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بسم ہللا الرحمن الرحیم THE IMPACT OF EXISTING LAWS ON MARINE POLLUTION IN KARACHI HARBOUR A CRITICAL ANALYSIS Muhammad Tahir Supervisor: Justice (R) Prof. Dr. Ghous Muhammad Dean Faculty of Law, University of Karachi A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI March 2016 i ii تلخیص مقالہ سمندری آلودگی پر موجود قوانین کی کراچی بندرگاہ کی آلودگی پر عمل داری ایک تنقیدی جائزہ یقینیطور پر آلودگی کسی بھی ملک کے قومی نظام معیشیت کی ترقی اورخوشحالی میں بری طرح رکاوٹ ڈالتی ہے ۔ یہ مقالہ سمندری آلودگی پر موجود ہ قوانین کا خصوصی طورپر کراچی ہاربر اور اس کے ملحقہ ساحلی عﻻقوں اور عمومی طور پر ملک کے دیگر ساحلی عﻻقوں کی سمندری آلودگی پر قابو پانے کے طریقوں اور سمندری آلودگی اور سمندری آلودگی کا سبب بننے والے زمینی ذرائع پراطﻻق کا قومی پانیوں پر نافذ العمل کرنے میں دریپش مشکﻻت پر روشنی ڈالتا ہے ۔ کراچی اور اس کے ساحلی عﻻقے کی موحولیاتی آلودگی کی وجہ سے بگڑتی ہوئی صورتحال طویل عرصے سے ایک اہم مسئلہ ہے اور بے شمار ذرائع کی وجہ سے پیدا شدہ ماحولیاتی آلودگی ایک اہم اضافی عنصر ہے۔ یہ تحقیق ماحولیاتی آلودگی کے ذرائع اور سمندری آلودگی کا سبب بننے والے زمینی ذرائع کے اثرات کے ساتھ ساتھ سمندری آلودگی سے منسلک مسائل پر قابو پانے کی نشاند ہی کرتی ہے۔ ان تمام اُمور کے ساتھ کراچی ہاربر کی سمندری آلودگی جیسی برائی کی وجہ سے تباہ ہوتی ہوئی صورتحال کو مزید خراب ہونے سے بچانے کے لیے اس آلودگی پر قابو پاناانتہائی ضروی ہے۔ حکومت کے ساتھ ساتھ نجی سطح پر بھی بہت سے اقدامات اٹھائے گئے ہیں۔ تاہم صورتحال کے زیادہ بہتر ہونے کا ابھی تک انتظارباقی ہے۔ آلودگی پر قابوپانے کے لیے قوانین کی کوئی کمی نہیں ہے لیکن ان قوانین پر عمل پیرا ہو کر آلودگی پر قابو پا کر کامیابی حاصل کرنا متعلقہ ادارووں اور قومی تعاون کے بغیر ایک خواب ہے۔ موجودہ خراب ماحول کی راہ میں حائل تمام رکاوٹیں اور مشکﻻت ہٹا کر بشمول مظبوط سیاسی ہم آہنگی پیدا کرکے جو کہ وقت کی اشد ضرورت ہے حقیقی معنوں میں موجودہ قوانیں کے نفاذ کے بغیر بہتر نہیں کیا جاسکتا ۔ کراچی بندرگاہ اور اس کے نواحی ساحلی عﻻقوں میں موجود آلودگی کی تحقیقات کر کے اس بڑے مسئلے پر مطالعہ کیاگیا ہے جبکہ اس مقصد کے تحت شدید آلودگی کے متعلق سرگرمیوں اور ماحولیاتی آلودگی کا باعث بننے والے مسائل پر اصل حقائق اور اعدا د و شمار کو تﻻش کیا گیا ہے۔ موجودہ قوانیں اور اس موضوع پر ہونے والی ِدیگرقرادادوں/ ضابطہ اخﻻق کو بہتر طور پر سمجھنے کے لئے جو کہ موجودہ گھنٹیاں بجاتی ہوئی تشویش ناک صورت حال ِان قوانیں پرعدم عمل پذیری کی وجہ سے ہے ِان سب عوامل کا قریبی تجزیہ کیا گیا ۔ دورا ِن تحقیق اخذ کیا گیا ہے کہ سمندری آلودگی کو موثر طور پر قابو کرنے کے لیے کاکردگی کی بنیاد پر بنائے گئے قوانین ہی بہترطو ر پر با مقصد ثابت ہو تے ہیں۔ عالمی دریافتوں کے مطابق سمندری آلودگی کی80 فیصد مقدار سمندری آلودگی کا سبب بننے والے زمینی ذرائع سے ہوتی ہے اور قدرتی طور پر اس کی کوئی سرحد نہیں ہے ۔ بین اﻻقوامی سطع پر بہت سے قانونی اورپالیسی پر مبنی اقدامات کو شامل کرنے اور سمندری آلودگی کا سبب بننے والے زمینی ذرائع پر قابو پانے کے لیے بین اﻻقوامی اصولوں کا انتظام کیا گیاہے تاہم ان اصولوں کو بوجوہ ابھی تک ﻻگو نہیں کیاجاسکا۔ iii یہ تحقیق ایک غیر مبہم ، وسیع تصور اور ِاس کے امتیازات و خصوصیات کو کراچی ہار بر اور اس سے ملحقہ ساحلی عﻻقوں کی سمندری آلودگی پر موجود قوانین کو حقیقی معنوں اور ِان کی روح کے مطابق ﻻگو کرنے اور اس سے متعلقہ اہم مسائل کو صحیح طور پر سمجھنے کے لئے کی گئی ہے۔ iv ABSTRACT THE IMPACT OF EXISTING LAWS ON MARINE POLLUTION IN KARACHI HARBOUR - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS MUHAMMAD TAHIR bviously pollution hampers badly to prosper and develop the economy of any nation. This thesis explores the applications of O existing laws to control marine pollution specifically in Karachi Harbour/its adjoining & generally in the coastal areas of the country and the difficulties faced in application of existing laws of marine pollution as well as Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution in national waters. Environmental degradation of Karachi & its coastal area is a long standing issue and pollution created by a number of sources is the major contributing factor. It identifies the sources and effects of LBSMP in addition to the problems and associated issues in controlling marine pollution. Amongst all, the deteriorating environment at Karachi Harbour warrants immediate corrective actions in order to curtail further destruction by this menace. Many steps both at Governmental as well as at private level have been taken however, improvement is much awaited that there is no shortage of laws on the pollution control but accomplishment of the same by all concerned agencies and cooperation by public in true letter and spirit is a dream. The prevailing environment cannot be improved without enforcement of existing laws in their true perspective by removing all obstacles and difficulties with creating strong political will, a dire need of time. While investigating major issues of Karachi Harbour & its surrounding coastal areas has been studied critically to found actual facts and figures on pollution related activities/problems causing environmental degradation. A close analysis of the existing laws and many conventions/ has been carried out for correct understanding as non-implementation of laws is held responsible of current alarming situation. It is envisaged that performance based regulation is best suited for the purpose of regulating marine pollution. As per the Global findings 80% of v marine pollution instigates from land-based sources and it is naturally trans-boundaries. Many legal and policy based initiatives at international level have been taken to incorporate and to manage the principles to establish international regimes to control the environment of marine as of Land Based Sources of Marine Pollution. However, they have yet not been implemented. This analysis gives an unambiguous and broad picture for correct understanding of the major issues related to the Marine Pollution in Karachi Harbour & its adjoining coastal areas and implementation of existing laws for its mitigation in a true letter and spirit as merits. vi DEDICATION I DEDICATE THIS WORK TO EVERYONE WHO HELPED ME COMPLETING THIS WORK BY PROVIDING THEIR INDIGENOUS ADVICE AND ASSISTANCE PARTICULARLY TO MY COLLEAGUES AND MANAGERS AT VARIOUS GOVERNMENT & SEMI GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS RELATED TO MARITIME DOMAIN WHO TAKE OUT TIME FOR MY ASSISTANCE IN GIVING THEIR FEEDBACK LASTLY TO MY FAMILY FOR HER SUPPORT TO ME vii ⏏ بسم ہللا الرحمن الرحیم ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ر ّب ی ّسر وﻻ تع ّسر وت ّممہ بالخیر وبک نستعین یا ر ّب العالمین قال رسول ہللا ﷺ کل أمر ذی بال لم یبدأ باِسمہللا فھو أقطع أو قال أجزم أو قال أبتر أو کما قال ﷺ ,for giving me knowledge ﷻI am deeply thankful to Almighty ALLAH strength and eagerness to complete the research work within time and pray that may Allah make it useful for the humanity. During the undertaking of this research many people extended their best possible help whom it is my duty to thank and acknowledge their contributions. First of all, I want to offer my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Justice (Retd) Prof Dr. Ghous Muhammad, Dean Faculty of Law University of Karachi for generously providing me all possible support, encouragement and guidance. I feel pleasure to give my special gratitude to Honourable Minister of Sindh Local Government and Former Minister of Fisheries and Livestock Sindh Mr. Jam Khan Shoro for providing the details of efforts of Sindh Government in term of pollution control. My special thanks to Rear Admiral Habib Ur Rehman, SI (M), General Manager (Engineering) Karachi Port Trust for providing his best knowledge to completed my research. I am heartedly thankful to Mr. Fayyaz Rasool, Manager Pollution Control Department, KPT for his special guidance and help in fulfilment of my research. I also pay my gratitude to Commander Ghazi Salahuddin PN Director Disaster Management and Pollution Control & Fisheries, Pakistan Maritime Security Agency and Commander Ishtiaq Ahmed Anjum, PN Assistant Commander Dockyard & Naval Harbour Master for providing valuable information to control marine pollution in Karachi Harbour. My special thanks for Mr. Moazzam Khan Technical Advisor of Marine Fisheries (WWF), he was also very helpful in sharing his ideas on marine life concerning marine pollution. I am also grateful to Mr. Muhammad Ramzan, Managing Director Karachi Fish Harbour & Mr. Syed Muhammad Haroon Rizvi, Deputy Director Sindh Fisheries Department for rendering their needful help in this study. viii I also extend heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Ashique Ali Langah, Regional Director Karachi, Sindh Environmental Protection Agency, who provided the valuable inputs for my thesis regarding treatment plants of industrial waste water & relevant efforts done by SEPA regarding legal impediments concerning Laws & Acts about environmental protection. My special thanks for Mr. Wamiq Abrar Siddiquee Chief Engineer & Surveyor Ministry of Port and Shipping Karachi to provide valuable information regarding efforts of marine pollution control board. I also wish to acknowledge the Faculty of Maritime Research of National Center for Maritime Policy Research (NCMPR) Bahria University Karachi Camps for providing guidance in the shape of Maritime News Digest. I am also very thankful to my family, friends, colleagues, specially Commander Shafiq Ur Rehman, Pakistan Navy for his knowledge sharing and valuable inputs during whole research, Mr. Muhammad Bachal & Mr. Abdul Rasheed of Pakistan Coast Guards for their cooperation, help and encouragement during the period of my research for completing this thesis. My innermost and warmest thanks go to my wife, daughter and son for their support.
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