RESPONSE TO GOVERNMENT AGENCY A4-1 ROCLA MATERIALS PTY LTD SUBMISSIONS AND NON-CONFIDENTIAL Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension PUBLIC SUBMISSIONS Report No. 664/04

Attachment 4

Supplementary Aboriginal Heritage Assessment (July 2012)

(Number of pages including blank pages = 84)

ROCLA MATERIALS PTY LTD A4-2 RESPONSE TO GOVERNMENT AGENCY Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension SUBMISSIONS AND NON-CONFIDENTIAL Report No. 664/04 PUBLIC SUBMISSIONS

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Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Supplementary Aboriginal Heritage Assessment

FINAL REPORT

Calga, New South Wales For Rocla Materials Pty Ltd

July 2012

Primary Author: Amanda Atkinson

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Table of Contents Page

Executive Summary ...... 7

1 Introduction ...... 11 1.1 Project Background ...... 11 1.2 The Project ...... 12 1.3 Assessment Brief ...... 14 1.4 Objectives ...... 14 1.5 Study Team ...... 16 1.6 Report Format ...... 17 1.7 Acknowledgements ...... 17 1.8 Restricted Information ...... 17

2 Consultation with the Registered Stakeholders ...... 18

3 The Project ...... 19 3.1 The Study Area ...... 19 3.2 Glenworth Valley Track ...... 19 3.3 The Impacts ...... 20

4 Previous Archaeological Assessments ...... 21 4.1 Previous Assessments ...... 21 4.2 Previous Rock Engraving Studies ...... 21 4.3 AHIMS Results ...... 22

5 Environmental Context ...... 25 5.1 Geology and Topography ...... 25 5.2 Hydrology ...... 27 5.3 Raw Materials for Knapping ...... 27 5.4 Previous Land Use ...... 27 5.4.1 Accounts of Aboriginal Land Use ...... 27 5.4.2 European Land Use ...... 29

6 Predictive Model ...... 30 6.1 Predictive Model Background ...... 30 6.2 The Predictive Model ...... 30

7 The Survey ...... 31 7.1 Methodology ...... 31 7.2 Survey Coverage ...... 31 7.3 Landform Summary ...... 32

8 Results ...... 34 8.1 Previous survey results ...... 34 8.1.1 Site #45-3-2195 (also known as #45-3-0119) ...... 34 3 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Forward Planning Heritage Solutions

Table of Contents Page 8.1.2 Calga SA1 ...... 34 8.1.3 Popran Art 1 ...... 34 8.1.4 Site #45-3-2196 ...... 35 8.1.5 Site #45-3-0132 ...... 35 8.2 July 2011 Survey results ...... 35 8.3 Site Descriptions ...... 37

9 Analysis and Discussion ...... 51

10 Scientific Values and Significance Assessment ...... 54 10.1 Cultural Significance ...... 54 10.2 Scientific Significance ...... 54 10.3 Statement of Significance ...... 56

11 Impact Assessment ...... 57

12 Recommendations ...... 58

13 References ...... 59

14 Glossary of Terms ...... 62 14.1 Site Types ...... 62

Appendices Appendix A Previous Surveys, Results and Recommendations Appendix B Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension – Engraving and Stone Arrangement Site – Statement of Significance Appendix C Communications Log and Correspondence

Figures Figure 1.1 Locality Plan ...... 13 Figure 1.2 Project Site Layout ...... 15 Figure 4.1 AHIMS Recorded Sites ...... 24 Figure 5.1 Study Area Topography ...... 26 Figure 5.2 Study Area Hydrology ...... 28 Figure 7.1 Southern Extension Survey Units ...... 33 Figure 8.1 Recorded Heritage Sites...... 36 Figure 9.1 Archaeologically Sensitive Areas and Modified Project Components ...... 53

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Table of Contents Page Tables Table ES1 Archaeological Sites Overview ...... 8 Table 1.1 Southern Extension Location ...... 12 Table 1.2 Study Team ...... 16 Table 2.1 Aboriginal Stakeholders and their representatives ...... 18 Table 4.1 AHIMS Search Results ...... 22 Table 7.1 Survey coverage ...... 32 Table 7.2 Landforms ...... 32 Table 8.1 Overview of previous survey results ...... 34 Table 8.2 Site overview ...... 35 Table 8.3 Site 1: Artefact Scatter ...... 37 Table 8.4 Site 2: Water Holes #1 ...... 39 Table 8.5 Site 3: Linear stone arrangement ...... 40 Table 8.6 Site 4: Water Holes #2 ...... 41 Table 8.7 Site 5: Emu rock engraving (re-recording AHIMS#) ...... 42 Table 8.8 Site 6: Shield/Kangaroo feet Engraving Site ...... 44 Table 8.9 Site 7: Artefact Scatter #2 ...... 45 Table 8.10 Site 8: Water holes #3 ...... 47 Table 8.11 Site 9: Rock shelter with archaeological deposit ...... 48 Table 8.12 Site 10: Rock shelter with potential archaeological deposit ...... 50 Table 11.1 Impact Assessment ...... 57

Photos Photo 1: Site overview facing south-west ...... 37 Photo 2: Chert flake ...... 38 Photo 3: Human disturbance of the site...... 38 Photo 4: Water holes...... 39 Photo 5: Stone arrangement, facing north-west...... 40 Photo 6: Water holes ...... 41 Photo 7: Surface water flow into water holes...... 42 Photo 8: Engraving of Emu-like figure #1 ...... 43 Photo 9: Engraving of Emu-like figure #2 ...... 43 Photo 10: ‘Shield-like’ engraving ...... 44 Photo 11: Trident engraving (night recording photograph taken December 2011)...... 45 Photo 12: Overview of site, facing south-east ...... 46 Photo 13: Chert flake ...... 46 Photo 14: Tuff flake with retouch ...... 46 Photo 15: Water hole site ...... 47 Photo 16: Rockshelter entrance at the western side, facing south-west ...... 48 Photo 17: Chert flake discovered in shelter ...... 49 Photo 18: Shelter deposit ...... 49 Photo 19: Rockshelter entrance, facing south-west...... 50

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Executive Summary Project Overview Forward Planning Heritage Solutions was commissioned by R. W. Corkery & Co. Pty Ltd (RWC) on behalf of Rocla Materials Pty Ltd (“Rocla”) to undertake a supplementary Indigenous heritage assessment for the proposed Southern Extension of the Calga Sand Quarry in consultation with registered Aboriginal stakeholders. In November 2009, Rocla submitted an Environmental Assessment to support an application for project approval from the Minister for Planning to extend its existing sand extraction and processing operations at the Calga Sand Quarry to the south onto Lots 1 and 2, DP 805358 (the proposed “Southern Extension”). John Appleton (Archaeological Surveys and Reports Pty Ltd) had completed the Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment for the Environmental Assessment. Following the public exhibition of the Environmental Assessment and accompanying documents for the proposed Southern Extension, numerous submissions were received relating to the Aboriginal cultural heritage assessment and cultural heritage of the Study Area. The following key issues relating to Aboriginal heritage were raised in the submissions.  Consultation with key Aboriginal stakeholders was not adequate.  Survey Coverage was inadequate.  The significance of the “Women’s Site” was not properly recognised.  The width of the proposed “Women’s Site” buffer zone was not sufficient. The survey outlined in this report was undertaken to obtain an extensive understanding of the Indigenous heritage within the proposed Southern Extension and to address the above issues. The assessment was undertaken in consultation with the registered Aboriginal people or Aboriginal organisations during all stages of the assessment process. A five-day field survey was completed between 11 and 15 July 2011 with the involvement of Aboriginal stakeholders from Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council, Guringai Tribal Link and Mingaletta Aboriginal Women’s Group. The survey was completed by walking transects at approximately 10m spacing across the majority of the Study Area, covering approximately 90 -100% of the two proposed extraction areas. The survey discovered 10 previously unrecorded sites, most of which are present in the south western corner of the Study Area with a few scattered sites in the north eastern corner of the Study Area. As predicted, areas of exposure contained small artefact scatters, with chert being the predominant raw material type while there were also a few tuff and quartz artefacts identified. The site complex in the south western corner of the Study Area is of high archaeological significance and should be protected from harm. It is recommended that all sites, with the exception of Site 7, should be protected from harm.

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To assist in developing the statement of cultural significance, an anthropological assessment has been prepared Dr Annie Ross, University of Queensland. A draft version of this report was sent to the registered Aboriginal stakeholder groups on Tuesday 14th February 2012. At the date of finalising this report, no responses to the draft report had been received from the stakeholder groups.

Summary of Previously Unrecorded Site Ten previously unrecorded sites were located during the survey. A summary of the sites and the recommended management strategies are included in Table ES1.

Table ES1

Archaeological Sites Overview Page 1 of 2 GPS Site Name Coordinates Brief Description Development Impact Recommendations# Site 1: E: 334532 Low density There would be minimal Vehicular access should be Artefact N: 6300607 artefact scatter impact to this site. blocked within 25m of this site, Scatter #1 with c. 20 chert The site is currently being with the exclusion of the flakes, 2 quartz used by light vehicles for vehicular use of an existing track flakes and 2 chert access to a dust for maintenance of power lines. cores. Moderate monitoring station. This PAD activity would continue for the life of the quarry extension. Site 2: Water E: 333945 2 small water No impact. The site is part of a larger site Holes #1 N: 6300574 holes on rock complex in the south-western platform. corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact. Site 3: Linear E: 333914 Linear stone No impact. The site is part of a larger site Stone N: 6300558 arrangement, complex in the south-western Arrangement 2.8m long, 7 free- corner of the Study Area. This Site standing stones. should be protected from impact. Site 4: Water E: 333833 5 water holes on No impact. The site is part of a larger site Holes #2 N: 6300380 low rock platform. complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact. Site 5: Emu E: 333945 Re-identified No impact. The site is part of a larger site engraving N: 6300574 engraving site. complex in the south-western (re- Pecked engraving corner of the Project Site. This recording) of 2 emu-like site should be protected from figures. impact. Site 6: Fish/ E: 334608 Pecked engraving No impact. The site is part of a larger site trident N: 6301202 site with a fish-like complex in the south-western engraving figure and trident. corner of the Study Area. This site site should be protected from impact. Site 7: E: 334311 Low density This site and its context Salvage all surface artefacts Artefact N: 6300988 scatter with a total would be destroyed by before commencement of Scatter #2 of 5 artefacts. extraction operations. extraction operations.

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Table ES1 (Cont’d)

Archaeological Sites Overview Page 2 of 2 GPS Site Name Coordinates Brief Description Development Impact Recommendations# Site 8: Water E: 334311 3 water holes. No impact. The site is part of a larger site Holes #3 N: 6300988 complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact. Site 9: E: 333751 Rockshelter with No impact. The site is part of a larger site Rockshelter N: 6300407 archaeological complex in the south-western deposit corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact. Site 10: E: 333743 Rockshelter with No impact. The site is part of a larger site Rockshelter N: 6300414 potential complex in the south-western archaeological corner of the Study Area. This site deposit should be protected from impact. # Each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension. Monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan (will be prepared and issued on approval of the southern extension).

Previously Recorded Sites

Appleton (2004, 2009) has previously conducted an archaeological survey over the study area and had recorded 5 sites. A summary of Appleton’s findings is presented in Appendix A. He recorded an engraving site and stone arrangement (AHIMS #45-3-2195 and Calga SA1 respectively) of high significance, which is assessed in Appendix B, as well as a rockshelter with art (Popran Art 1) and 2 grinding groove sites (AHIMS #45-3-2196 and #45-3-0132). These sites were relocated and reassessed as part of this supplementary study. The significance of sites #45-3-2195 and Calga SA1 are assessed in Appendix B. At the request of the Aboriginal community, women only should view Appendix B.

It was determined that the coordinates for Popran Art 1 (Appleton 2009) were incorrect. The correct coordinates are located in Section 8 of this supplementary report. Grinding Groove site #45-3-2196 was relocated during the 2011 fieldwork. Grinding groove site #45- 3-0132 could not be relocated.

It is recommended that each of these sites be protected from harm.

Statement of Significance The sites located during the survey have archaeological significance ranging from low to high. Site 7 is a highly disturbed artefact scatter and is of low archaeological significance. Site 1, an artefact scatter has moderate research potential. Sites 5 and 6, the rock engravings are of moderate archaeological significance. Sites 9 and 10 are of high archaeological significance. Sites 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10 make up a larger site complex, or archaeological cultural landscape, which is of high archaeological significance. 9 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Forward Planning Heritage Solutions

Conclusion The Study Area was subject to a rigorous archaeological field investigation in July 2011, and numerous additional sites were recorded. Several sites in the southwestern corner of the Study Area make up a cultural landscape of high archaeological significance. With the exception of Site 7, a highly disturbed artefact scatter, it is recommended that all sites should be protected from harm.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background In November 2009, Rocla Materials Pty Ltd (“Rocla”) submitted an Environmental Assessment to support an application for project approval from the Minister for Planning to extend its existing sand extraction and processing operations at the Calga Sand Quarry to the south onto Lots 1 and 2, DP 805358 (the proposed “Southern Extension”). The Environmental Assessment was accompanied by an Aboriginal Heritage Report prepared in 2009 by Mr John Appleton of Archaeological Surveys and Reports Pty Ltd Following the public exhibition of the Environmental Assessment and accompanying documents for the proposed Southern Extension, submissions were received by the then Department of Planning (DoP) from six government agencies, 111 members of the general public, 11 local community groups or organisations and numerous form letters. The Department of Planning changed its name to Department of Planning and Infrastructure (DP&I) in March 2011. The following key issues relating to Aboriginal heritage were raised in the submissions.  Consultation with key Aboriginal stakeholders was not adequate.  Survey Coverage was inadequate.  The significance of the “Women’s Site” was not properly recognised.  The width of the proposed “Women’s Site” buffer zone was not sufficient. This response is included in the main response document entitled Response to Government Agency Submissions and Non-Confidential Public Submissions for the Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension. All stakeholder groups requested that only females visit, view photos of and discuss the “Women’s Site”. Clare Anderson of Kayandel Archaeological Services was subsequently commissioned to assess the significance of the “Women’s Site” and the adequacy of the proposed buffer zone around the site. Clare was involved in the first site visit on 22 June 2010 but handed the project over to Amanda Atkinson (now of Forward Planning Heritage Solutions) after 22 June 2010. After the initial site visit on 22 June 2010, each stakeholder group was asked to submit a report that detailed their interpretation of the significance of the Women’s Site, including any recommendations they could suggest to protect the site should the extension be approved and developed. By October 2010, each of the key stakeholder groups had submitted a Recommendations Report to Rocla and DP&I.

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Over the following ten months, a number of site visits and meetings were coordinated with the three key stakeholders and the DP & I cultural heritage officers, including the following.  A further four Women’s Site visits/inspections, three of which involved representatives from the stakeholder groups. The site visits allowed for formal recording of the site and re-adjustment of the proposed buffer zone, using ‘line of sight’.  Meetings and a site inspection with the DP&I cultural heritage officers.  A Community Meeting at the Mingaletta Community Centre (3 March 2011). Guidance from DP&I cultural heritage officers suggested that the following supporting documents would assist the Department in its assessment of the Project.  A significance assessment prepared by a female Aboriginal Archaeologist to provide background on the importance of the site in the central coast context, including an Anthropological Assessment.  A Vibration Assessment that supported the proposed (revised) buffer zone.  Further survey work that covers as much of the Southern Extension and its immediate surrounds as possible. This assessment is supplementary to the original Aboriginal heritage assessment prepared by John Appleton (Appleton, 2009) and its aim is to further explore the Aboriginal heritage contained within the Study Area, as requested by the Aboriginal community groups and the DP&I cultural officers.

1.2 The Project Rocla’s project, the proposed Southern Extension Stages 4 and 5 of the Calga Sand Quarry, is proposed on Lots 1 and 2, DP 805358, Peats Ridge Road, Calga, NSW. The land on which the quarry extension is proposed is bounded by the existing Calga Sand Quarry to the north, Peats Ridge Road to the east, undeveloped bushland on privately owned land to the west, and the Australia Wildlife Walkabout Park and Popran National Park to the south (see Figure 1.1). Table 1.1 records details of the location of the Southern Extension.

Table 1.1

Southern Extension Location Lot and DP Lot 1 and 2, DP 805358 Town Calga Parish Cowan County Northumberland LALC Darkinjung Local Area Land Council

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Figure 1.1

Locality Plan

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Rocla proposes to develop and operate the Southern Extension as part of the overall Calga Sand Quarry to allow for an increase in sand production from the Calga Sand Quarry to a maximum of 1 million tonnes per annum. Two stages are proposed; Stage 4 is an extension of the quarry’s current operation although the boundary of Stage 4 has been modified to reflect the identified Aboriginal heritage sites. Stage 5 is a separate operational area located towards the southern boundary of the property. After the review of the July 2011 survey, the boundary of Stage 5 was also reviewed and reduced in area with the aim of protecting cultural heritage sites. The Southern Extension has been designed to optimise the recovery of sand whilst satisfying both operational and surrounding environmental constraints and progressively creating a final landform suited to the proposed end uses. Further information on the project components are given in Section 3. Figure 1.2 displays the following principal components of the Project.

1.3 Assessment Brief Forward Planning Heritage Solutions (FPHS) was initially commissioned by Rocla to provide a female archaeologist to represent Rocla in the assessment and discussion of issues relating to the “Women’s Site”. This included the preparation of a Significance Assessment and the recording of the site. The significance assessment is included as Appendix B of this report. As requested by the Aboriginal stakeholders, Appendix B remains separate, as it should only be viewed by females. In February 2011, FPHS was commissioned to undertake a more comprehensive survey of the proposed Southern Extension, i.e. Lots 1 and 2 DP805358 (the ‘Study Area’), than the previous survey with the assistance of registered Aboriginal stakeholders. The survey methodology outlined in this report was developed to obtain an extensive understanding of the Indigenous heritage in the Study Area. Any additional sites located during the survey were to be recorded and documented. Any results obtained during the survey were to be included in a report, which also outlined the significance of sites and provided management recommendations for Indigenous cultural heritage within the Study Area.

1.4 Objectives The objective of this study was to undertake an extensive survey of the Study Area to better understand and inform the DP&I about the archaeological and cultural significance of the Study Area and the implications upon the proposed Southern Extension of Calga Sand Quarry.

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Figure 1.2 Project Site Layout

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1.5 Study Team Amanda Atkinson (FPHS), David Marcus (Austral Archaeology) and representatives of the local Aboriginal community including; Tracey Howie (Guringai), Sharon Hodgetts (Darkinjung) and David Prost (Mingaletta) completed the survey. Tabitha Kuypers (RWC) coordinated access to the Study Area in conjunction with Rocla and participated in the various discussions regarding the ongoing access to and management of the sites within the Study Area. Amanda Atkinson managed the assessment and prepared this report. The methodology and archaeological assessment was developed by Amanda Atkinson and David Marcus, while the figures were prepared by RWC. The report was peer reviewed by Mr Rob Corkery, Principal of RWC. The report has undergone extensive review by a panel of archaeologists and their comments have been incorporated into this report, where appropriate. The panel consisted of Annie Ross (University of Queensland), Matt Cupper (Landskape) and John Appleton (ASR). These archaeologists meet requirement 1.6 of the Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigations.

Table 1.2

Study Team Name Position Amanda Atkinson Project Manager/Archaeologist Tabitha Kuypers Environmental Consultant/Coordinator David Marcus Senior Archaeologist/GIS Tracey Howie Indigenous representative Sharon Hodgetts Indigenous representative David Prost Indigenous representative

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1.6 Report Format This report was formatted as closely as possible to the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Code of Practice for Archaeological Investigation of Aboriginal objects in NSW (2010) guidelines for archaeological assessment and is presented as follows. i: Table of Contents, Table of Appendices, Figures, Tables and Photos ii: Executive Summary 1: Introduction 2: Consultation with the Registered Stakeholders 3: The Project 4: Previous Archaeological Assessments 5: Environmental Context 6: Predictive Model 7: The Survey 8: Results 9: Analysis and Discussion 10: Scientific Values and Significance Assessment 11: Impact Assessment 12: Recommendations 13: References 14: Glossary of Terms A: Previous Surveys, Results and Recommendations B: Significance Assessment of the Women’s Site C: Correspondence

1.7 Acknowledgements Information provided by Rocla Materials Pty Ltd, R W Corkery & Co. Pty Ltd, Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council, Guringai Tribal Link, Mingaletta Women’s Group and Dr Anne Ross contributed to the production of this report and is gratefully acknowledged. This report was reviewed by a panel of archaeologists including; Dr Anne Ross (University of Queensland), Matt Cupper (Landskape) and John Appleton (ASR). Their comments and suggestions were highly valued and utilised during the preparation of this report.

1.8 Restricted Information Appendix B contains sensitive information about an engraving of a female anthropomorphic figure. Appendix B should only be viewed by women.

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2 Consultation with the Registered Stakeholders Consultation with Aboriginal people of the central coast area is pertinent to understanding the cultural significance of an area. FPHS aimed to not only fulfil the requirements of the Aboriginal cultural heritage Consultation requirements for proponents 2010 but to include those Aboriginal people from the area who hold a connection to the Study Area. As this assessment is part of an ongoing process, it was determined that the consultation under Appleton (2004:17) had sufficiently identified all interested stakeholders. A summary of Appleton (2009:17) community consultation was as follows.  An advertisement (public notice) was placed in the local press on 19 August 2008, notifying of the proposed extension to the Calga Sand Quarry and the investigations already completed by Darkinjung LALC and ASR.  The advertisement provided any Aboriginal stakeholder with 14 days (later extended to 11 September 2008 – 23 days) to register an interest in the Project and archaeological investigation.  Letters notifying of the above project and proposed archaeological investigations were also sent to:  the then Department of Environment and Climate Change  the Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations; and  Gosford City Council. The following stakeholders have been consulted throughout the supplementary cultural heritage assessment of the Project; Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council, Guringai Link Tribal, Mingaletta Women’s Group and David Prost. The draft report was sent to stakeholders on 14th February 2012 with an invitation to provide their comments on the report. A letter was received from Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council, dated 30th April 2012. The letter provided feedback on this report and additional recommendations. The letter was carefully reviewed and where feasible, the recommendations were incorporated into this report. Specifically recommendations numbered 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11 and 12 have been incorporated into the report. See Appendix C for a full description of the recommendations.

Table 2.1

Aboriginal Stakeholders and their representatives Group Representative Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council Sharon Hodgetts/Suzanne Naden Guringai Link Tribal Tracey Howie Mingaletta Women’s Group Represented in the field by David Prost.

Detailed community consultation and correspondence is contained in Appendix C.

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3 The Project

3.1 The Study Area The c. 82,000m2 of land which was surveyed as part of this study is referred to throughout this report as the ‘Study Area’. This area coincides with the area of the proposed Southern Extension which covers the entire area within Lots 1 and 2, DP805358 which in turn incorporates Extension Stages 4 and 5 of the proposed Southern Extension (see Figure 1.1). The Study Area is located approximately 1km to the northwest of the Calga interchange, at the junction of Peats Ridge Road and the F3 (Newcastle) Freeway. The quarry is located approximately 11km west of Gosford on the central coast of New South Wales. Stages 4 and 5 cover approximately 40ha of land which, if approved for extraction, would also incorporate processing, maintenance and facilities areas, dams and access roads. The proposed Southern Extension is bounded in the north by Rocla’s current Calga Sand Quarry operations, and to the south, east and west by private property with some of the southern boundary shared with Popran National Park. Part of the land to the east adjoins land owned by the owners of the nearby Australia Walkabout Park. Figure 1.1 shows the location of the proposed Southern Extension. Figure 1.2 depicts Stages 4 and 5 and the internal roads as they were presented in the Environmental Assessment

3.2 Glenworth Valley Track Rocla has made provision for a 20m corridor across the southern side of the proposed Southern Extension Project Site to allow an access road to be constructed between Darkinjung Road and the “Glenworth Valley” property to the west of the Project Site. Forward Planning Heritage Solutions was commissioned to undertake a supplementary Aboriginal Heritage Assessment of the Southern Extension Project Site in July 2011, including an investigation into the most appropriate route for the proposed corridor to the western property boundary of the Project Site. As far as practicable, the road corridor has been aligned along existing tracks within Lot 2, DP 805358 to avoid identified Aboriginal heritage sites. In the southwestern corner of the Project Site, the proposed road corridor has been amended to allow a minimum 20m buffer between Aboriginal heritage sites and the proposed road corridor. Provided that all construction activities and their associated impacts (e.g. sediment controls) are contained within the proposed corridor, the identified Aboriginal heritage sites would not be impacted by the proposed access route. The ≥20m buffer is considered a sufficient set back.

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3.3 The Impacts As outlined by Appleton (2009), the following impacts will occur throughout the life of the proposed Southern Extension.  Two new extraction stages, Stages 4 and 5. Stage 4 would be a direct southerly extension of the existing Calga Sand Quarry and Stage 5 would be developed as a separate extraction area. It is proposed that extraction within Stage 5 would only commence following the validation of various predictions relating to noise and air quality levels received at residences to the southeast of Stage 5.  Four proposed sand processing areas. The existing 400 000tpa sand processing plant would be replaced by a 600 000tpa plant within Stage 1. As the northern area of Stage 4 is developed, a second processing plant capable of producing 600 000tpa would be established at a temporary central location within Stage 4. Both processing plants would ultimately be combined or replaced by a single processing plant capable of processing 1Mtpa at a long-term location on the floor of a completed section of Stage 4. No processing is proposed within Stage 5 as all raw sand materials would be transported to the plant(s) in Stage 4.  Access to the Project Site would continue via the existing site entrance (referred to as the northern entrance) and site access road off Peats Ridge Road. During the early stages of extraction within Stage 4, a new site entrance (the “southern entrance”) and access road would be constructed from Peats Ridge Road to create a specific access point and road for activities within Stages 4 and 5. Whilst operations are underway within both Stages 3 and 4, it is proposed to use the southern entrance for incoming vehicles only and the northern entrance for departing vehicles only. Following the completion of activities within Stage 3 and / or the commissioning of the 1Mtpa capacity processing area, the southern entrance would become the sole entrance / exit for vehicles entering and leaving the Southern Extension, with the existing entrance retained for access to Lot 2, DP 229889 only.  The Project Site administration area (including workshops and fuel storage) would initially be retained in its current location before being relocated adjacent to the wash plant on the floor of Stage 1 to accommodate extraction from the southern side of Stage 3. In the long-term, the administration area would be relocated to Stage 4, coinciding with the consolidation of processing operations within the Southern Extension.  The Project Site would be progressively rehabilitated with Stage 4 incorporated into the final landform of the existing Calga Sand Quarry. It is proposed that Stage 5, should it proceed, be rehabilitated to provide long-term nature conservation.

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4 Previous Archaeological Assessments 4.1 Previous Assessments Appleton surveyed the Study Area in 2004, 2005 & 2006 and the assessment report finalised in 2004 and 2009 respectively (Appleton 2004, Appleton 2009). The central coast area has also been subject to a number of preceding rock art studies. Previously, parts of the Study Area have been investigated by Sims (1963a, 1963b, 1965, 1966b), McCarthy (1946; 1954) and Bluff (pers. Comm. Prost & Howie). Although all three were avid explorers of the area, they were not trained in archaeology and therefore, other than location and brief site descriptions, their site recordings do not provide additional information about the cultural or scientific value of the sites (Appleton 2009). Further studies have been carried out in neighbouring properties and the wider local area. McDonald (1997) conducted an archaeological assessment of a proposed quarry site at Calga. She located several rock engravings including a male anthropomorphic figure which is described as a culture hero (McDonald 1997). Effenberger (1993) conducted an investigation of the neighbouring Walkabout Wildlife Park property in 1993. The archaeological investigation located 10 art sites and a rockshelter with a deposit of shell and charcoal. Rock engraving studies are by far the most abundant of all studies for this region.

4.2 Previous Rock Engraving Studies The interpretation of engravings within the Sydney Basin has been dominated by the observations of ethnographers. In particular, R.H. Mathews (1904) who documented ceremonial events practised in the late nineteenth century associated with what he described as the Bora Religion. Mathews (1904) describes Darkinjung and Gandangara ceremonies as involving the construction of bora rings and ground sculptures, the latter usually involving large earthen sculptures of Baiame or Daramulan (both are often referred to as Culture Heroes) (Mathews 1897; 1904; Howitt 1904, 1883 Berndt 1974). McDonald (2008: 26) asserts that there is no suggestion amongst any of these sources that rock engravings of such figures served this same purpose. Ethnographic sources report that Baiame as being the creator and Daramulan is variously referred to as Baiame´s emissary, son, or brother. Daramulan is also represented by the bull-roarer, said to be his voice. (Howitt 1904, Maddock 1984, Mathews 1896-7). The bull- roarer (Maddock 1974, Gennep 1975) makes a noise similar to the bellow of the male Koala. Daramulan was thought to be married to Kurikuta (Berndt 1974:28) (other names Tippakalleum, Mailkin and Bimpoin (Backhouse 1843:556)). Kurikuta is totemically identified as an emu (Higgs 2003). Whilst ethnographic sources are useful, it is inadvisable to place too much emphasis on these interpretations due to the fragmentary nature of the accounts. McCarthy (1946; 1954) based upon ethnographic sources was the first to attribute different engraving styles to depictions of these Culture Heroes within the Sydney Basin. Stylistically these images normally consist of a combination of a person and animal, or sometimes just an animal (McCarthy 1967; 1983; Clegg & Stanbury 1991). ´Baiame´ is a giant man shown in front view, often with a head dress and vertically striped bodies. ´Daramulan´ figures are in 21 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Forward Planning Heritage Solutions

profile, often possess a pointed ¨Emu¨ behind and only one leg or club foot. Representations of Baiame and Daramulan are often accompanied by Emu´s (Daramulan´s totem animal). Culture Heroes are distinguished from ordinary anthropomorphs through their extreme size (median size is 5.5m long) and the degree of interior decoration (McDonald 2008). Most anthropomorphic figures are of life size or slightly smaller. A number of anthropomorphic engravings are known to have interior decoration. This includes a number being construed to be wearing girdles or a pubic apron, decorated with lines, and in one instance wearing a head dress (McCarthy 1946; 1954). Vinnicombe (1980) asserts that it is normally male anthropomorphs that are depicted with a pubic apron which is associated with initiation where bands were supposedly tied around the head and upper arms.

4.3 AHIMS Results A request for an extensive AHIMS search was completed prior to the fieldwork commencing. During the field investigation it was determined a number of the coordinates for sites, on the below list, are incorrect. This error is probably due to the transition between previous and modern mapping techniques. Table 4.1 lists the sites recorded on the AHIMS register and Figure 4.1 displays their locations.

Table 4.1

AHIMS Search Results Page 1 of 2 AHIMS Site Name Easting Northing Context Site Type Number 45-3-0894 Calga Engravings Group 1 334400 6299950 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1423 Calga 334030 6300060 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1415 Calga 334161 6300413 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0115 Popran Creek, Calga 332698 6300385 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved), Grinding Groove 45-3-0123 Calga 334790 6300974 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0124 Calga 333504 6300629 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1776 Calga 333190 6301590 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1778 Calga 333240 6301560 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1784 Calga 333260 6301750 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1717 Calga 334440 6299900 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0896 Calga Group 2, Figure 1 334490 6299800 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1372 Christys Creek 334320 6299890 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1414 Calga 335280 6300230 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0118 Popran Creek, Calga 334135 6301785 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0121 Calga 334792 6300883 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0131 Calga 333982 6300227 Open site Grinding Groove, Art (Pigment or Engraved)

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Table 4.1 (Cont’d)

AHIMS Search Results Page 2 of 2 AHIMS Site Name Easting Northing Context Site Type Number 45-3-0132 Calga 334161 6300413 Open site Grinding Groove, Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0133 Calga 334801 6300426 Open site Grinding Groove 45-3-1783 Calga 333250 6301700 Open site Grinding Groove, Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1806 Cabbage tree creek 333400 6301450 Open site Grinding Groove, Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0895 Calga Shelter 2 334420 6299800 Closed site Shelter with Deposit 45-3-1653 Calga 334950 6300800 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0365 Calga 333503 6301315 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-2195 Calga 334020 6300940 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0111 Calga 333952 6301781 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0122 Calga 334794 6300791 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1772 Calga 333240 6301760 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0893 Calga Shelter 1 334370 6299870 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved), Artefact 45-3-0897 Calga Group 3, Figure 1 334490 6299950 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1780 Calga 333250 6301700 Open site Grinding Groove 45-3-1782 Calga 333260 6301680 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1785 Calga 334550 6299730 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1805 Cabbage tree creek 333500 6301360 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-6-1856 Calga 334340 6299950 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-3310 Restriction applied Closed site 45-3-1777 Calga 333220 6301580 Open site Grinding Groove 45-3-1380 Christy's Creek 334290 6299850 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0119 Calga 334249 6300598 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1794 Calga 334600 6300900 Open site Grinding Groove 45-3-1796 Robinsons 333527 6300620 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1652 Calga 334900 6300800 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1431 Calga, Ca-K-14 334450 6299890 Closed site Shelter with Deposit 45-3-0120 Calga 334792 6300883 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved), Grinding Groove 45-3-0135 Calga 334720 6299875 Open site Grinding Groove, Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1654 Calga; 334940 6300820 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1413 Calga 335300 6300730 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-2196 Calga 333950 6300560 Open site Grinding Groove 45-3-0134 Calga 334627 6299965 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-0961 Calga 334794 6300791 Open site Art (Pigment or Engraved) 45-3-1781 Calga 333260 6301690 Closed site Art (Pigment or Engraved)

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Figure 4.1 AHIMS Recorded Sites

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5 Environmental Context The natural environment of an area influences not only the availability of local resources such as food and raw materials for artefacts, but also determines the likely presence and/or absence of various archaeological site types which may be present within the Study Area. Landforms, soil types and soil depths in combination with the underlying geology have implications for subsurface archaeological deposits. Resource distribution and availability (such as the presence of drinking water, plant and animal foods, raw materials of stone, wood and vegetable fibre used for tool production and maintenance) is strongly influenced by the nature of soils, the composition of vegetation cover and the climatic characteristics of a given area. The location of different site types (such as rock shelters, middens, open camp-sites, axe grinding grooves, engravings etc.) are strongly influenced by factors such as these, along with a range of other associated features which are specific to different land systems and geology. Detailing the environmental context of a study area is an integral procedure that is necessary for modelling potential past Aboriginal land-use practices and/or predicting site distribution patterns within any given landscape. The information that is outlined below is considered to be pertinent to making a predicative statement on the likelihood of site occurrences within the Study Area.

5.1 Geology and Topography The Study Area is located in the Sydney-Bowen Basin which is a major geological landform extending from Queensland in the north, Batemans Bay to the south and Collinsville to the west. Within New South Wales, the basin is divided into north and south basins at Narrabri. The Study Area is located in the Sydney basin which is one of two structural Basins in the south of the Sydney-Bowen Basin (Appleton 2009:18) Hawkesbury sandstone, the Wianamatta and Narrabeen groups, comprising sandstone shale and claystone, are the most common type of rock present in the Sydney and Central Coast regions. Hawkesbury sandstone outcrops throughout the region and there are extensive outcrops in the Study Area (Appleton 2009:18). The soils in the Study Area are reasonably uniform with fine to medium grained sand covering much of the Study Area. Some vegetated areas are covered with a layer of humic soils (Appleton 2009:18). Although chert, quartz and tuff artefacts were located in the Project Site, no rock outcrops suitable for knapping were observed within the Study Area boundary. The main water source in the Study Area is Cabbage Tree Creek, a major and permanent source.

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Figure 5.1

Study Area Topography

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5.2 Hydrology Cabbage Tree Creek, a large and permanent water source has its headwaters within the Study Area. Parts of this creek are extremely difficult to access and water may have been utilised from other sources. Both Creeks A and B within the Southern Extension were flowing during the survey in July 2011, suggesting that they hold fresh water often. Water holes were also located during the survey, some of which were still collecting surface water. In the south-western corner of the Study Area numerous water hole sites were observed, suggesting that they were one of the sources of water for that area (see Figure 5.2).

5.3 Raw Materials for Knapping There is no evidence within the survey area of raw material outcrops of stone suitable for knapping. There were a number of artefacts of differing raw material types located in the Study Area, including banded chert, quartz and tuff. It is therefore believed that the material sources were located outside the Study Area boundary. A mustard colour banded chert was the most common type of raw material used for artefacts found in the Project Site, suggesting that there may be a suitable source of raw material close to the Project Site.

5.4 Previous Land Use 5.4.1 Accounts of Aboriginal Land Use There is limited written evidence of Aboriginal people in the Hawkesbury area from the historic period. Vinnicombe (1980) summarized an account of a visit to Broken Bay and Pittwater by Governor Phillip and party. They described seeing numerous friendly men, women and children. More observations were made in the Sydney area by the First Fleet and other observers (Attenbrow 2002). Threlkeld (1892) also made a few references to people on the Hawkesbury River. It is likely that Aboriginal people identified with clans and bands; bands were groups of people who resided together (Turbet 1989). There appear to have been several Aboriginal groups living in Broken Bay, the Hawkesbury and the Central Coast. The Brisbane Water – Pittwater area may have been occupied by the Garigal (Turbet 1989). When European’s first visited Brisbane Water in 1788 they recognised Aboriginal people whom they had seen in Sydney, and further contact between the two areas was demonstrated by the presence of European goods obtained from Sydney in an Aboriginal camp on Brisbane Water (Vinnicome (1980:).

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Figure 5.2

Study Area Hydrology

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Threlkeld noted that ‘… The natives here are connected in a kind of circle extending to the Hawkesbury River and Port Stevens …’ (Gunson 1974). In 1825 Threlkeld noted that ‘… Messengers were despatched to the various tribes to assemble here at the punishment of a man, who killed another some time since; … the Aborigines from the Hawkesbury have been and delivered up the man for punishment …’ (Gunson 1974). Barrallier also observed that the Awabakal (Lake Macquarie people) traded with the Hawkesbury and Broken Bay tribes (Gunson 1974). These observations indicate that people from the Hawkesbury had social relationships and responsibilities to people in the north. Aboriginal people in the watersheds of Mangrove Creek and Wollombi Brook also made regular annual visits to gatherings in the Lake Macquarie – Tuggerah Lakes area (Attenbrow (1981, citing Bennett 1968).

5.4.2 European Land Use The First Fleet arrived in 1788, and a party visited Broken Bay soon afterwards (Attenbrow 1981). In April 1789, an epidemic thought to have been small-pox, devastated Aboriginal people around the Sydney region and would have spread into Aboriginal communities well beyond the limits of the Sydney settlement. It is estimated that half, or more, of the Aboriginal people died. Due to the nature of the disease, pregnant women and children under five were most susceptible to dying from smallpox, while perhaps half of mature adults may have died (Mear 2008). The loss of so many people, and especially the holders of cultural knowledge, would have been disastrous for the survival of Aboriginal people and their culture. In 1794, a European settlement was established at Windsor, and regular shipping along the Hawkesbury was established. In 1804, a grant of land was made near the mouth of Mangrove Creek, and land was granted in the Gosford area in 1811, and more from 1821. In the 1820s timbergetting increased and European settlement moved inland from the coast and up the Mangrove and Macdonald Valleys. Construction of The Great North Road began in 1826 and the road was established by 1831-32. By the 1840s some 280 people lived in the lower Mangrove Creek region (Attenbrow 1981). These activities by Europeans may have isolated Aboriginal people from their country. Attenbrow (1981) advises that some people could have continued a traditional gathering and hunting lifestyle in the Mangrove Creek – Kulnura area until the 1820s/30s, but probably not for long after this. Annual gatherings by Aboriginal people on the coast continued into the mid-19th Century. The reports made by Threlkeld (1892) indicate that social ties between the Awabakal and Broken Bay people were maintained into the late 1830s. In 1842 John F. Mann saw 60 Aboriginal people, mostly from inland areas and the mountains, at one gathering. The 1848 census showed 47-50 Aboriginal people still lived in the Brisbane Waters area, and a few individuals could still be traced by the late 1880s (Attenbrow 1981, citing Bennett 1968). Howie (2010) records Charlotte Webb born 1823, and Billy Faulkner died 1875, as notable Aboriginal people of the region in the 19th Century. In 1889 an Aboriginal Reserve was established on 150 acres at Sackville on the Hawkesbury River, and a number of Aborigines lived on the reserve (Anon n.d. citing Brook 1994). At least some of the inhabitants may have been Darginyung. In the 1890s about 60 people, including men, women and children, were present, including two elderly initiated men, Joe Gooburra and Charley Clark (Mathews 1896).

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6 Predictive Model 6.1 Predictive Model Background The predictive model is based on information recorded in previous archaeological assessments (Appleton 2004, Appleton 2009) within the region and the environmental context. Generally, the following guidelines can indicate the presence of sites and should be considered when predicting sites in the region.  Access to water; including temporary water sources, springs, ephemeral creeks and lakes as well as large and permanent water sources.  Climatic conditions, landscapes which are well protected from both extremes of the elements.  Access to raw material for the production of stone tools.  Landscape features which provide visual or cultural focus. Pearson (1981 cited in Kelton 1998) also suggests the following factors are important in predicting the location of Aboriginal sites.  Level ground with good drainage.  Elevation above cold air currents and lingering front prone valley systems often with good views of the river flats and water courses.  Adequate fuel supply.

6.2 The Predictive Model Based on the information contained within this report and Appleton (2009), a predictive model was developed prior to the commencement of the survey. It is predicted the following site types may be found within the survey area.  Isolated artefacts may be present on areas of exposure.  Low-moderate density artefact scatters may be present on areas of exposure.  There is potential for rock shelters to exist.  There is potential for engravings to exist on rock platforms.  There is potential for rock shelters with archaeological deposit or potential archaeological deposit to exist.  There is potential for grinding grooves to exist in sandstone creekbeds.  There is the potential for stone arrangements to exist on rock platforms.  There is the potential for culturally modified scar trees.  There would be no stone quarries.

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7 The Survey 7.1 Methodology The objective of this methodology was to collect as much information as possible about the archaeological significance of the Project Site.  The archaeologist(s) and Aboriginal community representative(s) would undertake a pedestrian survey of the area and aim to cover as much of the Study Area as possible.  Where possible, the survey team would use existing tracks to work between when walking the transects.  The survey would be completed in transects across the Study Area with 10metre to 20 metre intervals between personnel dependant on the visibility and landscape.  At least one member of the survey team would carry a hand-held GPS device which would log the tracks of the survey team.  Due to the terrain within the Study Area, it is expected that some areas would not be able to be accessed using the above methods. In this case, the survey team would find the best possible access track to access these areas and complete as much survey as is safe.  An archaeologist would take photos of the landscape during the survey.  If any archaeological sites are located during the survey, the survey team would record;  GPS coordinates of the Project Site  Extensively photograph the site using scales in all photographs  Draw a site plan, when appropriate  Record detailed measurements of the site extent  Record the number of feature/artefacts within the Project Site  Record the attribute of feature/artefacts within the Project Site  Take notes on landform, visibility, exposure, water sources, raw material types, geology and any other noticeable attribute of the site of site context.

7.2 Survey Coverage The recent heritage assessment survey took place between Monday 11 and Friday 15 July 2011. Generally survey conditions were good, with sunny days and moderate temperatures. The visibility was very poor for the entire survey with the ground covered in leaf litter and extremely dense vegetation. Areas of large sandstone outcrop exposure were the most visible and the survey focused on these areas. Although the survey successfully obtained 90-100% coverage of most survey units, the archaeologically visible area was extremely low and usually less than 5%.

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For consistency, the survey units used to identify parts of the Study Area during this survey were developed by John Appleton (Appleton 2009) (see Figure 7.1). Survey unit 4, the Cabbage Tree creek line, was outside of the proposed Stage 4 and Stage 5 extraction areas. It was also extremely difficult and dangerous to access. Although the potential exists for sites in this area, the safety of the survey team took priority and the area was not surveyed.

Table 7.1

Survey coverage Effective Effective Survey Visibility Exposure Coverage Coverage Unit Landform Survey Unit Area % % area (m2) % Unit 1 Northern Ridgeline 13.75ha 2% 10% 1.1ha 8% (plateau-like ridgeline and cliff top) Unit 2 Southern Ridgeline 28.45ha 10% 30% 5.69ha 20% (plateau-like ridgeline) Unit 3 Mid-slopes 39.73ha 2% 5% 1.19ha 3% Unit 4 Lower Creek catchment 15.60ha N/A N/A 0ha 0% area Sheer-sided banks and ledges. Too dangerous to survey.

7.3 Landform Summary Table 7.2

Landforms Area % of area Survey Landform Effectively effectively Number Number of artefacts or Unit Landform Area surveyed surveyed of sites features Unit 1 Northern ridgeline 13.75ha 1.1ha 100% 6 3 water hole sites 1 stone arrangement 2 rockshelters Unit 2 Southern ridgeline 28.45ha 5.69ha 100% 2 2 rock engraving sites Unit 3 Mid-slopes 39.75ha 1.19ha 90% 2 2 artefact scatters Unit 4 Creek catchment 15.60ha 0ha - Too 0% N/A N/A area dangerous to survey N/A = Not Available

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Figure 7.1

Southern Extension Survey Units

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8 Results

8.1 Previous survey results Appleton (2009) surveyed the area in 2005 and 2006 and located five sites during the field investigations. It was an aim of the current survey to relocate each of these sites to confirm the location and assess the condition of the sites. Table 8.1

Overview of previous survey results Site Name Feature(s) Survey Unit Landform #45-3-2195 Engraving – woman and emu Unit 1 Northern ridgeline (#45-3-0119) ‘Calga SA1’ Stone arrangement Unit 1 Northern ridgeline ‘Popran Art 1’ Rock shelter with art and deposit Unit 2 Southern ridgeline #45-3-2196 Grinding Grooves Unit 3 Midslopes #45-3-0132 Grinding Grooves Unit 3 Midslopes

8.1.1 Site #45-3-2195 (also known as #45-3-0119) Site #45-3-2195 is a rock engraving site located on the northern ridgeline. The engraving was originally recorded by Bluff (c. 1965) and relocated by Appleton (2009) in his 2006 survey aimed specifically at relocating the site. The site is an engraving site, referred to as the ‘women’s site’; which contains a female anthropomorphic figure and a bird-like (emu) figure. The site has been relocated and re-recorded multiple times throughout 2010 and 2011. This site is sensitive to the local Aboriginal women, therefore detailed description, photographs and site plans are located in Appendix B, which should only be viewed by women. A buffer zone was created around the site by looking at line of sight. This method aimed to retain the site in its natural context, Figure 9.1 (page 54) shows the proposed boundary of buffer zone around Site#45- 3-2195 and the nearby Calga SA1.

8.1.2 Calga SA1 Calga SA1 is a stone arrangement located approximately 80m southwest of site #45-3-2195. The arrangement was located by Appleton (2009) when attempting to relocate site #45-3-2195. The arrangement is circular and contains 8 variously sized sandstone boulders around a centre stone Appleton (2009). The local Aboriginal people have described a connection between this stone arrangement and site #45-3- 2195, therefore further discussions of this site, photographs and site plans are contain in Appendix B, which should only be viewed by women.

8.1.3 Popran Art 1 Popran Art 1 is a rockshelter in the southwestern corner of the Study Area and it contains pictograph art and archaeological deposit. The shelter was located by Appleton (2009) during his 2005 field investigations. Appleton (2009) describes the rockshelter as approximately 10m wide by 5m deep and 2m

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high at the dripline. He recorded 6 stone artefacts and numerous art motifs, including a stencilled hand and two macropod figures as well as numerous other unidentified lines. The 2011 survey attempted to relocate Popran Art 1 using the coordinates (GDA94 333620 6300460) supplied in Appleton’s 2009 report, however the team was unable to relocate the shelter using these coordinates. The team searched the southwest ridgeline and relocated Popran Art 1 at coordinates 333649 6300554. Popran Art 1 is located outside of the extraction area and is at least 40m from the proposed Glenworth Valley Road.

8.1.4 Site #45-3-2196 Appleton (2009) describes this site as a group of grinding grooves. The site was relocated during the 2011 survey.

8.1.5 Site #45-3-0132 This site is described as a group of grinding grooves and rock engravings. It could not be relocated during Appleton’s surveys and he concludes that the site is a duplicate of site #45-3-2196. Despite an extensive search by the 2011 study team this site could not be relocated.

8.2 July 2011 Survey results The results of the survey revealed a total of 10 new sites, of which nine were previously unrecorded and one was previously recorded (Site 5) but had not been relocated by previous surveys despite numerous attempts. There were also a number of previously recorded sites which were relocated during the survey, including the “women’s site” and Popran art (see Appleton 2009). Table 8.2 provides a summary of the new sites which were located during this assessment.

Table 8.2

Site overview Site Number Feature(s) Survey Unit Landform Site 1 Artefact scatter Unit 3 Mid-slopes Site 2 Water holes Unit 2 Southern ridgeline Site 3 Linear stone arrangement Unit 2 Southern ridgeline Site 4 Water holes Unit 2 Southern ridgeline Site 5 Emu engraving Unit 1 Northern ridgeline Site 6 Fish/Trident engraving Unit 1 Northern ridgeline Site 7 Artefact scatter Unit 3 Mid-slopes Site 8 Water holes Unit 2 Southern ridgeline Site 9 Rockshelter Unit 2 Southern ridgeline Site 10 Rockshelter Unit 2 Southern ridgeline

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Figure 8.1

Recorded Heritage Sites

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8.3 Site Descriptions Table 8.3 to 8.12 provide a summary of each of the newly located sites.

Table 8.3

Site 1: Artefact Scatter Page 1 of 2 GPS Coordinates E: 334532 N:6300607 Site Description Site 1 is a low density artefact scatter located on a sandy plain. The scatter consists of c. 20 chert and 2 quartz flaked pieces and 2 multi-platform chert cores. The site density is estimated at 0.01 artefacts per m2. Site Dimensions Approximately 80m x 30m. The PAD is approximately 80m x 150m and contains the surface scatter. Landform The site is located on a low sandy flood plain adjacent to an ephemeral creek. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance Multiple events have disturbed the site. There is evidence of both human and animal disturbance as well as evidence of soil erosion caused by wash. PAD This site is contained within a moderate potential archaeological deposit. The location of the site conforms to the predictive model for sites. Significance The surface scatter is a low density scatter which is of moderate archaeological significance. The surface scatter itself is low density (0.01 artefacts/m2) and the artefacts do not show any evidence of reworking. Cultural significance cannot be determined by the archaeologists and would be provided by the registered Aboriginal groups after their review of this report. Recommendations It is recommended:  vehicular access should be blocked within 25m of this site;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 1: Site overview facing south-west

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Table 8.3 (Cont’d)

Site 1: Artefact Scatter Page 2 of 2 Photo 2: Chert flake

Photo 3: Human disturbance of the site.

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Table 8.4

Site 2: Water Holes #1 GPS Coordinates E: 333945 N:6300574 Site Description Site 2 consists of 2 waterholes on a sandstone ledge. Water hole #1 is slightly irregular in shape and is c. 100mm x 80mm. Water hole #2 is a round hole and has a diameter of c. 100mm. The depth of both hole is c. 60mm. Site Dimensions The rock platform containing these water holes is c. 3m x 1.5m. Landform The site is located on a sandstone platform. The platform is generally 3m wide and extends for about 100m. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of Cabbage Tree Creek. Disturbance None PAD There is no PAD associated with this site. Significance The water holes are a moderate archaeological significance as they are part of a large site complex in the south-western corner of the extension area. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 4: Water holes.

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Table 8.5

Site 3: Linear stone arrangement GPS Coordinates E: 333914 N:6300558 Site Description Site 3 is a linear stone arrangement approximately 2.8m in length. The arrangement has a total of 7 freestanding stones on a sandstone escarpment. The stones are all of similar size and measure as follows; Stone 1: 500mm x 390mm x 150mm Stone 2: 450mm x 120mm x 130mm Stone 3: 350mm x 220mm x 130mm Stone 4: 300mm x 400mm x 240mm Stone 5: 380mm x 340mm x 100mm Stone 6: 320mm x 230mm x 120mm Stone 7: 200mm x 580mm x 170mm Site Dimensions 2.8m in length x approximately 1m Landform The site is located on a sandstone platform. The platform is generally 3m wide and extends for about 100m. The stone arrangement is located approximately 30m from Site 2 and on the same sandstone platform. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance None PAD There is no PAD associated with this site. Significance Site 3 is of moderate significance and is part of a large site complex in the south- western corner of the extension area. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 5: Stone arrangement, facing north-west.

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Table 8.6

Site 4: Water Holes #2 Page 1 of 2 GPS Coordinates E: 333833 N:6300380 Site Description Site 4 comprises 5 water holes contained on a sandstone ledge. Following rainfall, water flows over the edge of a higher escarpment and into the water holes. Grinding marks are present in the largest hole. There are 5 holes of differing sizes, the deepest hole is c. 150mm deep. Hole 1: 320mm x 230mm Hole 2: 380mm x 310mm Hole 3: 120mm x 120mm Hole 4: 100mm x 110mm Hole 5: 200mm x 150mm Site Dimensions The rock platform containing the water holes is 2.5m x 1.2m Landform The site is located on the lower ledge of a sandstone escarpment which is part of a bluff. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance None PAD There is no PAD associated with this site. Significance The water holes are a moderate significance as they are part of a large site complex in the south-western corner of the extension area. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 6: Water holes

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Table 8.6 (Cont’d) Site 4: Water Holes #2 Page 2 of 2 Photo 7: Surface water flow into water holes.

Table 8.7

Site 5: Emu rock engraving (re-recording AHIMS#) Page 1 of 2 GPS Coordinates E: 334622 N: 6301187 Site Description Rock engraving on a large and flat sandstone platform. The engraving is of 2 ‘emu- like’ figures. The western most figure is complete while only remnants of the other figure still exist. Both engravings are extremely faint and can only be seen in morning light. ‘Emu’ 1: 2.4m length x 2m high. Emu 1 is a pecked engraving with features including wings and legs. ‘Emu’ 2: 1.2m length x 1m high Emu 2 is a pecked engraving, no feature exist. The site is located in an existing power line easement. Site Dimensions 15m x 5m. Landform The site is located on a sandstone platform overlooking a valley. The platform is large and flat. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 1km of the creek. Disturbance The engravings have been subject to continuous weathering and are in poor condition. The engraved lines are generally very faint and in some places have disappeared completely. PAD There is no PAD associated with this site. Significance The site is of high archaeological significance as it is part of a larger site complex which includes other engravings.

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Table 8.7 (Cont’d) Site 5: Emu rock engraving (re-recording AHIMS#) Page 2 of 2 Recommendations It is recommended;  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area and particularly is associated with site 6.. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  Monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan.  Notification should be given to Transgrid to flag this site on their Management system.  Keep the site clear of encroaching vegetation, silt and debris.  Restrict access to the site from unauthorised visitors. Photos Photo 8: Engraving of Emu-like figure #1

Photo 9: Engraving of Emu-like figure #2

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Table 8.8

Site 6: Shield/Kangaroo feet Engraving Site Page 1 of 2 GPS Coordinates E: 334608 N:6301202 Site Description This site comprises of a decorated ‘shield-like’ pecked engraving. The engraving is 1.3m in length and 0.7m high. The figure is decorated with lines running vertically between the outline of the engraving. Approximately 2m from the ‘shield-like’ figure there is a kangaroo feet engraving, c. 300mm long. The site is located in an existing power line easement. Site Dimensions 4m x 5m Landform The site is located on a sandstone platform which is adjacent to site 5. The whole area is covered with sandstone platforms and overlooks a nearby valley. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 1km of the creek. Disturbance Human disturbance caused by ongoing maintenance of the overhead powerlines. PAD There is no PAD associated with this site. Significance The site is of moderate archaeological significance as it is part of a larger site complex which includes other engravings. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area, particularly this site is associated with site 6. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan.  Notification should be given to Transgrid to flag this site on their Management system.  Keep the site clear of encroaching vegetation, silt and debris.  Restrict access to the site from unauthorised visitors. Photos Photo 10: ‘Shield-like’ engraving

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Table 8.8 (Cont’d)

Site 6: Fish/Trident Engraving Site Page 2 of 2 Photo 11: Trident engraving (night recording photograph taken December 2011).

Table 8.9

Site 7: Artefact Scatter #2 Page 1 of 2 GPS Coordinates E: 334311 N:6300988 Site Description A small artefact scatter with a total of five artefacts. The site has an overall surface density of 0.04 artefacts per m2. There is a variety of raw materials including quartz, chert and tuff. One tuff flake exhibits retouch on the distal edge. Site Dimensions 20m x 10m (200m2) Landform The artefact scatter is located on a flat sandy clearing, near a low-lying swamp. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance Area is highly disturbed by drilling activity. PAD The area is highly disturbed and therefore PAD is unlikely to exist. Significance This low density site is of low archaeological significance. Recommendations It is recommended:  salvage all surface artefacts before commencement of extraction operations;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan.

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Table 8.9 (Cont’d)

Site 7: Artefact Scatter #2 Page 2 of 2 Photos Photo 12: Overview of site, facing south-east

Photo 13: Chert flake

Photo 14: Tuff flake with retouch

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Table 8.10

Site 8: Water holes #3 GPS Coordinates E: 334311 N:6300988 Site Description Site 8 is 3 water holes located on a sandstone ledge. The ledge is extremely difficult to access. Site Dimensions 3m x 6m Landform Sandstone ledge. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance None PAD There is no PAD associated with this site. Significance The water holes are of moderate archaeological significance. It is located within a large site complex in the south-western corner of the Project Site. This site complex contains evidence of ongoing occupation. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 15: Water hole site

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Table 8.11

Site 9: Rock shelter with archaeological deposit Page 1 of 2 GPS Coordinates E: 333751 N: 6300407 Site Description Site 9 is a rockshelter with archaeological deposit. The sandstone shelter is 9m long x 2m deep x 2m high at the dripline. It contained one chert flake artefact. The 20m2 deposit in the shelter is over 200mm deep and is a fine and loose sand. Site Dimensions 9m length x 2m deep and 2m high at the dripline. Deposit is c. 20m2 Landform The shelter is located on a hill side on the lower part of a large sandstone bluff. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance None PAD High potential archaeological deposit. Significance The rockshelter is of high archaeological significance. It is located within a large site complex in the south-western corner of the Project Site. This site complex contains evidence of ongoing occupation. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 16: Rockshelter entrance at the western side, facing southwest

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Table 8.11 (Cont’d) Site 9: Rock shelter with archaeological deposit Page 2 of 2 Photo 17: Chert flake discovered in shelter

Photo 18: Shelter deposit

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Table 8.12

Site 10: Rock shelter with potential archaeological deposit GPS Coordinates E: 333743 N: 6300414 Site Description Site 10 is a rockshelter with potential archaeological deposit. The sandstone shelter is 2.5m long x 2m deep x 1m high at the dripline. The 5m2 deposit in the shelter is over 200mm deep and is a fine and loose sand. Site Dimensions 2.5m length x 2m deep and 1m high at the dripline. Deposit is c. 5m2 Landform The shelter is located on a hill side on the lower part of a large sandstone bluff. Nearest water The nearest permanent water source is Cabbage Tree Creek. The site is located source within 500m of the creek. Disturbance None PAD High potential archaeological deposit. Significance The rockshelter is of high archaeological significance. It is located within a large site complex in the south-western corner of the Project Site. This site complex contains evidence of ongoing occupation. Recommendations It is recommended:  the site is part of a larger site complex in the south-western corner of the Study Area. This site should be protected from impact;  each site should be photographed on an annual basis throughout the life of the quarry extension; and  monitoring of the site should be undertaken at 3 yearly intervals after extraction commenced in Stage 5. The specific details of the photography and monitoring should be outlined in the Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Photos Photo 19: Rockshelter entrance, facing southwest.

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9 Analysis and Discussion A total of ten new sites were identified during this supplementary heritage assessment with many of the sites making up a large site complex in the south western corner of the Study Area. The local area, including the Study Area, is extremely rich in archaeological sites which represent both occupation and ceremony (pers. comm. Howie & Prost). The extensive array of rock engraving sites in the area provide an insight into the ceremonial practices of Aboriginal people from the area while the water hole sites, artefact scatters and rock shelters provide evidence of focused occupation. The analysis of site types and landforms has produced interesting results. The survey methodology separated the Study Area into four landforms; the northern ridgeline, the southern ridgeline, the midslopes and the creek catchment area. The southern ridgeline contained the most sites and the most intense area of occupation. The site types located on the southern ridgeline include water hole sites, rock engraving sites, stone arrangement, rockshelters with archaeological deposit, rockshelters with art and archaeological deposit and rockshelters with potential archaeological deposit. When these sites are analysed separately they provide evidence of Aboriginal presence in the area, however, when these sites are analysed as one larger complex of sites and within their environmental context a picture of concentrated occupation of the area is revealed. The longevity of this intense occupation could be determined if datable material was recovered from any of the sites on the southern ridgeline. The environmental context of the southern ridgeline makes it more likely to have been occupied than the northern ridgeline. The southern ridgeline is generally easier to access than the northern ridgeline, which is very steep. The southern ridgeline also contains better shelter prospects than the northern ridgeline. Although the northern ridgeline does contain some rockshelters, the shelters are generally smaller than those along the southern ridgeline and do not have level floor surfaces. The rockshelters on the southern ridgeline are larger and generally easily accessible and have large and level floor surfaces. Site 10, located on the southern ridgeline, has a small entrance which opens into a larger cavern, creating shelter from the elements. The southern ridgeline does not contain as many sites but the sites located on the southern ridgeline are of similar type to those located on the northern ridgeline. The northern ridgeline site types include rock engraving sites and stone arrangement. The motifs depicted in both the southern and northern ridgeline are similar with the most common motif being emus. The midslopes, generally devoid of any engravable surfaces, have a low occurrence of any site types with artefact scatters being the only site type identified. The scatters located on the midslopes were small and of low significance. Site 7 as has been heavily disturbed. The scatters were similar in their densities and raw material types. Both sites had a density of less than 0.05m2 signifying that the densities were very low with less than 5 artefacts per 100m2. The most common raw material type of both scatters was a mustard coloured and banded chert with quartz also being found at both sites. The only raw material type which was found at Site 7 and not at Site 1 was one tuff flake. The tuff flake found at Site 7 also contained evidence of asymmetrical reworking which was not seen on any other artefacts at 51 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Forward Planning Heritage Solutions

either Site 1 or Site 7. Two multiplatform cores were found at Site 1, the cores were both mustard coloured and banded chert similar to the flaked pieces found at Site 1 and Site 7. There was no conjoin. The raw material similarity at Sites 1 and 7 suggests that there was a local source of chert which was used frequently by local Aboriginal people for stone tool manufacture. No sources of raw material were discovered within the Study Area meaning that raw material was sourced from outside the Study Area. Interestingly, stone arrangements were found on both the southern and northern ridgeline, however the characteristics of the stone arrangements were dissimilar. The stone arrangement located on the northern ridgeline was identified by Appleton (2009). The stone arrangement on the northern ridgeline is circular with large spacing between rocks of fairly even sizing. The stone arrangement on the southern ridgeline is linear with minimal spacing between the rocks, and the rocks are regular in sizing. This could suggest that the stone arrangements were not used for similar purposes or were erected at different periods or by Europeans. The catchment landform within the Study Area may contain sites however the topography of this landform made it too dangerous to survey and it is located outside of the proposed extraction boundary. The landform contains sheer cliff faces and steep slopes. The sites identified during this assessment conform to the regional predictive model. Sites are located in proximity to fresh water sources, yet are accessible, and generally sheltered from the elements. The sites identified as part of this cultural heritage assessment confirm the area is rich in cultural heritage with some areas containing extensive evidence of intense occupation. Figure 9.1 shows archaeologically sensitive areas within the extension area as well as the amended Stage boundaries, Glenworth Valley Access Route, internal haul roads, extended Women's Site buffer and Women's Site access road.

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Figure 9.1

Archaeologically Sensitive Areas and Modified Project Components

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10 Scientific Values and Significance Assessment Understanding the significance of a place is important in addressing the management and recommendations. While Aboriginal objects are protected under the National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974), decisions about appropriate management of individual cultural heritage items or sites is determined on the basis of their assessed significance as well as the likely impact of a proposed development. OEH (2010:21) require that a significance assessment must reflect assessment processes as set out in the Burra Charter. The Burra Charter states that “… places that are likely to be of significance are those which help an understanding of the past or enrich the present, and which would be of value to future generations.” Places may have aesthetic, historic, scientific or social significance (ICOMOS 1988:12). Aesthetic value includes aspects of sensory perception. This may consider the form, scale, colour, texture and material of a place, associated with a place and its use. A place may have historic value because it influenced, or was influenced by, an historic figure, event, phase or activity. It may have value as the site of an important event. The scientific or research value of a place would depend on the importance of the data involved, on its rarity, quality or representativeness, and the degree to which a place may contribute substantial new information. Social value embraces the qualities for which a place has become a focus of spiritual, political, national or other cultural sentiment to a majority or minority group. Generally, the significance of places would be higher where evidence of an association or event survives in situ, or where settings are relatively intact. However, some events or associations may be so important that a place retains significance regardless of its subsequent treatments and physical condition (ICOMOS 1988:12).

10.1 Cultural Significance The cultural significance of sites #45-3-2195 and Calga SA1 were assessed by Dr Annie Ross (Ross 2011) as part of an anthropological study. Ross (2011) determined that these sites were of very high archaeological and anthropological significance. Ross (2011) also states that the study area is a cultural landscape of high archaeological and anthropological significance. Ross (2011) did not assess the individual significance of the other sites within the study area which were identified during this supplementary assessment. The Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council (2012) has assessed the area as having high archaeological significance. DLALC has assessed site #45-3-2195, the woman engraving site, as having very high Aboriginal cultural heritage significance (see Appendix C).

10.2 Scientific Significance Scientific significance is based on a number of factors which contribute to the archaeological or scientific value of a site and the contribution it can make to archaeological knowledge.

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Rarity and Representativeness The sites located as part of this supplementary assessment are not rare in either the local or broader context. Many similar sites are located in the local area and throughout Australia. Site 1 and Site 7, both artefact scatters, are common throughout Australia. The raw material type, chert, is also a very common type of raw material used for stone tools in Australia. There is not any rare or uncommon tool types amongst the assemblage, nor is there any knapping events. Engravings are also common, especially on Hawkesbury Sandstone, within the Sydney basin. The engravings found during the survey varied. Fish engravings are common to the local area with 1344 marine type engravings recorded (McDonald 2008:54). Emu engravings are much rarer, with Emu motifs representing only 0.9% of engravings in the Sydney Basin (McDonald 2008:54), making site 5 of high archaeological significance. Sites 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10 make up a larger site complex in the south western corner of the Study Area. This type of site complex which displays intense occupation of an area in such close proximity is rare and uncommon in the local area. The site complex is also representative of intense occupation of the land making this site complex of high archaeological significance in both rarity and representativeness.

Research Potential Research potential exists at Sites 1, 9 and 10. Site 1 is a small artefact scatter located within a larger potential archaeological deposit. Although the artefacts located on the surface of the site are of low significance, the potential subsurface deposit could contain stratigraphic layers containing in situ artefacts. There is also potential for subsurface material which may be datable therefore potentially providing information about the land use by Aboriginal people. It is noted that Site 1 and its PAD is located beyond the area of disturbance proposed by Rocla. Sites 9 and 10 have high research potential, both sites are undisturbed and there is a strong possibility they contain an intact stratigraphic deposit. Site 9 has surface evidence of Aboriginal occupation therefore increasing the likelihood of there being subsurface archaeological deposits. Sites 9 and 10 are also part of a large site complex in the south- western corner of the Study Area, the other sites types being art sites and water hole sites, meaning that this area had a period of intense occupation. Datable material may exist subsurface at sites 9 and 10. There is also the potential for stone artefacts, hearths, bone and organics. Attenbrow’s (2002, 2007) work in the Mangrove catchment demonstrates that rock shelters in this part of the Sydney region have potential to contain late Pleistocene deposits. Sites 5 and 6, are part of the cultural landscape of the Study Area and therefore have moderate research potential. Although, pecked engravings are common to the area and the figures themselves are also well represented, these sites can provide information about the land-use patterns of the Study Area and wider region.

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Educational Potential Sites which show how the land was used by Aboriginal people have educational potential. Sites 1 and 7 provide evidence of stone tool manufacture within the local area. Sites 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10 together show how the land was utilised for occupation. Sites 5 and 6 provide information about the ceremonial use of the land (pers. Comm. Howie & Prost).

Aesthetic Significance The survey located numerous art sites which are of high aesthetic significance. The women’s site in particular (#45-3-2195) is a large engraving which is covered in various adornments, making the engraving particularly pleasing to those who view the site. Sites 5 and 6, as well as Popran Art 1 are also visually pleasing.

10.3 Statement of Significance The sites located during the survey have archaeological significance ranging from low to high. Site 7 is a highly disturbed artefact scatter and is of low archaeological potential. Site 1, an artefact scatter has moderate research potential. Sites 5 and 6, the rock engravings are of moderate archaeological significance. Sites 9 and 10 are of high archaeological significance. Sites 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10 make up a larger site complex, or archaeological cultural landscape, which is of high archaeological significance.

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11 Impact Assessment Nine of the ten sites are located outside of the proposed extraction area meaning these sites would be protected from harm. Only Site 7 would be impacted by sand extraction operations in Stage 4. No further impact associated with the sand extraction operations would occur at Site 1 as vehicular access to the site and its PAD would be prevented. Site 7 and its environmental context would be completely destroyed by the proposed sand extraction operation. The site is located within the Stage 4 Extraction Area, however surface salvage would mitigate the damage to artefacts.

Table 11.1

Impact Assessment Site Number Type of Harm Degree of harm Consequences of harm Site 1 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 2 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 3 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 4 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 5 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 6 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 7 Complete Complete destruction This site and its environmental context would destruction by except for artefacts be completely destroyed by sand extraction extraction collected during operations. A collection of surface materials operations surface salvage. would mitigate the harm to surface artefacts. Site 8 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 9 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm. Site 10 None Nil The site would not be impacted therefore there will be no harm.

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12 Recommendations A total of 10 previously unrecorded sites were identified as part of this assessment. The sites are of high value to the local Aboriginal people and with the exception of one site should not be harmed by the project. The following recommendations have been developed to mitigate harm to the heritage sites. 1. All heritage work undertaken, should be done in consultation with the registered Aboriginal stakeholders. 2. A Cultural Heritage Management Plan should be developed and include the management procedures for Sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 as well as sites #45-3-2195, Calga SA1, Popran Art 1 and #45-3-2196. 3. Sites 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 should not be impacted during extraction operations. 4. Sites #45-3-2195, Calga SA1, Popran Art 1 and #45-3-2196 should not be impacted during extraction operations. 5. Site 1 should be protected as soon as possible to avoid any further impact to the site caused by light vehicle access to the area. 6. Site 7 should be salvaged before the commencement of extraction in Stage 4 and care and control permit obtained. 7. Any artefacts collected from surface salvage programs should be stored in a secure keeping place which would be determined by the registered Aboriginal stakeholder groups. 8. Appropriate arrangements should be made for local Aboriginal people to be able to access any of the Aboriginal heritage sites identified in this report. Those arrangements should be outlined in Cultural Heritage Management Plan for the Study Area. 9. An appropriate training program should be developed for Rocla employees. The training program should include the location of all Aboriginal heritage sites within the study area and should include procedures and protocols for access to the site and working in the vicinity of the sites. 10. Rocla should provide 30 days notice to Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council prior to the commencement of construction work near areas of high archaeological or cultural significance, as outlined in the report. 11. If during the course of excavation, earthmoving and/or construction suspected Aboriginal cultural heritage material is encountered, work should cease immediately in that area, the area should be flagged, then avoided and the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) and Darkinjung LALC should be notified. Work should only recommence after an appropriate and approved management strategy has been agreed between OEH, the Aboriginal stakeholders and Rocla. Each of the above recommendations should be included in the Statement of Commitments for the Southern Extension Project. 58 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Forward Planning Heritage Solutions Aboriginal Heritage Assessment

13 References Anon n.d. Hawkesbury - a brief look at the history of the Hawkesbury. Downloaded 1st Feb 2011 from http://www.westernsydneylibraries.nsw.gov.au/hawkesbury/history.html. Attenbrow, V. 1981 Mangrove Creek Dam salvage excavation project. Report to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Attenbrow, V. 2002 Sydney’s Aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. Appleton, J. 2004. The archaeological investigation for Indigenous sites of cultural significance at the site of proposed extensions to Calga Sand Quarry, Peats Ridge Road, west of Gosford, Central Coast NSW. Unpublished report for R.W. Corkery & Co. Pty Limited on behalf of Rocla Materials Pty Ltd Appleton, J. 2009 Calga Sand Quarry, Southern Extension: Aboriginal Heritage Assessment. Unpublished report for R. W. Corkery & Co. Pty Limited on behalf of Rocla Materials Pty Ltd. Bennett, F.C. (ed) 1968 The story of the Aboriginal people of the Central Coast of NSW. Historical Monograph Berndt, C.H. 1986. Digging sticks and spears: or, a two-sex model. In F. Gale (ed.) Woman’s role in Aboriginal society, pp. 64-84. 3rd edition, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. 1st edition, 1978. Brook, J. 1994 Shut out from the world: the Sackville Reach Aborigines Reserve and Mission 1889-1946. Seven Hills: self published. Capell, A. 1970. Aboriginal languages in the south central coast, NSW: Fresh discoveries. Oceania 41:20-27 Clegg, J & Stanbury, P 1991 A Field Guide to Aboriginal Rock Engravings: with Special Reference to Those Around Sydney. Sydney: Oxford University Press. DECCW 2010 Code of Practice for archaeological investigation of Aboriginal objects in New South Wales. Sydney: Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water. DECCW 2010a Aboriginal Cultural Heritage consultation requirements for proponents, Department of Environment. Climate Change and Water, NSW. DECCW website, 2010, DEWHA 2008 Australian convict sites: strategic management framework. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Flood, J. 1976 Man and ecology in the highlands of southeastern Australia: a case study. In Peterson, N. (ed) 1976. Tribes and Boundaries in Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Social Anthropology Series No. 10.

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Gunson, N. (ed.) 1974. Australian Reminiscences and papers of L.E. Threlkeld: missionary to the Aborigines 1824 - 1859. Volumes I and II. Australian Aboriginal Studies No. 40. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Heritage Office (HO) and Department of Urban Affairs and Planning (DUAP) 1996 Regional histories: regional histories of New South Wales, Sydney. Higgs, S. 2003. Emu Bums and Second Generation Knobs: a taxonomic look at some Sydney region rock engravings. Unpublished BA (Hons) Thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney Hiscock, P. 2008 Archaeology of Ancient Australia. London and New York: Routledge. Howie, T. 2010 Aboriginal cultural heritage management plan. Proposed southern extension, Rocla sand quarry Calga. Report by Guringai Tribal Link Aboriginal Land Council, prepared for R.W. Corkery and Rocla Materials Pty Ltd. Howitt, A.W. 1904. The Native tribes of south-eastern Australia. Macmillan, London. ICOMOS 1988 Guidelines to the Burra Charter: cultural significance, pp.11-13. (In) The Burra Charter: the Australia ICOMOS charter for places of cultural significance. Australia ICOMOS, 1999. Kelton, J. 1998 An archaeological study of the proposed optic fibre cable route between Hillston and Bunda, Western New South Wales. Report to Telstra. AHIMS #97960 Maddock, K. 1974 The Australian Aborigines: a portrait of their society. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd. Marquis-Kyle, P. & Walker, M. 2004 The Illustrated Burra Charter, Australia ICOMOS. Mathews, R.H. 1896c. The rock paintings and carvings of the Australian Aborigines. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland XXV:145-63 Mathews, R.H. 1904. Ethnological notes on the Aboriginal tribes of NSW and Victoria. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW 38:203-381 McCarthy, F.D. 1946. Records of rock engravings of the Sydney District Numbers 21-32. Mankind 3(8):217-225 McCarthy, F.D. 1954a. Records of rock engravings of the Sydney District Numbers 41-55. Mankind 5(1):8-32 McCarthy, F.D. 1961 A remarkable ritual gallery of cave paintings in eastern NSW. Records of the Australian Museum 25(7):115-20. McCarthy, F.D. 1983. Catalogue of rock engravings in the Sydney-Hawkesbury District, N.S.W. 3 Volumes; Edited by E.A. Higgenbotham. NSW NPWS, Sydney. McDonald, J. 1994 Dreamtime Superhighway Sydney Basin Rock Art and Prehistoric Information Exchange. PhD thesis, Australian National University. McDonald, J. 2008 Dreamtime Superhighway Sydney Basin Rock Art and Prehistoric Information Exchange. Terra Australis 27, ANU E-Press. Mear, C. 2008 The origin of the smallpox outbreak in Sydney in 1789. Journal of the Royal 60 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Forward Planning Heritage Solutions Aboriginal Heritage Assessment

Australian Historical Society, June, 2008.

Menzies, I.A. 1974. ‘Sydney-Bowen Basin’. In N.L. Markham & H. Basden (Eds), The Mineral Deposits of New South Wales, pp.453-504, Department of Mines, Sydney R. W. Corkery & Co. Pty Limited 2009 Environmental Assessment for the Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension, November 2009 Sims, I.M. 1966 Rock engravings of the Macdonald River District, NSW. Occasional Papers in Aboriginal Studies No 7. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. Sims, I. 1976 A record of field surveys 1958 – 1973. Part 1: Rock engravings and markings, stone arrangements. From the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. AHIMS #1588. Threlkeld, L.E. 1892. An Australian language as spoken by the Awabakal: the people of Awaba and Lake Macquarie: being an account of language, traditions and customs. Re-arranged, condensed and edited by J Fraser. Government Printer, Sydney. Tindale, N.B. 1974 Aboriginal Tribes of Australia. Berkeley: University of California Press. Turbet, Peter (1989). The Aborigines of the Sydney District Before 1788. Kangaroo Press. Kenthurst Vinnicombe, P. 1980. Prediction and Predilection. A study of Aboriginal sites in the Gosford- Wyong Region. Report to NSW NPWS Wafer, J. and Lissarrague, A. 2008 A handbook of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Nambucca Heads, NSW: Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative.

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14 Glossary of Terms 14.1 Site Types The following is a brief description of the site types that may occur in New South Wales.

Archaeological Deposit Sediments which contain evidence of past Aboriginal land use, and may include artefacts, burials, hearths etc.

Art Sites (Pictograph or Petroglyph) Art sites are determined by the use of pigment (pictograph) or engraving a surface (petroglyph) to create an image. Numerous types of pictograph and petroglyph styles exist in New South Wales. Mostly commonly, pictographs are found in rockshelters or on flat rock wall surfaces. Petroglyphs are generally found on sandstone outcrops or walls.

Artefact Scatters Artefact scatters are defined by the presence of two or more stone artefacts in close association (i.e. within fifty metres of each other). An artefact scatter may consist solely of surface material exposed by erosion, or may contain sub-surface deposit of varying depth. Associated features may include hearths or stone-lined fireplaces, and heat treatment pits. Artefact scatters may represent:  Camp sites: involving short or long-term habitation, manufacture and maintenance of stone or wooden tools, raw material management, tool storage and food preparation and consumption;  Hunting or gathering activities;  Activities spatially separated from camp sites (e.g. tool manufacture or maintenance); or  Transient movement through the landscape. The detection of artefact scatters depends upon conditions of surface visibility, including vegetation cover, ground disturbance and recent sediment deposition. Unfavourable conditions obscure artefact scatters and prevent their detection during surface surveys.

Bora Grounds Bora grounds are a ceremonial site associated with initiations. They are usually comprise two circular depressions in the earth, and may be edged with stone. Bora grounds generally occur on soft sediments in river valleys, although they may also be located on high, rocky ground in association with stone arrangements.

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Burials Human remains were often placed in hollow trees, caves or sand deposits and may have been marked by carved or scarred trees. Burials have been identified eroding out of sand deposits or creek banks, or when disturbed by development. The probability of detecting burials during archaeological fieldwork is extremely low.

Culturally Modified Trees Culturally modified trees include scarred and carved trees. Scarred trees are caused by the removal of bark for use in manufacturing canoes, containers, shields or shelters. Scarred trees are only likely to be present on mature trees remaining from original vegetation. Carved trees are caused by the removal of bark to create a working surface on which engravings are incised. Carved trees were used as markers for ceremonial and symbolic purposes, including burials. Although, carved trees were relatively common in NSW in the early 20th century, vegetation removal has rendered this site type extremely rare.

Fish Traps Fish traps comprised arrangements of stone, branches and/or wickerwork placed in watercourses, estuaries and along coasts to trap or permit the easier capture of sea-life.

Grinding Grooves Grinding grooves are elongated narrow depressions in soft rocks (particularly sedimentary), generally associated with watercourses, that are created by the shaping and sharpening of ground-edge implements. Grinding grooves have been identified in the Study Area.

Isolated Artefacts Isolated finds occur where only one artefact is visible in a survey area. These finds are not found in associated with evidence for prehistoric activity or occupation. Isolated finds occur anywhere and may represent loss, deliberate discard or abandonment of an artefact, or may be the remains of a dispersed artefact scatter. Numerous isolated finds have been recorded within the Study Area.

Knapping Event/Floor A knapping floor is a site where stone tool making occurred. To be confirmed a knapping floor artefacts must present evidence of raw material similarity, spatial clustering. Some knapping events have conjoining artefacts.

Shell Middens Shell middens comprise deposits of shell remaining from consumption and are common in coastal regions and along watercourses. Middens vary in size, preservation and content, although they often contain artefacts made from stone, bone or shell, charcoal, and the remains of terrestrial or aquatic fauna that formed an additional component of Aboriginal diet. Middens can provide significant information on land-use patterns, diet, chronology of occupation and environmental conditions. 63 Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Aboriginal Heritage Assessment Forward Planning Heritage Solutions

Mythological/Traditional Sites Mythological and traditional sites of significance to Aboriginal people, may occur in any location, although they are often associated with natural landscape features. They include sites associated with dreaming stories, massacre sites, traditional camp sites and contact sites. Consultation with the local Aboriginal community is essential for identifying these sites.

Rock Shelters with Art and/or Occupation Deposit Rock shelters occur where geological formations suitable for habitation or use are present, such as rock overhangs, shelters or caves. Rock shelter sites generally contain artefacts, food remains and/or rock art and may include sites with areas of potential archaeological deposit, where evidence of rock-art or human occupation is expected but not visible. The geological composition of the Study Area greatly increases the likelihood for rock shelters to occur.

Stone Arrangements Stone arrangements include lines, circles, mounds, or other patterns of stone arranged by Aboriginal people. These may be associated with bora grounds, ceremonial sites, mythological or sacred sites. Stone arrangements are more likely to occur on hill tops and ridge crests that contain stone outcrops or surface stone, where impact from recent land use practices has been minimal.

Stone Quarries A stone quarry is a place at which stone resource exploitation has occurred. Quarry sites are only located where the exposed stone material is suitable for use either for ceremonial purposes (e.g. ochre) or for artefact manufacture.

64 APPENDIX A

Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Previous Surveys, Results and Recommendations

April 2012

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Background

ASR (2009) had surveyed the study area twice prior to the survey undertaken as part of the supplementary assessment. These surveys were inhibited by short timeframes and dense vegetation, which may have prohibited ASR from locating all of the sites discovered during the supplementary assessment survey.

Table A.1 Previous Surveys of the study area. Archaeologist Date Aboriginal Groups Present John Appleton (ASR) December 2005 Darkinjung LALC John Appleton (ASR), Warren Bluff October 2006 -

December 2005 Survey Summary ASR (2009) was advised that dense vegetation may restrict the areas which could be surveyed as part of their 2005 Aboriginal Heritage survey. It was decided that due to this dense vegetation, the survey would be focused on investigating the environment above the 150m AHD contour line. ASR (2009) concluded that the vegetation was so dense, in parts, above the 150m AHD contour line that only a sample survey could be completed.

Table A.2 Results of December 2005 Survey Site Type Location Description Rockshelter with art and PAD GDA94: 333620 6300460 A rockshelter containing pictograph art on the ceiling and walls and numerous artefacts on the floor. Grinding Grooves (Previously Grinding grooved located in recorded site #45-3-2196 a creek bed.

October 2006 Survey Summary

The purpose of the 2006 survey was to relocate a site (AHIMS #45-3-2195) listed on the AHIMS register which had not been relocated during the December 2005 survey. ASR was aided by Warren Bluff, who recorded the site in 1993, in an attempt to relocate the site. The site was relocated by Bluff and ASR, who also recorded an associated stone arrangement during the survey. As with the December 2005 survey, the October 2006 survey was severly inhibited by the dense vegetation.

A-3 Table A.3 Results of October 2006 Survey Site Type Location Description Art Site (#45-3-2195) GDA94: 334135 6301144 Engraving of a women and Emu (See Appendix B). Stone Arrangement GDA94: 334078 6301082 Stone arrangement associated with engraving site number #43-5-2195.

ASR Recommendations

ASR (2009) recommended, in conjunction with the Darkinjung LALC, that further investigation on the entire site was required. ASR suggest burning the site to attempt the remove much of the vegetation and create better ground visibility. This recommendation is not supported by any party. In the 2009 report, ASR recommends; • The three culturally sensitive locations, the engraving site and stone arrangement (Site #45-3-2195 [also identified as Site #45-3-0119] and Calga SA1), the grinding groove site in the creek-line (Site #45-3-2196), and the art site (Popran Art1), should be fenced off with permanent fences at a distance of no less than 20m from the outer edge of each site (the archaeologist should be present in locating the appropriate fence-lines). The fences should be removed when the Project Site is rehabilitated upon completion of quarrying operations.

• As a further measure to protect the sites, all Project personnel should be briefed on the site locations, the measures they should take to avoid impacting upon them, and the penalties that they might be subject to if they disturb or alter the sites in any way, under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (as amended).

• Amended Site Recording Forms for each of the ten sites investigated should be lodged with the Sites Registrar.

• The Quarry Manager should give Darkinjung LALC prior notice of any future clearing or earthmoving activities within the Project Site.

Darkinjung LALC Recommendations In 2008 and in response to the ASR report, Darkinjung LALC made the following recommendations;

• That further investigation be carried out to relocate the registered sites and other new sites which may not have been relocated in 8th and 9th December 2005.

• The sites which exist in the extraction area have a 20m buffer zone placed around each site. • The project staff be educated about how to identify Aboriginal heritage sites.

A-4 • That the Darkinjung LALC be informed of any new sites or materials located within the project area.

Other on-site Meetings

In an attempt to better understand the needs of the community and to negotiate the recommendations a number of on-site meeting have been held and included representatives of the Aboriginal community, archaeologists and the company and its representatives.

Table A.4 Summary of other on-site meetings. Date Representatives Reasons 22nd June 2010 Rocla, RWC, Kayandel Discuss proposed project, Archaeological Services (KAS), heritage issues and visited Guringai Tribal Link, Mingaletta known Aboriginal sites. and Darkinjung LALC 2th August 2010 Mingaletta Group Site inspection allowed Mingaletta women who had not previously visited the site to do so. The meeting also discussed the project and the women’s personal views about the development and the site. 27th January 2011 Mingaletta group The meeting discussed the conservation of the ‘Women’s Site’. 3rd March 2011 DoP and DECCW The meeting discussed the concerns of the women in regards to the women’s site. 11th March 2011 FPHS, RWC, Darkinjung, A site visit was conducted Guringai, Rocla. on where an archival recording of the engraving site took place.

Darkinjung LALC Recommendations

Darkinjung LALC was invited to provide a response to the site visit conducted in 22nd June 2010. A summary of their recommendations as follows;

• Do not agree to the proposed extension of the Calga sand quarry.

• No disturbance to Aboriginal sites, #45-3-1423, #45-3-0132, #45-3-2195.

• All sight lines, the cultural landscape including vegetation, around and between sites associated with the Women’s site are to be retained.

A-5 • The site lines between #44-3-0119 and #45-3-2195 and sites to the south-west of the site, overlooking Glenworth Valley also to be retained.

• Retain site lines to significant sites neighbouring the quarry and the Womens site.

• The contexts of sites (cultural landscapes) should be retained including associated landscape and vegetation.

• Consider that there may be undiscovered sites still located within the proposed extension area and further investigation is required.

• Recommend further research into the effects of quarrying and cutting of sand stone close to rock art sites.

• Recommend further investigation into the Aboriginal sites located within at least 2 kilometres of the Calga sand quarry site.

• Recommend a Cultural Heritage Management Plan be developed in consultation with the DLALC.

• Consider further research into the significant Aboriginal tracks and paths and their connection to associated sacred sites, in the Calga and Peats Ridge region including Peats Ridge Road.

• Recommend that development employees, contractors and personnel should receive basic training in the recognition of Aboriginal archaeological material.

• If archaeological material is found the area should be avoided by construction, equipment and development personnel and the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW) and Darkinjung LALC are notified.

• Monitoring and inspection of high potential areas for Aboriginal archaeology by a suitably qualified person during site preparation, vegetation clearing and earth works.

Guringai Recommendations

Guringai Tribal Link was invited to provide a response to the site visit conducted in 22nd June 2010. A summary of their recommendations as follows;

• GTLAC recommends that no further development or mining occur within this area.

• That burning is not used to clear the vegetation within the study area.

• The site lines and cultural landscapes should be investigated further.

A-6 • An appropriate ACHMP be developed in consultation with GTLAC, DLALC, DECCW, Mingaletta Aboriginal Corporation and Miring Women’s Group.

Mingaletta Recommendations

Mingaletta Aboriginal Women’s Group was invited to provide a response to the site visit conducted in 22nd June 2010. A summary of their recommendations as follows; • The women, having rediscovered this site, are committed to visiting the site regularly because of its importance in the Dreamtime and Women’s Business and the education of women today and in the future.

• Total or partial islandising of the site is completely unacceptable because it will destabilise the site, expose it unnaturally to the elements, expose it to constant vibration from mine machinery and vehicles (digging, ripping, crushing, rock washing, transport, etc.), and remove the bush and animals that currently guard and protect the site.

• Even if the site survives the 30 years of activity and the surrounding quarried area is ‘rehabilitated’, rehabilitation (except where the quarry is turned into a dumping area), leaves the crater in perpetuity as the crater level is only raised by about 5 meters in the rehabilitation process.

• A larger buffer zone of, say, 100 meters as suggested by Fletcher NZ (or even twice this distance), still results in the problems described in the first point of this section.

• The women feel that the authorities and/or Fletcher NZ are employing bullying tactics in the veiled threat that if a buffer zone is not proposed, the women will lose all access to the site.

• The women believe that a buffer zone big enough to safeguard the site and the story lines and the land and animals integral to the site would have to be kilometres wide, not hundreds of meters wide.

The report then explains that if the mine is to go ahead, the group would like to see the following recommendations implemented;

• The land, the plants and the animals on and around the site must not be interfered with as they have a role to play in protecting the site.

• The peace and serenity and seclusion of the site must be maintained to preserve and respect its spiritual place in Women’s Business.

• The site must not be islandised, preserving the bush and land formations around the site.

• Fletcher NZ must provide guarantees that this Women’s Site will not be further desecrated as has already occurred under Fletcher NZ’s guardianship to the Sacred Stone Formation.

• Fletcher NZ must be held to account and required to make restitution for the desecration that has already occurred under Fletcher NZ’s guardianship to the Sacred Stone Formation (this should happen in any event, whether or not the mine

A-7 proceeds).

• A buffer zone of present natural bush must be preserved with at least a 2 km radius extending out from the site in all directions (accepting that this has already been impinged by Fletcher NZ’s existing mining operation).

• The approaches to this Women’s Site and the areas connecting it to the Daramulan/Emu site and the Birthing Cave on Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park and Glenworth Valley must be preserved so that the women can move freely through the natural bushland between these sites escorted and supported by the animals that inhabit this bushland.

A-8 APPENDIX B

Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Engraving and Stone Arrangement Site Statement of Significance

April 2012

Women’s Eyes Only

An electronic copy of this document has been separately provided to the Department of Planning and Infrastructure

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APPENDIX C

Calga Sand Quarry Southern Extension Consultation and Correspondence Log

July 2012

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Consultation Log Page 1 of 2 Aboriginal Stakeholder Consultation Timeline Date Type People Involved Description 30 April 2012 Report Darkinjung LALC A letter dated 30 April 2012 Feedback responded to the draft report. Recommendations were incorporated into the Final Report. 4 April 2012 Final Report Amanda Atkinson Final Report and Appendices submitted to R. W Corkery & Co Pty Ltd. 14 March – 3 April 2012 Feedback Mingaletta Womens Group, Multiple emails and phone requested Darkinjung LALC, Guringai calls to each group requesting TLAC their feedback and comments on the draft report. 14 February 2012 Draft report Darkinjung LALC, Guringai Report sent to groups released to TLAC, Mingaletta womens requesting comment, stakeholders group Darkinjung & Guringai were emailed the report. Report posted to Mingaletta, as no email address was provided. 21 December 2011 Final Annie Ross Final Anthropological Anthropological assessment report received. report received 10 – 11 December 2011 Site Visit Amanda Atkinson, Annie Night recording of the Ross, David Marcus, Tabitha women’s site. Kuypers, Sharon Hodgetts, Tracey Howie November 2011 Report Review Annie Ross, John Appleton, Draft report reviewed by panel Matt Cupper of archaeologists. 11 to14 July 2011 Site Visit Amanda Atkinson, Tracey Survey Site. Howie, Tabitha Kuypers, David Marcus, Sharon Hodgetts. 30 May 2011 Meeting Kylie Seretis, Kerry Meeting at DP&I. Chikarovski, Tabitha Kuypers, Amanda Atkinson (via phone). 11 March 2011 Site Visit Amanda Atkinson, Tabitha Formally record Women’s Site. Kuypers, Tracey Howie, Sharon Hodgetts, Margarit (Rocla). 3 March 2011 Meeting Kylie Seretis, Christine Meeting with stakeholders at Hanson, Kerry Chikarovski, Mingaletta Hall. Amanda Atkinson, Tabitha Kuypers, Mingaletta Womens Group / Coastal Womens Group Meeting Amanda Atkinson, Tabitha Informal discussion with Kuypers. women at Mingaletta Hall.

C-3 Page 2 of 2 Aboriginal Stakeholder Consultation Timeline Date Type People Involved Description 20 January 2011 Site Visit Kylie Seretis, Christine DoP site visit. Inspection of Hanson, Kerry Chikarovski, Women’s Site. Anita Selwyn, Barbra Grew, Amanda Atkinson, Tabitha Kuypers, (Kane Winwood, John Gardiner, Pat McCue, Alex Echt, Paul Slough). 17 December 2010 Press Barbra Grew. Front page article - Express Advocate. 16 December 2010 Phone Discussions commence with discussions newly appointed “Women’s Only” departmental contacts, Kylie and Christine. 17 December 2010 Amanda Atkinson leaves Kayandel and registers FPHS. 18 November 2010 Site Visit Kerry Chikarovski, Amanda Mark ‘line of site’ buffer zone Atkinson, Tabitha Kuypers, John Appleton, Alex Echt, Pat McCue, Paul Slough. 5 November 2010 Meeting Rocla, Amanda Atkinson, Discuss ‘Response to Rob Corkery, Tabitha Submission’ document.’ John Kuypers, John Appleton. Appleton assigned some responses, Amanda Atkinson to respond to issues relating to Women’s Site. 15 October 2010 Darkinjung LALC Submission from Darkinjung Received. 8 October 2010 Mingaletta Women’s Group Submission report from Mingaletta received. 20 August 2010 Clare Anderson leaves Kayandel, Project reassigned to Amanda Atkinson. 10 August 2010 Guringai TLAC Guringai submission Report 22 June 2010 Site Visit Aboriginal Stakeholders, Opportunity for Aboriginal Clare Anderson (Kayandel), Stakeholders to view the John Appleton, Tabitha Women’s Site and submit Kuypers, Rocla. additional submissions. 15 March 2010 Mingaletta Womens Group Mingaletta Submission 17 February 2010 Guringai TLAC Initial Guringai submission 10 February 2010 Darkinjung LALC Submission Received. November 2009 Environmental Assessment on exhibition. Fieldwork was Archaeological Surveys & An archaeological undertaken in December Reports Pty Ltd investigation of the Project 2005 and October 2006. Site with the assistance of a The Aboriginal Heritage representative from Darkinjung Assessment for the LALC. To identify any proposed Southern Aboriginal sites and relics that Extension was might be present that may completed in July 2009. constrain sand extraction on the Project Site.

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