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Journal of Medicinally Active

Volume 5 Issue 2 Vol 5 Issues 1-4

October 2017

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants from : A Review

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Recommended Citation Egamberdieva, Dilfuza; Nazim Mamedov; Elisa Ovidi; Antonio Tiezzi; and Lyle Craker. 2016. " and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants from Uzbekistan: A Review." Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 5, (2):59-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/R5571969 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol5/iss2/9

This Review is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Medicinally Active Plants by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Egamberdieva et al.: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants from Uzbekistan: A Review

Dilfuza Egamberdieva1,2*, Nazim Mamedov3, Elisa Ovidi4, Antonio Tiezzi4, Lyle Craker3

1Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan, , Uzbekistan. 2Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany. 3Medicinal Plants Program, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, U.S.A. 4Tuscia University, Department for the in Biological, Agro-food and Forestal systems, Laboratory of Plant Cytology and Biotechnology, Largo dell’Università, blocco D, 01100 Viterbo,, Italy.

*Corresponding author: Difuza Egamberdieva, Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Date received: September 24, 2015

Keywords: Biological activity, medicinal plants, , secondary metabolites, Uzbekistan.

ABSTRACT medicinal activity of indigenous plant species in Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically Uzbekistan. active compounds with therapeutic properties that over time have been discovered and used by diverse INTRODUCTION groups of people for treatment of various ailments. The idea that plants are a reservoir of biologically In this regard, Uzbekistan has an excellent historic active compounds with therapeutic properties has been research base of with about 70% of well established, and since ancient time they have been Uzbek households using medicinal plants to meet used worldwide for the treatment of various ailments, their health needs for several centuries. The flora of including asthma, gastro-intestinal problems, skin Uzbekistan includes more than 4500 species of disorders, respiratory and urinary complications, and vascular plants and over 600 of these plants are used hepatic and cardiovascular disease (Cousins and in traditional or conventional medicines, significantly Huffman, 2002; Tian et al., 2014). The interest on surpassing other areas by the absolute number of demand for more plant derived , which sometimes endemics and the percentage of endemism. The are considered as safe when compared to synthetic drugs, plants are a reservoir of secondary metabolites, is increasing rapidly. suitable for use in pharmacological studies with a The medicinal value of these plants lies in chemical high possibility of observing biologically active substances that produce a positive physiological action on constituents. The present review provides an up-to- the human body (Edeoga et al., 2005), and since plants date a report on the and synthesize an extremely diverse range of chemical pharmacological activity of the medicinal plants compounds, they represent a great potential for the widely used in Uzbekistan. As a country, Uzbekistan discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals appears to be a source of novel herbal drugs that have (McChesney et al., 2007). not yet been fully evaluated. We trust the present While numerous studies have validated the report will be useful for further investigations on the traditional use of medicinal plants by investigating the

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phytochemicals present in active (Van-Wyk and P. tschimganica, and maximowiczii contain Wink, 2005; Palombo, 2006), many plants have not previously unknown antioxidants. Some of these yet been scientifically studied to provide reports on their antioxidants seem to have a unique mechanism of action. phytochemical constituents and their potential medicinal Several pharmacological activities of medicinal plants applications. and their constituents, such as antimicrobial Traditional of Central is not widely (Mamadalieva et al., 2008), anti-inflammatory, and known, and only in recent times has the scientific antioxidative (Mulaudzi et al., 2013), cytotoxic community focused attention on these plants and the (Manosroi et al., 2014), along with anabolic activity and medicinal uses developed in Uzbekistan. Until now, few cholagogic action (Abdukadirov et al., 2004).have been sources of information are available in the literature reported. (Mamedov et al., 2004; Sezik et al., 2004; Egamberdieva The purpose of this report is to summarize to date et al., 2013; Mamedov and Craker, 2001), and the scientific studies on the phytochemical and pharma- sources of information in the literature make evident that cological properties of plants native to Uzbekistan that new additional investigations and new scientific reports may have significant medicinal attributes (Table 1). are necessary. The flora of Uzbekistan includes more than 4500 Phytochemical Profile species of vascular plants of which 9% are considered The pharmacological benefits of medicinally endemic. Over 600 of these plants have traditionally important plants are primarily due to bioactive phyto- been used with many continuing to be used in traditional chemicals produced in the plant tissues as primary and and conventional medicine for treatment of medical secondary metabolites. These constituents have been problems (Mamedov et al., 2004; Aripov, 1995a; identified as , (Varsha et al., 2013), gylcosides National Biodiversity Strategy Committee 1998). (Firn, 2010), flavonoids (Varsha et al., 2013), phenolics The diverse of the flora native to (Puupponen-Pimiä et al., 2001), saponins (Vashist and Uzbekistan has left many plants relatively unstudied that Sharma, 2013), (Varsha et al., 2013), and may well contain compounds with potential usefulness essential oils (Martinez et al., 2008), steroids (Madziga in new pharmaceuticals. The traditional use of et al., 2010). medicinal plants in Uzbekistan is widespread and over Early studies on native Uzbekistan plants detected 70% of Uzbek households have used medicinal plants for anthocyanins and coumarins (Pulatova, 1969) and centuries, coming from a variety of plant families and essential oils (Nuriddinov et al., 1997) in Perovskia suggesting that pharmacological studies would have a scrophularifolia Bunge (Lamiaceae). Several alkaloids, high probability of detecting active compounds. The iridoids, and secoiridoid , and flavonoid majority of these plants, however, grow under harsh glycosides of Gentiana olivieri (Gentianaceae) have environmental conditions that limited access to plant been reported (Rakhmatullaev et al., 1969; Ersöz et al., material. 1991). Another native plant from Uzbekistan, Investigative studies have demonstrated that Helichrysum sp. (Asteraceae), contains flavonoids, many of the endemic plants of Uzbekistan contain phloroglucinol derivatives, and diterpenes (Suzgec et al., flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolic 2005). Su et al. (2000) identified several novel compounds, coumarins, and ecdysteroids that compounds from the of Ferula pallida (Apiaceae), could be potential sources for several effective drugs a native plant of Uzbekistan that contains sesquiter- (Tulyaganov and Kozimova, 2005; Gapparov et al., penes, phenylpropanoid derivatives, pallidones, and 2007; Mamadalieva et al., 2011; Gapparov and sesquiterpene chromone derivatives. The aerial part of Aripova, 2011; Siddikov et al., 2011; Yuldasheva et Crambe kotschyana Boiss. (Brassicaceae), an endemic al., 2014). For example, Kogure et al. (2004) reported plant in Uzbekistan, has been reported to contain that plant species such as Ferula pallida, F. coumarins, vitamin C, and β-carotene (Nikonov et al., penninervis, Inula macrophylla, Prangos pabularia, 1965).

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Alkaloids (Zygophyllaceae), namely schoberine, nitraraine, Alkaloids, a class of nitrogen-containing organic nitraramine, dehydroschoberine, sibiridine, vasicinone, compounds, are widely distributed in nature with more peganol along with others. Convolvulus subhirsutus than 18,000 alkaloids having been discovered. These (Convolvulaceae) contains the alkaloids convolvine, compounds have a lot of structural diversity and, in some convolamine, convolidine, phyllalbine, phyllalbine N- instances, having the presence of one or more nitrogen oxide, nortropine, and conpropine (Gapparov et al., atoms seems to be the only common feature among 2007). Another plant, Convolvulus pseudocanthabrica molecules of different chemical structures and of different Schrenk, contains convolvine, convolamine, con- sources. Alkaloids can be of microbial, plant and animal volvidine, convolicine, phyllalbine, convolidine, and origin (Cushnie et al., 2014). convoline (Gapparov and Aripova, 2011). Alkaloids are mainly present in higher plants, All of the above ground and below ground parts especially in dicots, whereas only a few have been of Arundo donax L. (Poaceae), a native Uzbekistan noted in lower plants. The alkaloids can occur in the plant, contains alkaloids, such as deoxyvasicinone, whole plant or be limited to specific plant organs. arundine, ardine, donaxarine, donaxanine, donax- Although the function(s) for some alkaloids still aridine, donine, arundinine, arundamine, arundacine, remain unclear, alkaloids can play fundamental roles arundarine, arundavine, arundafine, and bufotenine in plants as deterrents for , protection from (Khuzhaev, 2004). Okhunov et al. (2011) observed pathogens, and inhibitions of competitors (Cushnie et that the aerial part of Crambe kotschyana Boiss. al., 2014). (Cruciferae), endemic for Uzbekistan, contains the Plant alkaloids have been investigated and used alkaloids goitrin and goitridin, whereas the aerial parts of in in different regions of various Delphinium corymbosum Rgl. (Ranunculaceae) contain countries with possible health improvement being the diterpenoid alkaloids, such as corumdizine, main focus of the research in and corumdizinine, cordizine and delcorinine (Salimov, pharmaceutical applications. Earlier studies on 320 2004). plant species of Uzbekistan (belonging to 33 families) Akhmedzhanova et al. (2010) identified were investigated for increasing an understanding on alkaloids from the aerial part of Haplophyllum their contents (Aripov, 1995) and more than leptomerum Lincz. et Vved. (Rutaceae), indigenous to 540 new compounds associated with quinoline, iso- Uzbekistan, and reported several alkaloids, providing quinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine, amaryllis, steroid, also quantitative data, such as skimmianine, γ-fagarine, quinazolone, sulfur-containing, pyrrolidine, diterpenes N-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-one, lepto-merine, acutine, have been identified from 292 species (Aripov, 1995). 2-heptylquinolin-4-one and dictamnine. Ungernia victoris Vved (), a widespread endemic plant on the Gissar and Alay Lipids ranges across the Fergana Valley south of western Lipids, a broad class of organic compounds that Tien Shan. Several alkaloids have been detected in the includes fats, phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols, and bulbs of the plant (Yunusov and are widely distributed in bacteria, plants, and animals. Abduazimov, 1960; Berkov, 2009). Malikova and Many of these lipids are suitable for use in and Rakhmanberdyeva (2013) have isolated and identi- pharmaceuticals (Ramadan et al., 2009). Recently, fied galacturonic anhydride from the plant leaves. pharmaceutical uses of lipids have been hypothesized The tulip , Liriodendron tulipifera L. as new therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer (Magnoliaceae), contains the aporphine alkaloids (Zhang et al., 2012). liriodenine, lysicamine, O-methylmoschatoline, Scutellaria ramosissimais is an endemic plant lanuginosine and the alkaloid proaporphine (N- that contains glycolipids, neutral lipids, and phospholipids methylcrotsparine, remerine) (Ziyaev et al., 1987). with palmitic and linoleic acids dominating the Tulyaganov and Kozimova (2005) have isolated and phospholipids (Yuldasheva et al., 2014). Mirzaeva et identified many alkaloids from Nitraria schoberi L. al. (2011) studied lipid composition on Silybum

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marianum (Asteraceae) and identified parafinic, lipophilic nature of essential oils enables the oil to olefinic, and isoprenoid hydrocarbons along with fatty cross the cell membrane and reach the cytoplasm acid esters and triterpenols, sterols, triacylgly-cerins, (Gautam et al., 2014), thus interacting with organelles chlorophylls, pheophytins, triterpene acids, and and cytoplasmic compounds to play an active pheophytins. The qualitative compositions of the biological role. Many medicinal plants contain useful nudiflora and A. armeniaca () essential oils and have been widely used in traditional lipids contained hydrocarbons and esters of sterols and medicine for respiratory tract infections (Gautam et al., triterpenes, triacylglycerines, free fatty acids, 2014), for anticancer treatment (Russo et al., 2013), for triterpenols, diacylglycerines, sterols, plus some anti-inflammatory activity (Ramos et al., 2013) for unidentified components (Sagdullaev et al., 2001). antimicrobial properties (Nikolić et al., 2014) 2013), Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Cesalpinaceae) con- for antioxidant activity (Abdelhady and Aly, 2012), tains neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids and -like activity (Chandrashekar and (Rakhmanberdyeva, et al. 2002), whereas Solenanthus Prasanna, 2010). turkestanicus (Regel and Smirn.) and Onosma irrigans Hypericum scabrum and H. perforatum Popov. (Boraginaceae) contain neutral lipids, (Hypericaceae) are native plants of Uzbekistan that glycolipids, and phospholipids (Yuldasheva et al., have been reported to contain about 0.2% 2013). The fatty-acid compositions in all lipid groups (Baser et al., 2002a), consisting of β-caryophyllene, included the presence of γ-linolenic and stearidonic caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and α-pinene, lipid. whereas H. scabrum contains α-pinene, spathulenol, p- The phospholipid composition of Crataegus cymene, acetophenone, and carvacrol. In later studies, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phos- Baser et al. (2002b) investigated the essential oil of phatidic acid, phosphafidylethanol-amin (Gazizov et Arischrada korolkowiithat Regel et Schmalh. Pobed. al., 1995). Bakker et al. (2003) studied lipid com- (Lamiaceae), a plant that grows in Uzbekistan. The oil ponents of Crambe kotschyana Boiss. (Cruciferae) and analysis characterized 88 constituents, representing reported the presence of hydrocarbons along with 98% of the essential oil. Major oil components were waxy ethers, triterpenol, and sterol fatty-acid esters, 1,8-cineole, camphor, β-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, acetates of cyclic alcohols, triacylglycerols, iso- caryophyllene oxide, and borneol. prenes, triterpenes, and sterols. Capparis spinosa L. Dzhumaev et al. (1990) isolated and identified (Capparidaceae) contained glycolipids (mono- essential oil from leaves of Hyssopus seravschanicus galactosyldiacylglyerides, digalactosyldiacylglycerides, (Lamiaceae). The composition of the essential oil sterolglycosides, and their esters (Yili et al., 2009) included sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene), along with phospholipids (phosphatidy-linositols, 1,8-cineole, pinocamphone, and carvacrol. phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylcholines) balchanorum Krasch. (Compositae) yielded 1.2% oil (Yuldasheva et al., 2008). with 60 components that included 1,8-cineole, α- thujone, camphor, β-thujone, and cis-2,7-dimethyl-4- Essential oils octen- 2,7-diol as the major constituents (Baser et al., Essential oils, also known as volatile oils, 1997). ethereal oils, aetherolea, or oil of the plant from which The essential oil of Anethum graveolens the oil was isolated, are hydrophobic liquids that can (Apiaceae) seeds include carvone, limonene, cis- be extracted from many plants. An essential oil is a dihydrocarvone, diplaniol (1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4- complex mixture of volatile plant constituents methylenedioxybenzene), and 1,2-diethoxyethane, that characterized by low molecular weight components, collectively accounted for 99.2% of the total essential such as terpenes, , and other aromatic and oil composition (Yilli et al., 2009). The epigeal part of aliphatic chemical compounds associated with the Artemisia baldshuanica Krasch. et Zarp. (Asteraceae) plant material from which the oil is extracted, the time has an essential oil that contains α- and β-pinenes, of harvest, and the extraction procedure. The tujilic alcohol, tujilacetate, and tujil-valerate (Goryaev

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et al., 1962). The essential oil of Origanum 7-O-β-D-methylglucuronide, -7-O-β-D- tyttanthum Gontsch (Lamiaceae) contains , glucuronide,-7-O-β-D-glucopyrano–side, carvacrol, ursolic and oleanolic acids, 15- oroxyloside, -7-O-β-D-glucoside, apig- methylhexadecanoic acid, and coumarin substances enin-7-O--D-, norwogonine-7-O-β-D- (Platova, 1972; Baser et al., 1997; Asilbekova et al., glycoside, wogoniside (wogonine-7-O-β-D- 2000). In other studies, several compounds, such as glucuronide), -7-O-β-D-glucuronide (Siddikov thymol-β-D-glucoside (Passreiter et al., 2004), et al., 2007). naringenin (Ohmoto et al., 1997), eryodictiol (Rivero- Cruz et al., 2004), rosmarinic acid (Petersen and Phenolic compounds Simmonds, 2003) have been identified. The phenolic compounds are important secondary metabolites of medicinal plants and show a Flavonoids wide range of pharmacological activities including Flavonoids, a group of plant secondary metab- anticancer, anti-inflammatory (Li et al., 2013), olites in which the molecular framework is cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, characterized by variable phenolic structures, are mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases (Daglia, widely distributed in plants (Xia et al., 2013). Many 2012). In the human diet, the source of these plant flavonoids are known to possess anticancer activity constituents is mainly consumed by fruits and (Kim et al., 2003). The indigenous medicinal plants of beverages, including tea, coffee, and red wine. Uzbekistan Thermopsis altherniflora Rgl. et Schmalh Abdulladzhanova et al. (2001) studied phenolic (Fabaceae) contains flavonoids (Faizieva et al., 2003), compounds of a medicinally important plant, , isoflavones (Satimov et al., 1977), Euphorbia ferganensis B. Fedtsch. (Euphorbiaceae), formononetin, , apigenin, luteolin, and noted that the plant contains about 9.1% thermopsoside, and cynaroside (Faizieva et al., 2003). in air-dried raw tissue. The polyphenols Other plants native to Uzbekistan, such as Vicia consisted of nine compounds, namely gallic acid, subvillosa L. (Fabaceae), contain flavonoids. in- quercitrin, , -3-O-glucoside, 3-O- cluding asapigenin, luteolin, quercetin, and cinaroside .geraniin, 1-O-galloyl-4,6-trihydroxy-3,4,31-trimethoxy- (Yuldashev, 2005). Ammothamnus lehmannii Bunge diphenoyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, (Fabaceae) contains ammothamnidin, lehmannin, and 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. Bergenia hissarica Iuteolin, cynaroside, quercetin, and isoquercetin Boriss. (Saxifragaceae), a rich source of phenolic (Abdullaev et al., 1983). compounds along with anthraquinones, -emodin, Plants of the Scutellaria L. (Lamiaceae) physeion, aloe-emodin8-O-β-glucoside, chrysophanein, are rich sources of flavonoids (Malikov and and emodin 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Yuldashev, et Yuldashev, 2002). For example S. cordifrons Juz. and al., 1993). S. phyllostachya Juz. contain baikalein, 5,7-dihydroxy- Other indigenous medicinally important plants 2′-methoxyflavone, and (Chemesova et al., namely Rhodiola litvinovii (Crassulaceae) contains p- 1994; Siddikov et al., 2006). S. immaculate and S. tyrosol, salidroside, gallic acid, epigallocatechin-3-O- ramosissima contain , chrysin, apigenin, gallate (Melikuziev et al., 2013), Geranium saxatile apigenin-7-O-glucoside, cynaroside, and pinocembrine Kar. (Geraniaceae) contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, (Mamadalieva et al., 2011). Scutellaria ocellata Juz. quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Siddikov et al., 2011). contains , , apigenin, cinaroside, , and wogonoside (Yuldashev and Karimov, Glycosides 2001). Scutellaria nepetoides M. Pop. contains apigenin- The term glycoside is a generic term for a class 7-O-β-D-glucuronide, norwogonoside scutellarin, and of natural products composed of two molecules, a flavoneglycoside nepetoside A, and 5,8-dihydroxy-7-O- sugar and the aglycone. The sugar molecule is β-D-galacturonidopyranosyl flavone (Yuldashev and primarily D-glucose, but also can be L-rhamnose and Karimov, 2001), while S. phyllostachya contains chrysin- L-fructose. The aglycone can be any natural product,

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such as a flavonoid or a (Tian et al., 2014; glabra (Caryophyllaceae), and detected cresol, Zahmanov et al., 2015). guaiacol, Guaiacyl ethane, Guaiacyl propan-1-ol. Glycosides from native plants of Uzbekistan Mukhamatkhanova et al. (2011) investigated the have been investigated in a few reports. In early phytochemistry of the epigeal part of Artemisia studies, Takeda et al. (1999) isolated bitter secoiridoid baldshuanica Krasch (Asteraceae) and observed the glycosides, olivierosides, gentiopicroside, sweroside, main constituents were the hydrocarbons 5,5-dimethyl- 69-O-훽-D-glucosylgentiopicroside, swertiapunimarin, 1-ethyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene, tetratriacontane, and eustomoside, eustomorusside, and septemfidoside from nonacosane; the monoterpenoids 1,8-cineole, α- whole plants of Gentiana olivieri (Gentianaceae). thujone, β-thujone, and camphor; the sesquiterpenoid Takeda et al. (2008) isolated and characterized a new chrysanthenone; and the sesquiterpene lactone ambrosine. phenolic glucoside, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylbenzyl- An endemic plant Scutellaria holosericea Gontsch ex 3’-hydroxyl-4’-methoxy-ben-zoate, from the aerial Juz. (Lamiaceae) contains β-sitosterol, chrysin, 5- parts of Origanum tyttanthum (Lamiaceae). Astragalus hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 3, 5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy- unifoliolatus Bunge (Fabaceae) contains triterpene flavone, apigenin, 7-ketologanin, and chrysin-7-O-β- glycosides, namely oleanolic acid and cyclouni- glucoside (Kamoldinov et al., 2012). folioside A (Kucherbaev et al. 2002). Ferula varia Ajuga turkestanica (Rgl.) Brig. (Labiatae) is an (Schrenk) Trautv. (Umbelliferae) contains guaiane, endemic plant of Uzbekistan and contains a number of eudesmane, and one new germacrane-type sesqui- effective biologically active compounds, such as terpene lactone glucosides (Kurimoto et al., 2012). phytoecdysteroids and natural glycosides (Mamatkhanov et al., 1998). Abdukadirov et al. (2005) identified Other compounds ecdysterone, cyasterone, ajugalactone, ajugasterone, Other compounds with a wide range of α-ecdysone, and turkesterone from A. turkestanica. pharmacological activities have also been sourced Climati et al. (2012) isolated and identified an active from indigenous plants of Uzbekistan. For instance, antibacterial diterpene, methyl carnosate, against Takeda et al. (2007) isolated and characterized Bacillus cereus from ethanolic extracts of leaves, compounds, such as rosmanol, epirosmanol, carnosol, The high diversity of ecdysteroid derivatives in 12-O-methylcarnosic acid, , eugenol β-D- medicinal plants of Uzbekistan has been reported. glucopyranoside, salidroside, uridine, and (6S,9R)- Saatov et al. (1999) described the distribution of roseoside from the aerial parts of Perovskia phytoecdysteroids in the family: Laminaceae (A. scrophularifolia (Labiatae). Among those com- turkestanica); Asteraceae (Rhaponticum integrifolium pounds, rosmanol, epirosmanol, carnosol exhibit C.Winkl., Rhaponticum nanum Lipsky, Serratula antioxidant activity (Nakatani and Inatani, 1984; sogdiana Bunge, Serratula algida lljin); and Masuda, 2004). Shikishima et al. (2001a) isolated and Caryophyllaceae (Silene brahuica Boiss., S. characterized several compounds, including phenyl scabrifolia Kora., S. wallichiana Klotzch, Meandrium butanoids, stilbene dimers, rhododendrol, turkestanicum Rgl. and Dianthus hoeltzeri Winkl.). epirhododendrin, lindleyin, torachrysone, , Studies have shown that A. turkestanica has and physcion from (). many diverse ecdysteroids, namely ecdysterone, Ferula sumbul (Umbelliferae) contains furanocoumarin cyasterone, ajugalactone, ajugasterone B, 22-acetyl- esters - fesumtuorin A, B, bicoumarin, fesumtuorin C, cyasterone, α-ecdysone, ecdysterone 2, 3-mono-aceto- spirobicoumarins, fesumtuorin D, E, F, G, and H with nide, turkesterone (Saatov et al., 1999). S. wallichiana some of these compounds exhibiting anti-HIV activity contains ecdysteroids, namely viticosterone E, 20- and a very weak inhibition of cytokine release (Zhou et hydroxyecdysone-22-benzoate, 2-deoxycdysone-22-ben- al., 2000). Sdykov and Abduazimov (2000) investi- zoate, viticosterone E-22-benzoate, 2-deoxy-20-hydroxy- gated dioxanelignins (DLA) of soap , Allochruza ecdysone, 2-deoxyecdysone, 20-hydroxy-ecdy-sone, 3- paniculata (Fabaceae), and licorice root, Glycyrrhiza benzoate-2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, 22-benzoate-2-

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deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, integristerone and 25-acetate- against the human cancer-cell lines HeLa and HCT- 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone (Mamadalieva, et al., 2000). 116 (Akhmedzhanova et al., 2010), lappa is Some phytoecdysteroids of Silene wallichiana used in folk medicine for treatment of rheumatism, (viticosterone E, 20-hydroxyecdysone-22-benzoate, 2- eczema, ulcers, skin eruptions, and festering wounds deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone, 2-deoxyecdysone, 20-hydroxy- (Azizov et al., 2012), Althaea nudiflora and A. ecdysone and integristerone A) demonstrated antibac- armeniaca are used to treat pneumonia, hemostasis, terial and antiproliferative properties (Mamadalieva et kidney problems, and as expectorants (Kholmatov and al., 2013). Kosimov, 1994). Origanum tyttanthum, which has antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, and Pharmacological Activities hypolipidemic activity, is used for treating Several pharmacological studies have confirm- tuberculosis and human intestinal parasites ed that medicinal plants exhibit a broad range of (Tkachenko et al., 1999; Nuraliyev and Zubaidova, biological activities and that plant species can contain 1994). a diverse range of bioactive molecules responsible for Rheum maximowiczii is widely used for the a collection of pharmacological properties (Polya, treatment of stomach disorders (Shikishima et al., 2013). For example, Tada et al. (2002) identified 2001b). The roots of Ferula varia have been coumarins, terpenoids, and glycosides from the roots traditionally used for the treatment of and of Prangos pabularia (Apiaceae), in which intestinal parasites, and as a mouth rinse constituents exhibited anti-bacterial activity and (Sakhobiddinov, 1955). Bergenia hissarica is used as inhibited release of cytokine. an astringent, hemostatic, and as an antiphlogistic Flavonoids of Scutellaria immaculata and S. agent in diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract and in ramosissima (scutellarin, chrysin, apigenin, apigenin- obstetric-gynecological practice (Yuldashev et al., 7-O-glucoside, cynaroside and pinocem-brine) 1993). Euphorbia ferganensis is used for treatment of significantly inhibit cell growth against HeLa, HepG- dysentery, diarrhea, and viral infections, including 2, and MCF-7 cells, along with antimicrobial activity AIDS. Milk thistle Silybum marianum has hepato- (Mamadalieva et al., 2011). Plant derived flavonoids, protective, antioxidant, and regenerative membrane- such as quercetin, , luteolin, and 4- protective properties (Minakhmetov et al., 2001). methoxyscutarellin, are characterized by antiulcer Crataegus turkestanica is used for the treatment activity (Barnaulov et al., 1982). A. turkestanica of nervous and cardiovascular diseases (Yu et al., contains many biological active compounds including 1995), whereas Helichrysum sp. possess antimicrobial ecdysteroids, iridoids (Soatov et al., 1994), and (Guida et al., 1999), anti-inflammatory, antioxidative carbohydrates (Abdukadirov et al., 2004) that have (Sala et al., 2002), and cytotoxic activity (Bigović et anabolic activity and cholagogic action. al., 2011). Yagura et al. (2008) has noted that the Scutellaria ramosissima is traditionally used in methanol of H. maracandicum was the most Uzbekistan folk medicine to treat epilepsy, allergies, effective as compared with other plants on transformed inflammations, nervous disorders, and hypertension somatostatin (SST) signaling cells on SENCAR mouse (Khodjimatov et al., 1995; Parajuli et al., 2009). The skin. Satimov et al. (1998) noted that flavonoids plant extract exhibits cytotoxic activity against several isolated from Thermopsis altherniflora inhibited the cancer cell lines (Mamadalieva et al., 2011). Ethanol development of hyperlipidemia induced in extracts of Geranium saxatile exhibit antihypoxic experimental animals by injections of Triton WR- properties for acute normobaric and hemic hypoxia 1339. G. olivierihas has been used for treating (Siddikov et al., 2011). Perovskia scrophularifolia has wounds, diarrhea, common colds, and ease of been used for treatment of dermatitis and human digestion (Honda, 1999). intestinal parasites (Takeda et al., 2007). Lehmanin (a flavonone) and ammothamnidin (a The flavonoid dictamnine derived from chalcone) isolated from the endemic plant Haplophyllum leptomerum exhibits cytotoxic activity Ammothamnus lehmannii, have demonstrated an

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ability to increase resistance of the gastric mucosa to biological activities. Extracts isolated from medicinal neurogenic and toxic-dystrophic lesions (Syrov et al., plants of Uzbekistan have been proven to have 2010), thus, suggesting the use of these plant extracts biological activity by in vitro and in vivo assays. Many in the treatment of gastric ulcers. Vicia subvillosa has plant extracts exhibit pharmacological activity, including a history of use in folk medicine for ascites, paralysis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, expectorant, anti- epilepsy, and flu (Yuldashev, 2005). The essential oils hemorrhagic, astringent, hemostatic, and antiphlogistic. of Anethum graveolens have demonstrated These extracts are also used for the treatment of antimicrobial activity toward Candida albicans and dermatitis, intestinal parasites, pneumonia kidney Staphylococcus aureus (Yili et al., 2009). ailments, rheumatism, eczema, ulcers, skin eruptions, In other studies, several plants of Silene genera, wound healing, dysentery, diarrhea, and viral namely S. walchiana, S. viridiflora, and S.brahuica infections, including AIDS. Based on many published have shown antibacterial activity against gram positive reports, indigenous medicinal plants of Uzbekistan and gram negative bacterial pathogens (Mamadalieva would appear to be a promising source of novel drugs et al., 2008) and potentially useful new pharmaceuticals. Further Conclusion investigations of endemic plants of Uzbekistan and The medicinal plants of Uzbekistan reported can their constituents are necessary to fully understand the be considered as a potential source of useful drugs. molecular mechanisms of their action in vitro and in Structurally diverse compounds isolated and identified vivo and to assure the plant extracts are safe for human from the indigenous plants have demonstrated use.

Table. 1. Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants from Uzbekistan. Pharmacological properties Plant species & family Phytochemical constituents References & treatments Ajuga turkestanica Ecdysterone, cyasterone, Anabolic activity and (Regel) Briq. ajugalactone, ajugasterone, [4, 5] cholagogic action (Lamiaceae) α-ecdysone, turkesterone

Althaea armeniaca Pneumonia, Hydrocarbons and esters of sterols, Lindl. kidney ailments, triacylglycerines, free fatty acids, [39, 89] (Malvaceae) anti-hemorrhagic agents triterpenols, diacylglycerines, & sterols

Althaea nudiflora Pneumonia, Hydrocarbons and esters of sterols, Lindl. kidney ailments, triacylglycerines, free fatty acids, [39, 89] (Malvaceae) anti-hemorrhagic agents triterpenols, diacylglycerines, & sterols

Ammothamnus lehmannii Ammothamnidin, lehmannin, iuteolin, Gastric ulcer disease [2, 103] Burge cynaroside, quercetin, & isoquercetin (Fabaceae)

Amorpha fruticosa Antibacterial, Glycosides, L. heart problems, aglycones, & [38] (Fabaceae) atherosclerosis amorphin

Anethum graveolens Carvone, limonene, Antimicrobial L. cis-dihydrocarvone, diplaniol, [119] activity (Apiaceae) & 1,2-diethoxyethane continued

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Table. 1. Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants from Uzbekistan (continued). Pharmacological properties Plant species & family Phytochemical constituents References & treatments Arctium lappa Rheumatism, Polysaccharide inulin, protein, L. eczema, ulcers, essential oil, carotenoids, flavonoids, & [10] (Asteraceae) skin eruptions tanning agents

Arischrada korolkowii 1,8-cineole, camphor, Antimicrobial Regel et Schmalh. Pobed. β-caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, [14] activity (Lamiaceae) caryophyllene oxide, & borneol

α- and β-pinenes, Artemisia baldshuanica thujol alcohol, & thujyl acetate, Antiplasmodial Krasch. et Zopr. tetratriacontane, nonacosane, monoterpenoids, [39] activity (Asteraceae) 1,8-cineole, camphor, sesquiterpenoids & chrysanthenone

Alkaloids, deoxyvasicinone, arundine, ardine, Arundo donax Diaphoretic, donaxarine, donaxanine, donaxaridine, L. , emollient, [41] donine, arundinine, arundacine, & (Poaceae) treatment of dropsy bufotenine

Phenolic compounds, anthraquinones, Bergenia hissarica Astringent, hemostatic, aloe-emodin, physeion, emodin 8-O-β-glucoside, Boriss. [121] antiphlogistic agents chrysophanein, & (Saxifragaceae) emodin-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

Monogalactosyldiacylglycerides, Capparis spinosa Healing wounds, asthma, digalactosyldiacylglycerides, & sterolglycosides; L. gastrointestinal [38, 39] Phospholipids, phosphatidylinositols, & (Capparidaceae) diseases, hepatitis phosphatidylethanolamines

Gastrointestinal diseases, Convolvine, Convolvulus subhirsutus analgesic, anticonvulsant, convolamine, convolidine, Regal & Schmalh [30, 38, 39] asthma, phyllalbine, phyllalbine N-oxide, nortropine, & (Convolvulaceae) lung tuberculosis conpropine) Crambe kotschyana Goitrin & goitridin; coumarins, Upper respiratory tract Boiss. carotene, triterpenol, triacylglycerols, [11, 72] congestion (Brassicaceae) isoprenes, triterpenes, & sterols

Crataegus turkestanica Phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, Nervous and cardiovascular Pojaark phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, [32, 117] diseases (Rosaceae) phosphafidylethanolamin Gallic acid, quercitrin, quercetin, Euphorbia ferganensis Dysentery, diarrhea, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, B. Fedtsch. viral infections, including 2,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, & [3] (Euphorbiaceae) AIDS 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D glucose)

Ferula pallida Sesquiterpene phenylpropanoid derivatives, Antioxidant, skin wounds Korvin pallidones, & [42, 101] treatment (Apiaceae) sesquiterpene chromone derivatives continued

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Table. 1. Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants from Uzbekistan (continued). Pharmacological Plant species & family properties Phytochemical constituents References & treatments Ferula sumbul Anti-HIV activity, kidneys Furanocoumarin esters, (Kffm.) Hook, f. disorders, fesumtuorins, bicoumarin, & [39, 126] (Apiaceae) gastric disease spirobicoumarins Ferula varia Eudesmane, Intestinal parasitosis, as (Schrenk) Trautv. guaiane-germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactone [44, 88] (Apiaceae) mouth rinse glycosides Geranium saxatile Antihypoxic for acute Kar. normobaric and hemic Phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ellagic acid, [99] (Geraniaceae) hypoxia quercetin-3-O-glucoside)

Gleditsia triacanthos Spastic colitis, chronic Neutral lipids (triacylglycerides, carotinoids, fatty- L. cholecystitis, stomach acid esters, sterols, diacylglycerides), [83] (Cesalpinaceae) ulcers, bronchial asthma glycolipids, phospholipids, alkaloids

Glycyrrhiza glabra Cresol, guaiacylethane, Antiviral, anti- L. guaiacylpropan-1-ol, [50] inflammatory, antioxidant (Fabaceae) guaiacol Haplophyllum Alkaloids, skimmianine, -fagarine, leptomerine, leptomerum Cytotoxic activity acutine, and 2-heptylquinolin-4-one, [8] Lincz. et Vved. dictamnine (Rutaceae) Helichrysum maracandicum Antiproliferative activity , Chalcone glycoside, isosalipurposide, naringenin [116] M. Pop. gall bladder disorders chalcone (Asteraceae) Helichrysum sp. Antimicrobial, Flavonoids, phloroglucinol derivatives and Acc. antiinflammatory, [17, 38, 39] diterpenes (Asteraceae) antioxidative Hypericum perforatum Essential oil, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene Anti-inflammatory, L. oxide, spathulenol, [13, 39] antimicrobial, diarrhea (Hypericaceae) α-pinene Hyssopus seravschanicus Anti-inflammatory, Essential oil, sabinene, β-pinene, myrcene, (Dub.) Pazij rheumatism, [24] p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, pinocamphone, carvacrol (Lamiaceae) gastrointestinal Nitraria schoberi Antispasmodic, Schoberine, nitraraine, nitraramine, L. antineuropathic, anti- dehydroschoberine, sibiridine, [39, 104] (Zygophyllaceae) arrhythmic agent vasicinone, peganol)

Origanum tyttanthum Antimicrobial, intestinal Thymol, carvacrol, ursolic, oleanolic, rosmarinic [15, 17, 68, Gontsch parasites, tuberculosis, acids, coumarins, thymol, 74, 77 85, (Lamiaceae) hypolipidemic activity β-D-glucoside, naringenin, eryodictiol) 108,110 Perovskia Dermatitis, intestinal Anthocyanin, coumarins, essential oils, rosmanol, [59, 67, scrophularifolia Bunge parasites, antioxidant epirosmanol, carnosol, diosmetin, eugenol b-D- 69, 106) (Lamiaceae) activity glucopyranoside, salidroside

continued

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Table 1. Pharmaceutical properties of medicinal plants from Uzbekistan (continued). Pharmacological properties Plant species & family Phytochemical constituents References & treatments Prangos pabularia Antibacterial, inhibition of Coumarins, terpenoids, glycosides, Lindl. [105] cytokine release -pyrone, pabularin A, B, & C (Apiaceae) Rhaponticum integrifolium Improving of the reparative Ecdysteroids (Ecdysterone, lntegristerone A, [9] C. Winkl. functions of the organism dehydromakisterone A) (Asteraceae) Rheum maximowiczii Phenyl butanoids, stilbene dimers, Stomach disorders Losins rhododendrol, epirhododendrin, lindleyin, [42,96] & antioxidant Polygonaceae) torachrysone, resveratrol Rhodiola litvinovii Treat tiredness p-Tyrosol, salidroside, gallic acid, Litvinov & neurotic ailments, [60] epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate) (Crassulaceae) adaptogenic activity

Epilepsy, allergy, Scutellarin, chrysin, apigenin, Scutellaria ramosissima inflammations, nervous apigenin-7-O-glucoside, [19, 38, Popov disorders, hypertension, cymaroside and pinocembrine), lipids 76, 115] (Lamiaceae) cytotoxic activity (glycolipids, neutral lipids, phospholipids) Serratula sogdiana Ecdysteroids (ecdysterone , viticosterone E , Bunge Heal wounds, liver diseases [87] viticosterone E, sogdysterone) (Asteraceae) Ecdysteroids: Silene brahuica Boiss. (viticosterone E , polypodine B , ecdysterone , Stress-protective effects [47, 87] (Caryophyllaceae) integristerone A , sileneoside A, α-ecdysone-22-sulfate)

Viticosterone E, viticosterone E22-O-benzoate, Silene wallichiana Anabolic 20-hydroxyecdysone-22-benzoate, Klotzch adaptogenic, tonic, [47, 48] 20-hydroxyecdysone 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone (Caryophyllaceae) antioxidant, antimicrobial 2-deoxyecdysone, Hepatitis, Silybum marianum gastrointestinal disorders, Parafinic, olefinic, and isoprenoid hydrocarbons, (L.) Gaertn. anti-inflammatory, fatty acid esters with triterpenols and sterols, [65] (Asteraceae) antioxidant, & triacylglycerins, triterpene acids, pheophytins anti-metastatic activity Thermopsis Flavones and isoflavones, altherniflora Hypolipidemic, antisclerotic formononetin, chrysoeriol, apigenin, luteolin, [28] Rgl. et Schmalh. activity thermopsoside, cynaroside), (Fabaceae) Ungernia victoris Bronchitis, ulcers, Galanthamine, narwedine, lycorine, ungerine, Vved poliomyelitis, neurological ungeridine, hippeastrine, haemanthidine, [16, 38, 50] (Amaryllidaceae) diseases tazettine, & nortazettine

Vicia subvillosa Ascites, paralysis, Flavanoids (apigenin, luteolin, L. [120] epilepsy, flu quercetin, cinaroside) (Fabaceae)

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