ame . the la gu age of Ba rdda s in G od the , the voice which declared Himself had in it the utterance of the three notes corresponding to OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

— WALES . the thr ee rays Thus wa s the voice that wa s heard placed — on record in the symbol The sense of O wa s given to the s n s ns of s n or ﬁr t colum , the e e I to the eco d middle column — , a nd the sense of V to the third It wa s thus that G o d declared I w H is n a nd s n v ou c h e s no ame exi te ce, OIV The writer

authority for what he alleges older than that of Welsh s s of ﬁf n a n d s n n n s my tical writer the tee th eve tee th ce turie ,

a nd the tri - radial symbol a nd its vocalic exponent have been n b n s s a s a nd di s ge erally rejected y moder cholar , late n s n n ns s n s ho e t i ve tio . The e lapidary evide ce , however, give s n e w s a nd hi in the ubject a a pect, it may be worth w le their s n ds of on e of W s s pre e ce to recur to the wor the el h writer , v nmr A b Ithel D a dd Na o di A D 14 . 60 vouched by , y , who ed . , in reference to ou r Lord

a u a e n O . i . g W . y g O . is W a nd He O . I . . , a Lamb . To which it may be added that the same authorities allege n the origi al O . I . V . (which would be w a s of s n n a s te n cally) prior to the time Talie i writte , Coll f n — s a re o s n . . O . B a rdda s Ogham capable bei g ou ded, O I ( ,

p . This caten a is followed by the remains of what appear n s a nd s in to have bee alphabetic character , by digit all s s s s on n a nd re pect imilar to tho e which, Breto Norse rock carvings have hitherto been taken for boats with their

s r nv . n s crew , he e i erted They are ide tical with the object s een on the sculptured sepulchral slabs of the Irish i L h r w k n u mou e . n Paga t ul at g c If they be real li s between di a nd n of his ss of n n s a n d the git otch Ogham t cla mo ume t , n s s n s of n s n the fa ta tic culpturi g the Paga tomb of Irela d, the

ﬁeld of inscriptional in qu iry wou l d acquire vastly- enlarged n s a nd n e w a n d in n s bou d , a extraord ary literary i tere t ; but everything is so wild a nd di sorderly on the Irish Pagan s u s s of n a n culpt re , that the pro pect eliciti g material for y n s n is One nn ta gible compari o extremely remote . ca ot, how on s s s n s n n n ever, look the e urvival of the Paga ta te , i termi gli g s ff s in s n s s with the ﬁr t e ort of art Chri tia ymboli m, without a strong conviction that the monument belongs to the very

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

L S WA E . the tradition may be inferred from its being gi ven in the Glossary a s incidental to a comparatively trivial story of th e r n importation of the ﬁrst lapdog into I ela d. Testimonies given thus undesignedly are free from the suspicion of being r for a n s s n n fab icated hi torical purpo e . The e try u der th e

din Mu ims of is a s s e hea g g é , lave the hilt, follow

’ M u - E me i h n mof h ﬁ a do t a w I t a t s t a e t st t a i z e e s n e a nd. g , h r l p g h r l rbr M n 1 mh Ca i e u sc s n of C a ire b ou it f o t e e a s m o o t t f o ta n , ( ) r gh r r Bri i ;

for en e a t wa s th e owe of th e Ga e on ta n t e dv de d A ba wh gr m p r l Bri i , h y i i l between t e nto dst c ts a nd ea c ne th e es denc e of his f end h i i ri , h k w r i ri , a nd ot ess did th e Ga e dwe on th e e a st s de of th m n l l ll i e se a q u a in a nd n a nd o a o w I Sc ot c a t e a b ta t o s f ts e e bu t th e e . nde i , h ir h i i r y l r r il r ' du - f P r rimh d . f C a n h dic itu r D inn Tra z i e . T e osse o t o t n t e G e a t , , ripl , r , son of Fida c h King of Irela nd a nd Alba to th e I etia n sea It is

t e e wa s G a ss on of Ca ss Sw ne e d of th e Kn of H iru a ith h r l s , i h r i g w t h is sw ne fe edn a nd it wa s h e t a t a t c e su sc ta te d a t th e i h i i g, h P ri k r i a a a f h wa s s a n b th so d Ma e nd of six sc ore ( ) ye rs ter e l i y e l iers of c Con . a f D nn ma L h a in in h a nd h A nd it is in tha t p rt o i p e t t e l s of t e Cornish

h a t a n r ma i h n Fo f Ma c L fo s a ma t o c t e s e a s in i . . t m ri to s e e B , , r i h i , p v be dv de d on t a t s d b or i s o th e ri t s . T u s e e t e f t e t B i h h ry ri i i h i ( ), pr p r y to th e e a st wa s e q u a l [to th a t on th e west] a nd they c ontinu e d in f h mn a f H nc a ir M th is power till long a ter t e c o i g o P tri c k . e e C bre u sc i a ml n h i h a s h s f a d s f nd h n in t E t e s . A t mn wa s v isiti g e i y ri t is ti e o h a d c omnto th e a nd of E iri n a nd th e tons c ommnd d a do e a e l p g i l , Bri tha t no la pdog shou ld be giv en to th e Ga el on solic ita tion or by fre e h w a m d No t t s t h l n f n . m l for a t tu de or e s e t e a w a o th e wil , gr i ri ip hi i g i m mna or h s c su c a s b a h l E ritons wa s v e c f e e s t e a w a . B , ry ri i l ri h r k ( ) There wa s a bea u tifu l la pdog in th e possession of a fri end of Ca irbre mim Mu sc in ta n a nd Ca irbre ot it f o h t u s . Onc e a s Ca irbre Bri i , g rm[ h ] a ma de w c o e to v e t n sa v e th e a do . went to h is ou se h e w s e e [ ] h , l ry hi g l p g

a ir r Mu sc h a d a wonde fu s ene a ou nd th e h a ft w e e of wa s C b e r l k , r h r

i br u d I wa a c ou s ew . Ca r e t mf v e a nd o . t s e e a dorn ent o sil r g l pr i j l p d b d fa ma i a f a d wa d mc ea se a bou t it a n u be t e t to ts t n a fte s u h gr r h , r r Th e a do be a n a nd c ont n e d o na w th e left it before th e la pdog. l p g g i u t g On mn a nd u t th e n fe so t a t it wa s not bea u t fu . h a ft t orn ill i g, h r k i , h i l mn f r i ma d e a t c o a t o t s a nd wa s so fo t mow a i bre e th e orr C r gr pl i hi , rry , i a nd d w mnd d u t c for it of h is f end. T a t s f e e I a nd de a e js i e ri h ir i ill ’ ’ i bre a for th e tres a ss sa dh e . I w not ta e a u t sa s Ca r p y p , i ill k gh , y , m ma r h is sa v e w a t is in th e la w of ta n na e ev e a n fo h Bri i , ly , ry i l m Th e a do wa s t e efo e v en to Ca irbre a nd th e na e l p g h r r gi , , IN AND . IRELAND , WALES, SCOTLAND

’ u - i n i f o u a v a nd e i . . mm m e M é ma v of a a t c u to t a s e L S e s e . g ( l h f ) l g , r g l [ WA E h n h a d a a ft be c a u se it wa s v en on a c c ou nt of t e s e e . T e o h gi ‘ k l p g n n il ll F a nn h 5 wa (be i g a bitc h) wa s then with you g. A i l t e Little ( ) s n md of n t en n ov e Mu nste a d Co a c a n son Co n a t Ta a h ki g r r, r , gr r ; a nd n n a nd o d ma nd a nd c on d f r h th e th ee too to w a t e ten o t e r k r gli g, w h m la pdog; a nd th e wa y in hic h t e a tter wa s settle d be twe en th e thre e

of t mwa s s t a t h e do s ou l d a b d or a c e ta n mi h e t t e f t e n t e h hi , h g h i r i i Th do a f wa d d a nd a c h ou se of e a c . e te s tte e of mo e t e t o a h h g r r li r , h k u of h er tte a nd in t s w se desc ends ev e a do in I e a nd p p li r, hi i ry l p g r l ll sti .

It will probably be thought that at this time the presence of s wa s of s s the Iri h rather that peaceful ettler , for the law to n is wa s R n a nd s o c c u which refere ce made oma law, a ho tile i s a t on of ri wa s . p impe al territory little likely at thi period If, n r a n s ul n s n n the , there we e Iri h pop atio peaki g a la guage different from that of the native British in these regions at hi ri s that time, it would appear ghly probable that the I h sounding formu l as a n d names fou n d on Welsh a nd South s ns ns s Briti h Ogham i criptio ought to be a cribed to them . It is n f a n n s n i deed very di ﬁcult to come to y other co clu io , if it ’ n in s s s s s be co ceded that St . Patrick time the Wel h eccle ia tic

n n u mthi P r mt ot n Cr i r o er. could pro ou ce , but called it p But this depends on whether the Welsh in question were com n ns of of D n n son of Ca l h u rn or pa io Patrick u barto , the p , f i n o dins s . s o Palla , al o called Patrick There doubt that Pa lla diu s sailed on his Irish mission attended by numbers of ’ v w n f Me n e e a no . D s in D 4 s o A . 3 1 Brito from the port , St avid , . . ns n s Is If the Brito who accompa ied him u ed p for , it would be ma is of s extremely difﬁcu l t to treat the g the Wel h Oghams a s of s n n of s n a nd Briti h origi . But the la guage We ter Southern ri n n of n n so a s B tai duri g the time the Roma occupatio , far it c a n be judged of by the names of persons a nd places a nd s n n ns in s of is their occa io al i terpretatio work early authority, argued with much force to have been substantially the same a s that which may legitimately be suppos ed to have then been Spoken in Irelan d ; a ndthe differences which now exist between the Welsh a nd Irish languages are sought to be n a nd n ot nr s n r n accou ted for, u ea o ably, by that Cym ic i vasion from North Britain of the 6th century led by Cu ne dda a nd x OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

ns s in L S . his s s s n WA E eight o , which Briti h cholar are agreed accepti g n T o f a s a n historical eve t . these Britons o Cumbria a n d n a nd s s n nf s ns Strathclyde from the orth, to ub eque t Cymric i u io

n s s s n - n ss pouri g them elve we tward before A glo Saxo pre ure , ’ n a s a s s the cha ge may be due which, early Cormac time , a s a n d Ma s a n d ss min M c r had made Iri h , p Wel h ; a u g Pat ick h u rni e s n n on hi s r s miss n Ca lp d to have bee accompa ied I i h io ns of a nd n s n by Brito that Cymric race la guage, the tateme t r him of n Pa ll a diu s Cormac may be refer ed to rather tha to , a nd may well consist with the Welsh claim to be left in old n n s possession of their Ogham mo ume t .

di n s v a . ss th e 2 07 . The pal eographic fﬁculty remai A ume language of Britain before the epoch of C u ne dda to have of n ss been the same with that Irela d . A ume the Cu n e dda n revolution to have altered it into the lan gu age of the now

- s n s . ma i n oldest Wel h writi g The g beari g Ogham epigraphs

s n - Cu ne dda n n mu t the be referred to the pre period, duri g the r of n s n a n d g eater part which good Roma model were at ha d, the production of letters so debased a s we ﬁ n dassociated with n s n in s n s s ma y of the example , re dered, the e timatio of cholar , ss unlikely if n ot impo ible . It may be a question whether scholarship h a s n ot overreached itself by excessive scientiﬁc n n n ma n n or i ot hi a nd icety, whether the co ti ui g q be eratic , a s of s s s of ins n r s urvival ome pecial chool criptio al ph a eology. mi s s in s of u l s his ma a n d T ght be uppo ed the ca e form a like gi

ma c c u s - s n n n s s u l s , but that the Iri h ou di g ame ho d al o have been continued after their Welsh modiﬁcation s had come into

dmi . u se s s a nd , eem hard to a t To the fourth , ﬁfth, Sixth n s a n n ce turie , however, if we accept the theory of ide tical in n a nd n s speech Irela d Britai , we eem coerced to refer the s s of s r ss Ogham the ubject thi lectu e , although a ociated with s n a s epigraph which we have bee taught to regard two , n in hr a nd s . s n in t ee , four ce turie later date Notwith ta d g s dif s th e n l n n of own n the e ﬁcultie , i c i atio my mi d would s a s in l be to accept the theory, e pecially the o d Irish

tradition preserved in the Book of Inv a s1 ons the Fid- genta r of s a u toc hth on f o people the wood , the es o Irelan d are n w s n s. n s u l n de ig ated Brito Holdi g thi vie , I Sho d be bou d to mi c ce teris a ribu s i s ad t that, p , a Brit h claim to have imparted

I IP OGHAM NSCR TIONS .

L S - . s n n n of n in s s WA E 2 09 . The di co ti ua ce Ogham writi g Wale eems to correspon d in date with the reforms consequent on the

miss n of s n . in a nd n io Augu ti e Both Wales Irela d there had been great n eed of reformation : Gildas h a s dr awn the British of in s n s half the picture very dark colour , but with outli e too indistin ct to give u s more than a n in deﬁnite s ense of vice n s n a n d n n a d apo tacy. We k ow also how obscure i ta gible are the traces of that early Welsh mysticism which Algernon

in his N - D u idi s s Herbert, eo r c Here y, deduce from the ambi u ou s n of s s s n g la guage the Bard , but it eem pretty evide t that wa s s hin s a nd n there omet g e oteric there ; , i deed, we may unconsciously have already had a sample of it in the Ke nﬁ gg n n n in n n i scriptio . If I have bee right deduci g the ame n n ma n M S o n its d erli , the without huma father, from Ogha , s its a s mi in s ns not in thi have echo , we ght expect, e e, if s n in n is n ou d, the Roma epigraph, it quite co ceivable that in s n H is n s s He who , religiou la guage , by ﬁve wou d give nkin s n ss n n n ma d their avi g a ura ce , may be i dicated u der mi n s s ss Pu e u s a ra toriu s s the a ociated p C . The Iri h hagiologi t s a nd ns s n n i su bsta n are al o vague u ati fyi g, but they i d cate tia lly that there wa s somethin g much amiss in the Irish u r s s Ch ch about the ame time . Brigid had prophe ied that e vil teachers were to come who should overthr ow doctrin e n s mn n o itosu s a d s e a d C educe almo t all ; her biographer, g , n n Ainmir r of s s e declare that whe Ki g , the reforme the Bard , in G s s s s called ilda to re tore eccle ia tical law, all, from the hil t hi s s s li S . ghe t to the lowe t, had lo t the Catho c faith ; w e in of D e sibode s n n n Hildegard, her life , Show the co ti ui g belief in some great heterodoxy of the Irish of the sixth centu r y by s n n a s n 111 n s s n s repre e ti g them havi g, ma y ca e , tur ed Jew , nd in n n n s n s a s . I , ma y, relap ed i to Paga i m thi view of the

- s - s n a n d n two Churche both Ogham u i g, both u der orthodox ns — w e hin se e s s whic h in s ce ure may, I t k, the cau e Wale led s s of is n of n a nd in n to the di u e th ki d writi g, , Irela d, to the dis s f u e also of the graveyards o the sectaries . CH APTE R VII .

tt s a ms dffe nd E n a n — et a n S r mse in I e a nd a es a d d t co i h Ogh i fro ho r l , W l , gl Sh l mn ’ — e e e ns e a s Lu n a s tin : St n a n s Bre ss a kne Bu rria n d Ogh ; g . Ni i y Or y ; , Ab r hir — — n u t e a n Ne wto n : L ogic Aboyne S e c c h ie stone in Fife s hire Gol spie i S h rl d .

r n n of n a nd a ll C OTLAND . 210 . ALL the olde Oghamic mo ume ts Irela d, S s s a nd En n So a s n n tho e of Wale South gla d, far they are k ow

u s of mn S ttish di a nd n n c to , are the git otch ki d . The Ogha ic mo u o h ’’ s n s n on n of h a s be e n f me t of Scotla d, the co trary, are all what f ﬁgnftzofiff: r s s in di i s ns I re la nd Wa le s te med the chola tic variety, which g t co titute , , a nd s a i nkn n s a s ns n n s a nd n s . vowel well co o a t , the otch u ow

The stem- crossing vocalic group s are distin guished from consonantal by being vertical to the medial line but this is n o ns n In s ns n s s a nd by mea a ge eral rule . ome i ta ce vowel ns n n s s in s di ns a n d in s co o a t are loped rever ed rectio , ome revers e inclinations are given to both classes of letters inter ns n n ns ns se. The co eque ce is a ra ge of alternative tra literatio so wide that room c a n only be found for the most obvious ss ns in ns s of s s n po ible variatio the tra literated text thi ectio . s m s v i s s The Scotti h Ogha , therefore, agreeably to the e ew , ns n a nd in be may be co idered the more moder , them we may prepared to fi nd more of that studied obscurity which appears to have originated in the pedantry of later ecclesiastic al s s di n cribe . They are about equally stributed over the mai n a nd n n fi nd no la d the isla ds. I the latter we collateral aid ss s s in one ns n from a ociated epigraph , or, ave i ta ce, from n n u l n n n defi itely i telligible sc pture . O the mai la d all the

examples ally themselves with peculiar Pioto - Scottish forms of s hi s n n a s culpture, w ch , for uch i terpretatio they may n receive, require the fuller preparatory exploratio . It will therefore be more convenient to begin ou r survey from n s n s s is n n n the Shetla d I la d , the mo t d ta t poi t orthward at which Ogham inscriptions have yet been found ; then to n s a nd s s n on take up the Ork ey example , re erve tho e fou d OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

s r s n s of n s a nd S n the culptu ed to e Aberdee , Fife hire , utherla d, fi n f n mi n n . s o s s n S for ﬁ al exa atio The r t, the , the cotti h i la d ns ns hi s on is nn s i criptio w ch I Shall ob erve , that from Lu a n on n n of n is ti g, the mai la d Shetla d. It very clearly, I had s s n on s ﬂa ns almo t aid elega tly, cut a mooth g, which retai f It s o . is s s the trace every character. , be ide , provided with

word- divisions ; yet the artist h a s succeeded in making it one of s s s h n the ob cure t Ogham with w ich we are acquai ted. ss n s t a nd ss s n s n A cro accompa ie i , a cro de ig ate the comme ce

n . s one c oll di s llin me t It exhibit group of git , reca g the s Kilbona n e a nd l a nd in ini of example at Llywel , the tial the s n d s hi in on e of s s eco d wor , employ a character w ch, the li t of si la or s of s of g key alphabet the Iri h Book Ballymote,

i e t n i - a n s s 3 . ts s d e dow for All digit group are tied, fre a nu m n s s or s s from the lea t doubt to ber po ition. The tra n is s n n literatio , however, i gularly repelle t

P E T N NN TTUIC H E AT S S E AH H TT ANN H CCFF FF NE H H TO . 1( G S T

& c . ' ttu ic u hea tts sea hhtta nnn h c cjeﬁ nehhtonn .

Tu ic u hea t might ally itself with th e Toic hthec of other s a n d n sec hta in or example , the lege d might commemorate a r s n his n n s A ec hton epte ary of ki dred, amo g t whom might be on e : n di n of di s hc e e n s but the i terme ate collectio git , f f , co vey n hin u l a nd s s s no n n ot g artic ate to the ear, ugge t mea i g to n n or a n n n n the mi d, will y alter ative a tithetical or excha geable s n so a s c a n se e s dl adju tme t, far I , olve the rid e, though , s n ns ni n without doubt, the character , whe i cribed, had a mea g s for tho e who had the key. s n n is s s 2 11. The eco d Shetla d Ogham from the eccle ia tical ' ’ Ninia n s. f n n i e n n o . N s . s Site St i ia It imperf ct at the comme ceme t, its ndin a nd ns s s s s but complete at e g, co i t of two word at mo t

smna nn a mmo est. e egg f

n s dimn of ff n a nd di e s The ame eem a i utive a ectio , the pre cat h a s of s in est u r not all the look a uperlative , but f ther I do e n on n s of ter the da gerou ﬁeld philology. B re ssa 1 hi S n Bre ssa n 3/ 2 2 . The t rd example from hetla d, the y mo u n ff s n of n n in me t, a ord further evide ce the Ogham havi g bee

OGHAM INSCR E TIONS

n ri n i CO L ND of e s . s s T . S S s S A the ociety of A tiqua of cotla d It a mall lab , on s s hi ss h a s n n the mooth urface of w ch a cro bee e graved, alon g with a lin e of Ogham lette ring very delicately cut on

- i n a n n s s e n . s s n i ci ed t m li e It , I fa cy, the mo t mi ute lapidary n Un n s of its s Ogham hitherto fou d . fortu ately ome group are h a s n o di s n n s a nd its s e s l . s ob iterated It vi io poi t , eri of word on s n a n d of h a s . to be made out pre umptio , by way trial The mn n n n com e ci g syllables appear to make a prop e r ame e ding

i r a s of i s n i a a n or r gg. They are followed by group d git yield in s n u u rra c t hi in s old En s the eque ce ) , w ch , a Nor e or li h g ( g ” n f for “ lege d, would without di ficulty be accepted wrought, ” or engraved after u (u ) r ra c t comes a combination of di git s i nnin h hi ea a nd ss th group , beg g wit the X to w ch , p , a po ible n s n a s s n s of din force have bee a cribed, but i capable, it ta d , yiel g n n s n n a n n a y i telligible syllabic eque ce . The ext d fi al word ns n di i s a s n s begi with a gulated g t , which , Ru e , would have of on n n s s the force c c . We are here the co fi e of the Nor e n n a n d s s di i flue ce , may accept the e value the more rea ly s r s n ss becau e the oup which follow plai ly expre , with them , g ” “ n f c c rroc c s ss. s o , cro Here , the , are four word , which the s econd a nd fourth are s ensible a ndrelevant to the accompany n d s a nd hi a n n ns in s l a s s s . g cu pture , the fir t t rd, they ta d, i e ible We have had examples of entire legends ins ensible until in no e n a s n s ns of verted, but evid ce yet of partial i ver io the

ns n s. s co titue t word Such, however, would eem to be the key Bu rria n a s s to the Ogham . The group , illegible it tood, n “ hi c c rr oec s s n s thetts s. before , tur ed up ide dow , become , t Bu rri a n n m u l s ns For the lege d, therefore, I wo d ub it the tra literation

M a nn u u rra c t th tts c c rroc c s ) e . rra nn n is ) wrought (e graved) th cross.

How lapidary writing in Ogham came into Orkney a nd the n s s of s n Shetla d , may exerci e a good deal peculatio . The more obvious idea wou l d be that it had been introduced by

n . s i n mi the Columba clergy But the que t o ght be asked with much cogency how it happens that there are no traces of n or D or or s or a n of O gham at Io a, erry, Durrow, Kell , at y the centres of Columban missionary activity on the Continent ? IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

- h f n n wa s t a o G mn. The pre Columban Christia ity of Scotla d t allo sc ou a nd a n d di n n way Strathclyde , , if we may cre t certai lege dary s e n s hi n n is di tat me t , w ch, however, have bee ge erally d cre ted, n a n earlier infusion direct from the east into n orthern Pictla d. s n Galloway a nd Strath clyde are destitute of O gham . Pictla d n n of n ss ss s in alo e on the mai land Scotla d po e e them , like mann er a s it alon e possesses its particular lapidary symbolic s s n n u l culpture . Pictla d, certai ly, wo d be the hi ghway to the N n s n s a nd n a n d c on orther I la d to Icela d, it may be worth s n h r s n n s Pa se ideratio whether the C i tia mo k called p , whom dis n f n in nin n r the coverers of Icela d ou d there the th ce tu y, were not the representatives of some such pre - Columban n n s n n i ﬂue ce from the Scotti h mai la d ; for Papa, although it h a s l n in n is i nl not n i gered the Breto Church, certa y Columba nor s s l E s n Iri h , but characteri tical y a ter , 1 n n on nl n of n in 2 4 . The mo ume t the mai a d Scotla d which its general aspect most resembles the old Irish a nd Welsh

in n hi N e wton. s is n G s . example , that at Newto , the arioch, Aberdee re The front of the ston e bears a n inscription of consider n in s n u l s ni able le gth very i g ar character , accompa ed by a n n n n n one a nd n lo g Ogham lege d exte di g dow Side , havi g at the lower e nd a lateral loop n ot unl ike the knot on a Runic

- n s n h a s a n n s s - n worm ba d. The loop ectio i ci ed tem li e : the n l n of s dr mor n u r n pri cipal i e Ogham follow the u at al co vexity of s n r n s n ss of the to e where the face ou d i to the Side . A cro n in mi ﬁlfot s dl of n ns ri n the ki d occur the d e the fro t i c ptio , a nd a cross appears in the Ogham at the front where the s n Off n collateral digit bra ch . It may be thought that o so n s ms of s a s s of n fa ta tic for letter tho e the pri cipal epigraph n n have ever bee derived from the Roma alphabet . But that Opinion will hardl y be retained after a n inspection of some of

- mi s n on n s a nd w hin the Wel h Ogha c lapidary lege d , ill , I t k, be promptly dismi ssed in presence of the oa k- carved insc rip V nf V a te rdine - ns of . on n i tio Lla air , Salop Here, the cha cel ra l of a church of the fourteenth or ﬁfteenth centu ry are two legends in raised characters even more strange to the eye n n t in in N t n Y e t tha a y h g the ew o epigraph . they are no n n s a nd si la n dis u is more tha Roma character g peda tically g ed, a s s Ma ria hi s i ns a nd appear from the with w ch the ﬁr t beg , OGHAM INSCR IP TIONS

COTL ND . ds E sr l i t n di n s n s S A the wor ﬂ co clu g the eco d. The e Llanfair s not u r s of n text are adduced, for the p po e further elucidati g u l s s n n a s a n them, which wo d be be ide the pre e t i quiry, but , instance of the extent to which inscriptional fantasy h a s n n s s s n n s a nd a s go e u der Wel h eccle ia tical i ﬂue ce , a caution against our allowing the not greater distortions of the Newton text to deter u S from seeking their explanation in th e alphabet by whi ch we have hitherto found a ll the British a nd

s bi- s n A ndif n Iri h literal epigraph explai able . the mi d be kept a nd n n s a nd n s from remote foreig a alogie , prepared to recog i e mili s in s fa ar form , though glyptical ma querade, the eye, n s n n n n n eve cur orily gla ci g over the pri cipal Newto lege d, c a n dl in s n n s n In har y fail to take ome ta gible Lati eque ces.

s n n F a r trin R ex in hir Gito h o loc o the eco d li e , ; the t d, , with n of n n h o in u r a nd h a Sig co tractio over the ; the fo th fift , u ssc etli fi li sitrgsi a nd in the fifth what seem to be ligatures of n n s of se u lta s n the compo e t letter p . The ame at top is a monogram like the duplex Cella c h boun d up in an other set of T U a nd F s s n i s s. I L u in ligature , , , , are ea ily di ti g hable i s nin of ts . n each two part Tur g to the Ogham, we experie ce excessive embarrassment from the absen ce of a ny definite

stem- line ; from the di sregard of a ny distin ction between ns n n a n d s n n r n or co o a tal vowel group , it bei g left u ce tai for s n n n for a certai me t from the co text whether, example , a group

f ss n r u mis n f r o ﬁve digits cro i g the d to be take o R or for I a s well a s from the probably intentional dropping ou t of letters

a nd s s. s n s s s s n din yllable What pre e t it elf at ﬁr t ight, i clu g the loop in parenthesis a n d acceptin g a s a digit a faint inden

ta tion of re s not t n n to complete the g g , hither o take i to n s s be accou t, eem to

ist a n mnsn rr nn r s tli. dd g g f o e g ( eg g ) X

n i n This may receive some slight expa s o from further a c c epto in n u n n r of a su u i g a fai t derli e cu ved mark after the g q for , a nd a prolon gation of three of the di gits of the ﬁrst r into th e s s r a s n a n ns t n Oppo ite upe ior group equivale t to i erted , givi g

a mu insn otrenn r e s ist tli dd g g f g g g X ,

in n s of n n a s in s yield g, if both e d the li e be take read g toward mi a nd s s s X the uppo ed o tted letter be added,

tu ma u s a i r t n r s ist. il dd ( )g g in ( nt ) n f o ren g eg g

OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

n w s n n n o . G n SCOTLAND . the disti ctio may , perhap , be appare t ra ts to a s n the Celtic church were made, well through volu tary a in n n n of s n piety s co do atio per o al immoralities. Thos e recorded in the Welsh Book of Llan daff were almost all made ns ss s of h e or s s in n by tra gre or t moral eccle ia tical law, c o

n of re - iss n sideratio adm io to church privileges. If do r a t be n n s a n d ro ba it s u l proper to volu tary gra t , to the e comp sory n e s u l n s n s n s hin i o , we wo d u der ta d the rea o for omet g pecul ar in now n ns n Mr n n the Ogham u der co ideratio . . Ske e re ders it

NE AH H BBSDOCE ANNE FF ARO . H C L TC N ea hhtla robba it Cea nne f .

Ne a hh tla which he regards a s a form of Ne c h ta n ( ” ) imrn l a nn ff n - n o v it Ke e n n in gra ted ( ) , a k ow place ame the ’ M n n n s r of s . s e a c h ta n di t ict the ear The gra tor ame, if it be N , is presented under a singularly ambiguous a nd confusin g N a hhtla a . e N e hhh la N ea hhh ola form It may be read , g , ,

N ea hhho N ea hhhon din a s s of di i fi g, accor g ome the g ts are n a s ss n s n s di n take cro i g or toppi g hort at the me al li e . They on s so s on one Show both Side , but lightly that it might be doubted whether these sources of confusion aris e from care n r n R obba it hi i ss ss o s . s s s le e de ig If , however, import that t the n ame of one whose donation wa s a n enforced mulct for ’ a n s f n se e n of Ma c in ecclesia tical o fe ce, we the releva cy Cu rt s statement about the evil actions of the dead being engraved on their monuments in forms of Ogham illegible to the u niniti a nd s s n n n ated, may be ati fied to co clude that probably o e of the above various readings expresses the real n ame of the n n s s Ke nne ff his deli que t who , we have uppo ed, mortified for

n n is s in n r b a it tra s gressio s. It to be ob erved that extracti g o b ” a i is i n from the text, the force of g ve to the Siglum , which h a s n s n 3 a nd n bee el ewhere take for , Slightly varied, o the n n authority onl y of the exige ce of the co text . shi n n S c oonie 2 17 . The other Fife re Ogham mo ume t, at ,

n n s n n of s - n offers a a imated repre e tatio a tag hu t . The Ogham is carri ed up at one side a nd must be deemed to have been n s n s a s one of e graved after the culpturi g of the cha e, limb the

s ss its di - n a nd h a s s ndin stag project acro git ba d, that a corre po g IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

- s n n n e s ri s n s n Soou i xn . di co ti ua c . The my te ou elepha t like ymbol , ofte n on s s u l s n s s n s appeari g the Scotti h c ptured to e , urmou t the s n I n mi n u s n is ts s ss ce e . pre e ce ght alo e a ure that the hu t h a a n nn r nin n s a nd s . typical i e mea g Other grou d , however, s n s n s is one of exi t for the same co clu io . The ubject very n u r n in s s s u l freque t occ re ce, both eccle ia tical lapidary c p

nd - in s s s n ture a wood carv g. The culptured lab of the to e ’ f n of n s n ml s e b e co ﬁ St. A drew give , I imagi e , a key to the ma ti a l of on i c . e s su b character them all Here , at Side the f h s s o . tituted ram of the acriﬁce Abra am At the other, a n n u rs s hi is n n in mou ted hu ter p ue the deer, w ch e ta gled the hi n s s s s s t cket . A footma below cha e wild bea t , which eem

s - n - of to elude him . A compo ite creature , half lio half eagle, n n in s u l u r s on ss freque t occurre ce church c pt e , prey a carca in the foreground at the feet of a Samson rending the jaws of n n ns r s n n di a n d s i the lio , all i te ely Ch i tia , reco te, ymbol cal . It is enough for the present purpose to point ou t that the ’ of s n s s is n ot its object the hor ema cha e the typical ram, but ’ n f n n so o . s a titype, that if we accept the a alogy the St A drew n mn n n n u i f s n s s s o s n mo u e t, the e hu ti g ce e poi t to the pur t alvatio in hr h a in s . s s C i t The picture, however, a rever e, which I u l s s of n s n h a s its in wo d uppo e the theme the Wild Hu t ma orig . The most n otable illustration known to me is that on the portal ’ of Z n n n n . s s s s St e o at Vero a, where a mou ted ki g pur ue a tag

’ rn a nd u n s his s h a s n with ho ho d , but hor e bee provided by n a nd s n n s is e Sata , bear him to the i fer al gate . There a vagu not a n n s idea, which I have traced to y certai ource, that it s n s s n s Th e repre e t Theodoric carried to de tructio by here y. 1 accompanying Latin legen d countenances the interpretation—

0 R stu ltu mn n tri u tu m b egem petit i fer ale , Mox u e a ra tu r mi n ini s s u u s q p equu quem it demo q , E u i nis s n n n r ditu ru xit aq la u petit i fera o e s. s s s s s Ni u equu feru cam . H is da tu r h os n dat aver o .

in s s his u l s Oh, the mad K g, he eek dolef due On s n s his u se teed the devil ﬁ d him for , s n n in s s Hawk, eagle , hor e , hou d, bou d g bea t, to the e ’ ’ H e s n s s di n s give the e give he for per tio fees. OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

CO TL ND i so n a nd n S A . H s fatal quarry, , with hou d hor ,

- n s e n u rn . He hu t through Hell gat , ever to ret

What the eagle or eagle- hawk may mean in either compo sition n ot n nf u n on I do attempt to explai , but i er that the h t ’ i n in s n is li n n c o on e s o . s the S ta d g to e , ke that the St A drew s n f n ri a n d a s s s s to e co ﬁ Slab , allego cal , that, regard the hor e ’ f s is in n s w t Z n s . o the rider it co tra t ith that at S . e o The Ogham expresses but a single name which seems to me to be N NN E DDAR R O .

E da r rn d onn .

Whether the E tte rn a nd Edeyrn of British examples in th e A a mn n i n d a or E dda rn on s d mi utive , like , like the Iri h E da rsc a l n ot on n n n of , I do take me to pro ou ce . The ame

e E l insh ir . E dda rrnonn is n s on di n in E l inshire g fou d al o the Bro e Sto e g .

B rodie Stone . The same name in the modiﬁed form of Itu rna n a nd Ithu r u a n occurs in the Irish annals at the years 665 a nd 669 in conn ec n n is ff tio with Pictla d . A further proof a orded by the fact that trac e s of the ordinary Sign of ﬁ lia tion are found in the ns n s n s in s n i criptio it elf ext after the character que tio . There

i a u na f din for ma nd v s s l c , ﬁr t, a a for g room a owel , followed “ i. n ss s i a s a n or s by g But, u le thi be treated iterate el e ri nnin of s din be approp ated to the begi g a uccee g vocable , n in n o a s c a n se e m s oth g i telligible, far I , will emerge fro the in n r n s. a s n n emai g group Accepti g the 9 , however, termi ati g i or m s ll s in n m i ot e g g, the will ally it elf with what fo ow a n s n dis s n s n hi in s u likely eque ce , clo i g omethi g w ch, thi view,

u l s ma t on m wo d appear to be a Picti h r y ic

I N NNmIN N R u N E DDARR O e Q Ge Gé

or n s a nd n s , dividi g the word , accepti g the force for the uncertain characters most agreeable to their contexts

E dda rrnonn n n R ru nu rborh meq i ge ,

is E dda rn on son R u nu rborh that , of the daughter [lady] . E dda rnon must be deemed a personage of n ote to have had h is name inscribed on two ou t of the six Ogham monuments

OGH AM INSCRIPTIONS

COTLAND n s s d t . S a after f Read dow ward from the Oppo ite i e , the charact e rs yield a n e q ually unpron oun ceable but also An glo

n - n s de si Saxo like ame , followed by what look very like a g nation Of nationality

L O TF R N L C A G A . S F S

In n - n whatever way it may be regarded, the A glo Saxo n s s be re se nt a nd n s n eleme t eem to , le d additio al force to the ‘p conside rations which have already associated these Scottish n s n s of n memorials with remi i ce ce the Cou cil of Whitby. Whatever is known in British history re specting the n hi is of Cou cil of W tby derived from the third Book Beda . From his statements it may be collected that in the time of n n su ss of n a nd ss n in Fi a , the cce or Aida predece or of Colma of n s n s ns n s s n the See Li di far e, que tio had bee rai ed re pecti g n or n n s s n n the Columba orther Iri h pa chal practice by Ro a , a

s n s n . n n outher Iri h mo k Colma , who had bee deputed from n En l s s din n n n Io a to preach to the g i h, uccee g Fi a , fou d him s elf exposed to the same charges of heterodoxy by other ss n s s n of n a aila t , led by Wilfrid, the dome tic chaplai Ki g w a n d of his son Al c hfrid se s di s . s s O y, tutor To ttle the e pute , w n n n s e of Os y co ve ed both parties at the mo a tic hous St . a nd on of n s Hilda, , debate the matter, gave judgme t again t mn n n “ ndi n his n r u i e d Col a . Thereupo Colma , ﬁ g doctri e ” p a nd his s n n e s e t s n di s n n ated ect co tem d, ail from Li far e, taki g n n of s a s a s hi with him the rem a t the Iri h there , well t rty En s n s a nd s s s of S n n a nd gli h adhere t , ome relic al o ai t Aida , n Inisboﬁ n on e s s of proceeded by way of Io a to , the w t coa t n n n diff n s n his s Irela d, whe ce , owi g to ere ce amo g follower , he his En s s s n n withdrew with gli h di ciple to the mai la d, where he founded the mon astery of Mayo for them a n d their n n a n d s n “ nsu l v a c c cou tryme , afterward retiri g to the i a ae ” a a s n nn s of s alb e , died there , we lear from the A al Ul ter, hi himolu mb nu D 7 C a s A . . 6 5. w ch throughout call , Beda, n s s of s n i ss h a s n o n n who ame ome the y od cal a embly, me tio of a n Itu rna n n s a n on y , but ame Agatho who came the part

of l . n ma e n Wi frid The withdrawal of Colma y well have b e regarded a s a n expulsion by tho se of the Opposite party ; a n d IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

- n ss ns Soo mxn if we now ﬁ nd a n E dda rnon of Anglo Saxo a ociatio . a s on e of his s n hin commemorated expeller , there will be ot g n n u s repugnant to the hi storical facts hitherto k ow to . The ’ ’ n otice of Itu rna n s a nd an other s death in the Itu rna n Ith u rna n e t n Core ndu n [ ] Cori da [ , Core da] apud — Picton es [Pic tons] defuncti sunt may perhap s indicate that their parts in public affairs entitling them to hi storic mention n in n is had been played elsewhere tha Pictla d . However th nn h of n n may be, it ca ot be doubted t at a memorial a yo e

n n ns n in s n s A . D . co cer ed agai t Colma the Pa chal co trover y, 664 n s s s s n s of , beari g the ymbol peculiar to the culptured to e n s ns ns of Pictla d, would give ri e to co ideratio very great hi s n s n s torical i tere t . For, a ce tury from the time of the Picti h c onversion by Columba must appear a surprisingly Short time

for not n of n on - n s s of the growth, o ly a Columba y tem

s s s of a n n - u n s s s religiou ymbol , but a ti Col mba eccle ia tici m , if

not su s of s of - n these . were rvival ome form pre Columba hri s ni in n C tia ty Pictla d . s s is one of 218 . The my tical cha e, however, but a great number of lapidary devices of a n extraordinary kind which occur a s well on Ogham a s on other ston e monuments through ou t old s of n of the Picti h part Scotla d. Some them have n n n a n insc ri bee i cide tally referred to , but y attempt to read p tions so accompanied would be imperfect without a more n n a n d n ot exte ded otice of them ; therefore, though I do expect to ben d the bow of Ulysses so a s to sen d the arrow through all n s I sh a ll n s n the ri g , e deavour to ome exte t to place before ri min a n n n a s ni you the mate al for for g opi io to the mea ng of s n s the e Si gular Object .

Dr. s n s n E n h a s dis n n 2 19 . Jo eph A der o , of di burgh , the ti ctio of havin g demon strated the Christian character of s everal of these monuments in depen dently Of the crosses engraved on

. ss n s n ot s a n d of n ss them A cro , i deed, doe ab olutely ece ary n n hr n n n s . n o i fere ce Show a mo ume t to be C i tia There are , n ss s of s s or doubt, Paga cro e variou form , from the Filfot s n nn on s n Swa tica fou d by Schliema object of Old Troja ware , to the Greek rectangu l ar cross of equal arms found under the n n s of n r ns bou dary mou d the Roma ag ime ores. But the general presumption in favour of the Chri stian symbol being OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

C f r n i n OTL ND . o s s s S O s one nn S A Ch i tia time tro g, that ca ot

s n s st di s n its tho e a tiquarie over fa i ou who decli e to accept, n on n n s Of a n n n hr s n c n evide ce the mo ume t a cie t C i tia ou try, because it is accompanied by un expla ined forms of a nimals

a nd s of s n ns s a nd s s other device cre ce t moo , circle , ceptre , hi Dr in his n n with w ch . Stuart mag ifice t work h a s made the n i lear ed world famil ar. s s n ss on s n 2 20 . The e object accompa y the cro everal mo u n h hi D r n n h n s s ss . s a s s me t of t i cla , w ch A der o demo trated to be Ch ri stian by comparing one of their sculptured features n a nd of s a n d of di a with the Jo ah Whale the Catacomb , me eval h a s s n s on metal work . He al o ide tified other object the same monuments with what may be called scenes in Natural s r n u li n of hi s i Hi tory, d aw from a pec ar ki d literature w ch t ll , in M in s of s s S . s I believe , re t , the Be tiarie the later middle s s s n i s of s kn i age . The Be tiarie are compe d um uch owledge n zoology a nd other branches of biological science a s wa s current among the educated classes from the early Chri stian s n f n a n n n ri s wa s time dow to the fi tee th d Sixtee th ce tu e . It a kind of re adin g aimin g at entertainment a n d piety a s well a s n n M n of s s a n d i structio . a y the creature de cribed pictured are fabulous a nd chimeri cal in form ; a nd many of the stories

told of the n on - fabulous on es are more design ed for doctrinal a n d n n n n ss n s moral tha scie tiﬁc applicatio . The lio e bri g s n on hi s on forth her cub dead, till the lio , the t rd day, breathe a nd so s ss n n them call them to life . The tigre , whe the hu ter f him h a s s n is s in s o ss tole her cub , topped her pur uit by a gla hi h s in a nd in hi s n ball w c he throw her path, w ch eei g her own di n s sh e n s sh e h a s n mi i hed image , fa cie her cub agai , his s a nd stops to fon dle it till the hunter makes e cape . Both n r n n h a s s n n n these sce es D . A derso tro g grou d for claimi g to nu mn s of in have foun d on Scottish sculptured mo e t the class

s n a nd h a s so n n of que tio ; , far, adva ced the growi g proof

their Chri stian a n d n ot very an cient character. s rr s a nd 221 . I propo e to ca y the proof farther, to place s n s on hi n ot before you ome evide ce w ch, I do doubt, you w n n n u r of s s ill co clude the entirely Christia at e all the e object , s a ndpossibly the particular signiﬁcance of some ofthem . I hall

n n s a nd . n s n begi with the a imal ﬁgure , , with Dr A der o , take

OTLAND f is r n a s s s of C . n . s o S otice The ide the creature e t, are the ide the victims whi ch may be s een in the paws of the lions at s r s in a n d its mo t of the cathed al doorway North Italy, fore hi s s r n s of ns u mn w feet, ith w ch it touche the t i g the i tr e t, are n n A n ot solidu gular but divided . example of the same hetero g e ne ou s mixtu r e of animal varieties may be seen in a n Agnus D e i of so late a date a s the Sixteenth century in the C loister of n of i n in i its U s . s ts s s the iver ity Pavia It ovi e all trait , ave n n a nd n in s leo i e tail clawed feet . The tail, i deed, all the e s ni s is n n n s a n d s n my tical a mal form co ve tio ali ed, give otice that something esoteric a nd Chri stian is hi dden u n der the in s barbarous outl e . i n s s 2 2 2 . The di g tal feet u ite the e latter example with other symbolisms carrying u s an other step n earer the Scottish s s hr nn n hi is n ss culpture , t ough a co ectio for w ch it ece ary n to resort to the early Ch ri stian monuments of Scandi avia .

Here also are found di gital - footed equine ﬁgures whose ou t lin s in nn so a s n N s e , treated a ma er peculiar, far I k ow, to or e

a n d - s n n s n n Pioto Scotti h mo ume t , Show a ge eral relatio between the school s of sculpture a nd a resemblanc e almost amounting to identity betwe en part of the Norse composition n s a d one of the more peculiar Scottish emblems. The ﬁgure n hr s i s in n referred to are fou d at t ee everal local tie Swede , ’ ” n n s a nd may be seen engraved in Ste ph ens s Runic Mo ume t . n ri s ns s s in n ns of Their Si gula tie co i t, ﬁr t, curved prolo gatio n s of s n s s a nd s the upper outli e . the limb , produci g piral volute s s n s over the body. The e Spiral are fou d Similarly ituated on the symbolic animals formin g the interlaced orn amenta n M n s a nd ou r tio of the o eymu k reliquary, are familiar to eyes in great numbers of the Scottish a nd Irish lapidary

- n n a nd s s. n ns n re culpture I would, ext, i ta ce the e tra t n u r s n s u i in nn of diverge t c ve of the outli e , q te the ma er

u m n . s n what is known a s the Celtic tr pet patter Thi patter a nd is c on pervades Celtic ecclesiastical decorative work, Spic u ou s on some examples of what is known a s the ’ n its envelope object on the Scottish inscribed sto es. Of c a n no a n d ecclesiastical u se I would suppose there be doubt,

- that most probably it is meant for a satchel or book cover. Let u s now observe the curled a nd convoluted outlines of th e IN IRELAND , WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

fl ri a nd s a nd s r a nd o Sc on rxn . head jaw , compare the e with the cu led ’ n s of r s s a s s n in its c on ated outli e the No rie Law ymbol, ee v n n n n s s n s e tio a lise d reproductio s on the Scottish i ci ed to e . It must be own ed that the latter bears a n extraordinary like n n ess to the n eck a d head of the Swedish symbol . Why a portion only of the figure should be adopted into the Scottish n in no s n n emblematical tech ology, I am po itio to explai , but a glance into that storehouse of mystical learning lately pro n mi n du c e d n di s Sol e s e n by the Be e cti e at , Norma dy, the ” l mn di a So e s e se s s Spicilegium , erve to Show the me eval idea ’ 7 67 of Th e odu lf n n n r u i s s N . u derlyi g the e ti e eq ne erie . At o s R ecensio of the Clavis of Melito (a species of concordance to u r n of is n E s the fi ative la ua e Scripture) the e try, quu , g ” g g s D n so di ns corpu omi i , that it may be pre cated with co iderable ’ confidence of thi s floria te d Norrie s Law object on th e s s s is s n s a nd Scotti h culpture that it Chri tia , ymbolical, ri s eucha tic . In on e of s u s of n 2 23 . the Scotti h fig re , that the elepha t, mn n ns hi in s s the ter i al co volutio , w ch the Swedi h ymbolic n n a nd n creature are co fi ed to the face jaw, are exte ded to all l n s nin the extremities. The C avis ascribes o pecial mea g to the elephant ; but in the Bestiaries it is treated a s the emblem of s Cha tity. Whether it be a type merely of a particular virtue, a nd so M of ou r s referable to the other Lord, or be a ymbol n n s nin his of ns havi g a more u iver al mea g, t device the tra fi gu ra te d elephant h a s associations apparently carrying back its u se in n n h a s n n n Scotla d, where alo e it bee fou d, i to the a e of u rn- a nd of u se of n n is g burial the bro ze weapo s. It engraved on a stone said to have been foun d above the covering- stone of a kist which enclosed a n u rn a nd bronze i Ca rn r s . . . n . . dagger, at g g, Forfar hire (Proc Soc A tiq Scot , 1 5th h s s n n n . a s Feb , It al o bee fou d amo g work s of n wa s s of pre umably the Roma period. That it alway hr s n s s n s a nd C i tia import, I my elf am tro gly per uaded ; if it S O s r s n in n s s n be , it carrie back Ch i tia ity Scotla d to a urpri i gly a nd n s se t old ns early date , te d powerfully to up the traditio a nd F r n mi o du Its s s of Boece . curled extre tie how that the taste which h a s disgu i sed the outline orthe Swedish symbolic e quine figures in similar convolutions wa s of vastly older OGHAM INSCRIPTIONS

n in n a nd s s wh ol SCOTLAND . prevale ce North Britai , goe almo t the in displacin g the idea that the Scoto - Pictish carvings

n n n n . n s c a n s Sca di avia origi How, the , it will be aid, thi be deem e d a ninth or tenth century symbol in those monuments n ni s min where we have fou d it accompa ed by Ogham see gly of so late a period ? The answer must be foun d in the s s n of s a n d n n s of per i te ce type , I would imagi e the ur ery the s in n n s type mu t be looked for Byza ti e ymbolography. n s nn n s a n 2 2 4 . I thi co exio , let me ob erve that earlier Christianity than that usually accorded to the Picts is strongly n t in his s argued by the la guage of S . Patrick epi tle to Corotic u s s s n , where he reproache the Pict with havi g become apostate while a Roman municipal a n d military establishment s s s s n till ub i ted at Strathclyde , which could hardly have bee A D 4 10 n ns n after . . , whe the Roma took their ﬁ al departure n is u is of from Britai . It tr e th would put the date Patrick, son of Ca l h u rn ssi n of Pa lla diu s the p , before the mi o ; but many arguments for that position may be drawn from the documents preserved in the Book of Armagh a nd from the orotic u s E s s n of s in n C . pi tle Not the lea t coge t the e, my mi d, ’ is the absen ce from Patrick s authentic writings of a ny refer n ss in ss n his s e ce to a predece or the mi io ary ﬁeld, while tate ment that in the scen e of his own labours the want that had n n w a s n f n s of n bee experie ced a wa t o regular mi ister religio , implies that there were already everywhere believers to be

served . now s n n of n n 2 25 . I Shall eek the mea i g a other a imal form o f s n n on s n n s in occa io al occurre ce the Scotti h mo ume t , what must always be the chi ef sou rce of kn owledge in Ch ri stian — symbolism the objects themselves s een in actual ecclesiastical s is s n nin n n culpture . It the eemi gly ca e creature fou d otably on Bre ssa a nd G s s n s a nd s ns s o the y ol pie to e , al o co picuou n ss D liff in n n s n the decorated cro at rumc e Irela d. O the we ter f lin n n o . s n not of a portal St Apol ari at Tre t, but a tiquity

n of u i din is - of equalli g that the b l g, a boldly executed ﬁgure s r in hi not s a compo ite creatu e , w ch we do he itate to nis of is s “ s u n recog e Him whom it aid, Thou halt tread po th e lion a nd adder : the young lion a nd the dragon shalt

n s . thou trample u der feet. The cherubic disgui e at St

COTLAND u r fﬁ s s c ontra 1i e t of i S . F ther di culty ari e from the y Slope g ven i s s n n in s s to d git eemi gly belo g g to the ame categorie . But w n n s nf s ns on e s he , u deterred by the e co u io , applie the ordi n i s din s n n ary key to the dig t accor g to their po itio over, u der, or ss n n l acro the ce tral part of the ﬁeld, accepti g the vertica di s a s l s s n git voca ic , ome Celtic word do i deed seem to shape themselves ou t of thes e elements having a real relation to the u l n e s c ptured subject . O of these appears to be inten ded for M i a i r oin ss . s n of o er n a mor la t i f , the a Th adaptatio the f e d ob o of the Latins is the universal insular Celtic equivalent for the ff n s . n n is s n in euchari tic o eri g If it be here i te ded, it pre e ted '

a hrrenn . its n n is de the form ifl The word, at comme ceme t, fin e d by a point separatin g it from the immediately preceding “ s . s ss a c a ta n his a n . c r r , t vo able The e appe”a to exp e at “ “ Ta n is n n n di n n , that , plu der, plu deri expe tio , a drivi , ” g g or a s in Ta in bo Cu a iln Ta in bo D a r ta a & c e d . raid, the g , the , Wh o n 1s s s ns a s , the , he whom we have the e rea o to regard bein g thus shown at his Mass raid ? It certainly gives ren ewed ’ corroboration to Ma c Cu rtin S statement about writing the f me n i evil deeds o n difficult Oghams on their monuments that almost all the devices for ob scuring thi s legend are e in of n nin n hi mployed the earlier part it, co tai g the ame w ch n s n ns Should a swer that que tio . It begi with the character h in Lu nna stin s ri to w ich , the g example, we have a c bed the

of s a nd n s w ea clda n power , it e d ith ; but further I am u able mn n n ss s ss s a d to lift the veil , u le I were to re ort to a u ptio n hi n ot s n co j e ctures for w ch I am at pre e t prepared . S of s n n s s n till it will admit que tio , eve uppo i g that I have n s s a n d n rightly i terpreted both ymbol lege d, whether the n i n n w a s on e of n commemoratio s co dem atory. It the peda trie s of Irish ecclesiastical writers to u se the technical lan ua e of plun derin for the expression of religious senti g ”g g l n Mi . a d n s 1 7 sc e . . me t (Stoke , Fel . , Feb . th , Celt Soc , one of the few passages in which the author of the F é lire s s n i n n is Ma 1 7th in ri e i to imag ative exaltatio that at y , which he treats three saints “ a s if they Were thr ee Iri sh chieftains ” makin g a raid in their war- chariots into heaven He celebrates

“ The h ost n sl u a a d of A d o of V c to of Ba s : the u n okc d i g ( g ) ri , i r, il y y ’ ” w th n m ou wh t f n K d i t a i o weak ess on a height of H eaven s i g o . IN IRELAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND .

n n c on n m n s S So here the knife a d hatchet may but ig ify the urge cy . a nd frequency of the oblation by a worshipper bent on nnin n ss s n wi g heave by a ault . But , had thi bee the true n n ss n s n n in dis mea i g, le pai would probably have bee take n ff guisi g the name of the O erer . nin s s r 2 27 , The remai g object compri e two which occur ve y

frequently a n d conspicuously on these Pioto - Scottish monu

n s s - s s n a n d me t . Below the triad, the ceptre traver ed cre ce t, ” n s n n the object k own a s the pectacle or ame t . If we apply

nosc itu r a soc iis s nf s the rule , we mu t i er them to be ymbolical

a n d Christian ; a nd from what h a s been seen of the tri - radial in s s s n n device Wel h ymboli m , we may i cli e to allow that the tri - sceptral on e of the Scottish monuments h a s also r n f s s elatio to the same mystery o the G odhead . Thi ymbol in a bi- sceptral form traverses the crescent ; in a tri - sceptral s ni 1 n form , the other emblem , whatever it may ig fy. I magi e the meaning of both may be inferred from the symbolic “ ” n n of l u na in Cla v is n M i terpretatio the , Lu a, aria Virgo s n s in vol . ii . , p . becau e Of her i crea e the n n n is f n his I car atio . It di ficult with due revere ce to treat t subject in words a s fully a s ou r forefathers have treated it in M n of s s in s. n their carved emblem a y tho e , e pecially Irela d, are greatly coarser in their methods Of expression than these s s a ll of Scotti h example , but them appear to relate to that human con dition to which ou r Lord con descen ded when He n ma n took upo Him to deliver . 2 2 8 n now on n s , Looki g back, , the e tire ubject, there appear to be two questions of primary importance for the s ri n a n d hi i s Is hi s r n of n hi to a p lolog t t method of w iti g, Paga or s n n ? a nd Is n in of Chri tia origi , the la guage which these n s a nd s ss u a si hi ame formula are expre ed a q eratic dialect, n ot in s of s or is trammelled by the ord ary law Celtic peech , it the vernacular language of those who carved the insc rip tions ? NO treatment of the first question is likely to be s atisfactory which does not fully investigate that class of gu a si Oghams a nd p se u do Oghams of which I have spoken a s nd n in of n a s a s abou i g the South Irela d, well all the remains of ins criptional figuri ng on the Pagan sepulchral monuments — of th e n a nd na - dis A Boy e Slieve Calliagh tricts . s regards s n pre e ted .

' E 156 INDEX TO OGHAM L GENDS .

Pa ge L a s ic a re i ni e nn 7 5 g Co . Kilk y T a s e ga gni

ra ne tta s & c . B ,

r &c . Co bi poi , mi ni Modda ni a a t &c g qi g g , . a a ba r & c C t , .

N ta fro i & c . e q , ma &c u ne ta s . C qi , Ol ni mu c o i c u nu u

Na ma u u de c a &c l . qi g , Nis i n & c u . g , ma c a &c Ca o e . q g , n ma A a ci qi

E V CHAPT R .

ol oma ni & li l e na il l C c S c otto ni G w e n r g , Co Co k Tre nu Gre e nhill a a ni ma D l g qi d a li Mona ta gga rt re mo oi u nl Fe q q q gl e gge t ro nie na s & B e , c . r os oma i e c & . F g , c Ca rrta c c ga q i mCor ima An p q , &c . ma No qi de go ma t Ot qi ri e Ma qi L a se g S a c a ttini Ulc c a gni Corba gni C oic orota ni Corb a n Ma qi e llia c i n mForrti u rn A o gi g mn R oov e smore Ma qi ta l u i

lr moc oi & c . T a b a , ia s n a ma tt &c . A aﬂ , A nna c a nni &c , Q rigiﬁ q q C O Kerry A nna fe n Al a tto c eli ba ttigni ma e tt & c i o a i ma e . N t c qi q r , moc oi toi a th i e ma D go q i c

B u a h & c . o g i , a n ma de l e n nmte a A g qi mg nmc fa ru ddra nn a A qi t ﬁi ma r tte Ca t u q q qi i

E VI CHAPT R .

wmo C Gl n m 1 88 Fitalia ni y Pe broke shire 1 1 4

1 8 9 T u r ill i ic ia c it & c . Cric kh Owe l B e ns i e 1 14 p , r co h r ' T re ﬁ a rn m o i i ﬁ li mi k 1 9 0 H gt v s u s D e e t g Pe bro e shire 1 1 5 ’

. ma e a ma a mi S t n 1 S ra mni u not s a a s 1 9 g qi C Dog l C rdig hire 1 1 5 a n e a n a mh 1 9 2 T re na c c a ttl o Ll f ch C r art e nshire 1 1 6 1 93 E tterni ﬁ l i v ictor Clyda i C ardiga nshire 1 6

4 n i Ma c re ni & c . Crl e rra n 19 T re e gu ssi ﬁ l u t , g J 1 6 5 T ov isa c i l a rk nmt s 1 9 Poo P Mo o u h hire 1 1 7 1 96 E naba rri B u ckl a nd Mo na m ns choru D e v o hire 1 1 7 DE 157 IN x TO OGHAM LEGENDS .

P a e Pa r. No. g Ma m1 1 7 1 9 7 F a no ni q u irini Farde l s to ne British Mu seu mdon n re 1 l 8 9 8 el e a s & a a e me s 1 H u c e , . Ll d wk P brok hi 1 9 9 Cu na c e nna fi il ffe to Tra llo ng Bre co n 1 1 9 200 D ofta c oos D u go e d C a ndiga nsh ire 1 19 ' 2 01 Afii be fi e a n n M dd e t n a boci Ll wi io , i l o H ll , ne ar Ll a nd e ilo 1 20 202 C a tu oc on a lde s a n e me s e 1 20 C I d , y l P brok hir 1 2 03 e tta a & c . B e st ne a d a ns re 1 2 N S gri , rid ll o C r ig hi 2 04 me iu s a ra ntori nfi Pu C u s Ke st ne p gg o , ma ns e 1 22 Pyl e Gl a org hir Ma itre nu s al ic idni s s u m1 24 2 05 q Llywe ll stone Briti h Mu e

E VII CHAPT R .

ttu ic u h e a tts se a hh tta nnn & c Lu nna stin e t a nd , . g Sh l ' ’ e s me n nn m a m a o s t n n s q q ﬁ e t S . Ni i a c c rrosc c na h h tffdda dds da ttrr a n B re ssa y rra nn u u rra c t th e tts c c rroc c s Bu rria n O rkne y u dd min d ns re u sn fotre nn e s st & c . Ne t n st ne e e e q q g r g gi , w o o Ab r hi

T o tu c h & c - m e n a g , . Logi ri g Ogh Ma q q oi ta ll u orrh ; Ne a h h tl a robba it C e a nne ff Aboyne E dda rrnonn S c oonie sto ne Fife shire dda rrno m E l insh ire E nn e q inge n R ru nu rborh &c Brodie stone g ' a c a ta n a iﬁ hrre nn Gol spie sto ne S u therl a nd I N D E X .

rma 6 4 B st a e s . 5 6 e 146 14 9 A A gh , , i ri , ,

7 Arm - n 7 2 3 74 a 1 3 1 R i u a a n St. a m d n Abb , , , , oric , li g l Ogh i scribe 4 7 Arra l e n 48 4 9 mnu me n A e e e n 1 3 1 3 1 39 ts Cal de I s a n b rd , , , g , , o , y l d , ne 1 3 9 A t u n 72 1 20 Aboy , r h r, Ki g, m 4 1 A st e Mr 2 Cl d i a a sa e 1 . 9 1 a 1 1 6 12 1 Abr h , criﬁc of, l , , , y , , n 4 tk ns n Mr 1 7 6 4 Cwm a mna 6 1 7 7 1 2 . 6 8 Ad Glo n 1 14 , , , A i o , , , , y , A a e 51 1 03 1 09 Atta c ottic e e n 62 D u oe d 1 1 9 1 2 1 d r , , , r b llio , g , , . E n u s Fel iré 34 7 7 9 3 u e 6 1 a e st ne 1 1 7 g , of, , , A gh r, F rd l o , u u stu s 56 Ke nli st ne 1 22 A g , gg o , A a t 1 44 u u st ne St 1 32 a u e 1 1 3 g ho , A g i , L gh r, a u l e 92 9 3 9 5 1 19 a e 59 a n a e 1 1 Agh b log , , , , A l y , Ll d wk , 8 r i u xe re ma n s a A h a c a r bl e 2 6 2 7 2 9 St. Ge B n e a n 1 1 5 1 1 6 g , , , A r , r , i hop Ll f ch , , A h a liske 1 00 9 8 a n n st ne 1 1 9 g y, of, Ll wi io o , A h a sc ribba 60 6 1 rs re 65 e l st ne 1 23 g , , Ay hi , Llyw l o , A l s 2 5 2 6 33 37 8 5 Pool Pa k 1 1 7 g i h , , , , , r , B ’ ’ a n 14 4 St . St . m a e s 1 1 5 Aid , , Dog l , B a 7 6 Ailbe St . 1 1 1 na a v s t k 1 1 7 , , lli , T i oc , Ailill 56 B a l l na u t 23 a n 1 18 , i co r y , Tr llo g, inmire 1 32 Ba llina h u nt 2 1 22 23 4 5 Tre ff ar A n 1 1 , , , , , g , 4 , 1 1 5 a 55 1 28 B a l l n e 54 Usk a rk 1 14 Alb , , i rob , P , Al c h frid 144 B a l nta a t 31 34 B a wa te r v e 6 1 6 5 8 5 , li gg r , , , l ck r, i r, , , , B a l in rmn a e t Be thl u is nion 5 l ta o 2 3 8 6 88 92 9 5 Alph b , , , , , , ‘ ’ ti 1 re e - u ne s 2 Ba llinv oh e r 20 23 B a s H 101 Cryp c R , , , , l ir ill , 4 6 2 6 4 Ba l l a 64 Bl a na id 49 , , yb y , , a da 5 B a ll booda n 7 6 B odon 6 Forfe , y , e y, 1 u t or S c a ndina B a l u 8 8 B e e 14 9 F horc l yclo gh , o c , 2 5 B a l l v a ne 102 B o ra mnta v a n 6 u ns 92 i , , , ycro , gg o i , 4 1 1 1 2 29 Bal l h a nk 9 6 8 B 0 1tl1in 1 a m 9 . St 0 7 Ogh , , , , , y , , , , 6 2 9 6 9 7 B a mte B B 4 64 6 1 1 z e n S t 1 3 3 4 8 1 34 . 51 , , , , , , , lly o , ook of, , ol , , 2 33 B al l ne a ni 4 2 B n n 1 2 2 1 2 6 1 3 1 1 3 1 a St. 1 08 , , , , y g, o , , B a ll ne stu ri 1 20 B ne e ts rna mn a n e t t y g, o objc , o io ma n 1 3 7 B a l l u n 9 1 0 1 5 7 6 o n 6 6 Ro yq i , , , , , u n 2 6 2 9 7 9 9 B a l s a nn n 59 B v e v a 6 1 R ic , , l y h o , o gh , B al l v oone 7 7 Bo daf a 6 1 y y, y e , ma ke a a l v n t ne 55 B l u e 10 1 1 02 B e 56 58 S o , Kil l d r, y o r y , , oyl , , a w t n 1 09 Ba ll wih e e n 3 B ne mn me n A e t 9 u ts 62 65 66 lph b ic ri i g, y , oy o , , , , ma l a id se e Au le B a n n 95 9 9 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 53 A g ( y) do , , , , imkill e 1 39 B a n 6 1 6 2 7 4 ra k ma o 63 6 8 B n 2 3 C lu A r , i , , , , , c loo , r e Ba nt 1 02 B a n n n a n n e s n D . s mu t 42 J 7 1 9 A d r o , o ph , ry, r do o i , , , , A n l e s e a 103 B a s 1 32 4 8 4 9 g , rd , ,

n l - a x n 1 30 144 1 45 B ardda s 12 5 1 2 6 B a s Mr 1 3 1 6 2 1 2 3 24 A g o S o , , , , , r h , . , , , , , ,

n l - a x n ns 4 6 Barra c h a u ra n 9 1 2 6 2 8 3 7 4 2 4 5 51 7 9 A g o S o coi , , , , , , , , , A nna sc a u l 1 9 23 4 9 B a r r v e 51 8 0 8 1 8 3 84 8 5 8 6 8 7 , , , r ow , i r, , , , , , , , m2 a R v E 4 ntr 8 B e . . 8 8 8 9 5 99 1 00 10 1 1 02 A i , rry , , , , , , , , a s t u Be a l a h a mir 7 l n S . e 8 103 104 1 05 1 09 1 22 Apo li ri , , ch rch of, g , , , , , 1 50 1 51 Be a u t Br e 1 07 1 08 Bre a s ta h 58 , for idg , , g , a 6 7 Be a 1 44 Ard gh , d , me 9 1 0 78 83 84 B e e n 55 B n a s 2 7 8 9 l e 5 9 Ard or , , , , , l ropho , r ho L w , , , 1 1 0 Be nir 1 3 5 4 a n B e n a n St. 3 6 48 9 99 Ardyw ig, , r d , , , , ,

1 60 INDE x .

a v ds t wn 70 E oc h a id 3 4 orml G e e 8 7 D i o , , , D e a a d 103 E oc h a id Ar th e c 22 G or m t a c a re e 51 10 g , g , , , 3 e n l l a S t. 83 84 1 1 1 E oc h E a c h be o 49 G ortne u l la na h 24 35 4 D c , , , , y , g g , , , 4 D e e lish 9 4 E o la n se e a n G a n 74 , g ( Ol ) owr , ee B 1 39 E ne I u h 59 G a n e 84 D r, ook of, r , o g , r g , e 64 136 14 te rna lis 1 16 G a v e s D r. ar e s D rry , , , r , Ch l D err u rra ne 1 04 E xm1 1 7 m e B s yg , oor, Li rick, i hop of e s 8 4 G a v e s R e v . J 7 5 D i , r , . D e sibode 1 32 F G e e ss 14 5 , r k cro , e v n 1 03 1 17 a a n 12 7 D o , , F g , G e e ks in I e l a nd 3 5 ” r r , n e 1 9 30 3 1 36 37 a a n t 4 6 G e se r v e r 72 Di gl , , , , , F h , ci y of, r i , i , D se t a 9 3 a r e st ne 1 17 G e e n l 88 i r Ul d , F d l o , r hi l ,

D ofe t 34 a u s tu s St . 9 7 Gu sa c t , F , , , 6 7 F limm1 omna r R e c h t a D c h d a 69 é r 6 72 84 A , y , , ,

na 6 9 Fe liré se e E n a s . Do rd , ( g ) H ne a 64 7 0 e a d 2 3 56 Do g l , , F rdi , , a Re v . D . 1 5 2 1 48 9 6 gh , , , , , , n u me a s Fe re da c h 55 H i Do o gh or , p ri h of, , e 1 8 8 92 u s, 5 , F rg a e ns r t n 123 c p , e ma H yl i i io a n ba 54 na 59 Dool y, F r gh , e 1 1 e t H on . A . 2 , , , 32 n nn a nd r me e a a its a t e a w H rb r t Dow , Co or, D o or , F rr r c h dr l i h H e e s ~ , Ne o D ru idic 132 s m r y , B s 28 64 s u tu e 14 7 i hop of, , y bolic c lp r , l a S t. 144 Hi d , , s e v e 8 8 9 1 Fia c h ra 59 Drip y, ri r, , , H i e a d St . 1 32 d g , , ma u 1 03 Fie rs a d re s 59 l r t Dro o k , T i , H t Mr. R . 1 5 6 7 , , , me 1 4 e s e 1 34 1 39 1 4 0 i chcock e a 0 Dro k r , Fif hir , , , H k nt 2 5 na 1 44 oo Poi , m1 04 n St . , Dro od , Fi , H or a n R e v . M 1 g , . , 3 Fin r m ba r . St . 9 3 e 85 ro or , , D H - C ormi a 7 2 7 y c , , 3 u s 7 0 7 1 Fin la ss v e 105 Dr id , , g , ri r, H - Lu a ir 72 73 74 y g , , , mff u ss nta n 3 7 40 u l e s u t e d Dr c i c lp r cro , Fi , , 1 50 s u a r 1 1 5 Fi hg d , ma n 82 2 8 a v u s t 1 16 u 78 9 9 Dr loh , , , , Fl i Vic or, D u bric 1 2 7 l nts ire 12 4 I a r 54 , F i h , , l D u fta c s on E v ol e n 1 1 9 Foc u th d 58 Iba r S t. 8 4 1 1 1 , of g, , woo of, , , , D u fta c Ma c c u l u a r 7 1 72 7 3 Fordu n 14 9 I e a n 1 35 13 7 g , , , , c l d , , e d 1 1 1 1 Forfe a da 5 I c tia n se a 1 D u go , 9 , 2 , , 2 8 u l La ith ne 38 r a s e 149 Indu lf 139 D i , Fo f r hir , ,

u n a rt n irt a e St . l e u 6 1 I nisboﬁ n 144 D b o , b hpl c of Foy , lo gh , , a t k 1 2 9 Fre oc 57 I nne rc ola n 1 39 P ric , , , me 6 1 7 5 1 1 7 I nnisfa lle n a n u l na s 52 D b l , , , , l of, G . u n u l e 8 7 I nn skee n 48 D b l og , i , D u nﬁ nne 59 G a lle ru s 4 6 I nv a s ns B of 6 l 99 130 , , io , ook , , , u n a nst n 68 G a l wa 1 3 7 I na 1 36 1 3 9 1 44 D g ow , l o y, o , , , a te e mu n 7 u n a v a n 8 1 82 83 84 G l ta ns 5 86 I e l a n 18 9 7 D g r , , , , o i , , r d , , u n a v n 70 Ga l wa 54 I s a nna s 14 2 D l i , y, ri h l , D u nl oe 1 0 107 G a 1 37 I s a nd Br t s nne t n , , rioch , ri h i i h co c io , u m40 4 2 98 Ga rra ne s 9 9 n e D or , , , ,

a v r- n s mnu me n 6 1 51 1 G t 2 s . 5 09 e e s a s r h i D u e Mr. G I t a a c te c Noy r, , , , i i o , ri h ccl i ic l u n a v e n E a r 51 1 09 Ge n a : its a t e a l 14 7 tu e 7 7 D r , l of, , o c h dr , r , e ma n S t 7 G . 9 98 m u w 1 36 I s u a s on e l s D rro , r , , , ri h for l W h G ld a s 1 32 s t ne s 1 2 9 i , , E o . ll m44 Gi a u rra s 9 7 I v ne st n 59 , , r i ow , ” E a ste n tu e s 3 5 G l I u 59 Is e ne s 4 7 r li rgi , i l , o gh , idor , origi of, m 1 1 1 E dda rnon 142 1 43 1 45 G l a a ns e 3 22 I s a n 78 , , , org hir m, , ml d , E is 98 C a s e e n Coc k u c k s t e a I s a nd Ma c a a 83 gl h , l h r , l D r , E t a ns in I e a nd 35 1 06 a s mns t ns It in gyp i r l , , ly, y bolic i crip io E l insh ire 142 Gle na willa n 86 a t e d a s 148 g , , c h r l , lu mkil l 7 0 mn a 56 le nc o E a 6 4 G Itu rna n 142 143 i , , , , , , E ma 36 le nda lou h 69 72 G I v r d e 1 1 7 l gh , g , , yb i g , ’ s s m E n a n 15 G s a e e a s g d , lo ry ( Cor c ) l J E nn s 52 Glou na lo h 9 5 . i , g g , B a 9 7 G l s e s t ne 13 9 1 50 1 51 J na a nd th e a e 46 obb , o pi o , , , o h wh l , 1 I E X 1 6 1 ND .

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L a ne - Fox ne 2 0 27 5 1 Ma c illic u dd Th e 1 06 e e 1 1 1 , Colo l , , , , g y, , K l , 94 9 8 9 9 e e s 50 1 07 Ke nfi st ne 122 12 5 132 , , R k of, , gg o , , , a a mn a ns a n u a e a nd . B ta n e u t 95 e nm1 1 L g g ofW . S ri i M ch r o i , a e 02 03 1 04 K r , , , Ma c lise 1 3 e 7 9 1 9 28 86 , K rry , , , , , a st in I e a nd st Ma c Ma h on u a v a u t 48 1 03 L pdog, fir , r l , ory b ri l l , 1 a m1 1 2 8 1 29 M 0 e n 6 of, , croo , v St. 9 K i , , a t n a s e t a m Ma e n A c h wnfa e n 1 24 w t n e a n 4 L i p c of Ogh ri i g, , St . 8 Ki r , , 1 3 1 Ma esh ow 65 Kilbona ne 1 08 1 09 , , , , a u e 1 13 1 14 Ma h e re e s a nds 49 Kilc a sh mor 1 2 L gh r, , g i l , e , 0 a u ne v e 10 7 108 Ma onih 50 Kilc ola h t 2 L , ri r, , g y, g , 8, 1 05 L e a bh a r- na - h - Uidh re 2 2 Ma ou rne 9 5 m , g y, l l a n 38 Ki co , Le Bla n E m Ma w t M . n 4 3 l 8 7 88 u l e n 9 1 , d o d , lo , , Kilc l , L Ma n a e e r v e 8 7 88 92 9 5 n se e St. a n a n u mmn , i r, , , , ch ( M ch ) l 59 Ki c i , e nste B k Ma n - Ne lu d m 23 93 nu me nt 6 2 l a e 69 70 1 03 L i r, oo of, , i o , Ki d r , , , e n 7 Ma r a m1 ste 2 22 Kilfou nta in 37 4 5 4 6 L i r, g , , , , ’ e t im5 Mart n s M 9 em r th e Kill a rr la nde r 1 1 1 L i r , i oi of g y , ” e nna n 64 e ste n I s l a nds 8 9 a v a n 1 03 L , W r , Kilg r , Ma r ra mn e s l e ne e s 47 t a e 4 9 79 Kil obine t 1 L i , Colo l Forb , , , g , 06 mri e t Cu in 55 Ma u a no gh 3 7 38 3 9 44 Kil rov a n 2 8 1 2 L h , , , , , g , , 8 , 8 Lh d M xrmu s Ma 98 1 u r. 9 1 2 3 1 lke nn 68 74 76 1 17 y , , , , , Ki y , , , , Lia ds 94 Ma 54 58 76 l a a 58 , yo , , , Kil l , ia h n 1 Ma mna L t a 2 7 ste 144 ll a ne 4 9 , yo , o ry of, Ki y , e H mnor m M a ns 1 40 u 4 5 e l a ne 1 9 1 05 Lib r y , r , Kil r y , , a B d e a n 52 Me a t 6 2 6 7 ille e na dr e na 1 Libr ry , o l i , h , , K e , 05 Br t s Mu e mMe a v e 56 58 7 s u 52 7 l e e ns 2 7 28 2 9 3 1 3 5 i i h , , , , Kil , , , , , , ’ a r s mMe ne v ia now S I d a e t . a v s 129 3 7 3 9 4 0 42 4 6 6 9 7 0 Roy l i h Ac d y , , D i , , , , , , , , Me l n 1 2 3 1 32 7 2 73 7 8 8 1 85 8 6 94 r i , , , , , , , , , n t e e Du b M ddl e t n 8 6 9 5 1 00 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 Tri i y Coll g , i o , , , , , , 06 lin 38 M et n H a ll 1 1 9 l e e n ma , iddl o , 6 9 70 7 1 Kil Cor c , , , , me k B s M a n u l S a n Am 7 Li ric , i hop of, i , ch rch of 72 , 3 9 0 108 , , 2 6 3 5 3 6 50 8 9 9 9 1 04 1 47 Killfi nt , , , , , , , brogio , e , 6 9 Milc h u 6 7 Kill o ron 10 , g e , 4 n s a ne 14 3 144 M e s a ns 66 l n 105 1 09 Li di f r , , il i , Killorg i , , s nv a na 54 M l t n 1 08 1 09 1 1 0 ma Li doo r , il ow , , , t m l a s 7 6 7 7 Ki c ho , , L i s re na n se e G a n e M l t wn Ma a 52 m g ( r g ) i o lb y , l a ne 54 Ki i , sm nar 24 e 8 6 M 2 6 m Li or , i d , , a l e da 37 4 5 4 6 55 Kil k r, , , , ' Ll a nda fi B k 140 Moine na 36 Kilma l oda , oo of, , , 1 00 a n a ke 1 18 M na a n 64 ma Ll d w , o gh , l e 1 0 1 Ki ich l , a nde 1 1 9 Mona ta a rt 7 88 90 Kilmoc a m Ll ilo , gg , , , o e 1 gu , 02 l a n e a n 1 1 Mona v ou lla h m 5 u nta ns se e l na l 9 5 L f ch , g o i ( Ki g ory , mmr e l s t ne 123 134 C o e a h l na na e 1 10 Llyw l o , , g ) Ki r , n n 1 1 M ne ms a 9 u re u ar 148 l ru s 83 Ll wi io , o y k liq y, h , Ki L l M nm oc h a nn 55 u t s re 1 1 7 l s a nn 88 , o o h hi , Ki h ig, L oc rin 10 6 Mosoc ra 68 Kiltera 1 , , , 8 5, 09 L on a ra d 23 M st n 1 24 na 26 29 30 32 35 40 g , o y , Ki rd , , , , , , e st ne 1 39 M u nt Mu s 1 0 1 1 05 4 6 Logi o , o ic , , ' ma na 103 105 Mou rne e 8 7 n s u nt 54 Lo gh , , Abb y, Ki g co y , ’ n 59 Mo O C on in 50 Knoc k a stool e r 54 Lo gford , y q , y, 1 1 Mu m L ou h a rne 8 e e th e st l a d in n 8 7 g , g i , fir p og K ockboy, mn mt 1 2 e a n 1 1 L ou h c re w u e n s 5 I 2 8 2 9 Knoc kfi rna g o , , r l d , , e , 50 1 2 6 Mu nste a nt u a e s 1 0 1 3 n Ma n 6 1 6 6 r iq ri , , , K ock y , , u e 2 0 2 1 n kml Lo gh r, , K oc e down mu nta ns o i Lu a idh 55 Mu nste 3 3 55 7 9 1 03 1 g , r, , , , 5 , 8 6 a u l 24 Mu nte ne mu Lu na nta ns 60 Knoc k 1 g g pp , r Lo y o i , ou ra n, 01 Lu nna stin 8 1 34 1 52 Mu l a na r ss 58 Knoc kro r 4 g, , , l gh c o , u , 9 Ma l 6 5 n kt e 7 6 loch , K oc oph r, M. Mu e u m s a I nst , Roy l Cork i L . Ma c Con 1 28 tu tion 86 8 7 8 8 9 1 94 , , , , , , L abra id 73 7 6 Ma c u t n 44 140 152 9 5 , , C r i , , , 1 62 INDE x .

B ll h nk 9 6 a m a 9 8 Ke nﬁ m sh a m. a ma n u s eu a I e st e 1 2 2 M , Roy l ri Ac d y Ogh y , , Ogh gg o , , 7 1 5 2 0 2 4 25 Ba ll ne a ni 4 2 , , , , , y g , 6 7 68 84 1 07 Ba ll ne stu ri 1 2 0 Kilbona ne 1 08 1 09 , , , y g, , , , a H st a a nd Ba l u n 9 1 0 1 5 Roy l i oric l l yq i , , , , r ae a s s a t n Kilc ola h t 2 8 1 05 A ch ologic l A oci io g , , a t lkenn 7 5 Ba ll v oone 7 7 Kilfo u nta in 3 7 4 5 4 6 Ki y , y y, , , , e t nt u ar e s Ba rra c h a u ra n 9 1 Kil o bi ne t 1 0 6 Soci y of A iq i , g , tl a n 8 1 3 6 B l a c kIO O n 2 3 Kilg ro v a n 2 8 8 1 8 2 of Sco d , , , , , , B n n mn Kille Trin1t l e e Du b a u nta 7 e na dre e na 1 0 5 y Co l g , r do o i , , , e e n m l a (1 9 Ki l Cor c , , Brea sta h 58 g , B esse 1 4 1 34 1 3 5 Killo rone 1 04 r y , , , , g , 1 mk Na ddodd 35 l a l e a 3 7 4 5 , Ki d r, , , N a n 4 6 B de st ne 1 2 1 4 6 55 cy , ri ll o , , a mr a v dd 1 2 6 B e s t ne u s 8 3 N n o D , y , rodi o . Kilr h , Ne a I u 6 1 B u s s 9 3 0 Kina l d 2 6 2 9 3 0 gh , o gh , r co , , . , , , 1 Bu nh a m3 4 3 4 4 Ne c h ta n 40 7 , r , , , N nniu s 33 72 12 7 Bu l ntfo rt 8 7 Knoc ka s toole r e , , , , y, 54 Ne v ern 1 1 4 Bu rria n 1 3 5 1 3 6 n kbo 8 7 , , , K oc y ,

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