ide to NIST On the cover:

Computerized graphics of scientific and engineering data are used frequently by NIST researchers to improve understanding of production processes, measurement methods, or scientific experiments. Shown on the cover from right to left are computer-generated graphics of:

• the temperature profile emanating from a fire source;

• measurement points taken by a coordinate measuring machine of a

"perfect" stainless steel sphere showing systematic errors in the machine's performance;

• a contaminant particle less than

5 nanometers (billionths of a meter) across that has deposited on a light-sensitive film used in making solar energy panels;

• a polysilicon heater measuring

4 micrometers across used in a NIST-developed miniaturized pop-up switch;

• grid of gold on silicon made with neutral atom lithography;

• scanning electron micrograph of tin spheres;

• moire pattern used in measuring strain within electronic interconnections; and

• a temperature profile of air flow in the wake of a speeding bullet. FOREWORD

Greetings! Welcome to your personal printed Created in 1901 as the National Bureau of tour of the National Institute of Standards Standards, NIST devised standard tests of and Technology (NIST). light bulb performance, helped ensure that

grocery scales don't shortchange customers, NIST is the federal government's multi- and helped fire fighters ensure that their purpose technology partner for U.S. indus- water hoses will fit the fire hydrants of try. An agency of the Commerce Depart- neighboring jurisdictions—efforts that ment's Technology Administration, NIST seem modest by today's standards. NIST's promotes economic growth by working with current challenges are far greater and more industry to develop and apply technology, sophisticated—for example, find ways to measurements, and standards. NIST pro- measure reliably semiconductor "wires" a vides the research, products, services, and thousand times thinner than a human hair, cost-shared funding that U.S. industry needs assist the nation's small manufacturers to to continually overcome barriers to better, move up the technology and quality ladder faster, and less expensive products. and become more competitive, develop rapid

NIST carries out its mission through four DNA analysis tools, and reduce costs with major programs: the Advanced Technology transparent, interoperable information

Program (ATP), the Manufacturing Exten- systems. sion Partnership (MEP), a multidisciplinary This report gathers in one place descriptions laboratory research program, and the Na- of NIST's many programs, products, serv- tional Quality Program. These programs en- ices, and research projects, along with con- hance the development, commercialization, tact names, phone numbers, and email and adoption, and continual improvement of World Wide Web addresses for further infor- U.S. technology. mation. We know that finding information

The ATP's cost-shared funding of promising about federal government programs can but risk)' industrial research helps ensure sometimes be daunting. We hope we've that America's best technology ideas make it taken the challenge out of your search. to the starting blocks of commercialization, Take a moment now to "tour" NIST pro- where they can pay off with broad-based grams and see how your organization benefits for the economy. NIST's laboratory might work with ours to keep U.S. technol- research at the frontiers of measurement sci- ogy thriving. ence and our efforts to ensure that standards

promote international trade provide key ele-

ments of the technical infrastructure critical

to economic growth. The MEP helps level

the competitive playing field for smaller

manufacturers, giving them access to busi-

ness and technology advice and resources

previously available only to larger corpora- Arati Prabhakar, Director

tions. At the same time, the Quality Program email: [email protected]

provides inspiration and information to

companies, large and small, on how to stay

competitive through effective business and

quality management. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

This guide is designed to make finding out The Manufacturing Extension Partnership A detailed subject index begins on page 156. about programs and contacts at the Na- operates a nationwide network of regionally Due to the interdisciplinary nature of NIST's tional Institute of Standards and Technol- based extension centers that help smaller work, many topic areas appear in more than ogy a little easier. manufacturers adopt modern technologies one chapter. For example, research involv-

and business practices. MEP also aids the de- ing polymers is described in different chap- The pages that follow describe hundreds of velopment of state-based technology exten- ters: polymer processing investigations NIST projects, grants, industry outreach pro- sion efforts and linkages between federal, within the Materials Science and Engineer- grams, services, and facilities, followed by state, local, and other technology extension ing Laboratory and polymer combustion contact names, phone numbers, and mail, efforts. See description on page 28. studies within the Building and Fire Re- electronic mail, and, in some cases, World search Laboratory. Wide Web addresses for further information. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality

Unless otherwise noted, all addresses listed Award has become both the U.S. standard of This guide attempts to include all major are at NIST, Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-0001. quality achievement in industry and a com- NIST program areas. However, no single

prehensive guide to quality improvement. report can be completely comprehensive. This guide is divided into chapters covering The National Quality Program supplies com- Institute programs change constantly as each of NIST's major operating units. In ad- panies with guidelines and criteria impor- new research results and technologies dition, each chapter on laboratory programs tant for establishing successful quality become available. If you don't find a topic includes subheadings for NIST organiza- management programs. See description on area that specifically matches your needs, tional divisions or subject areas. page 38. contact the office for the research area clos-

The Advanced Technology Program provides est to your field of interest. Phone numbers, The NIST Laboratory Program develops and multiyear, cost-shared funding for high- fax numbers, electronic mail, and World delivers measurement techniques, test meth- risk, high-payoff development of civilian Wide Web addresses are provided within ods, standards, and other types of infrastruc- technologies by individual companies or each chapter. tural technologies and services. industry-led joint ventures. ATP accelerates If you review this guide and you're still not technologies that otherwise are unlikely to Researchers in the NIST Laboratory Pro- sure which office to call, the NIST General be developed in time to compete in rapidly gram actively seek out industrial and other Inquiries Unit can probably help you. changing markets without such a partner- collaborators to work on well-defined, coop- Contact: General Inquiries Unit, (301) 975- ship of industry and government. See de- erative research projects of mutual interest. 3058; email: [email protected]; fax: scription on page 6. In addition, NIST researchers collaborate in- (301) 926-1630. formally with industrial and academic re-

searchers to solve shorter-term technical

problems. For an overview of the many dif-

ferent ways NIST may be able to work with

your organization, see a description of the NIST Laboratory Program beginning on

page 40. CONTENTS

4 NIST at a Glance

6 Advanced Technology Program

28 Manufacturing Extension Partnership

38 National Quality Program

40 Laboratory Programs

44 Technology Services

51 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

72 Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory

83 Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory

104 Physics Laboratory

124 Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory

136 Building and Fire Research Laboratory

147 Information Technology Laboratory

156 Facilities Index

156 Subject Index — —

NIST AT A GLANCE

The National Institute of Standards and BUDGET ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Technology was established by Congress "to $810 million NIST issues more than 480 publications

assist industry in the development of tech- (FY 1996 estimated operating resources each year, such as reports on research re-

nology ... needed to improve product qual- from all sources) sults and standards, catalogs of products

ity, to modernize manufacturing processes, and services, and technical handbooks. STAFF to ensure product reliability ... and to facili- NIST staff also author about 1,700 technical About 3,300 scientists, engineers, techni- tate rapid commercialization ... of products journal papers. To locate current and past cians, and support personnel, plus some based on new scientific discoveries." Institute publications, call the General 1,200 visiting researchers each year Inquiries Unit at (301) 975-3058. An agency of the U.S. Department of Com- SITES merce's Technology Administration, NIST's The Institute also publishes serial publica- Gaithersburg, Md. (headquarters primary mission is to promote U.S. eco- tions. The journal Research the 234-hectare campus) and of of nomic growth by working with industry to National Institute Standards and Tech- Boulder, Colo. (84-hectare campus) of develop and apply technology, measure- nology reports NIST research and develop-

ments, and standards. It carries out this MAIN RESEARCH AREAS IN NIST ment results in physics, chemistry, LABORATORIES mission through a portfolio of four major engineering, mathematics, and information Electronics and electrical engineering programs: technology, with major emphasis on meas- Manufacturing engineering urement methodology basic • and technology a rigorously competitive Advanced Tech- Chemical science and technology underlying standardization. Issued nology Program providing cost-shared Physics bimonthly. Subscription price: domestic awards to industry for development of high- Materials science and engineering $28 per year, foreign $35 per year. risk, enabling technologies with broad eco- — Building and fire research Contact: (202) 783-3238. nomic potential; Information technology

Technology at a Glance is a four-page, lay • a grassroots Manufacturing Extension language newsletter providing brief updates Partnership with a network of local centers on NIST research, grants, and other pro- offering technical and business assistance to gram activities, with a contact name for smaller manufacturers; each topic covered. Issued quarterly. • a strong laboratory effort providing tech- Free subscription. Contact: Gail Porter,

nical leadership for the nation's measure- (301) 975-3392. ment and standards infrastructure; and

• a highly visible quality outreach program

associated with the Malcolm Baldrige Na-

tional Quality Award. News and general information about NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership Information Technology programs and services are available on the (301) 975-3593 (301) 975-2900

World Wide Web at http://www.nist.gov. The (800) MEP-4MFG for center serving your Technology Services: NIST homepage provides links to major area

NIST programs, facilities, and services. In Standards Information Center Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award addition, the site has a conference/workshop (301) 975-4040 (301) 975-2036 calendar, tour information, a staff directory, Weights and Measures press releases, budget updates, congressional Laboratory Programs: (301) 975-4004 testimony, and answers to some frequently Electronics and Electric Engineering asked questions. Laboratory Accreditation (301) 975-2220 (301) 975-4016 Click on "NIST in Your House," to take a Manufacturing Engineering tour of a house and find out where NIST re- Industrial Partnerships (301) 975-3400 search has had an unseen role. To find the (301) 975-3084

NIST connection, you can click on items Chemical Science and Technology Standard Reference Data such as a smoke detector, watt-hour meter, (301) 975-3145 (301) 975-2008 clock, refrigerator, and medicine chest. Physics Standard Reference Materials FREQUENTLY REQUESTED NUMBERS (301) 975-4200 (301) 975-6776 General Inquiries Materials Science and Engineering (301) 975-3058 Calibrations (301) 975-5658 (301) 975-2002 Advanced Technology Program Building and Fire Research (800) ATP-FUND Technology Evaluation (301) 975-5900 (301) 975-5500

NIST Organization

Director Director Arati Prabhakar Boulder Acting Deputy Director Laboratories Robert Hebner

David Norcross Associate Director Samuel Kramer

Manufacturing Advanced Extension Technology Chief Partnership Program National Financial Program Quality Program

Officer Kevin Can- Lura Powell

Robert Hebner (Acting) Harry Hertz

Electronics and Chemical Science Materials Science Information Technology Electrical and Technology and Engineering Technology Services Engineering Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Judson French Hratch Semerjian Lyle Schwartz Shukri Wakid Peter Heydemann

Manufacturing Physics Building and Fire Director of Engineering Laboratory Research Administration Laboratory Laboratory

Richard Jackson Katharine Gebbie Richard Wright Jorge Urrutia ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

The ATP has several critical features that • The ATP has strict cost-sharing rules. Overview set it apart from other government R&D Joint ventures must pay at least half of the

project Single Not-yet-possible technologies are the programs: costs. companies working on projects domain of the NIST Advanced Technology ATP must pay all indirect costs asso- • The goal of the ATP is economic growth ciated with Program. The new synthetic materials tech- the project. (This provision and the good jobs and quality of life that encourages small companies, particularly nology that might revolutionize the auto in- come with economic growth—opening new start-ups, that often have much lower over- dustry if the processing variables can be — opportunities for U.S. business and industry head rates than large firms.) identified and controlled. The new polymer in the world's markets by fostering enabling that can be used as a drug, binding and neu- technologies that will lead to new, innova- • ATP support does not become a perpetual tralizing disease-causing pathogens if the — tive products, services, and industrial proc- subsidy or entitlement—each project has design and manufacturing issues can be esses. For this reason, ATP projects focus on goals, specific funding allocations, and com- overcome. The new concept in distributed the technology needs of U.S. industry, not pletion dates established at the outset. Proj- information systems that could both cut those of government. The ATP is industry ects are monitored and can be terminated costs and potentially save lives in the na- driven, which keeps the program grounded for cause before completion. tion's hospitals if the proper software tools — in real-world needs. Research priorities for • The ATP benefits companies of all sizes. can be developed to make it cost effective on the ATP are set by industry: for-profit compa- ATP funding stimulates companies of all a large scale. nies conceive, propose, co-fund, and execute sizes to take on greater technical challenges ATP projects and programs based on their is unique partnership between The ATP a with larger, broader, and faster payoff poten- understanding of the marketplace and re- government and private industry to acceler- tial for the nation—benefits that extend search opportunities. development high-risk technolo- ate the of well beyond the innovators—than they gies that promise significant commercial • The ATP does not fund product develop- could or would do alone. For smaller, start- payoffs and widespread benefits for the econ- ment. It supports enabling technologies that up firms, early support from the ATP can omy. The ATP works by encouraging a are essential to the development of new prod- spell the difference between success and fail- change in how industry approaches R&D, by ucts, processes, and services across diverse ure. To date, nearly half (46 percent) of the providing a mechanism for industry to ex- application areas. Private industry bears the ATP awards have gone to individual small tend its technological reach and push out costs of product development, production, businesses or to joint ventures led by a small the envelope of what can be attempted. marketing, sales, and distribution. business. Large firms can work with the

ATP, especially in joint ventures, to develop Major forces globalization of markets and — • ATP awards are made strictly on the basis critical, high-risk technologies that would the of technology change continue pace — of rigorous competitions designed to select be difficult for any one company to justify drive private to narrower, shorter- to R&D the proposals that are best qualified in terms because, for example, the benefits spread investments to maximize returns to the term of the technological ideas, the potential eco- across the industry as a whole. Universities company. Most private capital is reluctant to nomic benefits to the nation (not just the ap- and non-profit independent research organi- invest in anything less than a "sure thing" plicant), and the strength of the plan for zations also play significant roles as partici- in terms of its own returns. In sharing the eventual commercialization of the results. pants in ATP projects. More than 100 relatively high development risks of tech- Expert reviewers (without conflicts of inter- different universities are involved in about nologies that potentially enable a broad est) drawn from the business community, 150 ATP projects as either joint-venture par- range of commercial opportunities, pos- new government, and academe carefully exam- ticipants or subcontractors. sibly across several industries, the ATP fos- ine and rate each proposal according to pub- ters projects with a high payoff for the lished selection criteria that focus on both • Since its inception, the ATP has made as a in addition to strong nation whole— business and technical potential. economic evaluation of the outcomes of ATP corporate rates of return. The nature of ATP projects a central element of its operations. projects, risky but broadly applicable, stimu- The ATP has developed and implemented a lates joint research ventures that link small thorough measurement program that suppliers with users, or that link several pushes the state of the art in evaluating the firms together to solve a generic problem long-term outcomes of R&D investment. common to all. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

AN ATP PROJECT SAMPLER

The ATP portfolio is highly diversified. • A technique for using laser holography • An innovative technique to create

The 280 projects selected in the first 22 to "write" very high resolution optical ele- "prosthetic tissue" from animal by- competitions span a broad array of key ments such as filters in the interior of crys- products. Under development by Tissue technologies, with particular concentra- tals. Under development by Accuwave, a Engineering, Inc., a small start-up com- tions in information technology, electron- small California company, the technology pany in Massachusetts, the tissue substi- ics, biotechnology, and advanced has potentially far-reaching applications tute would be processed and woven like a materials. These awards committed a total in the rapidly growing fiber-optics com- cloth to make biodegradable implants of $970 million in ATP funds and §1 bil- munication industry. Specifically, the that would serve as matrices where the lion in cost-sharing funds from industry work is aimed at producing a wavelength body's own cells could grow and eventu-

(assuming all projects are pursued to con- division multiplexing system that would ally replace damaged tissues. The re- clusion). Nearly 800 companies, universi- allow several independent communica- search is at the leading edge of the infant ties, independent non-profit research tions channels to share the same optical science of tissue engineering, integrating organizations, and government laborato- fiber at the same time, thereby increasing advanced technologies in cellular biology ries already have participated in ATP the capacity of a single optical fiber many and textile manufacturing. This ATP projects. Several hundred additional or- times over current practice. In 1994 the project already has opened up a whole ganizations have participated as subcon- company introduced three new products, new range of reconstructive treatments for tractors and strategic partners. early spin-offs of the ATP-sponsored tech- damaged periodontal, connective, and vas-

nology: an optical network monitor, a cular tissues and created a line of prod- Some typical projects include: wavelength standard, and a "wavelength ucts for the research and testing markets.

• A new technology for microsoldering locker." In 1995, the company added a • A novel high-speed, high-capacity opti- tiny leads on integrated circuits, devel- fourth spin-off, an electronic wavelength cal data storage system developed by oped by MicroFab Technologies, Inc. controller. The new devices, not much big- Optex Communications, a small Mary- (Piano, Texas), that essentially is ink-jet ger than matchboxes, replace a benchtop land company. Using quantum-electronic printing with molten metal instead of ink. of lab equipment costing tens of thou- rather than thermal effects, the Optex The new soldering technology promises to sands of dollars. drive is aimed at achieving much higher increase greatly productivity and flexibil- • Groundbreaking computer modeling recording and reading rates than conven- ity in the production of circuit boards and technology for a "virtual human." The tional technologies allow. This improved significantly reduces hazardous wastes. work of an Iowa firm, Engineering Anima- performance will enable new markets in The ATP award enabled the small 18- tion, Inc. (EAI), this 3-year project devel- digital video and other information tech- person company to attract additional oped computer visualization technology nologies. The Optex work also resulted in funding for product development from a with broad potential applications in medi- a new type of data encoding allowing consortium of six major electronics cine, engineering, and product develop- higher data densities in its system. manufacturers. ment. As a result of that work, the

• A radically new approach to treating company was able to establish alliances gastrointestinal diseases such as human with Johns Hopkins University, the Na- rotavirus, which causes diarrhea in chil- tional Library of Medicine, Silicon Graph- dren, and Cryptosporidium parvum. No ics, and Hewlett-Packard. The company effective therapy currently exists for either has grown from fewer than 20 employees disease, but GelTex Pharmaceuticals, to 150 full- and part-time employees, and

Inc., a Massachusetts company, is explor- revenues have doubled every year since re- ing the use of specially tailored polymers ceiving the award. EAI attributes 14 per- that are not absorbed by the body but cent of its business since 1992 to the core rather unfold in the gastrointestinal tract technology developed under the ATP. like tiny molecular nets to selectively trap pathogens or their toxins. —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Within a focused program, the ATP holds • applications that directly meet healthcare Competitions special competitions open only to project users' needs, such as clinical decision sup-

proposals that would advance the Until 1994, the ATP used general competi- goals of port systems and consumer health informa- the specific program. Specific projects tions open to proposals in all areas of tech- are tion and education systems. selected through the normal ATP competi- nology as its sole investment mechanism. Existing multimillion-dollar programs of tive review process. Since then, the ATP has added another ele- research in healthcare information technol- ment to its investment strategy focused — The ATP has received over 1,000 white ogy lack the coordination and integration program competitions. Each type of competi- papers suggesting specific focused program necessary to share information nationwide. tion has its unique advantages. General areas. Drawing from 304 of the white For example, individual hospitals are devel- competitions ensure that all good ideas re- papers, ATP has established 1 1 focused pro- oping or installing their own information ceive consideration, no matter what the tech- grams to date. technology systems without knowing how to nology area. Focused programs create a make sure that they will be connected seam- mechanism to provide critical-mass support lessly to the national healthcare enterprise. for high-risk, enabling technologies in par- Focused Program These institutions run the risk of investing ticular technology areas identified by U.S. Descriptions huge resources in systems that will limit in- industry as offering especially important herently the ability of others—including opportunities for economic growth. Information Infrastructure for suppliers, insurance companies, and non- Healthcare An ATP focused program identifies a specific affiliated physicians—to make the best, healthcare set of research and business goals to be The industry has a pivotal role in most efficient use of the information con- the economic health of the country, and in- tained in those systems. Furthermore, they reached within a specific time—typically formation has a pivotal role in miss out on the economies that about 5 years. Often these require the paral- healthcare of scope a conservative systematic lel development of a suite of interlocking estimates figure 20 percent of more approach to healthcare in-

R&D projects. By managing groups of proj- today's healthcare costs are related to the formation systems would bring. ects that complement and reinforce each processing of information. Using effective in- The Information Infrastructure for Health- other, the ATP reaps the benefits of synergy formation technology systems in the health- care program builds on major industry con- and, in the long run, can have a stronger care industry can deliver substantial cost sortia that in the past 3 years have begun to impact on U.S. technology and the economy. savings while also strengthening an impor- address the very complex interoperability is- tant sector of our industry. On the other Focused programs are developed in response sues related to a national information infra- hand, continuation of today's segmented ap- structure for to specific suggestions received from indus- healthcare. These consortia plications of information systems to health- include try and academia. In the form of white pa- the Computerized Patient Record care will only move the industry further Institute, pers, the proposals outline a specific Microelectronics and Computer from the possibility for a seamless informa- technology area and describe the potential Technology Corporation's Healthcare Open tion infrastructure. for U.S. economic benefit, the technical System Trials program, and the National ideas available to be exploited, the strength The ATP Information Infrastructure for Healthcare Industry Consortium. Although of industry commitment to the work, and Healthcare program will develop technolo- member companies do research on individ-

gies at each of three consecutive levels: ual technologies, funding is needed to the reasons why ATP funding is necessary to ATP achieve well-defined research and business catalyze development of an infrastructure • technologies to form the foundation of a goals. that will connect these islands of private-sector-driven, nationwide informa- automation. Areas that attract particularly strong tion system, including tools for enterprise integration, domain identification, and busi- Contact: interest—30 or more white papers from different sources proposing the same general ness process modeling; Bettijoyce Lide 975-2218 effort are not unusual—then are developed (301) • technologies to make such a system effi- further through discussions with industry, email: [email protected] cient and user friendly, including computer- meetings, workshops, and other interactions. A415 Administration Building ized knowledge-based systems, digital

libraries, and natural language processing; and ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Component-Based Software applications. Software tools would auto- cost and improved performance of computer matically match components to applications chips since the invention of the integrated Paradoxically, the most visible portion of systems, ensuring compatibility and reliabil- circuit, through rapid infusion of technical the software market—the shrink-wrapped ity. Numerous sources of cost and innovations. accounting spreadsheet programs for home error in application development would be and office, word-processing programs, enter- The structure of the software industry and eliminated. tainment software, and other offerings in the demand for business-critical software computer stores—represents only a rela- Major applications would no longer be large adapted to the needs of changing industries tively small fraction of the domestic in- monolithic structures built from the ground provide strong reasons for ATP support of stalled base of software. The vast majority of up but rather assemblies of smaller compo- the Component-Based Software program: business-critical software development activ- nents, competitively purchased from vendors • The Component-Based Software program skills ity is in major custom applications: com- who would have the specialized to addresses problems— including quality, de- plete systems for financial services, concentrate on issues such as domain- and velopment time, cost, interoperation, labor manufacturing, or chemical processing, for industry-specific knowledge, quality, and re- intensity, and the lack of a viable software- example. liability for the components they provide. components industry—which are pervasive

This custom software industry bears a strong The technical goals of the Component-Based throughout all large-scale software develop-

resemblance to many industries of the early Software program include: ments, but it involves broad-based solutions

19th century—virtually all of the products and significant technical risks that are be- • Enabling practical, automated composi- are expensive, hand-crafted, error prone, yond the scope of any one company or tion of major software applications based on one of a kind. Large industrial software sys- project. semantic analysis of independently pro- tems tend to be monolithic. Individual duced components—thus enabling system- • Component-based software will put new pieces of the system cannot be reused easily atic reuse of the components. capabilities in the hands of content provid- (except possibly in the same company) be- ers or application experts, which will allow • cause of the close cooperation required be- Developing automated tools and methods businesses to concentrate on areas of core tween the programmer and the systems for component-based software to expand the expertise. Businesses will not have to expend integrator. Object-oriented technology and portion of the process that can be automated resources supporting and maintaining non- computer-aided software engineering tools and thus reduce the need for error-prone, business-critical system components. have helped but have not provided the com- hand-crafted solutions.

• is key element of the technol- plete solutions to these problems. By most es- Software a • Developing necessary technologies to ogy infrastructure, so ATP funds in this timates, over half of all large application overcome other barriers to the widespread area are highly leveraged. New and better development projects in this industry end in use and reuse of software components. This software-development capabilities will allow failure after all the time and money is — includes: industries to supply new products and serv- spent, the product still cannot be used opera- • New linguistic methods to allow for ices utilizing software to improve pro- tionally. and imprecise or incomplete specifications of ductivity through enhanced automation. The goal of the ATP Component-Based Soft- functionality, performance, and other Component-based software projects are ware program is to develop the technologies software characteristics. addressing key industries such as manufac- needed to enable systematically reusable turing, finance and banking, and healthcare • Robustness so that critical systems software components—relatively small, — continue to perform in the presence of Contact: carefully engineered software elements suit- can errors. Barbara Cuthill able for a broad array of applications. These (301) 975-3273 technologies would enable software com- • Improved methods of confirming [email protected] that email: panies to build specialized components software dependability. A415 Administration Building can be sold to systems integrators and cus- In the long run, an established software- tom builders, who would combine them components industry would provide a rapid, with other, largely purchased, off-the-shelf responsive channel for marketing software components to create high-quality custom innovations, while constantly improving

quality, reliability, and capability, in much

the same fashion that the semiconductor component industry has constantly reduced — —

10 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

which distinctly different industries with dif- The overall technical goal of the ATP fo- Digital Video in Intormation Networks ferent histories, technology bases, and ap- cused program on Technologies for the Inte- As computers become multimedia work- proaches to standards development can work gration of Manufacturing Applications stations, as television moves to high- together toward the goal of interoperability (TIMA) is to develop and demonstrate the definition digital formats, and as telephony between and among network components. technologies needed to create affordable, takes on elements of both, information tech- Individual companies already have begun "integrable" manufacturing systems nologies are merging in unprecedented facing challenges such as finding means of those that can be rapidly integrated and re- ways. The industries that are creating infor- greatly compressing the enormous amount configured and, in the long run, that can mation networks fully expect digital video to of data that video information requires automatically adjust their performance in be an essential element of this convergence. while maintaining image quality and re- response to changing conditions and re- And they anticipate huge annual markets maining cost effective. Under the ATP fo- quirements. If successful, TIMA will enable for digital video—in the range of hundreds cused program, many companies will be greater speed and agility among U.S. compa- of billions of dollars—for phone, pay-per- able to coordinate their efforts so that the nies in the discrete manufacturing sector. view movies, home shopping, financial, edu- collective outcome will be far more valuable Technical work carried out under the pro- cational, and other services that will include for everyone on all sides of the information gram will facilitate industry-led efforts to a video component. The overwhelming eco- network. The ATP focused program will fill a create a real-time, "plug and play" manu- nomic benefits from genuinely interoperable critical R&D gap, establishing a long-term facturing software environment. digital video technology stem from ex- program involving both industry and govern- panded and more attractive capabilities and Discrete manufacturing includes some of ment to facilitate development of an services on the user end of the information the largest industries in the United States, interoperable infrastructure, address intellec- framework. The categories of entertainment, such as electronics and transportation, and tual property rights, support R&D in interop- manufacturing, education and training, and represented over $1 trillion in sales and ac- erable systems, and establish pilot programs health services alone account for several tril- counted for well over one-third of all manu- to demonstrate and apply advanced video lion dollars of commerce. Industries that dis- facturing jobs in 1991- Since this focused technology. tribute information and make, sell, and program also will affect discrete operations

integrate network equipment account for Contact: within the process industries, the govern-

another few hundred billion dollars of eco- David Hermreck ment investment can be leveraged into sav-

nomic activity. (301) 975-4328 ings totaling in the billions. The TIMA email: [email protected] technologies potentially will benefit compa- Crucial technology decision points regard- A303 Administration Building nies across a range of industries. ing convergence and digital video are arriv-

A major roadblock for most firms is the ing with disconcerting rapidity. One key Technologies tor the Integration of costly, massive effort required to implement issue is precisely how video-based informa- Manufacturing Applications

tion will be digitally packaged and distrib- and integrate information systems that Companies in every manufacturing industry uted in an information network in which share real-time manufacturing data face the challenge of responding rapidly to the producers of the video products, the dis- throughout organizations. Factory-floor changing markets and evolving business tributors of the information, and its users all information systems communicate neither opportunities. Today, the speed with which employ a diversity of processing, transmis- directly nor regularly with front-office infor- new products are developed and delivered to dedicated to accounting, sion, and receiving components. The ideal is mation systems market often is the chief determinant of that any video-based information product forecasting, and other resource planning ac- competitive success. However, even highly tivities, engineering sys- whether it be motion pictures, television pro- or with design and automated plants and factories struggle to grams, educational material, or healthcare tems. Middle-level information systems, overcome difficulties in adapting or recon- as Manufacturing Execution Systems information—can travel via wire, optical known figuring production operations to accom- fiber, satellite, or broadcast seamlessly into (MES), bridge this critical information gap modate design changes and new product regular TVs, high-definition TVs, computer between upstream and downstream activi- lines. Peculiarities in manufacturing soft- monitors, and other information appliances ties. Today's MES solutions, however, are ware and incompatibilities among software at homes, factories, hospitals, and schools. burdened by complexities that make them applications, which necessitate customized difficult to implement and integrate and, To develop truly interoperable digital video systems-integration efforts, often are the pri- often, even more difficult to modify and up- capability across future information net- mary sources of costly delays. grade. While these tasks are important to the works means creating R&D structures under management and operation of all manufac- ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

taring businesses, only a small fraction can The TIMA program expands and replaces an of $100 or more per test). Meeting these afford the cost of installing and maintain- earlier ATP focused program on Computer- goals will help U.S. companies maintain ing an integrated MES solution, estimated to Integrated Manufacturing for Electronics, their advantageous position in the coming run between $400,000 and $1 million. The which was announced in April 1994. Based years of the biotechnology revolution. The sizable costs incurred for maintenance and on the results of the first competition and industries and technical areas that stand to systems integration work required to up- extensive consultations with industry, ATP benefit from the program include health- grade or otherwise change the system place managers decided the original program was care, forensics, biomedical research, envi-

MES further out of the reach of smaller focused too narrowly to attract the desired ronmental monitoring and bioremediation, manufacturers. generic, broadly enabling R&D projects. toxicology, drug design, industrial bioproc-

essing, animal husbandry, agriculture, and The TIMA program aims for "integrable Contact: quality control in the food industry. MES" that can be assembled from piece-like Barbara L.M. Goldstein and reusable components to build compre- (301) 975-2304 The initial goal of the Tools for DNA Diag- hensive, system-wide surveillance and re- email: [email protected] nostics program is to develop cost-effective porting. But unlike existing approaches, A415 Administration Building methods for sequencing, interpreting, and integrable MES will be more comprehensive, storing DNA sequences for diagnostic appli- Tools for DNA Diagnostics and it is expected to accommodate rapid cus- cations ranging from healthcare to agricul- tomization, incremental installation, as- Research on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ture to environmental monitoring. needed reconfiguration, and enhanced accelerated by the Human Genome Project, Moreover, these methods need to be highly information flow throughout the enterprise. is providing deep new insights into now automated, miniaturized whenever possible,

There are numerous technical barriers, poorly understood biological phenomena easy to use, and inexpensive as well as able some owing to the complex nature of real- and diseases and into new treatments for to determine and analyze DNA sequences ac- time data, which must be overcome to genetically based ailments. The biotechnol- curately and rapidly. A working system meet- achieve manufacturing execution system ogy industry expects that it will become both ing these criteria might begin with the interoperability in a general and reusable the impetus and basis of new multibillion injection of a sample into a cassette, which manner. dollar markets stemming from DNA-based then would be positioned automatically into

diagnostic tests. an instrument that performs the sequencing The technologies that the TIMA program and stores the results. These results then supports are primarily infrastructural: they According to industry projections for 1997, could be displayed immediately on a com- constitute an underlying foundation re- the DNA-based portion of the in-vitro (out- puter screen and transferred to a patient's quired to enable and support important side of the body) diagnostics industry is records. By the end of the ATP focused pro- applications of information technology to expected to reach into the vicinity of gram, industry should have the technical manufacturing. Individual companies also $500 million of a total estimated market of tools and know-how in hand with which do not have the capabilities needed to de- well over $18 billion, up from a $58 million they can design, engineer, and produce velop the full collection of underpinning portion of an estimated $5 billion market in commercial products like this one. technologies. The MES industry is too frag- 1992. By 2005, DNA probes are expected to

mented for any one vendor's integration account for $6 billion, or 15 percent, of a The ATP program on DNA diagnostics can

approach to dominate the marketplace, or $40 billion in-vitro diagnostics market. At leverage existing government investments in

for any one vendor to invest substantial the moment, the United States enjoys a lead DNA research to achieve the aim of low-cost

resources in the uncertain prospect of estab- position in this ever more global industry. DNA diagnostic technologies on a much

lishing its technology as an industry stand- larger scale. It can help U.S. industry to Reaping the full potential of DNA technol- ard. Playing the role of catalyst, ATP can maintain its global leadership in the ogy will require the development of new help MES vendors and manufacturers to biotechnology industry. The Human methods, instruments, and data-handling overcome this impasse, to focus their collec- Genome Project is a vital investment in the protocols. The ATP focused program on tive expertise, and to concentrate some of research that produces the maps and se- Tools for DNA Diagnostics seeks to speed up their resources on surmounting the barriers quences. But it does not support technology the process of DNA analyses and sequence to developing integrable MES architectures development for diagnostics, which ulti- interpretation by a factor of 10 and reduce and applications. mately must be more user friendly and auto- costs from one-tenth to one-hundredth of mated than state-of-the-art instruments for the present price tag (which is in the range basic research in the laboratory setting. —

12 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

At the moment, companies that are well posi- In economic terms, catalysts add an esti- • developing catalysts that greatly simplify

tioned to develop DNA diagnostic tools are mated $2.4 trillion of value worldwide to process chemistry and/or improve environ-

often hesitant to push forward without addi- raw chemical ingredients as scores of indus- mental performance beyond current practice

tional government support because any of a tries transform them into petroleum prod- or regulatory trends.

number of competing analytical methodolo- ucts, synthetic rubber and plastics, food Major tasks in catalytic process design gies could turn out to be the most suitable products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, include: for DNA diagnostics. Betting on one technol- or as they control vehicle and industry emis-

ogy, which is all that most companies could sions. In the United States, over 20 percent • developing novel reactor engineering de-

hope to do, is too much of a gamble. The of all industrial products, an annual value signs coupling reaction and transport prop-

ATP Tools for DNA Diagnostics program of $500 billion, involve catalysis. The world- erties, reaction and product separation, or

both reduces and dilutes that risk. The pay- wide market for catalysts themselves, which other innovative process couplings;

off could be the technology base for a new come in forms as disparate as biological • developing advanced scale-up methods multibillion dollar industrial base in the enzymes (specialized proteins) to fine metal reducing pilot steps, speeding process model United States that will keep the country on powders to complex inorganic compounds validation, and improving reliability; top in gene biotechnology and widen its called zeolites, amounted to about $7.8 bil-

scope of industrial applications. lion in 1993 and is expected to rise to nearly • improving prediction of end-use product

$11 billion by 1998. properties through catalyst design and proc- Contact: ess models; and Stanley Abramowitz The overall goal of the cost-shared ATP fo-

(301) 975-2587 cused program in catalysis and biocatalysis • enhancing or maintaining product per-

email: [email protected] technology is to accelerate industry's own formance in catalytic processes while feed-

A625 Administration Building long-term attempts to develop the analytical stock quality is reduced or feedstocks shift to

tools, synthetic abilities, and theoretical in- renewable resources. Catalysis and Biocatalysis sight to identify, design, and implement new Technologies Leap-frog advances in catalysis of the sort catalytic tools and processes of major eco- targeted in this ATP focused program can Catalysts transform vast reservoirs of chemi- nomic importance. Program technical goals come only from research of uncommon tech- cal feedstocks into products like nylon and focus on the general areas of catalysis proc- nical difficulty. At the bottom of every cata- polyethylene polymers, themselves the ess chemistries—catalyst design and fabrica- lytic process are complex physical and industrial starting point for thousands of tion and catalytic process design. chemical dramas playing out on tiny scales, products ranging from milk jugs and Major tasks in catalysis process chemistry often at blindingly fast speeds and under mountain-climbing rope to toys and textiles. include: surveillance-unfriendly conditions common Catalysts, along with their biologically de- in industrial processes, factors that tradition- rived forms known as biocatalysts, sculpt • reducing to routine the use of structure/ ally have made scientific study and design of chemical precursors into the precise molecu- function knowledge for designing catalysts catalysis technologies extremely challeng- lar shapes that are the heart of many phar- and associated process and products; ing, costly, or technically impossible. Just as maceuticals. Catalysts are becoming ever • developing innovative catalyst charac- important, the program will forge novel more central to the competitiveness of indi- terization and design technologies; liaisons for catalysis technology research vidual products, companies, industries, and that would not have formed without the countries. Those who develop new cost- • developing novel approaches to speed collective participation of many companies effective catalysts and biocatalysts that im- design and increase reliability of catalyst throughout the program's planning and prove the yields of products, cheapen or manufacturing techniques; implementation. simplify processes, enable vendors to meet • developing unique and innovative ap- customers' needs more quickly and pre- Improving catalysts and catalysis processes proaches to extend significantly catalyst cisely, open up attractive products previously promises several important payoffs down- yield, selectivity, life, or operational stability too costly for the marketplace, or reduce the stream in manufacturing. New catalysts that by more than 20 percent over current prac- amount of pollution produced during manu- are more precisely designed than ones in tice; and facturing processes will gain clear competi- present use can maximize desired products

tive advantages. while minimizing byproducts, or can pro- duce the same products using less expensive

feedstocks. They can even replace feedstocks — 3

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 1

based on non-renewable and depletable re- able high-performance composites for large- The ATP effort is enabling U.S. industry to

sources, such as petroleum, with renewable scale commercial applications. The ability develop advanced composites, whose techno-

ones, such as grains or switch grass. New to produce commercial quantities of high- logical advantages have been demonstrated

catalysis processes also could eliminate performance composites at competitive in military and aerospace applications, into

manufacturing steps and lower capital retro- prices will open new annual markets in the a sound and expansive business for known

fit, energy, or operating costs, as well as range of tens of billions of dollars to U.S. commercial markets where the cost of these

increase capacity and product yield. companies, according to industry projec- materials has kept them out of reach. By the

tions. Auto manufacturers alone estimate end of the program, participants should be Another payoff, one that analysts predict will that composites orders for building lighter able to demonstrate cost-effective manufac- grow in relative importance in the coming weight vehicles that consume less fuel could turing processes for making large composite years, will come from catalysis technologies go as high as $20 billion. structures for several classes of applications that reduce pollution by obviating the need and be in a position to develop and adapt for organic solvents, eliminating trouble- Methods of manufacturing composites now those processes for commercial-scale some byproducts that subsequently need to are too labor intensive or too product spe- production. be recycled or disposed of, or converting pol- cific to work smoothly in larger volume

lution that is produced during manufactur- commercial settings such as auto manufac- Contact:

ing processes into valuable co-products or turing and bridge building. The ATP pro- Carol Schutte

more benign forms. Pollution prevention gram is working to correct that with an (301) 975-6846

and abatement catalysts like these will play ambitious program to: email: [email protected]

increasingly large roles in reducing the A625 Administration Building • develop low-cost manufacturing costs of environmental compliance while processes; Materials Processing for Heavy making products more attractive to environ- Manufacturing mentally concerned clientele. • integrate design and simulation tools for

predicting the properties and reliability of Members of the heavy manufacturing "food Contact: the composites during their service life- chain"—materials suppliers, materials Linda Beth Schilling times; and processors, processing equipment manufac- (301) 975-2887 j turers, component manufacturers, and origi- email: [email protected] • develop advanced sensor technologies nal equipment manufacturers—estimate A625 Administration Building some built directly into the composite struc- that they could achieve up to $25 billion in tures where they will monitor the health of additional market share in the next decade Manufacturing Composite Structures the composites throughout their manufac- if they could more economically translate Composite materials plastics, for exam- turing phases and lifetimes. — new laboratory developments in materials ple, reinforced with glass, polymer, or These and other advances also should lower processing to the robust, cost-effective sys- carbon fibers—have opened the possibility the cost of designing with composites since tems need for the production floor. These of a true materials revolution in industry. fewer prototypes will have to be built and are the industries that compete for $1 tril- Advanced composites technology can pro- tested. The ATP focused program is the lion worth of global infrastructure work, duce materials that far outperform tradi- means to trigger expansion of advanced which supports a $100 billion annual world- tional materials such as steel while reducing composites beyond military applications and wide market in heavy off-road equipment weight, maintenance expenses, and operat- small commercial niches, such as sports that is expected to double early in the next ing costs of cars, bridges, offshore oil rigs, equipment, into much larger commercial century. They compete to supply equipment and other structures. But the development of markets. Most federal support (which ac- for large power plants, a $45 billion world- advanced composites—which typically com- counts for more than half of all R&D in ad- wide market each year, which is growing at bine the lightness of a polymer with the stiff- vanced polymer matrix composites) focuses a rate of 2 percent per year. The same set of ness and strength of glass reinforcing on aerospace and military structures. That, industries competes for the annual $60 bil- fibers—has been driven by the needs of the together with the inherent risk of developing lion domestic market in vehicular engines, defense industry, stressing performance and new materials in markets where traditional power trains, and chassis of vehicles, which traditionally ignoring cost. materials have been used for decades, has also is growing at a 2 percent annual rate. non-military The ATP focused program in Manufacturing kept private investment in

Composite Structures was established to help applications to a trickle.

U.S. companies develop the technical capa-

bility for producing vast amounts of afford- ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

The primary technical goal of the cost- earlier steps before focusing on later ones. Besides bolstering industrial competitiveness shared ATP focused program in Materials Among tactics to prevent, control, and mini- for these manufacturers, the program prom-

Processing for Heavy Manufacturing is to de- mize waste and pollution are the conversion ises additional broad-based benefits. Increas- velop and demonstrate innovative materials- of steel waste into cement and concrete feed- ing the average energy efficiency of air- processing technologies that will help U.S. stock and the recovery of iron from the dust conditioning and refrigeration equipment companies in the heavy manufacturing sec- and slag of steel making. could simultaneously save industry users bil- tor make longer lasting, more reliable, and lions of dollars in energy costs and signifi- These projects typically fall under the high- more efficient products, features that will cantly reduce the emission of carbon dioxide risk category that companies cannot pursue give their products a competitive advantage and other pollutants as a result of amid more immediate challenges. In addi- in the marketplace. reduced fuel consumption at power plants. tion, this ATP focused program will forge Moreover, the focused program includes air- Truck engines that need overhauls only new forms of vertical integration among cleaning technologies, which include chemi- after 1,600,000 km (1 million miles), drive companies, thereby creating versatile tech- cal systems that absorb or catalytically trains that require only half as much main- nology development and commercial infra- destroy many of the indoor air pollutants tenance and repair, and a 2 percent increase structures that will outlast the ATP program thought to be responsible for the "sick build- in power-generation efficiency are among itself. ing syndrome." The Environmental Protec- the specific goals. One versatile tactic for Contact: tion Agency estimates that as many as achieving these and other ends is to develop Clare Allocca 50 percent of commercial buildings have surface treatments and coatings that make (301) 975-4359 problems with their indoor air and that im- ceramic and metal components more email: [email protected] proving air quality could yield annual sav- resistant to wear, corrosion, fatigue, or A625 Administration Building ings of several billion dollars in the form of temperature-mediated degradation. improved worker productivity, decreased Vapor Compression Refrigeration Another key technical goal is to significantly public health costs, and reduced mainte- Technology reduce manufacturing costs, a factor that nance costs.

will enable U.S. manufacturers to offer Manufacturing of air-conditioning and re- The technical challenge centers on the va- passenger cars, light trucks, and heavy frigeration equipment in the United States por compression cycle, which is the princi- equipment at prices that will make them alone each year amounts to a $22 billion ple of operation for the vast majority of especially attractive in the rapidly growing industry, which is about 40 percent of the cooling equipment now manufactured and and highly competitive markets of develop- world's production, and employs about in use both in individual residences and in ing countries. Some of the major strategies 125,000 people. Conventional technology, industrial settings. During the cycle, liquid for lower manufacturing costs are the elimi- however, is falling short on enough engi- refrigerants—among them the soon-to-be- nation of processing steps, the prevention of neering, environmental, consumer, and phased-out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), as waste and pollution, and the reduction of technological fronts that refrigeration and well as their replacements—expand in a manufacturing cycle time. One specific tac- air-conditioning engineers have entered an metal coil. This is an energy-absorbing proc- tic to increase efficiency is to implement innovate-or-wither phase. According to in- ess that extracts heat from the space to be "intelligent processing" methods in which dustry projections, new demand for air- cooled. A mechanical compressor then con- on-line monitoring and real-time process conditioning and refrigeration products by solidates the expanded gas and pushes it control enable manufacturers to tune their developing countries will fatten the global into a condenser where the vapor liquefies, process continuously to maximize efficiency market by an estimated $150 billion over which is an energy-releasing procedure that and quality. A way to reduce manufacturing the next 10 years. With competition from prepares the refrigerant for another run of time is through more intensive process mod- Japanese makers, who now win 40 percent of the cooling cycle while releasing the heat as- eling and rapid prototyping techniques, the market, and from those in Europe, sociated with the condensation process away which also can make it possible to concur- China, and Korea, the U.S. share of this from the cooling system. The overall techni- rently engineer several process steps rather emerging market will depend heavily on cal goals are to increase system efficiency by than having to wait for the completion of who innovates faster and better. The goal of 25 percent, to reduce the noise levels and the ATP focused program in advanced vapor size of refrigeration components by the compression refrigeration systems is to help

U.S. manufacturers build the technical basis

for developing lower cost and better perform-

ing products than all foreign competitors. — ——

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

same amount, and to design and manufac- size of break-even production volumes • Assembly processes: Develop economical, ture a system in which no refrigerant leaks. needed to recover investment costs, making modular systems for body and powertrain

By providing a solid basis for industry col- it profitable for U.S. automobile companies assembly that can be implemented laboration on high-risk, cutting-edge tech- to compete in small-volume markets at (or reconfigured) within 4 to 6 months nologies, the ATP can catalyze development mass-production prices. (compared with today's average of 24 that no individual company can undertake. to 36 months); improve technologies for The automotive sector, which accounts for ATP support will assist the industry in its controlling paint and coating processes. about 4 percent of the U.S. gross domestic own efforts to get a jump on the emerging product and employs more than 2 million • Systems integration: Advance technolo- worldwide markets that are rapidly people, will be the initial beneficiary of the gies for intelligent, or predictive, monitoring developing. anticipated technologies. Within the sector, and control of processes; accelerate progress

Contact: parts and equipment suppliers, who are di- in efforts to achieve plug-and-play compati-

John Gudas rectly involved in ATP program efforts, will bility among equipment, processes, and

(301) 975-3214 benefit most directly from the improved per- information management systems, an em- email: [email protected] formance capabilities enabled by the tech- phasis that complements other manufactur-

A625 Administration Building nologies. Outside the sector, a variety of ing R&D efforts.

other manufacturing industries, from metal Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Without the collaborative efforts that the furniture to precision instruments, will be Technology ATP aims to marshal, U.S. auto makers and able to exploit targeted improvements in ma- their suppliers would not mount and sustain Changeovers to new car, van, or truck chining, grinding, and other widely used the range of activities needed to achieve the models are engineering and manufacturing processes. major advances in technology, manufactur- marathons, taking U.S. auto makers and The new focused program will concentrate ing practices, and industry performance that their suppliers an average of 42 to on four major technical areas that underpin are the objectives of the new program. 48 months. More agile equipment and proc- significant improvements in capabilities esses that sharply reduce the time and cost Contact: and performance: of converting factories to new models could Jack Boudreaux

reduce significantly the span from initial de- • Material forming processes: Develop (301) 975-3560

sign to consumer-ready vehicle and give the processes that substantially improve the email: [email protected]

U.S. automobile industry an important com- quality of stamped sheet metal parts; im- A625 Administration Building

petitive advantage. prove stamping precision to achieve sub- Digital Data Storage millimeter dimensional tolerances; reduce The ATP focused program on Motor Vehicle by 30 percent the time required to design, The nation's digital storage industry Manufacturing Technology fosters innova- test, and produce sheet metal dies; develop maker of the tapes, disks, and other gear tions in manufacturing practices that could manufacturing systems that enable a range that have become the archives and the slash time to market to 24 months, mark- of cost-effective applications of advanced retrieval tools of the information age edly better than even the best times logged materials in light vehicles. achieved its world-leading status by dou- to date by foreign or domestic car makers. bling storage capacity about every 3 years. These advances will lead to more versatile • Material removal processes: Increase the Now foreign competitors match that rate of equipment, better control and integration of capabilities and speed of machining and progress, and new storage-hungry applica- processes, and greater operational flexibility grinding processes; enable greater flexibility tions are multiplying rapidly. Industry ob- at all levels, from suppliers of parts, dies, so that machining stations can be reconfig- servers say regaining lost market shares and and machine tools to assembly plants. With ured to meet new-model requirements; pulling away from the global pack will re- the reusable, modular equipment and proc- accelerate design and fabrication of tool- quire an annual improvement rate of about esses envisioned by the program, the cost of ing—the most costly and time-consuming 60 percent—more than twice as fast as to- retooling car-manufacturing facilities phase of changeovers. day's already-supercharged pace. now ranging between $1.2 billion and

$2.9 billion, depending on the extent of the changeover—could be reduced by as much as tenfold. The savings would reduce the ——

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

The ATP focused program on digital data existing and emerging markets. For the do- Economic Returns storage aims to build the springboard for mestic industry as a whole, that advantage that kind of ambitious leap in technological would advance efforts to establish U.S. for- ATP projects are expected to make signifi- capability and marketplace performance. mats as international standards, which cant contributions to scientific and techni- The program concentrates on six key techni- would be a boon to exports. cal knowledge, produce new technologies cal objectives: that will be developed and introduced into In helping U.S. industry to move to the head the marketplace • Media: Push the ultimate limits of mag- of the curve of technology development and by the project awardees (using their funds), netic recording capacity by increasing stor- application, the ATP program also will bet- own and in the long run yield substantial benefits to the age densities to 10 billion to 100 billion bits ter position U.S. companies to compete in econ- omy beyond those accruing directly to the per square inch for disks and to 1 trillion consumer markets now dominated by soon- bytes per cubic inch for tapes; for electro- to-be-outdated analog storage products award recipients. optical disks, develop new materials to in- made by foreign manufacturers. In turn, a This is a lengthy process. ATP projects crease storage density and improve technologically advanced, globally competi- typically run from 2 to 5 years, the performance. tive data storage industry will enhance the commercialization phase could add several competitive prospects of computer manufac- more years, and the full economic • Heads: Develop technologies for high- impact turers as well as the telecommunications, not be realized for performance magnetic recording heads that may some years after entertainment, and other important user commercial introduction. It also is costly are vastly superior to today's state of the art, industries. and significantly improve magneto-optical companies must spend additional time, effort, and money on their own to pursue record and sense technologies. In establishing a comprehensive set of tech- product development marketing. Be- nical goals far beyond the capabilities of in- and • Tribology: Develop new lubricants and cause of the risks involved dividual firms, the ATP focused program —commercial as surface finishes, because, as the space be- well as technical projects will will help companies and research organiza- —some ATP tween heads and media diminishes, separa- fail. Others may proceed faster than antici- tions to pool their talents, expertise, and re- tion cannot be assured, creating the pated, and intermediate results lead to sources. Through collaborations that may potential for wear and increased error rates. marketable products even before the ATP minimize risks and costs, the industry can project ends. Regardless of whether initial • Tracking: Develop reliable microposition- make large strides in innovation that lead to commercialization takes place before an ing devices for high-precision placement of markedly superior technologies beyond the ATP project ends, or long after, the company sensing devices over data tracks to achieve capabilities of competitors. Because of to-

must invest its own money to design specific high signal-to-noise ratios. day's stiff competition in markets for digital products incorporating the technology and data storage products, U.S. firms must con- • Channel electronics: Improve signal- to any other costs associated with centrate almost exclusively on rapid, but pay processing electronics to achieve very low commercialization. incremental, improvements to existing prod- error rates. ucts, which are quickly matched or outdone True economic impacts occur when ATP- • Software: Significantly advance the state by other companies. Shared efforts, facili- fostered technologies enter the market of the art in data storage and retrieval soft- tated by the ATP, that concentrate early- on and not just as products. Long-term ware over the range extending from error de- needs overall stage and obstacles can reduce evaluation of the ATP must take into ac- tection and correction within storage units costs accelerate the U.S. digital R&D and count downstream effects of the technolo- and disk controllers to management of data storage industry's progress toward devel- gies: higher productivity and lower reject menageries of data storage systems. oping technologies critical to ensuring that rates for manufacturers using new processes

it will be a top performer in a worldwide Opportunities for improved data-storage and equipment based on ATP technologies; market projected to grow tenfold, to technologies are multiplying in business better medical care at lower costs from hospi- $1 trillion, during the next decade. and consumer markets. The visual commu- tals and clinics that benefit from ATP nications market, which includes video-on- Contact: biotechnology projects or the ATP focused programs on Tools for Diagnostics and demand services and video server hardware, Tom Leedy DNA Information Infrastructure for Healthcare; is growing at an annual rate of 40 percent. (301) 975-2410 longer-lived, lower maintenance struc- Companies adept at incorporating new tech- email: [email protected] and tures equipment possible by ATP nologies will have a strategic advantage in A430 Administration Building and made focused programs in advanced composites. —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 17

Such long-range effects are real—even if The focused programs for which each office • An Evolvable, Distributed Information In-

they are difficult to measure accurately. is responsible are listed under each office's frastructure for Interoperation of the Health- heading. Projects selected in focused pro- care Delivery System—Andersen Consulting, Using a variety of analysis tools, including gram competitions are listed under the Center for Strategic Technology Research*; third-party surveys and statistical analyses, corresponding focused program. Projects Enigma Logic, Inc.; Expersoft Corp.; the ATP has documented several important closely related to the subject of a focused MedicaLogic; and Medical Records Corp. near-term results of the program, including: program but selected in our general compe- • Healthcare Lifetime Data Repository In- • The majority of companies receiving ATP titions are included in the focused program frastructure—3M Co., Health Information awards would not have been able to pursue listing. When the ATP selects a number of Systems the technology at all without the ATP, and projects in one particular area, such a clus-

the balance would have been able to proceed ter of projects is managed for synergy as a • "MEDencode": A Technology to Populate

only at a significantly smaller scale. The "virtual focused program" even though a Clinical Data Repository as a Byproduct of

bottom line: U.S. industry today has impor- there has not been a formal competition in Producing the Clinical Note—Datamedic

tant new technical capabilities that would that technical area. Clinical Systems

not exist without the ATP. General competition projects that do not fit • Enterprise Tools for the Continuously

• R&D on the high-risk, high-payoff tech- within a focused program category are listed Available Medical Care (CAMC) Home

nologies fostered by the ATP has been separately, grouped in appropriate technical Healthcare System—Intermetrics, Inc.

significantly accelerated, according to categories. For information, contact the of- • Enterprise Integration Tool Set (EITS) for award winners, a large majority estimating fice under which the project is listed. Healthcare Professionals—Digital Systems that the award has put them ahead by * Resources, Inc.; and Unisys Corp 2 years or more. In today's marketplace, Information Technology and

where product cycles are shorter, a lead time Electronics Office • Patient-Oriented Management System

of only a few months can mean the differ- (POMS): An Integration Infrastructure for Contact: ence between success and failure in time- Health Care—Benchmarking Partners Cita Furlani critical markets. (301) 975-3543 Infrastructure Development Technologies

• U.S. firms have found new commercial email: [email protected] (Domain Analysis and Business Process opportunities—and some early growth A415 Administration Building Re-engineering) based on these new technical capabilities. Focused Program in Information • Healthcare Information Infrastructure Infrastructure for Healthcare • A new element in the R&D culture of U.S. Technology Proposal—BellSouth Network Solutions; Coleman Information Services; business is emerging—one that emphasizes Contact: more high-risk, high-payoff, enabling R&D Bettijoyce B. Lide Connecticut Health Technology Group;

and greater use of cooperative research ven- (301) 975-2218 Danbury Health Systems; General Electric

tures and industrial alliances, and that email: [email protected] Corporate R&D; Healthcare Research and

views government and industry as partners A415 Administration Building Education; Liberty Health Systems; Macro

rather than opponents. International; Medical University of South Infrastructure Development Technologies Carolina, Center for Computing & Informa- (Enterprise Integration) tion Technology; Microelectronics & Com- ATP Projects • Development of a Seamless Clinical puter Technology Corp.; New Jersey Institute

Management System for Behavioral Health of Technology; South Carolina Research Ongoing and completed ATP projects and Organizations—Instream Corp. Authority*; Statewide Health Information :| their participants are listed below, sorted Network, Inc.; Unitron Medical Communica- into related technical categories. The ATP • An Expert Knowledge Server with a Gen- tions; and University of Georgia manages projects through three technical eral Vocabulary Server Interface—Applied offices: Information Technology and Elec- Medical Informatics, Inc. tronics Office, Chemical and Life Sciences • Voyager: Browsing and Automatically Office, and Materials and Manufacturing Extracting Healthcare Data from Scattered Office. Databases—Belmont Research, Inc.

* Joint venture lead partner — —— —— ——

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• Health Informatics Initiative—AT&T Bell • Development of National Medical Prac- Focused Program in Component-Based Laboratories; Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc.; tice Knowledge Banks—Allegheny-Singer Software

Corporation for Studies & Analysis; D. Research Institute*; AT&T Corp., Business Contact:

Appleton Co., Inc.; International Cancer Alli- Markets Division; NCR Human Interface Barbara Cuthill

ance; Koop Foundation, Inc.*; Logicon, Inc.; Technology Center; and NCR Parallel (301) 975-3273 Strategic & Information Systems; Meta Soft- Systems email: [email protected] ware Corp.; Oracle Corp.; Systems Research A415 Administration Building • Health Object Library On-Line Project & Applications Corp.; and Wizdom Systems, (HOLON) —Beth Israel Hospital; Concept Creating New Software Development Inc. 5 Technologies, Inc.; Forefront Group, Inc.; Paradigms • An Information Infrastructure to Rede- George Washington University, School of En- • Component Integration: An Architecture fine Caregiver Roles: A New Approach to Inte- gineering; IntelliTek, Inc.; Koop Founda- Driven Approach—Andersen Consulting, gration—Health Data Sciences Corp.*; and tion, Inc.*; Lumina Decision Systems; Meta Center for Strategic Technology Research New York City Health and Hospitals Corp. Software Corp.; Norwalk Hospital, Center for

Informatics; Oracle Corp.; Talisman Dynam- • Reusable Performance-Critical Software Infrastructure Development Technologies ics, Inc.; Time Warner Cable; Windom Components Using Separation of Implemen- (Total Quality Management) Health Enterprises; and Wizdom Systems tation Issues—Xerox Corp., Palo Alto • Methodologies for Automating Clinical Research Center User Interface and Efficiency- Practice Guidelines—Cerner Corp. Enhancement Technologies (Multimedia • Cost-Based Generation of Scalable, Reli-

• Automated Care Plans and Practice Guide- Information) able, Real-Time Software Components

lines—American Healthware Systems Sagent Corp. • Automating Disease Surveillance from

• Development of an Episode Grouper Structured and Text Data—Sunquest Infor- • Design Maintenance System 3M Co., Health Information Systems*; and mation Systems Semantic Designs Actuarial Sciences Associates • A Multimedia Medical Dialog (MMD) Enhancing the Capability ofApplication User Interface and Efficiency- System for Home Healthcare—Dragon Experts

Enhancement Technologies (Information Systems, Inc. • Automatic Generation of Mathematical Access, Transmission, Storage, and • Intelligent Spoken Medical Records Modeling Components SciComp, Inc. Retrieval) — Berdy Medical Systems • A Component Technology for Virtual • Healthcare Information Technology • Open, Voice-Enabled, Structured Medical Reality (VR) Based Applications Enabling Community Care—Advanced Ra- Information— Kurzweil Applied Intelli- Aesthetic Solutions diology; BellSouth Telecommunications; gence, Inc. Charleston Area Medical Center, Inc.; • Automation of Dependable Software

Connecticut Healthcare Research and • Wellnet™: An Interactive Multimedia Generation with Reusable Components

Education; General Electric Corporate R&D; Consumer Health Management Tool Lucent Technologies, Inc.

Shared Medical Systems Corp.; South Caresoft, Inc. • A Component-Based Software Approach to Carolina Research Authority*; Technology • TELEOS™: An Authoring System for Analog and Mixed Signal Model Develop- 2020; Univ. of Florida at Gainesville, Dept. Virtual Reality Surgical Simulations ment—Analogy, Inc. of Anesthesiology; and Univ. of Maryland at High Techsplanations, Inc. Baltimore, Diagnostic & Radiology • Component-Based Software for Advanced

• A Three-Dimensional Database for Visu- Interactive Systems in Entertainment and • Decision Support Technology for LDR alization of Human Physiology—Engineer- Education—Extempo Systems, Inc. Infrastructure—3M Co., Health Informa- ing Animation, Inc. tion Systems Automating the Software Development Process

• Component-Based Re-engineering Tech- nology—Reasoning Systems, Inc.

* Joint venture lead partner — —— — —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• Scalable Business Application Develop- • Interoperability Tools for Digital Video Focused Program in Digital Data Storage ment Components and Tools Continuum Systems Bell Communications Research, — — Contact: Systems Inc. Tom Leedy

• A Plausible Dependability Model for Digital Video Tools and Management (301) 975-2410 Component-Based Software—Reliable Soft- Capabilities email: [email protected] ware Technologies A430 Administration Building • Advanced Distributed Video ATM Network

• Graph Visualization Technology for Creation, Editing, and Distribution Optical Recording Technology

Tom Sawyer Software Tektronix, Inc. • A High-Density and High-Speed Read-

• only Optical Data Storage System Component-Based Software Tools for Focused Program in Technologies for the Real-Time Systems—Real-Time Innova- Integration of Manufacturing Applications Calimetrics

tions, Inc. Contact: • A Revolutionary, High Density, High Barbara L.M. Goldstein • Component-Based Software System for Speed, Low Cost Optical Information Storage (301) 975-2304 Parallel Processing Systems—Applied Paral- Technology—Optex Communications Corp. email: [email protected] lel Technologies, Inc. • Digital Data Storage Technology via A415 Administration Building Ultrahigh- Performance Optical Tape Drive Focused Program in Digital Video in • A Product-Family-Based Framework for Information Networks Using a Short-Wavelength Laser—LOTS

Computer Integrated Manufacturing Technology, Inc. Contact: IBM Corp. David Hermreck • Electron-Trapping Optical Memory for • (301) 975-4328 Model-Driven Application and Integration Digital Recording Applications—Optex email: [email protected] Components for MES—Vitria Technology, Communications Corp. A303 Administration Building Inc. • Short-Wavelength Sources for Optical Re- • Improve Information Capacityfor Trans- An Agent-Based Framework for Integrated cording—Carnegie Mellon University, ECE mission and Distribution Intelligent Planning-Execution—IBM Department; Eastman Kodak Co., Mass

Manufacturing Unit*; Berclaim USA, Memory Division, Research Labs; IBM Corp., • Mobile Information Infrastructure for Limited; Cimplex; Ingersoll-Rand Co.;J.D. Almaden Research Center; National Storage Digital Video and Multimedia Applica- Edwards; and QAD, Inc. Industry Consortium*; Uniphase; and Uni- tions—Lucent Technologies; and Sun versity of Arizona, Optical Science Center Microsystems Computer Co. • Advanced Process Control Framework

Initiative—Advanced Micro Devices; and • Technology Development for Optical- • Perceptual-Based Video Encoding and Honeywell, Inc., Technology Center* Tape-Based Rapid Access Affordable Mass Quality Measurement—Bell Atlantic; David Storage (TRAAMS)—Carnegie Mellon Uni- Sarnoff Research Center*; Texas Instru- • Solutions for MES-Adaptable Replicable versity; Energy Conversion Devices, Inc.; Inc.; Applied , ments; and Sun Microsystems Technology (SMART)—AMP, Motorola, Inc., Phoenix Corporate Research Automation Technologies, Inc.; FASTech In- • Adaptive Video Codec for Information Laboratories; NASA Goddard Space Flight tegration, Inc.; IBM Corp. (NIIP Consortium Networks—Cubic Defense Systems Center; Polaroid Corp.; Science Applications Project Office)*; IBM Manufacturing Indus- International Corp.; Terabank Systems, Interoperable System Components try Solutions Unit; IBM Software Solutions Inc.*; and University of Arizona, Optical Division; IBM Manufacturing Systems; In- • HDTV Broadcast Technology—Advanced Sciences Center dustrial Computer Corp.; International Tech- Modular Solutions; Comark; David Sarnoff nical Group, Inc.; MESA International; • Ultra High Capacity Optical Disk: Multi- Research tenter*; IBM; MCI; Philips Labora- STEP Tools, Inc.; UES, Inc.; Univ. of Florida Layer Short Wavelength Write-Once and tory; Sun Microsystems; and Thomson Con- at Gainesville, Database Systems R&D Cen- Erasable Optical Disk Recording System sumer Electronics, Inc. ter; and Wonderware Corp. Carnegie Mellon University; Eastman Kodak

Co.; National Storage Industry Consortium*;

and SDL (Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.)

'Joint venture lead partner — ——— —

20 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Magnetic Recording Technology General Competition Electronics and • Diamond Diode Field Emission Display Photonics Projects Process Technology Development • Enhanced Rigid Disk Drive Technology: Displays and Graphic Image Manipulation SI Diamond Technology, Inc.*; and High Resonance Suspension—Hutchinson Supertex, Inc. Technology, Inc. • Advanced Manufacturing Technology for

Low-Cost Flat Panel Display Electro- Semiconductor Devices, Materials, and • High-Performance, Variable-Data-Rate, — Plasma, Inc.; Kent Display Systems; Fabrication Multimedia Magnetic Tape Recorder—3M Photonics Imaging, Inc.*; Planar America, Co.*; Advanced Research Corp.; and Seagate • New Technology for High-Current, Inc., Division of Planar Systems; and Tape Technology, Inc. Parallel, Broad-Beam Implanters for Westinghouse Norden Systems, Inc., Microelectronics Fabrication—Diamond • Ultra-High Density Magnetic Recording Division of United Technologies Semiconductor Group, Inc. Heads—Applied Magnetics Corp.; Carnegie • FLC/VLSI High-Definition Image Mellon University, ECE Department, Data • Dry Gas-Phase Cleaning Technology for Generators Displaytech, Inc. Storage Systems Center; Eastman Kodak Co.; — Single-Wafer Surface Conditioning

George Washington University, Dept. of Elec- • High Information Content Display FSI International, Inc.

trical Engineering & Computer Science; Technology Kopin Corp.*; and Philips — • A Feedback-Controlled Metalorganic Hewlett-Packard Co.; IBM Corp., Almaden Consumer Electronics North America Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor Research Center; National Storage Industry • High Resolution Multimedia Laser Projec- Spire Corp. Consortium*; Quantum Corp.; Read-Rite tion Display—Laser Power Corp.*; and Corp.; Seagate Technology; Stanford Univer- • Development of Blue/Green Emitters Proxima Corp. sity, Department of Materials Science and Utilizing Homoepitaxial ZnSe-Based

Engineering; Storage Technology Corp.; • Large Area Digital HDTV Field Emitter Heterostructures—Eagle-Picher Research University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Center Display Development—FED Corp. Laboratory for Materials Information Technology; • Mathematical Algorithms and Software • Fabrication and Testing of Precision Op- University of California at San Diego, Center for the Restoration and Reformatting of tics for Soft X-Ray Projection Lithography for Magnetic Recording; University of Minne- Moving Pictures—Mathematical Technolo- AT&T Bell Laboratories sota, Electrical Engineering and Computer gies, Inc. Science; and Washington University, Depart- • Flip Chip Monolithic Microwave Inte-

ment of Electrical Engineering • Optically Controlled Alignment Materials grated Circuit (MMIC) Manufacturing for Liquid-Crystal Displays—Alliant Tech- Technology—Hughes Aircraft Co., General Competition Projects Related to systems, Research Center Microelectronic Circuits Division Information Technology • • New User-Interface for Computers Based • Patterning Technology for Color Flat- GaAs Super Microprocessor Technology Development Vitesse Semiconductor Corp. on On-Line Recognition of Natural Hand- Panel Displays—Electro-Plasma, Inc.; Kent —

writing Communication Intelligence Corp. Display Systems; Photonics Imaging, Inc.; — • Manufacturing Technology for High Per- Planar America, Inc., Division of Planar Sys- Devices • Advanced Spoken Language User Inter- formance Optoelectronic Based on tems (American Display Consortium)*; and Liquid Phase Electro-Epitaxy AstroPower, faces for Computer Applications—Kurzweil — Plasmaco, Inc. Applied Intelligence, Inc. Inc.

• Scalable High-Density Electronics Based • • Pen-Based User Interface for the Emerg- Solid-State Laser Technology for Point- on MultiFilm Modules—Kopin Corp.*; and ing Chinese Computer Market—Communi- Source X-Ray Lithography—Hampshire Microelectronics & Computer Technology cation Intelligence Corp. Instruments, Inc.*; and McDonnell Douglas Corp. Electronic Systems Co. • High Fidelity Digital Image Compres- • Technology Development for the Smart • Advancement of Monocrystalline Silicon sion—Iterated Systems, Inc. Display: A Versatile High-Performance Video Carbide Growth Processes—Cree Research Display Integrated with Electronics • BFGoodrich Avionics Systems; Cetek Tech- Nonvolatile Magnetcresistive Semiconduc- Nonvolatile nologies, Inc.; FED Corp.*; InfiMed, Inc.; tor Technology— Electronics,

and Kaiser Electronics Inc.

* Joint venture lead partner —— — — —— —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Optical/Electro-optical Components and New Materials/Manufacturingfor Elec- Other Electronics, Electrical, and Photon-

Systems (including lasers) tronics and Electrical Systems ics Projects

• Tunable Deep UV and VUV Solid-State • Diamond-Like Nanocomposite Technol- • Advanced Cathode for Flat Fluorescent Laser Source—Light Age, Inc. ogy—Advanced Refractory Technologies, Light Sources—Thomas Electronics, Inc. Inc. • Incoherent Combining of Radiation from • Development of Rapid Thermal Process- a Two-Dimensional Array of Semiconductor • Integrated Force Array—Microelectronics ing to Produce Low Cost Solar Cells Lasers—Cynosure, Inc. Center at North Carolina Solarex, A Business Unit of Amoco/Enron Solar • Advanced Technology for MicroChannel • Novel Synthetic Fused Quartz for Semi- Plates—Galileo Electro-Optics Corp. conductor Manufacturing—General Elec- • Low Dielectric Foams for Microelectronics tric Corporate R&D Applications—IBM Corp., Almaden Re- • A Novel Microminiature Light Source search Center Technology—Philips Laboratories • Printed Wiring Board Interconnect Sys- tems—AT&T Bell Laboratories; AT&T Micro • Low-Cost Amorphous Silicon Manufactur- • Fiber Fabry-Perot Tunable Filters for Electronics; AlliedSignal Laminate Systems; ing Technology—EG&G Reticon; and All-Optical Networks—Micron Optics, Inc. Hughes Aircraft Co.; IBM Corp.; National General Electric Corporate R&D*

• Holographic Graded-Index Non- Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Inc.*; • Polymeric Switches for Optical Intercon- Lambertian Scattering Screens and Com- Sandia National Laboratories; Texas Instru- nects—IBM Corp., Almaden Research Center ponents with Light-Shaping Capability ments, Inc.; and United Technologies Corp.,

Physical Optics Corp. Hamilton Standard Division • Ultra-Low k Dielectric Materials for High-Performance Interconnects • Jitney: A Low-Cost, High-Performance Superconducting Systems and Devices Texas Instruments, Inc. Optical Bus—3M Co.; IBM Corp., T.J. • High-Temperature Superconducting Race- Watson Research Center*; and Lexmark track Magnets for Electric Motor Applica- Chemistry and Life Sciences International, Inc. Office tions—American Superconductor Corp. • Monolithic Multiwavelength Laser Diode Contact: • Technologies for HTS Components for Array Spanning 430 to HOOnm—SDL Magnetic Resonance Applications—Du- Linda Beth Schilling (Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.)*; and 975-2887 Pont, Superconductivity Group; and Inter- (301) Xerox Corp., Palo Alto Research Center magnetics General Corp.* email: [email protected] Administration Building • Precision Optoelectronics Assembly A625 • Advanced Thallium Superconductor Adept Technology, Inc.; AT&T Bell Laborato- Technology—DuPont Focused Program in Tools for DNA ries, Engineering Research Center; Boeing Diagnostics Co., Defense & Space Group; Ford Motor Co., • Thick-Film Superconducting Materials Contact: Electronics Technical Center; Motorola, for Radiofrequency Communication Stanley Abramowitz Inc., Phoenix Corporate Research Labs; Illinois Superconductor Corp. (301) 975-2587 New Jersey Institute of Technology, Center • Hybrid Superconducting Digital System email: [email protected] for Manufacturing Systems; and Precision Conductus, Inc.*; Hewlett-Packard Co.; A625 Administration Building Optoelectronics Assembly Consortium National Institute of Standards and Technol- (c/oNCMS)* • Genosensor Technology Development ogy; Stanford University, Department of Ap- Beckman Instruments; Baylor College of • Wavelength Division Multiplexing for plied Physics; TRW Applied Technology Medicine; Genometrix, Inc.; Genosys Optical Telecommunications Systems Division, Space & Technology Group; and Biotechnologies, Inc.; Houston Advanced Accuwave Corp. University of California at Berkeley, Dept. of Research Center; Laboratories for Genetic Electrical Engineering & Computer Science • X-Ray and Neutron Focusing and Colli- Services, Inc.; Massachusetts Institute of mating Optics—X-Ray Optical Systems, Inc. Technology; Microfab Technologies, Inc.; Triplex Pharmaceutical Corp.

• Joint venture lead partner — ——— ———

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• Miniature Integrated Nucleic Acid • Automated DNA Amplification and Frag- • Development of Improved Catalysts Using Diagnostics (MIND™) Development ment Size Analysis— E.I. du Pont de Nanometer-Scale Technology—Catalytica, Affymetrix, Inc.*; and Molecular Dynamics, Nemours & Co., FQMS Group Inc.*; and Microfluidics International Corp.

Inc. • Real-Time Micro-PCR Analysis System • Three-Phase Circulatory Flow Reactor

• DNA Diagnostic Systems Based on Novel Cornell University Medical College; IC Technology for Vapor-Phase Organic Oxida- Chem-jet Techniques—Combion, Inc. Sensors (EG&G); Louisiana State University; tions—Praxair, Inc. Perkin Elmer Corp.*; and University of • SBH Format 3 Megabase Diagnostics • Thin-Film Solid Acid Catalyst for Refinery Minnesota Instrumentation—Hyseq, Inc. Alkylation—ABB Lummus Global • Compact Blue Laser for Diagnostics • An Integrated Microelectronic DNA Diag- • Breakthrough Process for Direct Oxida- Uniphase Corp.*; and Perkin-Elmer Corp. nostic System—Nanogen, Inc. tion of Propylene to Propylene Oxide • Development of a Generic Technology for Dow Chemical Co. • Arrayed Primer Extension (APEX): The the Targeted Detection and Cleavage of DNA Next Generation DNA Analysis System for • Breakthrough Technology for Oxidation and RNA—Third Wave Technologies, Inc. Sequencing in DNA Diagnosis—Baylor of Alkanes—Rohm and Haas Co., and College of Medicine; Duke University; • DNA Diagnostics Using Self-Detected Sun Co.*

Identigene, Inc.; and Pharmacia Biotech, Target-Cycling Reaction (SD-TCR)— • Elastomeric Polypropylene and Elastic Inc.* NAVIX, Inc.; and Profile Diagnostics, Inc. Non-Wovens Venture—Amoco Corp.*; and • Integrated Microfabricated Devices for • Hyperthermophilic Microorgansims in Fiberweb North America, Inc. DNA Typing—Molecular Tool, Inc. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology • Polar-Tolerant Organometallic Catalytic Amersham Life Sciences, Inc. • MicroLab: A High-Throughput, Low-Cost Technology for Functionalized Linear

Approach to DNA Diagnostics by Array Hy- • Generation and Development of Novel Polyolefins—W.R. Grace & Co. bridization—David Sarnoff Research Center Nucleic Acid Binding Proteins and Their Use • Tailored Optical Polymers Through as DNA Diagnostics—Sangamo Biosciences • Development of Bar Code Diagnostics for a Novel Catalyst System (TOPCAT)—

DNA Analysis—Vysis, Inc. • Self-Contained Cartridge Integrating 3M Co.; and BF Goodrich Co.* Nucleic Acid Extraction, Specific Target • Development of Rapid DNA Medical Diag- • Computational Methods for Catalyst Amplification, and "Dip Stick" Immediate nostics—GeneTrace Systems, Inc. Design— Phillips Petroleum Co. Detection—Immunological Associates of • Diagnostic Laser Desorption Mass Spec- Denver General Competition Chemical and trometry Detection of Multiplex Electro- Biomedical Technology Projects Focused Program in Catalysis and phore Tagged DNA—Bruker Analytical Separations Technology Biocatalysis Systems, Inc.*; Genome Therapeutics; and Contact: • Facilitated Transport Process for Low-Cost Northeastern University Linda Beth Schilling Olefin-Parafin Separations—Amoco Corp. • Development and Commercial Applica- (301) 975-2887 • Novel Anion-Selective Separations Using tion of Genosensor Based Comparative email: [email protected] Molecular Recognition Technology Genome Hybridization—Vysis, Inc. A625 Administration Building IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc. • Molecular Cytogenetics Using the • A Process for Biocatalytic Desulfurization • Dual Purpose Ceramic Membranes GeneScope: An Ultrafast, Multicolor System of Crude Oil—Energy BioSystems Corp. BP Chemicals*; Praxair, Inc.; and Seattle for Automated FISH Analysis—Bio-Rad • Biosynthesis of Monomers General Speciality Ceramics, Inc. Laboratories — Electric Co. • Advanced Sorbents for Reducing the Cost • Integrated Microfabricated DNA Analysis • Continuous Biocatalytic Systems for the of Oxygen—Praxair, Inc. Device for Diagnosis of Complex Genetic Dis- Production of Chemicals from Renewable orders—CuraGen Corp.*; and Soane Tech- • Non-Chromatographic Enantiomer Sepa- Resources—Argonne National Lab.; East- nologies, Inc. ration and Purification with High Separa- man Chemical Co.; Electrosynthesis Co., tion Factors—IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc.; Genencor International, Inc.*; and Inc. MicroGenomics, Inc.

•Joint venture lead partner — —— ————— —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• of New Technologies • Molecular Development Recognition Polymers as Anti- Materials and Manufacturing for Treating and Reading Wastewater Infectives GelTex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. — Office from Aquaculture Facilities—Aquatic • Enhanced Molecular Dynamics Simula- Systems/Kent SeaFarms Corp. Contact: tion Technology for Biotechnology Applica- John Gudas • Energy-Efficient Oxygen Production tions Moldyn, Inc. — (301) 975-3214 Using Novel Ion Transport Membranes • Crystallization and Structural Determina- email: [email protected] Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. tion of G-Coupled Protein Receptors A625 Administration Building

• Development of a High-Pressure Oxygen 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Focused Program in Manufacturing Generator Using a Solid Electrolyte Oxygen Structures • RNA Binding Protein Technology for Composite Separation (SEOS) Technology Identification of Novel Therapeutics Contact: Ceramatec. Inc. Symphony Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carol Schutte

Tissue Engineering (301) 975-6846 • Marine Microorganisms and Saline Fer- email: [email protected] • Fabrication of Clinical Prosthesis from mentation: A New Industrial Resource A625 Administration Building Biomaterials—Tissue Engineering. Inc. Aphios Corp. Technologies for Vehicles • Structurally New Biopolymers Derived Other Chemistry, Biotechnology, Agricul- from Alpha-L-Amino Acids—Integra tural, and Medical Projects • Automotive Composite Structures: Devel- LifeSciences Corp. opment of High-Volume Manufacturing • Standardization of 2-D Protein Analysis Technology—Chrysler Corp., Organic Mate- • Application of Gene Therapy to Treatment Using Manufacturable Gel Media—Large rials Engineering; Ford Motor Co., Scientific of Cardiovascular Diseases—Progenitor, Inc. Scale Biology Corp. Research Labs; General Motors (Automotive

• Disease Treatment Using Living Implant- • Development of Multi-Photon Detection Composites Consortium)*; and General able Microreactors—BioHybrid Technolo- Technique and Its Application to Environ- Motors Corp., Polymers Department gies. Inc.*; and Synergy Research Corp. mental and Biomedical Diagnostics • Cyclic Thermoplastic Liquid Composite BioTraces, Inc. • Treatment of Diabetes by Proliferated Molding for Automotive Structures—Ford

Human Islets in Photocrosslinkable Alginate • Oleaginous Yeast Fermentation as a Pro- Motor Co., Scientific Research Labs*; and Capsules—VivoRx, Inc. duction Method for Squalene and Other Iso- General Electric Corporate R&D prenoids—Mycogen Corp. • Universal Donor Organs for Transplanta- • Development of Manufacturing Method- tion—Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. • Transgenic Cotton Fiber with Polyester ologies for Vehicle Composite Frames Qualities via Biopolymer Genes—Agracetus, Budd Co., Design Center • Computer-Integrated Revision Total Hip Inc. Replacement Surgery—Integrated Surgical • Engineering Design with Injection-

Systems, Inc. • U.S. Self- Sufficiency in High Quality Pyre- Molded Thermoplastics—General Electric thrin Production—Agridyne Technologies, Corporate R&D; and General Motors Corp., Drug Design and Chemical Modeling Inc. Research and Environmental Staff

• Development and Applications of Density • Low-Temperature Viral Inactivation • Integrated Agile Manufacturing for Functional Software for Chemical and Bio- Aphios Corp. Advanced Composite Electric Vehicles molecular Modelings—Biosym Technolo- Bonded Technology, Inc.; Boston Edison gies, Inc. • Human Stem Cell and Hematopoietic Ex- Co.; Composite Engineering; Massachusetts pansion Systems—Aastrom Biosciences, Inc. • Molecular Recognition Technology for Division of Energy Resources; Northeast

Precise Design of Protein-Specific Drugs • Plasma and Phosphor Technology7 for Alternative Vehicle Consortium*; Solectria

American Home Products; and CuraGen Mercury-Free Fluorescent Applications Corp.; TASC, Inc.; Textron-Defense Systems;

Corp.* General Electric Corporate R&D Tillotson Pearson, Inc.; and Tufts Univer-

sity, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy

'Joint venture lead partner ——— —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• Low-Cost Advanced Composite Process • Manufacturing Composite Structures for • Thermoplastic Composites for Structural for Light Transit Vehicle Manufacturing the Offshore Oil Industry—ABB Vetco Gray, Applications—Cambridge Industries, Inc.; Advance USA Inc.; Hercules, Inc.; Northrup Grumman and DuPont Fibers, Engineering Polymers*

Corp./Westinghouse Electric Corp.*; • Low-Cost Automotive Manufacturing Focused Program in Materials Processing for Reading & Bates Development Co.; Texaco, With Injection Molding PET Composites Heavy Manufacturing Inc./Deep Star Project; and Texas Engineer- AlliedSignal, Inc. Contact: ing Experiment Station, Offshore Tech. Res. Clare Allocca • Low-Cost Elastomeric Composites with Ap- Ctr. (UT and TX A&M) (301) 975-4359 plication to Vehicle Tires—AlliedSignal, Inc. • Spoolable Composite Tubing—Amoco email: [email protected]

• Manufacturing Methodologies for Auto- Corp., Resource Center; Cullen Engineering A625 Administration Building mated Thermoset Transfer/Injection Mold- Research Foundation (Spoolable Composite • Aqueous Injection Molding for Low-Cost ing (TIM) —Budd Co., Design Center Tubing JV)*; Elf Atochem North America, Fabrication of Silicon Nitride Components Inc.; Exploration and Production Technol- • Vapor-Grown Carbon-Fiber Composites AlliedSignal, Inc., Ceramic Components ogy Co., a Division of Shell Co.; Hydril Co.; for Automotive Applications—Applied Sci- Phillips Petroleum Co.; and University of • Ceramic Coating Technology for the Inter- ences, Inc.*; General Motors Corp., North Houston—CEAC nal Surfaces of Tubular/Cylindrical Compo- American Operations R&D Center, Environ- nents—Praxair Surface Technologies, Inc. mental; General Motors Delphi Chassis Sys- Technologiesfor Bridges and Other Large

tems, Advanced Composite Engineering; and Structures • Cost-Effective Blade Manufacturing for Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Goodyear Tech- Combustion Turbine Applications—PCC • High-Performance Composites for Large nical Center Airfoils, Inc., Manufacturing Technology Commercial Structures—Brunswick Tech- Center; and Westinghouse Electric Corp., Technologies for Off-shore Oil Production nologies, Inc.; Dow Chemical Co.; Power Generation Business Unit* DuPont/Hardcore Composites, Inc., • Composite Drill Pipes—Amoco Produc- Advanced Materials Systems*; and Johns • Cost-Effective, Near-Net-Shape, Super- tion Corp., Tulsa Technology Center; Cullen Hopkins University, Whiting School of alloy Forgings for Power Generation Gas Engineering Research Foundation*; Phillips Engineering Turbines—Wyman-Gordon Co. Petroleum Co., Engineering Materials and

Service; SpyroTech Corp.; and University of • Innovative Manufacturing Techniques • Development of Casting Technology to

Houston—CEAC to Produce Large Phenolic Composite Produce Large Superalloy Castings for Indus-

Shapes—Morrison Molded Fiberglass Co. trial Applications—Precision Castparts Corp. • Composite Production Risers—Amoco

Corp., Worldwide Engineering (Composite • Low Cost Manufacturing and Design/ • Engineered Surfaces for Rolling and Slid- Production Risers JV); Amoco Performance Sensor Technologies for Seismic Upgrade of ing Contacts—Caterpillar, Inc., Advanced Products, Inc.; Brown & Root USA, Inc.; Bridge Columns—Composite Retrofit Materials Technology*; General Motors

Conoco, Inc., Technology Infrastructure; Corp.*; Hercules, Inc.; and Trans-Science Corp., Gear Center; and Timken Co. Cullen Engineering Research Foundation Corp. • Fabrication of Advanced Structures Using (Composite Production Risers JV)*; Explora- • Polymer Matrix Composite Power Trans- Intelligent and Synergistic Materials Process- tion and Production Technology Co., a Divi- mission Devices—Hercules Aerospace Co.; ing—A.O. Smith Corp.; Caterpillar, Inc., sion of Shell Co.; Hercules, Inc.; Hydril Co.; New Venture Gear, Inc.*; Quantum Compos- Fabricated Structures R&D*; Lincoln Elec- Lincoln Composites; Stress Engineering Serv- ites of Midland; and Quantum Consultants, tric Co.; and U.S. Steel ices, Inc.; and University of Houston—CEAC Inc. • Functionally Gradient Materials: Synthe- • Innovative Joining/Fitting Technology for • Polymer Matrix Composites for Surface sis, Process and Performance—Caterpillar, Advanced Composite Piping Systems Transportation Applications—Hexcel Corp. Inc. Specialty Plastics, Inc.

• Structural Composites Manufacturing • Intelligent Processing of Materials for • Light-Weight/High-Strength Composite Process—GenCorp, Inc., Corporate Technol- Thermal Barrier Coatings—General Electric Intelligent Flexible Pipe Development ogy Center Corporate R&D, Power Generation Wellstream Corp.

• Synchronous In-line CNC Machining of Pultruded Lineals—Ebert Composites Corp.

* Joint venture lead partner — —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• Low-Cost, Near Net-Shape Aluminium • Development of Advanced Technologies • Plasma-Based Processing of Lightweight

Casting Processes for Automotive and Truck and Systems for Controlling Dimensional Materials for Motor-Vehicle Components Components—AlliedSignal, Inc.*; Stahl Variation in Automobile Body Manufactur- and Manufacturing Applications—A.O. Specialty Co.; and Top Die Casting Co., Inc. ing—2mm-Auto Body Consortium*; CDI- Smith Corp.; ABB High Power Semiconduc-

Modern Engineering; Chrysler Corp.; Classic tors; Diversified Technologies, Inc.; Empire • Rapid Solidification Powder Metallurgy Design, Inc.; Detroit Center Tool, Inc.; Hard Chrome, Inc.; Environmental Research for High-Nitrogen Stainless Steels General Motors Corp., Technical Center; ISI Institute of Michigan*; General Motors Crucible, Compaction Metals Division Robotics; Perceptron, Inc.; Pioneer Engineer- Corp., Electrical and Electronics Depart-

Focused Program in Motor Vehicle ing & Manufacturing; Progressive Tool & ment; Harley-Davidson, Inc.; IONEX;

Manufacturing Technology Industries, Inc.; University of Michigan, Kwikset Corp.; Litton Electron Devices;

Contact: Mechanical Engineering and Applied Me- NANO Instruments Inc.; PVI; and University

Jack Boudreaux chanics; and Weber Technologies, LLC of Wisconsin at Madison, Engineering

(301) 975-3560 Research • Die Casting Technician's Digital Assis- email: [email protected] tant—AI Ware; Doehler-Jarvis; and Edison • Rapid Fabrication of Superabrasive Grind- A625 Administration Building Industrial Systems Center* ing Tools—Abrasive Technology Aerospace,

• Advanced Welding Technology for Struc- Inc. • Flow-Control Machining—Extrude Hone tural Automotive Products—Dana Corp., Corp.*; Ford Motor Co., Scientific Research • Springback Predictability in Automotive Parish Light Vehicle Structures Division Labs; and General Motors Corp., Powertrain Manufacturing—Alcoa Technical Center; • Agile Precision Line Boring—Lamb Division Budd Co., Technical Center; Chrysler Corp.; Technicon Environmental Research Institute of • Intelligent Resistance Welding—Alcan Michigan*; Ford Motor Co., Scientific Re- • Agile Precision Sheet-Metal Stamping Rolled Products Co.; Allen Bradley Co., Inc.; search Labs; General Motors Corp., North American Iron and Steel Institute; Ansys, A.J. Rose Manufacturing Co.; Allen Bradley American Operations Research Analytics; Co., Inc.; American Iron and Steel Institute; Inc.; Battelle Memorial Institute; Chrysler and U.S. Steel Atlas Technologies; Autodesk, Inc.; Autodie Corp.; DuPont Central Research; Ford Motor • International, Inc.; Chrysler Corp.; Classic Co., Manufacturing Development Center; The Next-Generation Industrial Produc-

Design, Inc.; Data Instruments, Inc.; Deneb General Motors Corp., NAO, Mid-Lux; Helm tion Process for High-Density Powder Metal

Robotics, Inc.; Ford Motor Co.; General Instrument; InTech R&D U.S.A.; Intelligent Products—General Motors Corp., Power-

Motors Corp., Flint Metal Fabricating Plant; Resistance Welding Consortium (c/o Auto train Division; IAP Research, Inc.*; and Products, Inc. HMS Products Co.; Helm Instrument; Lamb Body Consortium)*; Johnson Controls, Inc., Zenith Sintered Technicon; Lobdell-Emery Manufacturing Automotive Systems Group; Lamb Techni- • Wet Paint Thickness Measurement Co.; Near Zero Stamping, Inc. (c/o Auto con; Lobdell-Emery Manufacturing Co.; System—Autospect, Inc. Body Consortium)*; Ohio State University; Medar, Inc.; Progressive (PICO); Robotron; • Fast, Volumetric X-Ray Scanner for Three- Perceptron, Inc.; Sekely Industries; Signa- Sensotech; and Tower Automotive Dimensional Characterization of Critical ture Technology; Tecnomatix Technologies, • Machine Tool Process Monitoring Diag- Objects EG&G Reticon; General Electric Inc.; Tower Automotive; and Verson — nostic System—Montronix, Inc. Aircraft Engines; General Electric Corporate • Flexible Low-Cost Laser Machining for • Manufacturing Composite Flywheel Struc- R&D; General Motors Corp., Technical Cen- Motor Vehicle Manufacturing—SDL tures—Dow-United Technologies Composite ter; and Scientific Measurement Systems, (Spectra Diode Laboratories, Inc.)*; Products, Inc. Inc.* Teledyne Brown Engineering; and Utilase • Turning Process for Cam- Systems, Inc. Non-Circular shaft Machining—Saginaw Machine Sys- • Cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) Coatings for tems, Inc. Cutting and Specialty Tools—Extrude Hone

Corp.; and Kennametal, Inc., Corporate

Technology Center*

•Joint venture lead partner — —— — —— —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

Focused Program in Vapor Compression General Competition Projects Related to • Octahedral Hexapod Machine Develop- Refrigeration Technology Materials and Manufacturing ment Program—Ingersoll Milling Contact: Ceramics Machine Co. John Gudas • Ceramic Technology for Broad Based • Strategic Machine Tool Technologies: (301) 975-3214 Manufacturing—AlliedSignal, Inc. Spindles—Aesop; Ford Motor Co., Alpha De- email: [email protected] velopment Center; General Motors Corp., A625 Administration Building • Novel Cost-Effective Process to Fabri- NAO Technical Center; Giddings & Lewis, cate Surface Feature Micro-Optics in Pure • Ejector-Expansion Refrigeration Cycle Inc., Automation Technology; Manufactur- Silica—Geltech, Inc. (EERC) —Calmac Manufacturing ing Laboratories, Inc.; National Center for • Novel Near-Net-Shape Processing of Engi- Manufacturing Sciences, Inc.*; ORSCO, • Advanced Screw-Compressor-Based Air- neered Ceramics—Garrett Ceramic Compo- Inc.; Olofsson Machine Tools, Inc.; Setco Cooled Chiller Technology Development nents (Division of AlliedSignal Aerospace) Sales Co.; and Torrington Co. Trane Corp.

• Synthesis and Processing of Nanocrys- Other Manufacturing and Materials • Compact Heat-Pump-Based MicroChan- talline Ceramics on a Commercial Scale- Projects nel and Tangential Fan Technologies Nanophase Technologies Corp. Emerson Electric; Heatcraft, Inc.; and • Development of Improved Functional

Lennox Industries, Inc.* Coatings, Diamond Deposition, and Multi- Properties in Renewable-Resources-Based layer Materials Biodegradable Plastics—Cargill, Inc. • Development of Closed Cycle Air Refrig- eration Technology for Refrigeration Mar- • Accelerated Commercialization of • A Software Technology for Optimizing kets—Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.*; Diamond-Coated Round Tools and Wear On-time Performance in the Transportation and Toromont Process Systems, Inc. Parts—Kennametal, Inc., Corporate Tech- Industry—Union Switch & Signal, Inc. nology Center; and Norton Diamond Film* • High- and Variable-Speed Co-Rotating • Autonomous Navigation in Quasi- Scroll—Copeland Corp. • Film Technologies to Replace Paint on Structured Environments—Transitions Aircraft—3M Co.*; and Lockheed Martin Research Corp. • Innovative, Small, High-Speed, Centrifu- Corp. gal Compressor and Integrated Heat- • Collaborative Decision Support for Indus-

Exchanger/Fan Technologies • CVD Diamond-Coated Rotating Tools for trial Process Control—Amoco Corp., World-

AlliedSignal, Inc.; Carrier Corp.; DuPont Machining Advanced Composite Materials wide Engineerings Construction; Applied

Fluoroproducts; General Electric Corporate Boeing Commercial Airplane Group; Elec- Training Resources; BP Oil; Chevron;

R&D; Martin Marietta Corp., Control Sys- tronic Designs, Inc.*; Ford Motor Co., Exxon; Gensym Corp.; Honeywell, Inc., Tech- tems; SatCon Technology Corp.; and United Research Laboratory; General Motors Corp., nology Center*; Mobil; Shell Chemical Co.;

Technologies Corp., Research Center* Technical Center; Hughes Aircraft Co.; and and Texaco, Inc.

Rogers Tool Works, Inc. • Novel Leak Detection Technology Develop- • Conducting Polymers: Three Dimensional Engineering for Advanced Applications ment—Adaptive Optics Associates, Inc.; • Plasma Technology for Low-Cost Dia- DeMaria Electroptics Systems, Inc.; and mond Production—SGS Tool Co.; and IBM Corp., T.J. Watson Research Center United Technologies Corp., Hamilton Stand- Westinghouse Electric Co.* • Development of Cost-Effective Routes to ard Division, Research Division* Machine Tools Compatibilize Polymers in a Commingled

• Photocatalytic Indoor Air Purification for Waste Stream—Michigan Molecular • Advanced Compensation Techniques for Air Conditioning Systems—E. Heller & Co. Institute Enhancing Machine-Tool Accuracy • York Coil Technology Project—York Saginaw Machine Systems, Inc. • Electrochromic Materials—3M Co., International Corp. Industrial and Consumer Sector Research • Development of an Adaptive Compensa- Laboratory*; and SAGE Electrochromics tion Technique for Enhancing CMM Accu- racy—Giddings & Lewis, Inc., Sheffield Measurement Division

* Joint venture lead partner ——— —

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM

• NCMS Rapid Response Manufacturing • Robust, Fast 3-D Image Processing and Applications Cimplex Corp.; Ford Motor Co., Manufactur- Feature Extraction Tools for Industrial Auto- The ATP accepts project proposals only in re- ing Development Center; General Motors mation Applications—Perceptron, Inc. solicitations. Corp., Technical Center; ICAD, Inc.; Mac- sponse to specific, published • Solder Jet Technology Development Neal Schwendler Corp.; National Center for Notices of ATP competitions are published Microfab Technology, Inc. Manufacturing Sciences, Inc.*; Spatial Tech- in Commerce Business Daily. You also

to list nology Inc.; Teknowledge Corp.; Texas In- • Thermal Insulation Materials: Morphol- may request be placed on a mailing

list) to receive notification struments, Inc.; and United Technologies ogy Control and Processes for the Next Gen- (or emailing of ATP competitions and other events by call- Corp., Hamilton Standard Division, eration of Performance—Armstrong World Research Division Industries, Inc., Innovation Center ing the ATP automated hotline (1-800-ATP- FUND) or by sending email to [email protected]. • Neural Network Control and Sensors for • Thick Ductile Metallic Glass for Electric The ATP Proposal Preparation Kit may be Complex Materials—3M Co., Engineering Power Applications—AlliedSignal, Inc. In addition the Systems & Technology; Alliant Techsystems; requested at any time. to • Advanced Gear Measurement Technolo- application forms, the kit includes Honeywell, Inc., Technology Center*; and necessary gies to Achieve Submicron-Level Accura- Sheldahl a thorough discussion of ATP goals and pro- cies—M&M Precision Systems Corp. cedures as well as useful guidance in the • Novel X-ray Source for CT Scanners • Non-Contact Optical Metrology of Com- preparation of a proposal. Teledyne Electronic Technologies, Vacuum plex Surface Forms for Precision Industrial Technology Business Unit Contact: Manufacturing Tropel Corp. — Advanced Technology Program • PREAMP: Pre-Competitive Advanced • Rapid Agile Metrology for Manufactur- A430 Administration Building Manufacturing of Electrical Products ing—Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.; 1-800-ATP-FUND (1-800-287-3863) Boeing Co., Defense & Space Group; Hughes Caterpillar, Inc., Technical Services Divi- email: [email protected] Aircraft Co.; Martin Marietta Corp., Electron- sion; Central State University; Cleveland fax: (301) 926-9524 or (301) 869-1150 ics Information & Missiles Group; Mentor Advanced Manufacturing Program; http://www.atp.nist.gov Graphics Corp.; Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti- CyberOptics Corp.; Eaton Corp., Manufactur- tute; Rockwell International Corp., Collins ing Technical Center; General Electric Air- Avionics & Communication Division; and craft Engines; General Electric Corporate South Carolina Research Authority* R&D; Industrial Technical Institute; Intelli- gent Automation Systems; NASA Lewis Re-

search Center; Ohio Aerospace Institute

(Consortium for Non-Contact Gauging)*;

and University of Cincinnati, Department of

Electrical and Computer Engineering MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

• promotes continuous improvement of economic development organizations, com- Overview services through common evaluation meth- munity colleges and technical schools, pri-

The NIST Manufacturing Extension Partner- odologies and a focus on bottom-line results; vate consultants, universities and four-year colleges, and federal agencies. ship is a nationwide network of locally man- • forges constructive working relationships aged centers offering technical assistance with consultants to make private-sector Centers encourage client companies to estab- and the newest business practices to help the expertise more accessible to smaller lish programs for continuous improvement nation's 381,000 small and medium-sized manufacturers; and and to focus on long-term "bottom-line" manufacturers improve their competitive- impacts, rather than working just to solve • brings national technology and informa- ness. All centers rely on experienced field an immediate problem. Centers rely on expe- tion resources from federal laboratory agents who work directly with smaller manu- — rienced field agents and private consultants technology to national information data- facturers to address their most critical needs. who provide the companies with on-site bases to support and enhance state and Typical MEP services include helping small — advice and practical assistance. Since 1989, local efforts. manufacturers access information on new MEP centers have provided services to more equipment such as automation systems, find than 44,000 companies. high-quality consultant advice for optimiz- MEP Extension Services ing manufacturing systems, reduce costs by

lowering waste, improve quality, expand MEP extension centers are designed to help NIST's Role

markets for products, and find financing for link sources of improved manufacturing In 1988, Congress directed NIST to begin modernization efforts. Today, all states and technology and the small and mid-sized helping the nation's smaller manufacturers Puerto Rico have centers affiliated with companies that need it. Center staff work adopt and apply performance-improving MEP. with individual companies or with groups of technologies as needed to meet intensifying companies organized around common To ensure that federal participation and in- domestic and global competition in manu- needs, industries, or technologies. vestment in manufacturing extension efforts facturing. NIST was selected for this role

add value and contribute new capabilities to While each center tailors its services to meet because of its expertise in manufacturing

the mix of services available to manufactur- the needs dictated by its location and manu- engineering and its long-standing tradition

ers, MEP: facturing client base, some common serv- of productive partnerships forged with pub-

ices are offered by most extension centers. lic and private organizations at the na- • is industry driven and market defined; Broadly, these include helping manufactur- tional, state, and local levels.

• builds on the foundation of existing state ers assess their current technology and busi- To carry out this role, NIST/MEP conducts a and local industrial extension resources; ness needs, define avenues for change, and variety of regional, national, and program implement improvements. Many centers • focuses on needed services that the pri- development activities. Regionally, MEP also assist companies with quality manage- vate sector cannot deliver economically to works with the states or local organizations ment, workforce training, workplace organi- smaller manufacturers; to establish manufacturing extension cen- zation, business systems, marketing, or ters or expand existing services that assist • focuses services on those companies that financial issues. smaller manufacturers. Future centers are demonstrate a commitment to investing in With the goal of improving access for cultivated through MEP's State Technology their own growth and development; smaller manufacturers to public and private- Extension Program (STEP). STEP helps

• develops common tools, resources, and sector resources, MEP and the individual states better understand the needs of their

systems needed by each of the individual centers have developed relationships with smaller manufacturing companies and offer

centers—enhancing centers' local efforts hundreds of organizations. Among these services these companies need to modernize

while achieving economies of scale; partners are non-profit technology or busi- and to become more competitive. STEP-

ness assistance centers, non-profit funded projects enable states to build their • supports shared learning between and in- own infrastructure for business and technol- tegration among individual manufacturing ogy outreach services by planning extension extension centers; systems or technical and business assistance MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

MEP Success Stories

MEP's locally managed centers have Navy Pier renovation. The Chicago Manu- approximately 6 weeks in 1992-1993- worked with thousands of smaller manu- facturing Center helped Chicago Metal Sales rose more than 40 percent in 1994, facturers, providing the technical and President George Wendt institute a and higher demand levels are now being business assistance the companies needed company-wide learning program involv- serviced with 10 percent less work-in- to turn their businesses around. The fol- ing basic reading, language and math progress inventory than 2 years ago. lowing examples show how companies skills, and job training. Wendt believes his • Sherwood Plastics, Fostoria, Ohio, have benefited by working with an MEP investment in workforce development is found its production area too small and center. key to the company's growth. Over the the layout too inefficient to meet in- past 2 years, CMRP has seen a 30 percent • A producer of space solar arrays and creased market demands for its roto- increase in sales and a 20 percent growth power subassemblies used in satellites, molded plastic products. The Lake Erie in employment. TECSTAR INC., City of Industry, Calif., Manufacturing Extension Partnership wanted to cut down on solar cell breakage • Midland Lithographing Co., a North worked with Sherwood to create a larger, and to reduce costs while increasing pro- Kansas City, Mo., printer of greeting cards, more efficient, and better organized plant. duction throughput and yields to keep up sports trading cards, and pre-printed litho Their collaboration more than doubled with increased sales. TECSTAR requested labels, decided it needed more efficient Sherwood's workforce and, with new the assistance of the California Manufac- and effective ways of operating as well as order-handling machinery, Sherwood turing Technology Center (CMTC) to a new marketing plan to attract new busi- grew from a $3 million operation to a

improve its process. With CMTC's help, ness. That's when Midland went to the $6 million company in 2 years. "The Lake

TECSTAR was able to save $3 million an- Mid-America Manufacturing Technology Erie MEP helped us meet the demands of

nually, increase staffing by 56 employees, Center (MAMTC) for help. MAMTC's as- our growing markets. Now we have a

reduce reactor downtime by 15 percent, sessment of the company and subsequent much roomier, more efficient operation,"

and improve cycle time by 10 percent. actions by Midland led to sales increases notes President Mark Jones.

"CMTC's recommendations to reduce and cost decreases totaling $1 million in • After 3 years of declining profits, a feel- solar cell mechanical breakage and cycle the following year and a 30 percent reduc- ing of slowly losing their competitive edge time made us realize where the major dol- tion in press set-up time. "We're happy was prevalent among management at lar losses were occurring within our pro- with the progress we've made so far. We're Tiffany Fine Woods, White Hall, Wis., so duction processes," says Mark Shumaker, working with MAMTC to apply this same they contacted the Northwest Wisconsin director of quality and production sup- methodology to other plant functions, Manufacturing Outreach Center port. The $3 million savings equals the such as our pre-press operation," notes (NWMOC) for assistance. Working with amount the CMTC received in FY 1995 Janice Keefer, plant manager. NWMOC, Tiffany had an initial cost sav- from NIST. • With locations in Latrobe and Glass- ings of $250,000 and expects sales to grow

• Chicago Metal Rolled Products port, Pa., Pakco Industrial Ceramics asked 5 percent in 1995-1996 and 10 percent per

(CMRP), Chicago, 111., bends, rolls, and the Southwestern Pennsylvania Industrial year for the next 2 years. "Without this

coils metal, producing structural elements Resource Center (SPIRC) to help it de- program we would have been forced to de-

for such major projects as the Interna- velop an overall improvement program. A crease our work force by 20 percent. As

tional Terminal at O'Hare Airport, the SPIRC consulting team first started work- things now appear, we anticipate increas-

McCormick Place expansion, and the ing with Pakco in June 1992 and has ing our work force by 10 percent over the

worked on a variety of Pakco projects over next 3 years," adds Vice President Robert

the years. The partnership reduced set-up Ofsdahl.

time by about 50 percent without major

capital expenditures and decreased

throughput time from 10 to 12 weeks to MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

programs, supporting the initial implemen- of financing and credit options that will en- MEP currently is providing cost-shared fund- tation of such programs, or developing links hance their ability to compete. The pilots ing for 17 projects to help smaller manufac- between existing programs and those in are being conducted at four MEP affiliates: turers reduce or eliminate pollution sources other regions. the Chicago Manufacturing Center, the in their operations. The projects are in the

Michigan Manufacturing Technology following three areas: STEP grants provide matching funds (the Center/Industrial Technology Institute, the grantee provides at least 50 percent of the • Integration of environmental services Mid-America Manufacturing Technology cost of the proposed project) to qualified into Manufacturing Extension Centers. Center, and the New York City Industrial proposals from state governments and Eleven projects, for which an MEP center is Technology Assistance Corp. public/private, non-profit organizations act- the lead partner, support the integration of ing with the approval of state governments. The purpose of these pilot projects is to de- environmentally focused technical assis-

Since 1990, STEP has supported 32 states in velop a method by which service providers at tance, especially pollution-prevention assis- building and improving manufacturing the MEP centers can forge strong relation- tance, into the broader services provided by extension programs. ships with financial intermediaries and insti- MEP centers.

tutions such as investment banking firms, MEP also helps foster a more unified net- • Development of environmentally related merchant bank operations, leasing firms, work by working with centers to identify and technical assistance tools and techniques. venture capital firms, and private investors coordinate the services, technology, and in- Five projects encourage the development that are looking for qualified firms with formation needed at a national scale. MEP and implementation of tools or techniques which they can do business. Ultimately, the is developing a uniform system to help cen- that will aid manufacturing extension cen- goal is to satisfy the financing demands of ters evaluate and continuously improve the ters in providing environmentally related extension center clientele by developing in- success of services they deliver. services to smaller manufacturers. novative services that expand their range of

To increase the breadth and depth of capa- financing alternatives, including private • Pilot for a national industry-specific pol- bilities at each center and of the entire net- placements of debt and equity, industrial lution prevention and environmental com- work, MEP makes a variety of services revenue and bonds, employee stock owner- pliance information center. This project available to the centers. For example, MEP ship plans, mergers and acquisitions, and enables pilot implementation of a national is funding projects that will develop training equipment leasing. center to provide specific industries with and tools to help MEP center field engineers easy access to current, reliable, and compre- Developing working linkages with other provide improved services to smaller manu- hensive information on innovative technolo- organizations in support of the entire exten- facturers. Easy-to-use, readily available gies, pollution prevention opportunities, and sion network also is a high MEP priority. courses are being designed in sales skills, regulatory compliance. Among MEP's strategic partners are the Na- assessment skills, and solving business prob- tional Governors Association, the National Other activities provide information, best lems. These courses will help field agents Alliance for Business, the U.S. Environ- practices, and professional development to diagnose a smaller manufacturer's prob- mental Protection Agency (EPA), and the help centers address the workforce develop- lems and then work with the company to U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). With the ment needs of smaller manufacturers. Some find the right solutions that fit its financial EPA, for example, MEP has launched several examples of current projects are: resources. Special tools will better prepare programs aimed at helping smaller manu- agents to help smaller firms in areas such as • Labor Participation in Modernization facturers solve environmental concerns in environmental assessment, benchmarking, Project—works to involve organized labor the most cost-effective manner before they and marketing. more effectively in the process of planning become problems requiring regulatory or and implementing modernization efforts in Access to credit and financing is vital for compliance action. unionized manufacturing plants. The proj- small manufacturing firms to survive and ect funds labor specialists and educational prosper. A study by the National Research and modernization projects in four manu- Council found that a scarcity of capital and facturing extension centers and is conducted difficulty acquiring sufficient investment in conjunction with the Work and Technol- funds are barriers to increased manufactur- ogy Institute and Eastern Michigan ing competitiveness for America's smaller University. manufacturers. MEP is funding four pilot projects to help smaller manufacturers bet- ter understand, identify, and access sources —

MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

• Skills for Industrial Modernization How Are Centers Funded? Where Are Centers develops regional skills coalitions in MEP

Cleveland. The project's goal is to model the Located? Funding to support this network of non- effectiveness of networks of small manufac- profit manufacturing extension centers ALABAMA turers in jointly addressing training and de- initially is shared by the federal, state, and velopment needs. Alabama Technology Network local partners. Federal funding is provided 1500 Resource Dr. • Competitive Firms, Skilled Workers either directly by NIST or through the Tech- Birmingham, Ala. 35242 promotes the integration of workforce, nology Reinvestment Project, led by the (205) 250-4727 technology, and economic development Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Serving firms throughout Alabama via 10 activities at the state level through working In all cases, federal support is matched by regional centers. In development. state or local funding, fees for services, conferences and research. The work is con- and industry ducted in cooperation with the National contributions. The regional sponsor ALASKA

Governors' Association. must contribute 50 percent or more of the Alaska Manufacturing Extension Partnership center's capital and annual operating and c/o Industry Network Corp. • Implementing High-Performance Work maintenance costs. At least 50 percent of the 1155 University Blvd. S.E. Organizations—supports two consortia of sponsor's initial contribution must be in Albuquerque, N.M. 87106 supplier firms in the implementation of cash. As the center's program becomes more (505) 843-4250 training necessary for the adoption of established, federal funding decreases. Serving firms throughout Alaska. Affiliated high-performance work practices. Con- with the Alaska Science and Technology ducted by the Council of Adult and Experien- Foundation, the Alaska Human Resource tial Learning, the National Association of How Are Centers Created? Investment Council, and the University ManufacturersAlanufacturing Institute, and NIST selects which programs to fund of Alaska Small Business Center. In the Massachusetts Industrial Service Pro- through a rigorous, merit-based competition development. gram, the project's funding partners include that begins with a request for proposals the PEW Charitable Trusts and DOL. ARIZONA posted in the Federal Register. NIST cannot Industry Network Corp. Looking toward the future, MEP conducts accept proposals unless they are in response 1155 University Blvd. S.E. research to better understand the barriers to a specific solicitation. In general, pro- Albuquerque, N.M. 87106 small firms face in modernizing and is find- posals are evaluated and selected based on (505) 843- 4250 ing new services, products, and delivery sys- knowledge of the numbers, types, and needs Serving firms throughout Arizona through tems to help them overcome these hurdles. of target firms in the proposed region; tech- service centers in Phoenix, Tucson, Yuma, In addition, MEP is exploring new partner- nology and business resources; technology Kingman, and Prescott. ships with organizations that have a stake in delivery mechanisms; and an effective manufacturing modernization and new tech- management and financial plan. ARKANSAS nology to help smaller manufacturers take Arkansas Technology Exchange Centers advantage of electronic information and 100 Main St., Suite 450 communications. Little Rock, Ark. 72201

(501) 324-9006 For example, MEP is funding a project to Serving firms throughout Arkansas through provide MEP centers with tools and tech- seven field offices. Affiliated with the niques that will make it easier to find, syn- Arkansas Science and Technology Authority. thesize, and present electronic information In development. needed by center staff. In particular, centers will be able to access a variety of on-line and internal information sources using a single information interface. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT HAWAII

California Manufacturing Connecticut State Technology Hawaii Manufacturing Extension

Technology Center Extension Program Partnership

13430 Hawthorne Blvd. 185 Main St., Suite 408 c/o Industry Network Corp.

Hawthorne, Calif. 90250 New Britain, Conn. 06051 1155 University Blvd. S.E.

(310) 355-3060 (860) 832-4600 Albuquerque, N.M. 87106

Serving the five-county Los Angeles basin Serving firms throughout Connecticut (505) 843-4250 through two regional offices and three through four offices. Established in 1994 Serving firms throughout Hawaii. Affiliated manufacturing outreach centers. Estab- and affiliated with the Connecticut Technol- with the Hawaii Department of Business, lished in 1992 and affiliated with the El ogy Associates, the Edison Welding Institute, Economic Development and Tourism, the

Camino Community College District, the and the Central Connecticut State University. Hawaii Board of Agriculture, the Hawaii De-

California Trade and Commerce Agency, the partment of Labor and Industrial Relations, DELAWARE California Community Colleges, and the and the Hawaii Small Business Development Delaware Manufacturing Alliance California Employment Training Panel. Center. In development. Delaware Technology Park

Corporation for Manufacturing Excellence One Innovation Way, Suite 301 IDAHO

46750 Fremont Blvd., Suite 200 Newark, Del. 19711 Idaho Manufacturing Alliance

Fremont, Calif. 94537 (302) 452-2520 1021 Manitou Ave. (510) 249-1480 Serving firms throughout Delaware. Estab- Boise, Idaho 83706

Serving firms initially in the nine-county lished in 1994 and affiliated with the (208) 385-3767

San Francisco Bay region. Established in Delaware Development Office. Serving firms throughout Idaho through

1995. three regional offices. In development. FLORIDA San Diego Manufacturing Extension Center Florida Manufacturing Extension ILLINOIS World Trade Center Partnership Chicago Manufacturing Center 1250 Sixth Ave., 5th Floor Sun Trust Center Homan Square San Diego, Calif. 92101-4301 200 S. Orange Ave., Suite 1200 3333 West Arthington (619) 685-1425 Orlando, Fla. 32801 Chicago, 111. 60624 Serving firms in San Diego county. Affiliated (407) 425-5313 (312) 265-2020 with the Center for Applied Competitive Serving firms throughout the state through Serving metropolitan Chicago. Established Technologies-San Diego and UCSD four regional centers. Established in 1995 in 1994 and affiliated with the Economic CONNECT. In development. and affiliated with Enterprise Florida Inno- Development Commission of the City of COLORADO vation Partnership, Inc. Chicago.

Mid-America Manufacturing GEORGIA Illinois Manufacturing Extension Center Technology Center Georgia Manufacturing Extension Alliance 1501 W. Bradley Ave. 10561 Barkley, Suite 602 Georgia Institute of Technology Peoria, 111. 6l625 Overland Park, Kan. 66212 223 O'Keefe Building (309) 677-2264 (913) 649-4333 or (800) 653-4333 Atlanta, Ga. 30332-0640 Serving firms throughout Illinois outside Serving firms throughout Colorado through (404) 894-8989 the Chicago metropolitan region. Affiliated six offices. Affiliated with Colorado State Headquartered in Atlanta, with 18 regional with Bradley University. In development. University. offices serving firms throughout Georgia.

Established in 1994 and affiliated with

Georgia Tech's Economic Development Insti-

tute, the Georgia Department of Technical

and Adult Education, the University of Georgia Small Business Development Cen-

ters, and Georgia Power Co. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

INDIANA MAINE MINNESOTA

Indiana Business Modernization and Maine Manufacturing Extension Minnesota Manufacturing Technology

Technology Corp. Partnership Center

One North Capitol Ave., Suite 925 87 Winthrop St. 111 Third Ave. South, Suite 400 Indianapolis, Ind. 46204-2242 Augusta, Maine 04330 Minneapolis, Minn. 55401

(317) 635-3058 (207) 621-6350 (612) 338-7722 Serving firms throughout Indiana through Serving firms throughout Maine through Serving firms throughout Minnesota

13 regional offices. three regional offices. Established in 1995 through six regional offices. Established

and affiliated with the Maine Science and in 1992 and operated by Minnesota IOWA Technology Foundation. Technology, Inc. Iowa Manufacturing Technology Center

Des Moines Area Community College MARYLAND MISSISSIPPI

ATC Bldg. 3E Maryland Manufacturing Modernization Mississippi Technology Extension

2006 South Ankeny Blvd. Network Partnership

Ankeny, Iowa 50021 University of Maryland Engineering Building 1103, Room 140

(515) 965-7040 Research Center Stennis Space Center, Miss. 39529

Serving firms throughout Iowa via 24 field Potomac Building 092, Room 2104 (601) 688-3144

agents. Established in 1994 and affiliated College Park, Md. 20742-3415 Serving firms throughout Mississippi.

with Iowa State University and the Des (301) 405-3883 Affiliated with the Mississippi Enterprise for

Moines Area Community College. Serving firms throughout Maryland. Estab- Technology. In development.

lished in 1994 and affiliated with the KANSAS Mississippi Polymer Institute and Pilot University of Maryland. Mid-America Manufacturing Manufacturing Extension Center

Technology Center MASSACHUSETTS P.O. Box 10003

10561 Barkley, Suite 602 Massachusetts Manufacturing Partnership Hattiesburg, Miss. 39406-5157

Overland Park, Kan. 66212 Bay State Skills Corp. (601) 266-4607 Serving polymer and polymer-related firms J (913) 649-4333 or (800) 653-4333 101 Summer St., 4th Floor Serving firms throughout Kansas through Boston, Mass. 02110 throughout Mississippi. Affiliated with the University of Southern Mississippi. In eight offices. Established in 1991 and affili- (617) 292-5100, ext. 271

ated with the Kansas Technology Enterprise Serving firms throughout Massachusetts development.

Corp. through five regional offices. Established in MISSOURI 1994 with the Massachusetts Executive Of- KENTUCKY Mid-America Manufacturing Technology fice of Economic Affairs and the Bay State Center Kentucky Technology Service Skills Corp. 10561 Barkley, Suite 602 1 P.O. Box 1125

1 Overland Park, Kan. 66212 Lexington, Ky. 40589 MICHIGAN

1 (606) 252-7801 Michigan Manufacturing Technology Center (913) 649-4333 or (800) 653-4333 offices, serving 21 counties Serving firms throughout Kentucky. P.O. Box 1485 Through two in western Missouri as well as the seven-county Established in 1994 and affiliated with the 2901 Hubbard Rd. Kentucky Economic Development Cabinet. Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106 St. Louis metropolitan area.

(800) 292-4484 MAMTC Missouri Rolla Regional Office LOUISIANA Serving firms throughout Michigan, 800 W. 14th St., Suite 111 Louisiana Manufacturers Technical through seven regional offices. Established Rolla, Mo. 65401 Extension Center in 1991 and operated by the Industrial (573) 364-8570 P.O. Box 44172 Technology Institute. Serving rural Missouri through four re- Lafayette, La. 70504-4172 gional offices. Affiliated with the Missouri (318) 482-6767 Enterprise Business Assistance Center. Serving firms throughout Louisiana.

Affiliated with the Louisiana Productivity

Center at the University of Southwestern

Louisiana. In development. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

MONTANA NEW JERSEY • Central New York TDO

Montana Manufacturing Extension Center New Jersey Manufacturing Extension 1201 E. Fayette St. 315 Roberts Hall Partnership Syracuse, N.Y. 13201

Montana State University Center for Manufacturing Systems, NJIT (315) 425-5144

Bozeman, Mont. 59717 218 Central Ave., Suite 350 ITC Serving the five counties in Central New York in the Syracuse area. (406) 994-3812 Newark, N.J. 07102-1982

Serving firms statewide. Established in 642-4869 1995 (201) • CI-TEC and affiliated with Montana State University. Serving firms statewide through two re- Box 8561 gional offices. Affiliated with the New Jersey NEBRASKA Peyton Hall Commission on Science and Technology. In Potsdam, N.Y. 13699-8561 Nebraska Industrial Competitiveness Service development. (315) 268-3778 8800 0 St. Serving six counties in the North Country Lincoln, Neb. 68520 NEW MEXICO area through three offices. (402) 437-2535 Industry Network Corp.

Serving firms statewide via 10 field agents. 1155 University Blvd. S.E. • High Technology of Rochester

Established in 1994 and affiliated with Albuquerque, N.M. 87106 Five United Way the Nebraska Department of Economic (505) 843-4250 Rochester, N.Y. 14604

Development. Serving firms statewide through eight field (716) 327-7930

engineers. Established in 1994. Serving the nine-county Finger Lakes region NEVADA in and around Rochester. Nevada Manufacturing Extension NEW YORK

Partnership New York Manufacturing Extension • Hudson Valley Technology Development c/o Industry Network Corp. Partnership Center

1155 University Blvd. S.E. New York Science and Technology 300 Westage Business Center, Suite 130

Albuquerque, N.M. 87106 Foundation Fishkill, N.Y. 12524

(505) 843-4250 99 Washington Ave., Suite 1730 (914) 896-6934

Serving firms throughout Nevada. Affiliated Albany, N.Y. 12210 Serving the seven-county mid-Hudson with the University and Community College (518) 474-4349 region.

System of Nevada and the Nevada Manufac- Serving firms statewide through 10 regional • Industrial Technology Assistance Corp. turers Association. In development. manufacturing outreach centers listed be- 253 Broadway, Room 302 low. Affiliated with the New York Science NEW HAMPSHIRE New York, N.Y. 10007 and Technology Foundation. New Hampshire Regional Manufacturing (212) 240-6920 Technology Center • Alliance for Manufacturing and Serving the five boroughs of New York City. Technology 505 Amherst St. • Long Island Forum for Technology Nashua, N.H. 03061-2052 61 Court St., 6th Floor P.O. Box 170 (603) 598-8800 Binghamton, N.Y. 13901 Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735 Serving firms throughout New Hampshire. (607) 774-0022 (516) 755-3321 Established in 1995 and affiliated with the Serving a nine-county area within New Serving Nassau and Suffolk counties. New Hampshire Regional Community Tech- York's southern tier through two offices. • Valley Applied nical College System. Mohawk Technology • Center for Economic Growth Commission One Key Corp. Plaza, Suite 600 207 Genessee St., Room 1604 Albany, N.Y. 12207 Utica, N.Y. 13501 (518) 465-8975 (315) 793-8050 Serving the 11-county Capital District in the Serving Oneida, Herkimer, Hamilton, Albany area. Fulton, Montgomery, and Schohari counties. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

• Western New York Technology OHIO OKLAHOMA

Development Center Great Lakes Manufacturing Technology Oklahoma Alliance for Manufacturing

1576 Sweet Home Rd. Center Excellence Amherst, N.Y. 14228 Prospect Park Building 525 South Main St., Suite 500

(716) 636-3626 4600 Prospect Ave. Tulsa, Okla. 74103 Serving New York's five western-most Cleveland, Ohio 44103-4314 (918) 592-0722 counties through three field offices. (216) 432-5322 Serving firms throughout Oklahoma via a

Serving northeast Ohio through seven field network of over 25 broker/agents and sector National Center for Printing, Publishing offices. Established in and affiliated specialists. Established in and affili- and Imaging (CIMSPrint) 1989 1994 with the Cleveland Advanced Manufacturing ated with the Oklahoma Center for the Rochester Institute of Technology Program. Advancement of Science and Technology. 1 1 1 Lomb Memorial Dr.

Rochester, N.Y. 14623 Lake Erie Manufacturing Extension OREGON (716) 475-5101 Partnership Oregon Manufacturing Extension Center will partner with and act as a print- 1700 N. Westwood St. Partnership ing industry resource for all MEP affiliates. Toledo, Ohio 43607 29353 Town Center, Loop East Affiliated with the Rochester Institute of (419) 534-3705 Wilsonville, Ore. 97070 Technology. In development. Serving counties northwest 26 of Ohio (503) 657-6958 through four satellite offices. Established in NORTH CAROLINA Serving manufacturing firms throughout 1995 and affiliated with the Edison Indus- Oregon. Affiliated with the Oregon Advanced North Carolina Manufacturing Extension trial Systems Center. Technology Consortium. In development. Partnership

IES Technical Services Miami Valley Manufacturing Extension PENNSYLVANIA Box Center 7902 North/East Pennsylvania Manufacturing North Carolina State University 3171 Research Blvd. Extension Partnership Raleigh, N.C. 27695-7902 Kettering, Ohio 45420 125 Goodman Dr. (919) 515-5408 (513) 258-6187 Bethlehem, Pa. 18015 Serving firms statewide through six out- Serving 23 counties of southwest Ohio. (610) 758-5599 reach offices. Two additional offices in Established in 1994 in partnership with the Through two offices, serving the region development. Established in 1995 and affili- Institute for Advanced Manufacturing Sci- north of Doylestown, east of Reading, and ated with North Carolina State University In- ences. Affiliated with the Edison Materials west of the Delaware River. Established in dustrial Extension Service. Technology Center. 1994 and affiliated with the Manufacturers

Resource Center. NORTH DAKOTA Plastics Technology Deployment Center Manufacturing Outreach Program North Dakota Manufacturing Technology GLMTC Southeastern Pennsylvania Manufacturing Prospect Park Building Partnership Extension Partnership 4600 Prospect Ave. 1833 East Bismarck Expressway A coalition of organizations providing Cleveland, Ohio 44103 Bismarck, N.D. 58504 assistance to manufacturers throughout 432-5340 (701) 328-5300 (216) the region: counties in northeast Ohio Serving firms statewide through four field Serving 10 • Delaware Valley Industrial surrounding Cleveland and 14 counties in Resource offices. Established in 1995 and affiliated Center Pennsylvania surrounding Erie. with Technology Transfer, Inc. northwest 12265 Townsend Rd., Suite 500 Established in 1994 and affiliated with the Philadelphia, Pa. 19154-1286 Great Lakes MTC and Penn State-Erie. (215) 464-8550

Serving the five counties surrounding

Philadelphia and greater southeastern

Pennsylvania in coordination with the

following two offices. Established in 1995. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

• Industrial Modernization Center, Inc. RHODE ISLAND TEXAS

Farm Complex Rhode Island Manufacturing Extension Texas Manufacturing Assistance Center

R.R. #5, Box 220-62A Services 1700 Congress Ave., Suite 200

Montoursville, Pa. 17754 205 Lippitt Hall Austin, Texas 78701

(717) 368-8361 University of Rhode Island (512) 936-0235

Serving 12 counties in central Kingston, R.I. 02881 Serving firms throughout Texas through Pennsylvania. In development. (401) 874-2381 five regional offices. Established in 1995

Serving firms throughout the state. Estab- and affiliated with the Texas Department of • Manufacturing Technology Industrial lished in 1995 and affiliated with the Commerce. Resource Center University of Rhode Island. 227 W. Market St. UTAH P.O. Box 5046 SOUTH CAROLINA Utah Manufacturing Extension Partnership York, Pa. 17405 Southeast Manufacturing Technology Western Coalition for Advanced (717) 843-5054 Center Manufacturing Processes Serving nine counties in southcentral 1136 Washington St., Suite 300 1025 Riverbreeze Dr., Suite 300 Pennsylvania. In development. Columbia, S.C. 29201 Orem, Utah 84058

Southwestern Pennsylvania Industrial (803) 252-6976 (801) 378-9000 Resource Center/Northwest Pennsylvania Through 13 regional outreach centers, Serving firms via a network of manufactur-

Industrial Resource Center serving firms in South Carolina and the ing and business resource centers located

4516 Henry St. western/foothills region of North Carolina. throughout the state. Established in 1995.

Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 Established in 1989 and operated jointly by VERMONT (412) 469-3530 the University of South Carolina and Enter- Vermont Manufacturing Extension Center Serving firms in western Pennsylvania. prise Development, Inc. Box 500 Established in 1994. Expansion into north- SOUTH DAKOTA Randolph Center, Vt. 05061 west Pennsylvania in coordination with the South Dakota Manufacturing Extension (802) 728-1312 Northwest Pennsylvania Industrial Resource Partnership Center Serving firms throughout the state through Center. In development. South Dakota State University three regional offices. Established in 1996

Plastics Technology Deployment Center Harding Hall and affiliated with Vermont Technical c/o Penn State-Erie P.O. Box 2220 College.

Behrend College Station Rd. Brookings, S.D. 57007-0199 VIRGINIA Erie, Pa. 16563-0101 (605) 688-4184 A.L. Philpott Manufacturing Center (814) 898-6132 Serving manufacturing firms throughout P.O. Box 5311 Serving 14 counties in northwest Pennsylva- South Dakota. Affiliated with South Dakota 645 Patriot Ave. nia surrounding Erie. Established in 1994 State University. In development. Martinsville, Va. 24115 and affiliated with the Great Lakes Manufac- TENNESSEE (540) 666-8890 turing Technology Center and Penn State- Tennessee Manufacturing Extension Serving 23 counties of southern Virginia Erie. Partnership through four regional offices. Established in

PUERTO RICO Department of Economic and Community 1994.

Puerto Rico Manufacturing Extension, Inc. Development WASHINGTON Economic Development Administration 7th Floor, Rachel Jackson Building Washington Manufacturing Extension Mercantil Plaza Building, Suite 819 320 6th Ave. North Partnership 2 Ponce de Leon Ave. Nashville, Tenn. 37243-0405 2001 6th Ave., Suite 2700 HatoRey, Puerto Rico 00918 (615) 741-2626 Seattle, Wash. 98121 (787) 756-0505 Serving firms throughout Tennessee (206) 464-6009 Serving firms throughout Puerto Rico. through five regional offices. Established in Serving firms throughout Washington. Affiliated with Puerto Rico's Economic 1994 and affiliated with the State of Tennes- In development. Development Administration. see Economic and Community Development

Department and the University of Tennessee. MANUFACTURING EXTENSION PARTNERSHIP

WEST VIRGINIA Wisconsin Manufacturing Extension Additional Information West Virginia Partnership for Industrial Partnership

Modernization Wisconsin Center for Manufacturing and For further information contact: Productivity 634 8th St. Manufacturing Extension Partnership Huntington, W.Va. 25701 432 N.Lake St., Room B121-B (301) 975-5020 Madison, Wis. (304) 525-1916 53706-1498 email: [email protected] Serving firms throughout West Virginia (608) 262-2224 fax: (301) 963-6556 through five regional offices. Established in Serving manufacturers throughout the state http://www.mep.nist.gov through four regional offices, including the 1995 and affiliated with the West Virginia C121 Building 301 Development Office, the Marshall University Northwest Wisconsin Manufacturing Out- or phone 1-800-MEP-4MFG Center. Research Corp./Robert C. Byrd Institute, reach for the center serving your area and the West Virginia University Extension WYOMING Service. MAMTC Wyoming Regional Office WISCONSIN 10561 Barkley, Suite 602

Northwest Wisconsin Manufacturing Overland Park, Kan. 66212

Outreach Center (913) 649-4333 or (800) 653-4333

University of Wisconsin Serving firms throughout Wyoming. Affili- with Mid-America Stout Technology Transfer Institute ated the MTC.

103 First Ave. West Menomonie, Wis. 54751

(715) 232-2397

In coordination with Wisconsin Manufactur- ing Extension Partnership, serving 32 counties in northwest Wisconsin through five satellite offices. Established in 1994 and affiliated with the University of Wisconsin-

Stout. — .

NATIONAL QUALITY PROGRAM

First presented in 1988, the Malcolm • Strategic planning. How does the com- interactions

Baldrige National Quality Award has become pany develop strategies and business plans The National Quality Program has proven to the nation's premier award for business per- to strengthen its performance and competi- be a remarkably successful government and formance excellence and quality achieve- tive position? industry team effort, starting in 1987 with ment. The Baldrige Award program was • Human resource development and man- industry's assistance in raising more than established by Congress in 1987 not only to agement. How does the company develop the $10 million to help launch the program. recognize individual U.S. companies for full potential of its work force? How are its Since that time, NIST has worked closely their achievement but also to promote qual- human resource capabilities and work sys- with a wide variety of groups to extend the ity awareness and to provide information on tems aligned with its strategic and business benefits of quality management and stimu- successful performance and competitiveness plans? late activities nationwide. These organiza- strategies. The award is not for specific prod- tions run the gamut from trade, ucts or services. Two awards may be given • Process management. How does the com- professional, and business groups such as annually to companies in each of three cate- pany design, manage, and improve key proc- the National Association of Manufacturers gories: manufacturing, service, and small esses such as customer-focused design and and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, to state business. In conjunction with the private product and service delivery? and local government organizations such as sector, NIST developed and manages the • Business results. How does the company the National Governors' Association, to award program. address performance and improvement in broad-based interest groups like the Na- key business areas—product and service tional Education Association. Award Criteria quality, productivity and operational effec- The cooperative nature of this joint tiveness, supply quality, and financial per- The award program focuses on quality as an government/private-sector team is perhaps formance indicators linked to these areas? integral part of today's business manage- best captured by the award's board of exam- • Customer focus and satisfaction. How ment practices. The award criteria, which iners. In addition to many hours spent dur- does the company determine requirements, are used by thousands of organizations as a ing the award evaluation process, board expectations, and preferences of customers? general performance and business excel- members have given thousands of presenta- What are its customer satisfaction results? lence model, are designed to help com- tions on quality management and the award

deliver value program. panies ever-improving to Using the criteria as an assessment tool pro- customers and improve overall company per- vides firms with a clear view of where they The award-winning companies, too, have formance and capabilities. More than a mil- stand and of how far they must go to taken seriously the charge to be quality ad- lion copies have been distributed since 1988. achieve world-class levels of performance. vocates. One of the main purposes of the The criteria's seven categories focus on re- award is to pass on information about the quirements that all businesses—especially winners' quality programs that other com- those facing tough competitive challenges Rigorous Evaluation panies can tailor for their own needs. Repre- should understand. The criteria are: Applications for the award undergo a rigor- sentatives from the winning companies have

• Leadership. Have senior leaders clearly ous evaluation by an independent review willingly shared their companies' quality defined the company's values, goals, and board composed of more than 250 business strategies and methods with thousands of ways to achieve the goals? Is the company a and quality experts from many industries other firms. Their efforts to educate and in-

model "corporate citizen"? (along with a smaller contingent from uni- form other companies and organizations on

versities and governments at all levels) the benefits of using the Baldrige framework • Information and analysis. Does the com- These experts volunteer many hours review- and criteria have far exceeded expectations. pany effectively use data and information to ing applications for the award, conducting support customer-driven performance excel- site visits at firms that receive high scores af- lence and marketplace success? ter an initial screening, and providing each

applicant with an extensive feedback report

citing strengths and areas to improve. NATIONAL QUALITY PROGRAM

Award as Quality Model Carlton Hotel Co., Atlanta, Ga. (service); Quality Award Winners and Granite Rock Co., Watsonville, Calif, Private-sector reviews and surveys are show- Winners of the Baldrige Malcolm (small business) ing that the award is having a profound National Quality Award: effect on shaping how people and organiza- 1991—Solectron Corp., Milpitas, Calif, tions operate and work. For example, a re- 1995 Armstrong World Industries' Build- — (manufacturing); Zytec Corp., Eden Baldrige Award by the ing Products Operation, Lancaster, Pa. port on the program Prairie, Minn, (manufacturing); and Competitiveness states, "More (manufacturing); and Corning Telecom- Council on Marlow Industries, Dallas, Texas (small munications Products Division, Corning, than any other program, the Baldrige Qual- business) ity Award is responsible for making quality N.Y. (manufacturing) 1990 Cadillac Motor Car Division, a national priority and disseminating best — 1994 AT&T Consumer Communications — Detroit, Mich, (manufacturing), IBM Roch- practices across the United States." Services, Basking Ridge, (service); N.J. ester, Rochester, Minn, (manufacturing); to GTE Directories Corp., Dallas/Ft. Worth, The program has helped stimulate an Federal Express Corp., Memphis, Tenn. movement to improve quality Texas (service); and Wainwright Industries amazing (service); and Wallace Co. Inc., Houston, among U.S. organizations, including com- Inc., St. Peters, Mo. (small business) Texas (small business) panies; academic institutions; and federal, Eastman Chemical Co., Kingsport, 1993— 1989—Milliken & Company, Spartanburg, state, and local government agencies. Na- Tenn. (manufacturing); and Ames Rubber S.C. (manufacturing); and Xerox Corp. tionwide, interest in the Baldrige model is Corp., (small business) Hamburg, N.J. Business Products and Systems, Rochester, growing steadily. In 1991, fewer than 10 N.Y. (manufacturing) state and local quality awards existed. Now, 1992—AT&T Network Systems Group/ more than 40 states have or are establishing Transmission Systems Business Unit, 1988—Motorola Inc., Schaumburg, 111. award programs. Most are modeled after the Morristown, N.J. (manufacturing); Texas (manufacturing); Commercial Instruments Inc. Defense Systems Baldrige Award. & Nuclear Fuel Division of Westinghouse Electronics Group, Dallas, Texas (manu- Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (manufac- For many companies, these award programs facturing); Universal Card Services, AT&T turing); and Globe Metallurgical Inc., are "proving grounds," helping them to bet- (service); Ritz- Jacksonville, Fla. The Beverly, Ohio (small business) ter understand quality management before

they consider an application for the na- tional Baldrige Award. In 1991, state pro-

grams received 110 applications; in Forty-six health care and 19 education or- 1995 that number climbed to over 575, ganizations submitted applications. NIST about a 25 percent increase over 1994's distributed over 20,000 copies of the criteria 428 applications. for the pilot programs. NIST is continuing to

the and education Internationally, more than 25 quality work with health care establish of long- awards have been established, most within communities to a base private-sector funding to support an the past several years. Many of them are term,

based on the Baldrige Award. Japan, home of award program.

the Deming Prize, recently launched an Contact: award that more closely resembles the U.S. National Quality Program Baldrige Award. (301) 975-2036 email: [email protected] Interest also is increasing in organizations 948-3716 other than for-profit businesses. Working fax: (301) Administration Building with experts from health care and education A526 http://www.nist.gov/director/quality_program organizations, NIST tailored the Baldrige

Award criteria and framework for these sec-

tors and conducted a pilot application pro-

gram in 1995. LABORATORY PROGRAMS

Higher quality products, more reliable and Copies of a model NIST CRADA agreement Collaborative Research more flexible processes, fewer rejected parts, are available from the NIST Industrial Part- speedier product development, more effi- nership NIST actively seeks industrial, academic, Program, (301) 975-5073. cient market transactions, higher levels of and non-profit research partners to work Guest Researcher Agreements interoperability among machines, factories, collaboratively on projects of mutual bene- Typically used when an industrial or other and companies. These are some of the prac- fit. A wide variety of mechanisms are avail- researcher wishes to join an ongoing NIST tical advantages that U.S. companies realize able for carrying out these research research effort. The researcher gains access from the NIST laboratories' research, serv- collaborations. Special efforts are made to to NIST research staff and facilities and, in ices, and standards-related activities. The tailor collaborations to specific needs. return, results from the collaboration are ultimate U.S. reference point for measure- made publicly available. agreements research collaborations start with Such ments with counterpart organizations Most cannot protect proprietary one-to-one interactions between industry or information and throughout the world, the laboratories pro- do allow other researchers and NIST scientists and not cooperating companies to re- vide companies, entire industries, and the ceive exclusive intellectual engineers. To locate NIST researchers in spe- property rights. whole science and technology community Once a research cific fields of interest, see the project listings NIST group agrees to host a with the equivalent of a common language guest researcher, implementation on pages 51 to 155. For further information of such needed in nearly every stage of technical ac- takes 1 about the process for implementing specific agreements only about week. Each tivity. In furthering the technical aims and hosts types of research agreements, contact the year NIST about 1,200 guest scientists capabilities of U.S. industry, the NIST labo- engineers its Gaithersburg, Industrial Partnerships Program, and at Md., and ratory program serves as an impartial 975-3084. Boulder, Colo., laboratories. Contact: domes- source of expertise, developing highly (301) tic guest researchers, (301) 975-3084; inter- leveraged measurement capabilities and The most common types of arrangements national guest researchers, (301) 975-4119. infrastructural other technologies. include: Research and Development Contracts Several hundred laboratory projects are un- Cooperative Research and Development Used when external organizations contract der way at NIST during a single year. Some Agreements (CRADAs) with NIST researchers to receive specific relate to the evolving needs of mature indus- Typically cover joint research efforts in technical services or results uniquely avail- tries such as steel, machine tools, auto- which both NIST and the cooperating com- able at the Institute. The cooperating mobiles, and chemical processing. Others pany provide staff, equipment, facilities, organization funds the NIST effort on a cost- concentrate on the technical challenges and/or funds, in any number of possible reimbursable basis. Individual contracts confronting emerging industries such as combinations, for a project of mutual may provide protection of proprietary infor- those sprouting from advances in nano- interest. NIST is currently working with mation under certain circumstances. technology or the ones facing established more than 300 research partners on 365 high-technology sectors undergoing rapid CRADAs in nearly 230 different areas of Research results are made publicly avail- technology change such as microwave com- research. Ninety-five percent of NIST's able, and any intellectual property rights munications. NIST has stepped up efforts to CRADA partners are U.S. businesses, with revert to NIST. Preparation of contracts for address the infrastructural needs of the about equal numbers from large and small such agreements typically takes about biotechnology and information technology companies. 4 weeks. industries as well as others pursuing com- When companies conduct joint research Informal Collaborations mercial prospects in young, rapidly develop- with the Institute under a CRADA, NIST can Informal one-to-one collaborations between ing areas of technology. protect confidential or proprietary informa- Institute and other researchers. Such col-

tion exchanged during the project, keep laborations often involve exchange of

research results confidential, and provide research results and/or samples between

exclusive rights for intellectual property NIST and other researchers, rather than

developed during the course of the project. transfers of personnel or research funds.

Each CRADA is negotiated separately be-

tween NIST and prospective partners. Most

CRADAs take 6 to 8 weeks to implement. LABORATORY PROGRAMS 41

Examples of NIST Lab Projects

The examples of recent accomplishments standard and instrument calibration facil- speed up the process by which fingerprint described below are a small sampling of ity. The new facility will allow the opera- evidence is matched against the FBI's laboratory activities. They illustrate the tors and inspectors of more than 10,000 files—currently some 30 million sets of ways in which NIST is carrying out its mis- U.S. mammography centers to trace the fingerprints. sion to provide infrastructural support to accuracy of their X-ray exposure measure- • A new NIST quality assurance standard U.S. industry. ments to the primary X-ray standards at will help forensic and medical laborato- NIST. The calibration facility was estab- • NIST measurements are vital to the ries ensure that DNA profiles made with lished to help the U.S. Food and Drug functioning of the entire economy, help- the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, Administration implement the Mammog- ing to ensure fairness and efficiency7 in the method are accurate. PCR is a relatively raphy Quality Standards Act of 1992. sale of more than $2 trillion worth of new method of DNA analysis that produces goods and services. Accurate and uniform • A NIST computer model that compen- results in hours rather than the weeks re- measurements of weight, size, volume, sates for a common source of error in co- quired for earlier methods and requires

and other quantities maximize efficiency ordinate measuring machines (CMMs) only tiny amounts of DNA, such as the few

and promote customer confidence in the promises to increase greatly manufactur- cells carried in saliva left on a cigarette sale of goods ranging from lunch meat ers' ability to check accurately the shape butt or a postage stamp.

at the deli counter to natural gas flowing and dimensions of products. The new • Working in collaboration with engi- through transnational pipelines to "SuperFit" software corrects "probe- neers at Howmet Corp., Whitehall, Mich., ultrapure gases purchased by semiconduc- lobbing" errors, a chronic and relatively NIST researchers have developed an X-ray tor manufacturers. large source of measurement uncertainty sensor that could take some of the guess in 98 percent of the 30,000 CMMs in U.S. • NIST tools and services are the ultimate work out of turbine blade technology. factories and laboratories. references for the hundreds of millions of Manufacturers of jet turbine blades often

measurements made daily by U.S. compa- • NIST researchers have produced quanti- can't tell if a blade has been "cooked"

nies, small and large. More than 350 dif- tative images of dopant densities in semi- right until they remove the mold and take

ferent NIST-deve loped measurement tools conductor circuits with 20 to 30 a look. The NIST system should allow

and services are embedded into the quality nanometer (billionths of a meter) resolu- manufacturers to optimize their processes

control systems of the automotive indus- tion. The achievement brings the industry so that they consistently grow single-

try—from small suppliers of metal parts closer to meeting a key requirement of the crystal blades in the shortest amount of

to large refiners of gas and oil. Virtually National Technology Roadmap for Semi- time.

all U.S. semiconductor manufacturers de- conductors for producing next-generation • In collaboration with voluntary stand- pend on NIST-developed test methods to microcircuits by the year 2000. Dopants ards organizations, NIST has developed a evaluate their raw materials, processes, are chemical elements such as boron or standard, called BACnet, to allow interop- and products. The entire U.S. steel indus- phosphorus that are introduced into sili- erability of heating, ventilating, and air try relies on more than 125 NIST Standard con and other semiconducting materials conditioning control systems in buildings. Reference Materials in assessing the qual- to selectively change their electrical NIST worked with a consortium of 17 com- ity of raw materials and finished products. characteristics. panies to test their prototype products im-

• Women getting mammography exams • NIST scientists completed work on a fin- plementing the standard. Use of the

at licensed U.S. facilities will have greater gerprint classification system for the Fed- standard should lead to competitive, open

assurance of receiving proper X-ray expo- eral Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that procurement; integration of separate sys-

sures thanks to a new NIST radiation helps to automate the last step in tems; and increased energy efficiency.

fingerprint analysis done completely by

hand. For the last 30 years, NIST re-

searchers have worked with the FBI to LABORATORY PROGRAMS

Research Consortia Casting of Aerospace Alloys Scanning Capacitance and Electromagnetic Supports efforts to improve understanding Sensors

and, ultimately, control of the Researches new ways to measure accurately On research topics of broad interest to a net-shape the relative location or overlay of features in number of different research partners, NIST casting process so that the alloys in finished successive semiconductor chip layers, in- may sponsor research consortia. Research parts attain the desired structural and per- cluding examining and comparing the mer- consortia usually are structured through formance properties required by the aero- space industry. Contact: Robert its of two new methods scanning NIST CRADAs and involve groups of com- — Schaefer, capacitance probes and electromagnetic panies and other organizations that ex- (301) 975-5727. sensors. Contact: Michael Cresswell, change data, ideas, researchers, and/or BACnet Interoperability Testing (301) 975-2072. materials among themselves and with NIST Works to overcome communication barriers to meet agreed-upon research goals. Most among building control systems from differ- Computer-Aided Manufacturing Engineering consortia require payment of membership ent manufacturers, making it possible to Develops standards and interfaces for a fees in exchange for advance knowledge of design truly "smart" buildings where all sys- manufacturing engineering tool kit de- research results produced by the consortia tems work together and are controlled from signed to allow software tools made by differ- effort. Currently active NIST-centered con- a central location. Contact: Steven Bushby, ent vendors with different engineering sortia include the following: (301) 975-5873. functions to work together. Contact: Swee Leong, (301) 975-5426. Flowmeter Installation Effects Coatings Service Life Prediction Supports research in fluid flow measure- Develops test methods to quickly and reli- Enhanced Machine Controller ments to help industry understand, evaluate, ably predict the service life of painted prod- Develops interface standards needed to pro- and assess flowmeter performance under ucts exposed to the elements in order to help duce an open architecture controller for non-ideal installation conditions. Contact: the paint industry get better products to mar- manufacturing equipment that would allow George Mattingly, (301) 975-5939- ket more quickly. Contact: Jonathan Martin, machine builders, users, and systems inte-

(301) 975-6717. grators to customize more effectively equip- North American Integrated Services Digital ment, reduce training and maintenance Network Users' Forum EPDM Seams Promotes the implementation and use of costs, and make retrofitting of existing Develops test protocols and criteria for evalu- ISDN standards and the development of equipment with new capabilities more prac- ating the performance of pre-formed tape interoperable systems for the simultaneous tical. Contact: Fred Proctor, (301) 975-3425. for bonding seams of EPDM roof mem- transmission of voice, data, and images branes (a system commonly used to make Orthopedic Accelerated Wear Resistance over high-speed digital networks. Contact: low-sloped roofs watertight) to assist roofing Helps shorten development and approval Leslie Collica, (301) 975-4856. contractors, consultants, and manufacturers time for new orthopedic implants by identify-

ing test methods with the greatest promise Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits in the selection and design of satisfactorily for accelerated materials Develops metrology for design and manufac- performing tape adhesive systems. Contact: screening of for wear resistance. Contact: Tesk, ture of microwave monolithic integrated cir- Walter Rossiter, (301) 975-6719- John cuits, especially measurement methods and (301) 975-6799- Air Speed Proficiency Testing standards to reduce testing costs. Contact: Improves measurement of very low air flows Environmentally Friendly New Flame Roger Marks, (303) 497-3037. Retardants of importance to semiconductor fabricators, Works to replace current fire retardants with Ceramic Machining Consortium pharmaceutical manufacturers, and others environmentally friendly additives that re- Develops cost-effective production processes whose products are very sensitive to air- duce heat release rates of polymers used in for grinding components made from ad- borne contaminants or whose facilities carpets, upholstery, and other products with- vanced, structural ceramics, such as silicon require clear air environments such as nu- out increasing smoke or carbon monoxide nitride and silicon carbide. Contact: Said clear power plants. Contact: Vern Bean, production. Contact: Jeff Gilman, Jahanmir, (301) 975-3671. (301) 975-4830. (301) 975-6573- LABORATORY PROGRAMS

Access to NIST facilities generally occurs Technical Assistance Research Grants through one of four mechanisms: under the

provisions of a NIST CRADA or consortium N'IST provides without charge informal tech- Grants supporting research at industry, aca- agreement; through a guest researcher nical advice to U.S. companies and others demic, and other institutions are available agreement; through contract R&D in which seeking assistance in specific areas. Often on a competitive basis through several differ- Institute staff members conduct specific NIST experts can help a company solve a ent Institute offices. For general information experiments or tests at NIST and are reim- technical problem through one or several on NIST grants programs, contact Sharon bursed for their time and supplies; and, for a phone conversations or a brief visit to the Green, (301) 975-6328. limited of facilities, Institute's Gaithersburg, Md., or Boulder, number through sched- uled appointments for qualified Small Business Innovation Research Program Colo., laboratories. (Institute researchers are researchers Funds proposals by small businesses for wishing to conduct proprietary research. not permitted to consult on their own behalf research and development efforts that fall or to receive personal payments for techni- Scheduling and priorities for NIST facilities within areas recommended yearly by the cal advice in areas within NIST's mission.) use are determined by the relevant director U.S. Department of Commerce. See descrip- See project descriptions on pages 51 to 155 for each NIST disciplinary laboratory, in tion on page 45. to locate a NIST expert in a specific research some cases assisted by designated user group field or call the General Inquiries Unit for committees. Precision Measurement Grants assistance, (301) 975-3058. Supports researchers in U.S. colleges and An index of NIST facilities appears on universities for experimental and theoretical page 156. For detailed information on capa- studies of fundamental physical phenom- Technology Services and bilities and availability of individual facili- ena. Contact: (301) 975-4220. Products ties, call the contact person listed for that

facility. For general information on typical Fire Research Grants NIST provides many different technology Sponsors research by academic institutions, facility use agreements, contact the Indus- services and products to help U.S. industry non-federal government agencies, and inde- trial Partnerships Program, (301) 975-3084. improve the quality, reduce the cost, and pendent and industrial laboratories that increase the competitiveness of its products. supports NIST's fire research laboratory

Summaries of the NIST programs providing Technology Licenses programs. Contact: (301) 975-6854. these services and products appear on pages NIST seeks patents for its product and proc- Standard Reference Data Grants 44 to 50. Examples include Standard Refer- ess inventions with commercial potential. Supports research at academic, industrial, ence Materials, Standard Reference Data, Individuals or companies may obtain a and other non-federal institutions to criti- calibration and laboratory accreditation license to use, make, or sell NIST patented cally evaluate data in chemistry, physics, services, and evaluations of energy-related inventions, on either an exclusive or non- and materials properties. Contact: inventions. exclusive basis. Normally licenses are (301) 975-2200.

granted only in cases where the licensee Materials Science and Engineering Grants Use of NIST Facilities agrees that resulting products will be manu- Supports work in polymers, ceramics, metal- factured substantially in the United States. lurgy, and neutron scattering and spectros- The Institute operates more than 40 differ- The goal of NIST's licensing process is copy research at academic, industrial, and ent research facilities that are accessible to to encourage commercial use of NIST- other non-federal institutions. Contact: outside researchers for collaborative or inde- developed technologies. For a current listing (301) 975-5731. pendent research. Some are one-of-a-kind of the more than 100 NIST inventions avail- facilities not available elsewhere in the able for licensing, contact the NIST Indus- United States. trial Partnerships Program, (301) 975-4188. TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

NIST provides a wide variety of services SERVICES AND PROGRAMS SERVICES and programs to help U.S. industry im- 44 Metric Program prove its international competitiveness, AND PROGRAMS 45 Small Business Innovation Research commercialize new technology, and Program achieve total quality in all facets of Standards Services business operations. METRIC 45 Office of Standards Services PROGRAM Companies spanning nearly all indus- Metric helps 45 Laboratory Accreditation Program The Program implement the trial sectors depend on the precision and national policy to establish the metric sys- 45 Technical Standards Activities Program reliability of NIST measurement services tem as the preferred system of weights and 46 Global Standards Policy Program and products to keep their production measures for U.S. trade and commerce. It processes running smoothly, efficiently, 46 Standards Information Program provides leadership and assistance on metric and safely. NIST reference materials, 47 Standards Training and Support Program usage and conversion to federal agencies, data, and calibrations help industry Technology Partnerships state and local governments, businesses, maintain quality control in the produc- trade associations, standards 47 Office of Technology Partnerships tion of everything from aerospace alloys organizations, and the educational voltmeters 47 Research and Technology Applications to to breakfast cereals. community. Program

Responding to increased emphasis on 47 Industrial Partnerships Program Implementing the 1988 amendments to the quality standards in international mar- Metric Conversion Act of 1975, the Metric Measurement Services kets, NIST provides information and as- Program coordinates the metric transition sistance to about 20,000 organizations 47 Office of Measurement Services activities of all federal agencies. Executive and individuals every year concerning 48 Standard Reference Data Program Order 12770, "Metric Usage in Federal national and international voluntary Standard Reference Materials 48 Program Government Programs," issued in 1991, and regulatory product standards and 48 Calibration Program reaffirms the legislation by instructing fed- certification systems. 49 Weights and Measures Program eral agencies to implement formal plans for

In addition, NIST offers a user-friendly using the metric system and to report metric Technology Innovation environment for businesses interested in progress annually. The order authorizes the 49 Office of Technology Innovation cooperative research and development Secretary of Commerce to direct and coordi- 49 Technology Evaluation Services Program efforts, NIST-developed technologies nate the federal agency metric transition 50 Commercialization Assistance Program available for license, guest researcher and to assess progress in annual reports to opportunities, technical information, or 50 Office of Information Services the President. The Metric Program carries technical assessments. out the direction and coordination responsi-

bilities of the Secretary. The most current information is avail- able from our home page on the World Because of the metric system's importance

Wide Web (http://ts.nist.gov/ts/). There as an international standard, its use in prod- you can find the latest information on uct design, manufacturing, marketing, and normative standards, laboratory accredi- labeling is essential for U.S. industry's suc- tation, technology transfer, catalogs of cess in the global marketplace. The use of calibration services, Standard Reference the metric system in federal agency pro- Databases, and Standard Reference grams relating to trade, industry, and com-

Materials. merce is intended to support industry's voluntary adoption of the metric system. Contact:

Peter L.M. Heydemann, Director Current Metric Program initiatives focus on

(301) 975-4500 education and public awareness to gain email: [email protected] broad-based support for national metrica- industry the general public. fax: (301) 975-2183 tion from and Room 306 NIST North http://ts.nist.gov/ts TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

Jnder the banner "Toward a Metric Amer- ISO Guides 25 and 58. Accreditation pro-

series of regional metric town meet- ica," a OFFICE OF STANDARDS vides confidence that a laboratory can pro- ngs and workshops seeks to build state and vide the technical services claimed and has regional partnerships to accelerate adoption SERVICES the quality system to maintain high levels of of the metric system in trade and commerce; The Office of Standards Services (OSS) is the proficiency. encourage use of the metric system in all focal point for the Commerce Department's NVLAP accredits laboratories in the follow- facets of education, including honing of standards and conformity assessment activi- ing fields of testing: acoustics, asbestos fiber, worker skills; and develop programs of ties. The office formulates and implements carpet, commercial products, computer public awareness. standards-related policies and procedures to applications, construction products, electro- enhance domestic commerce and interna- Contact: magnetic compatibility and telecommunica- tional trade. The office provides repre- Gerard C. Iannelli tions, energy efficient products, ionizing sentation to domestic and international (301) 975-3690 radiation dosimetry, and thermal insula- organizations and federal agencies con- email: [email protected] tion. NVLAP also accredits laboratories in cerned with standardization, product test- fax: (301) 94S-1416 these calibration areas: dimensional, electro- ing, certification, laboratory accreditation, Room 306 NIST North magnetic-dc/low frequency, electromag- and other forms of conformity assessment. It netic-rf/microwave, ionizing radiation, chairs the Interagency Committee on Stand- mechanical, optical radiation, thermo- ards Policy to implement the Office of Man- dynamics, and time and frequency. SMALL BUSINESS agement and Budget Circular No. 119, INNOVATION RESEARCH "Federal Participation in the Development Contact: PROGRAM and Use of Voluntary Standards," which is James L. Cigler aimed at harmonizing standards and related (301) 975-4016 The Small Business Innovation Research programs of federal agencies. email: [email protected] (SBIR) Program provides funding on a com- fax: (301) 926-2884 Contact: petitive basis to small high-tech businesses Room 282 NIST North Belinda L. Collins that can carry out research on topics of inter- 975-4000 est identified by each of NIST's laboratories. (301) email: [email protected] Annually in October, NIST issues a list of re- fax: 963-2871 search and development topics for which (301) TECHNICAL STANDARDS Room 287 NIST North proposals are solicited. There are two phases ACTIVITIES PROGRAM

of awards. In Phase I, awardees can receive The Technical Standards Activities Program

up to $50,000 for a 6-month study to estab- (TSAP) provides technical support for public lish the technical feasibility of a proposed LABORATORY and private-sector standardization and

project. Successful Phase I participants may ACCREDITATION standards-related activities. TSAP manages compete in Phase II for up to $200,000 not PROGRAM U.S. representation and participation in the to exceed 2 years to support further develop- International Organization of Legal Metrol- ment of Laboratory Accredi- the work. Funds available for SBIR The National Voluntary ogy (OIML). OIML is a treaty organization

contract awards are tied directly to the NIST tation Program (NVLAP) provides third- of the international measurement commu-

appropriation for Industrial Technology party accreditation of testing and calibration nity that promotes global trade through har-

Services. laboratories. Accreditation programs are es- monization of performance requirements

tablished in response to mandates or admin- (regulations) for measuring instruments Contact: istrative action by the federal government or used to ensure equity in commerce, assure Norman H. Taylor requests from private-sector organizations. public and worker health and safety, and (301) 975-4517 Accredited laboratories are listed in a pub- monitor environment protection. email: [email protected] lished directory and on the Technology Serv- fax: (301) 548-0624 ices site on the World Wide Web. NVLAP is in Room 306 NIST North full conformance with the standards of the

International Organization for Stand-

ardization (ISO) and the International Elec-

trotechnical Commission (IEC), including TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

TSAP also manages technical support for Western Hemisphere, the European Union, and related documents published by U.S. domestic and international standardization Russia and the Newly Independent States and foreign governments as well as by do- activities and coordination for U.S. stand- (NIS), Central Europe, the Middle East, and mestic, foreign, and international private- ards advisers posted abroad. The program the Asia-Pacific region. It supports programs sector standards organizations. SIP responds serves as the Commerce Department's tech- of the Commerce Department's Interna- to domestic and foreign requests for infor- nical contact point to investigate non-tariff tional Trade Administration, such as the Spe- mation on U.S. standards, technical regula- trade barriers for non-agricultural products cial American Business Intern Training for tions, and conformity assessment procedures under the Agreement on Technical Barriers Russian and NIS technical experts, and con- and to requests for information about for- to Trade of the World Trade Organization. ducts standards-related economic and policy eign standards and technical regulations

It administers the DOC Voluntary Standards analyses. through its access to the network of informa-

Program, providing a mechanism for tion centers (ISONET) of the International GSPP works with standards and conformity private-sector sponsors to develop standards Organization for Standardization. assessment bodies in other countries to en- in the public interest with significant domes- sure the adoption of common procedures SIP serves as the U.S. inquiry point under tic and international trade impact. Current based on international guidelines. It also the Agreement on Technical Barriers to standards pertain to construction and indus- chairs or participates in the activities of in- Trade of the World Trade Organization trial plywood, wood-based structural-use teragency groups to establish U.S. govern- (WTO) to inform the WTO Secretariat in panels, and softwood lumber. The program ment positions on standards- related aspects Geneva of proposed U.S. government regula- provides the executive secretariat for the In- of major international agreements, such as tions that might affect trade, receiving corre- teragency Committee on Standards Policy the North American Free Trade Agreement. sponding proposed foreign regulations and and coordinates NIST participation in the disseminating them to U.S. industry and cog- annual U.S. observance of World Standards The program provides assurance of the com- nizant government agencies. SIP operates Day. petence of U.S. conformity assessment bod- the U.S. NAFTA inquiry point, which pro- ies that are deemed to be qualified under the Contact: vides information about standards and tech- procedures of the National Voluntary Con- Samuel E. Chapped nical regulations of the NAFTA countries. formity Assessment System Evaluation Pro- (301) 975-4023 SIP also operates two telephone hot-lines gram, an essential element of mutual email: [email protected] that offer weekly updates on draft recognition agreements between the United fax: (301) 926-1559 European standards [(301) 921-4164] and States and foreign governments. Room 164 NIST North proposed foreign regulations for those con- Contact: cerned about regulations and standards that

Mary H. Saunders might create technical barriers to trade GLOBAL STANDARDS (301) 975-4023 [(301) 975-4041]. The EC hotline reports email: [email protected] on draft standards of the European Commit-

POLICY PROGRAM fax: (301) 963-2871 tee for Standardization, the European Com-

The Global Standards Policy Program Room 282 NIST North mittee for Electrotechnical Standardization,

(GSPP) provides technical information and and the European Telecommunications

support to federal agencies and industry to Standards Institute.

assist them in resolving trade issues related STANDARDS INFORMATION Contact: to standards and conformity assessment. JoAnne R. Overman GSPP monitors developments in standards PROGRAM (301) 975-4037 and conformity assessment activities in the The Standards Information Program (SIP) email: [email protected] operates the National Center for Standards fax: (301) 926-1559 and Certification Information (NCSCI), a Room 164 NIST North central repository for standards-related infor-

mation in the United States. NCSCI provides

access to standards, technical regulations, —

TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

t managing various technology transfer pro- grams; managing NIST's intellectual prop- STANDARDS TRAINING INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIPS erty; carrying out assigned technology

WD SUPPORT PROGRAM transfer functions under the Stevenson- PROGRAM

Tie Standards Training and Support Pro- Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 The Industrial Partnerships Program pro-

;ram (STSP) administers a network of and the Federal Technology Transfer Act of vides assistance on:

tandards experts in foreign countries who 1986; performing industrial and intergovern- • working with NIST research and develop- vorkwith U.S. businesses, other U.S. govern- mental liaison; and strengthening NIST- ment (R&D) programs; nent agencies, and foreign organizations to wide awareness of technology transfer dentify and remove technical barriers to options and their implications. The office • joint R&D relationships; rade. The program also conducts a series of assists NIST leadership in reviewing related • cooperative R&D agreements (CRADAs); raining workshops to familiarize foreign policies and practices and in helping to

.tandards officials with U.S. standards and propagate improvements in research and de- • domestic (U.S.) guest researchers;

:onformity assessment procedures. STSP re- velopment relationships throughout NIST. • industry fellow agreements; :ruits and assigns standards experts to posts Contact: • relationship policies; it key U.S. embassies and missions to pro- NIST R&D Jack Williams vide U.S. industry, government agencies, (301) 975-3850 • use of NIST facilities; ind standards developers with timely and ac- email: [email protected] • issues; :urate information about foreign standards intellectual property fax: (301) 869-2751 ind conformity assessment procedures and Room 213 NIST North • patents; o provide U.S. embassy personnel with tech- • licenses; lical advice for resolving trade issues re-

ated to technical barriers to trade. • arrangements; and RESEARCH AND non-disclosure STSP conducts workshops to furnish timely • commercializing NIST technologies nformation on U.S. practices in standards TECHNOLOGY Contact: and conformity assessment for foreign stand- APPLICATIONS Bruce E. Mattson ards officials, to encourage their adoption of PROGRAM (301) 975-3084 narmonized programs, and to build good Applications The Research and Technology email: [email protected] working relationships for resolving future Program is located at NIST laboratories in fax: (301) 869-2751 technical problems. Boulder and provides information on NIST Room 213 NIST North Contact: activities and services to industry, academia,

Kathleen D. Gaaserud and state and local governments in the west-

(301) 975-6094 ern region. OFFICE OF MEASUREMENT email: [email protected] Contact: fax: (301) 975-2183 SERVICES Joseph G. Berke Room 306 NIST North The four components of the Office of Meas- (303) 497-7038 urement Services (OMS) data, materials, email: [email protected] — calibrations, and weights and measures fax: (303) 497-5222 provide U.S. technologists with access to the OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY Mail Stop 104 U.S. national standards of measurement. PARTNERSHIPS Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Uniform and accurate measurements order The primary objective of the Office of Tech- Jack Williams the marketplace and reduce risk and cost to nology Partnerships (OTP) is to build and (301) 975-3850 buyers and sellers. Connection to a solid sustain technology partnering activities be- email: [email protected]

tween the NIST laboratories and its mission- fax: (301) 869-2751 related organizations. OTP does so by Room 213 NIST North TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

measurement foundation is essential to in- databases provide easy access to NIST high- available to assist users in the application of dustry in attaining quality and performance quality data. A World Wide Web catalog of SRMs. Some of these publications give prac-

goals, demonstrating standards conformity, data products distributed by the NIST Stand- tical guidance for using the SRMs while oth-

and removing non-tariff trade barriers. The ard Reference Data Program is available at ers give additional information about the

business of America is business, and the http://www.nist.gov/srd. To receive a printed certification process of particular SRMs. Of

competitive forces within business drive the copy of the catalog, contact Joan Sauerwein special note is S?2d0-\00 Standard Refer-

need for increased use and accuracy of meas- at (301) 975-2216. ence Materials Handbook: Handbook for

urement. NIST measurement services meet SRM Users, by John K. Taylor, which was Contact: these needs at the point of measurement us- written to discuss general concepts of preci- John Rumblejr. age by delivering services directly to about sion and accuracy as applied to SRMs and (301) 975-2200 10,000 companies. A current thrust of the their impact on quality assurance and the email: [email protected] program is to expand service delivery via measurement process. fax: (301) 926-0416 accredited, NIST-traceable intermediate Room 113 NIST North Contact: service providers. Thomas E. Gills

Contact: (301) 975-2015 Stanley D. Rasberry STANDARD REFERENCE email: [email protected] (301) 975-3602 fax: (301) 926-4342 email: [email protected] MATERIALS PROGRAM Room 112 Engineering Mechanics Building

fax: (301) 948-3825 The Standard Reference Materials Program Room 232 NIST North (SRMP) has pioneered and continues to be the leader in the development of certified ref- CALIBRATION PROGRAM erence materials for quality assurance of The calibration services of NIST link the measurements. Through the Standard Refer- STANDARD REFERENCE makers and users of precision instruments ence Materials Program, NIST provides to the basic and derived units of the Interna- DATA PROGRAM more than 1,300 different Standard Refer- tional System (SI) of measurements. As one For critical technical decisions, engineers ence Materials (SRM®) that are certified for of the cornerstones for assuring the consis- and scientists in industrial and academic re- their specific chemical or physical proper- tency of measurements in the United States search rely on the NIST Standard Reference ties. SRMs are used for three main purposes: and internationally, this measurement trans- Data Program (SRDP). For 30 years, SRDP to help develop accurate methods of analysis fer system is a critical factor in controlling has provided well-documented numeric data (reference methods); to calibrate measure- manufacturing, assembly processes, and to scientists and engineers for use in techni- ment systems; and to assure the long-term marketing as well as assuring the quality of cal problem solving, research, and develop- adequacy and integrity of measurement manufactured goods. Users of these services ment. These recommended values are based quality assurance programs. NIST SRMs send transfer standards to NIST where they on data that have been extracted from the also legally constitute part of the National are calibrated according to a measurement world's literature, assessed for reliability, Measurement System infrastructure of the process that is stable, predictable, and statis- and then evaluated for the preferred values. United States and, as such, are essential tically controlled. Currently, NIST provides These data activities are conducted by scien- transfer mechanisms for national (and inter- more than 500 different calibrations, special tists at NIST and other institutions. national) measurement traceability. The tests, and measurement assurance programs SRM Program provides a series of publica- The NIST Standard Reference Database se- in seven major measurement areas. tions, known as the SP260 series, that is ries has grown to over 50 electronic data- The Calibration Program distributes selected bases in chemistry, physics, materials, publications of general interest, including building and fire research, software recogni- the Calibration Services Users Guide tion, and electronics. Versatile interactive (SP 250), describing the calibration services TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

NIST provides; the Calibration Fee Sched- equipment to determine compliance with In addition, OTI provides an unbiased inde-

ule (SP 250 appendix); Guidelinesfor NIST Handbook 44; and the NCWM National pendent evaluation service to other federal

Evaluating and Expressing the Uncer- Training Program. agencies and state organizations. Services tainty ofNIST Measurement Results include peer reviews through OTI's staff Contact:

(TN 1297) ; Guidefor the Use of the Inter- engineers and its consultant network, in a Gilbert M. Ugiansky

national System of Units (SP 811) ; and confidential manner. The review service is (301) 975-4004 Experimentation and Measurement conducted in accordance with the custom- email: [email protected] (SP 672). To request these publications, ized review criteria provided by the clients to fax: (301) 926-0647 fax your name and address to the number meet their specific needs. Room 232 NIST North below. Contact:

Contact: Jogindar (Joe) S. Dhillon Sharrill Dittmann OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY (301) 975-5521 (301) 975-2002 email: [email protected] INNOVATION email: [email protected] fax: (301) 975-3839

fax: (301) 869-3548 The Office of Technology Innovation (OTI) Room 264 NIST North

Room 232 NIST North encourages, stimulates, and facilitates

private-sector innovation. Special attention is directed to small businesses and the indi- TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION WEIGHTS AND MEASURES vidual inventor or technical entrepreneur. It provides evaluation services designed to com- SERVICES PROGRAM

PROGRAM ment on product feasibility for the benefit of Under the Energy-Related Inventions Pro-

The Weights and Measures Program pro- the developers and to establish technical gram, the Technology Evaluation Services

motes uniformity among the states in credibility for the benefit of potential inves- Program (TESP) evaluates inventions, tech-

weights and measures standards, laws, and tors. OTI develops educational and other nologies, and new product ideas submitted

practices to facilitate trade and protect U.S. mechanisms to improve inventor/ by small businesses/individual inventors as

businesses and citizens, whose sales or pur- entrepreneur capabilities and supports their a prerequisite to possible financial and other

chases by weight or measure total over dissemination and implementation by state support by the Department of Energy (DOE).

$2 trillion annually. The program is known and local public-sector agencies. The office Technology is evaluated for technical feasi-

outside of NIST as the Office of Weights and outreach activities are designed not only to bility, energy savings, and commercial po-

Measures (OWM), a name that dates back to promote use of evaluation services but also tential. The evaluations provide feedback

1837 when the program was established. to build networks aimed at integrating state from recognized experts drawn from a net-

OWM sponsors the National Conference on and local agency efforts to assist or support work of over 450 consultants. This "added

Weights and Measures (NCWM), an organi- small businesses in technology commerciali- value" enhances the attractiveness of prom-

zation of state weights and measures offi- zation efforts. ising technology as business opportunities

cials and representatives of industry, for private-sector investors. TESP recom- OTI also provides evaluation services to consumers, and federal agencies. NCWM de- mends promising technology to DOE, which other federal agencies and to state small velops uniform laws, regulations, and meth- provides financial support and other com- business assistance and economic develop- ods of practice that are published by NIST. mercialization services. ment organizations. Services include peer When these standards are adopted by regula- and oversight reviews through OTI's staff Contact: tory agencies, they become mandatory. engineers and its consultant network. George P. Lewett OWM administers the State Standards Pro- (301) 975-5500 gram, which accredits state weights and Contact: email: [email protected] measures laboratories; the National Type George P. Lewett fax: (301) 975-3839 Evaluation Program, which evaluates mod- (301) 975-5500 Room 264 NIST North els of commercial weighing and measuring email: [email protected]

fax: (301) 975-3839 Room 264 NIST North 50 TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

program that includes presentations at na- OIS also can be reached on the Internet COMMERCIALIZATION tional and regional conferences and peri- through the NIST Virtual Library odic nationwide mailings to inventors (http://ts.nist.gov/nvl), a resource that

ASSISTANCE PROGRAM through the PTO. brings a selection of information resources

The Commercialization Assistance Program available at the OIS Library, as well as point- Contact: encourages technology innovation by devel- ers to other related information resources Jack E. Pevenstein oping networks in selected technology- available through the Internet, including (301) 975-5519 oriented communities and marketing the the World Wide Web. email: [email protected] Technology Evaluation Services Program fax: (301) 975-3839 To obtain further information about the (TESP) support services to small businesses Room 264 NIST North NIST Library and the specialized reference and individual inventors. TESP's services, services, on-line search services, and avail- which include technology evaluation and able databases, contact NIST Library refer- commercialization training, are marketed ence staff at (301) 975-3052 or email: either directly to small businesses/ OFFICE OF INFORMATION [email protected] individual inventors or through grass roots SERVICES service providers such as state small busi- Contact: The Office of Information Services (OIS) ness development centers, economic develop- Paul Vassallo maintains a comprehensive, international ment agencies, universities, and trade (301) 975-2784 collection of information in scientific disci- associations/professional societies. Networks email: [email protected] plines such as metrology, mathematics, supporting technology commercialization fax: (301) 869-8071 physical sciences, computer science, and ma- also have been developed by marketing and E106 Administration Building terials science. OIS staff serve the technical supplying TESP services to other federal information needs of NIST scientists and agencies such as DOE, Environmental Pro- engineers and communicate the results of tection Agency, and the Patent and Trade Of- NIST research to scientific and engineering fice (PTO) as well as other NIST communities worldwide. activities such as Manufacturing Extension Partnership and Small Business Innovation OIS programs include selecting, acquiring,

Research. OTI builds these networks or organizing, and disseminating primarily sci-

infrastructures through an outreach entific and technical information in print and electronic forms. The NIST Library,

with its specialized collection of approxi-

mately 200,000 volumes, including subscrip-

tions to approximately 1,500 journals,

microform collections, and electronic data-

bases available on CD-ROMs or through on-

line services, serves the entire NIST scientific and research community. ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The Electronics and Electrical Engineer- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH Electromagnetic Technology ing Laboratory (EEEL) provides the OPPORTUNITIES 61 Josephson Array Development fundamental basis for all electrical meas- 52 Office of Microelectronics Programs 61 Nanoscale Cryoelectronics urements in the United States. In close 52 Office of Law Enforcement Standards 61 High-Performance Sensors, Infrared consultation with industry, research and Detectors, and Mixers calibration programs are tailored to meet Electricity 62 Superconductor Standards and the most critical measurement needs for 52 Resistance Standards and Materials Technology the manufacture and operation of electri- 53 Quantum Hall Effect 62 Superconductor Interfaces and Electrical cal electronic systems, including and 53 Applying High-Tc Superconductors to Transport semiconductor, magnetic, radio- Precision Electrical Measurements 62 High-Temperature Superconducting frequency, microwave, optical, optoelec- 53 Josephson-Effect Voltage Standards Electronics tronic and superconducting equipment; 54 Advanced AC-DC Voltage and Current 63 Microstructural Analysis for flat-panel displays; electronic instrumen- Measurements Electromagnetic Technology tation; and electrical power apparatus and 54 Synthesis of Precise Signals 63 Magnetic Recording Metrology systems. 54 Testing Electronic Systems 63 Magnetic Instruments and Materials Characterization Other programs are concerned with basic 54 Fast Pulse and Waveform Acquisition Standards 64 Nanoprobe Imaging for Magnetic research to develop quantum standards Technology that enable more accurate maintenance 55 Metrology for Electrical Power Systems of the fundamental electrical units. Labo- 55 Dielectrics Research Optoelectronics ratory researchers also conduct studies on 55 Plasma Processing/Plasma Chemistry 64 Laser Radiometry the new measurements needed for the suc- 56 Video Processing 64 High-Speed Measurements cessful development of promising future 56 Metrology for Flat-Panel Displays 65 Fiber-Optic Metrology technologies such as high-temperature su- 56 Automated Electronics Manufacturing 65 Integrated Optic Metrology perconductors, quantum mechanical de- Program 65 Optical Fiber Sensors vices, and hybrid computer chips that Semiconductor Electronics utilize both electronic and lightwave sig- 66 Fiber and Discrete Components nals. These measurement techniques, as 56 Metrology for Nanoelectronics 66 Dielectric Materials and Devices well as Standard Reference Materials, 57 Optical Characterization Metrology 66 Semiconductor Materials and Devices such as those developed for optical fiber 57 Electrical Characterization Metrology RESEARCH FACILITIES diameter, silicon resistivity, and supercon- 57 Thin-Film Process Metrology 67 Semiconductor Processing Laboratory ducting critical current, play a significant 58 Silicon-on-lnsulator Metrology 68 Molecular-Beam Epitaxy Facility role in helping to improve the efficiency 58 Metrology for Devices and Packages and quality of manufacturing. 68 Wafer Probing Laboratory 58 Metrology for Process and Tool Control 68 Mode-Stirred Chambers In addition, the laboratory7 manages me- 58 Interconnect Reliability Metrology 68 Ground Screen Antenna Range trology development work across NIST in 59 Dielectric Reliability Metrology 69 Transverse Electromagnetic Cell response to the needs of mainstream sili- 59 Microelectromechanical Systems con semiconductor device manufacturing. 69 Electromagnetic Anechoic Chamber

It also applies science and technology to Electromagnetic Fields 69 Concentric Loop Antenna Systems

solve key problems of the criminal justice 59 Guided-Wave Microwave Standards and 70 Standard Transient/Impulsive Field communities. Measurements Facility

60 High-Speed Microelectronics 70 Mobile Transient Reception/Transmission Contact: System Judson C. French, Director 71 Integrated-Circuit Fabrication Laboratory (301) 975-2220 71 Ultralow-Temperature Electronics Facility email: [email protected] 71 Magnetic Thin-Film Fabrication and fax: (301) 975-4091 Imaging Facility B358 Metrology Building

http://www.eeel.nist.gov —

ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

from NSMP activities are largely public in-

formation and are freely available to domes- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ELECTRICITY tic manufacturers. OPPORTUNITIES Division Contact: Contact: William E. Anderson

Robert I. Scace (301) 975-2400 (301) 975-4400 email: [email protected] OFFICE email: [email protected] OF fax: (301) 926-3972 fax: 948-0978 MICROELECTRONICS (301) Bl64 Metrology Building PROGRAMS A323 Technology Building

The Office of Microelectronics Programs RESISTANCE STANDARDS (OMP) serves as an information focal point for semiconductor-related research at NIST. OFFICE OF LAW AND MATERIALS

OMP is responsible for matrix management ENFORCEMENT Component precision resistors of both film and contemporary relevance of the National STANDARDS and wire construction have found wide- Semiconductor Metrology Program (NSMP). spread use as references and dividers in pre- The mission of the Office of Law Enforce- OMP also manages NIST's strong working cision instrumentation such as digital ment Standards (OLES) is to apply science relationships with the Semiconductor Indus- multimeters and calibrators. The quality of and technology to the needs of the criminal try Association (SIA), the Semiconductor Re- these resistors and their level of immunity to justice community, including law enforce- search Corp. (SRC), and SEMATECH. the effects of environmental parameters, ment, corrections, forensic science, and fire such as temperature and mechanical shock, The NSMP was established by Congress service. To accomplish this mission, OLES have enabled the 3-month performance of (within the Department of Commerce) in develops methods for testing equipment per- these instruments to begin to approach that 1994 in direct response to industry needs. formance and for examining evidentiary ma- of the standards most commonly used to The FY 1996 program portfolio consists of 23 terials; develops standards for equipment calibrate them. This fact and the desirability multiyear projects with activities spanning and operating procedures; develops Standard of calibrating such instruments where they nearly all of the NIST laboratory organiza- Reference Materials; and performs other will be used have heightened the need for a tions. Strong emphasis is on metrological scientific and engineering research as re- next generation of resistance standards issues for mainstream silicon CMOS technol- quested by external sponsors. standards whose performance in adverse ogy identified in the National Technology The areas of research investigated by this conditions would eclipse that of existing Roadmap for Semiconductors (SIA, 1994). office include clothing, communication sys- standards in a laboratory environment. OMP actively seeks industry collaborations tems, emergency equipment, investigative in support of the portfolio and sets priorities NIST scientists are beginning a program to aids, protective equipment, security systems, based on direct industry contact and develop new standards with sub-ppm per- vehicles, speed measuring equipment, weap- through participation in the planning activi- formance, both short- and long-term, under ons, analytical techniques, and Standard ties of the SIA, SRC, and SEMATECH. Results field conditions. To do so, the electrical/ Reference Materials used by the public safety physical properties of a number of alloys are community. Exact projects are based upon being investigated, and new resistor designs the most recent recommendations of the are being formulated and tested. Future ef- Law Enforcement and Corrections Technol- forts will investigate metallurgical tech- ogy Advisory Council and vary depending niques such as rapid quenching, ion upon the priorities of the criminal justice community.

Contact: Kathleen M. Higgins

(301) 975-2757 email: [email protected]

fax: (301) 948-0978 A323 Technology Building ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

implantation in semiconductors and glasses NIST researchers also are working to im- This development and the possibility of com- 7 for resistors > 10 , and Evanohm or prove and simplify the measurement sys- mercialization make it feasible to automate 3 Nichrome film deposition on Si substrates. tems used to calibrate resistors; a new He the basic CCC design, which then will be

The desired output will be fixed-value stand- refrigerator and 16-T magnet facility have more attractive for general calibration use. 12 ards in the range from 1 Q to 10 Q. with been developed for use with a new cryogenic NIST scientists are engaged in designing, sub-ppm per year drift rates, temperature current comparator. This improved the accu- building, and testing CCCs to support meas- coefficients less than 0.1 ppm/°C, and low racy of NIST calibrations severalfold. urements of the new national resistance power and voltage coefficients. A metallurgi- standards based on the quantized Hall effect. Contact: cal facility with the capability of monitoring This involves establishing a few select ratios Marvin E. Cage the electrical properties of materials during that range from 1:1 to 100:1. Future efforts (301) 975-4224 annealing and a silicon processing facility will include the development of CCCs with email: [email protected] are available, along with access to precision selectable ratios over a somewhat larger Alan F. Clark resistance measurement systems and the na- range. (301) 975-2139 tional resistance standards. email: [email protected] Contact:

Contact: Ronald F. Dziuba

Ronald F. Dziuba B258 Metrology Building (301) 975-4239

(301) 975-4239 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Randolph E. Elmquist

Norman B. Belecki APPLYING HIGH-Tc (301) 975-6591 (301) 975-4223 SUPERCONDUCTORS TO email: [email protected] [email protected] email: PRECISION ELECTRICAL B146 Metrology Building

B146 Metrology Building MEASUREMENTS NIST and other national standards laborato- JOSEPHSON-EFFECT ries for years have used cryogenic current QUANTUM HALL EFFECT comparators (CCCs) to make ratio measure- VOLTAGE STANDARDS

The quantum Hall effect now provides the of voltage, current, and resistance ments High-accuracy voltage-standard systems basis for the national unit of resistance. The with uncertainties of 0.01 or less. This ppm have proliferated among many industrial, realization of the resistance standard pre- not widespread approach has found commer- government, and international standards sents many interesting problems; re- the cryogenic current com- cial use because laboratories with the advent of the searchers at NIST are investigating the be operated at liquid-helium parator must Josephson-array device. Within this labora- physical principles underlying the effect, temperatures, which presents a variety of tory, there are three array voltage-standard understanding sample-specific artifacts, operational difficulties. Moreover, existing systems in operation, including a fully auto- exploring the ac quantum Hall effect, and comparators are working prototypes rather mated 10-V array system. Guest researchers improving the measurement systems. Re- than completed instrumentation systems can gain hands-on experience with array sys- search is being conducted on the range of and are difficult to use. tem operation and verification, as well as parameters over which the quantum Hall ef- cooperate on studies into both precision volt- Recent advances in superconductivity tech- fect provides the most accurate and repro- age metrology and Josephson-array physics. nology have made the application of high- ducible standard of resistance. temperature superconductors practical. In at The metrology goals are to improve meas- Using GaAs heterostructures grown at NIST, case, an integrated circuit SQUID least one urement precision to better than one part in o researchers using dedicated class-10 similar to devices used in are a magnetometer, 10 in applications of direct system-to- clean facility to investigate different low levels of magnetic flux, room CCCs to detect system intercomparisons and lab-to-lab volt methods of making contacts to the devices built that operates at liquid- has been transfers, achieve greater reliability in auto- that will have very low resistances (in the temperatures. Thus, the possibility nitrogen mation algorithms, and further the develop- milli-ohm range) even at temperatures be- developing a commercial instrument for ment of solid-state reference standards and low 4.2 K and in high magnetic fields. has been opened. Such based on a CCC now precision digital voltmeters. an instrument might be run with a refrigera-

tor at liquid-nitrogen temperatures. —

54 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The physics research addresses the effects of use of photolithography on silicon sub-

electromagnetic noise on the stability and strates. The application of this new technol- TESTING ELECTRONIC accuracy of the Josephson quantized-voltage ogy may result in improved performance SYSTEMS steps, studies the boundaries of chaotic be- and reduction in the cost of thermal NIST scientists are developing new testing havior in junction- junction interactions, converters. approaches for electronic systems to mini- and explores other possible array device ap- Contact: mize the attendant testing costs while assur- plications, such as the generation of ac sig- Joseph R. Kinard ing product quality. Program emphasis is on nals through frequency modulation of the (301) 975-4250 development and application of generic er- millimeter-wave drive frequency. email: [email protected] ror modeling methods for describing the sys-

Contact: B. Belecki Norman tems to be tested. Once an accurate model is

Richard L. Steiner (301) 975-4223 available, it can predict the performance of

(301) 975-4226 email: [email protected] a device based on the fewest possible tests.

email: richard.steiner®. nist.gov Theoretical work centers on dimensionality

Alan F. Clark B146 Metrology Building selection for empirical models to minimize

(301) 975-2139 prediction errors and on the assignment of

email: [email protected] uncertainties and confidence limits when

SYNTHESIS OF PRECISE making predictions based on empirical mod- B258 Metrology Building SIGNALS els. Results of this work are being used by the semiconductor industry to reduce the NIST is conducting both theoretical and ex- costs of testing mixed-signal integrated cir- perimental research on the synthesis of pre- ADVANCED AC-DC cuits and by electronic instrument manufac- cision ac waveforms for use in ac voltage turers to cut the high costs of calibration VOLTAGE AND CURRENT standards operating nominally below test points. MEASUREMENTS 100 MHz and producing both sinusoidal and arbitrary waveforms. The theoretical work Contact: Thermal voltage and current converters includes Walsh functions and Fourier analy- T. Michael Souders offer the most accurate and broadband sis, time-domain analysis, and precision (301) 975-2406 method for measuring ac voltage and cur- RMS-to-dc conversion techniques. Experi- email: [email protected] rent for applications in communications, mental work involves high-speed, high- Barry A. Bell power generation, aerospace, and defense. accuracy digital-to-analog conversion; (301) 975-2419 Thermal transfer standards are calibrated by precision, high-speed switching; assembly email: [email protected] NIST in terms of reference converters, which and interpretive-level programming for themselves have been characterized by refer- hardware control; and wideband, fast- Bl62 Metrology Building ence to the NIST primary standards settling amplifiers. special multijunction thermal converters

whose performance is known. These primary Contact: FAST PULSE AND and working standards in common use Nile M. Oldham

throughout the metrology community em- (301) 975-2408 WAVEFORM ACQUISITION ploy thermal converters fabricated from wire email: [email protected] STANDARDS elements. Researchers at NIST are studying Barry A. Bell NIST has an active program to provide a new methods for the manufacture of film (301) 975-2402 basis for characterizing both the time do- thermal converter structures made by the email: [email protected] main and frequency domain performance of

sampling and digitizing systems, including B162 Metrology Building analog/digital converters, sampling oscillo-

scopes, and waveform recorders. Theoretical

and experimental research establishes test

methods, reference waveforms, and state-of-

the-art sampling technology to support

these systems. Research areas include opto-

electronic and electro-optical techniques for ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

sampling and pulse generation in the the electric power, and for consumers, who charge measurements in cables and in gas-

1- to 5-picosecond regime; advanced signal have equipment such as computers that is and liquid-insulated systems. processing methods, including deconvolu- sensitive to electric power surges, sags, and Contact: tion, phase-plane compensation and spec- other transient phenomena. NIST is working Richard J. Van Brunt tral estimation; and ultrahigh accuracy with the electric power industry to identify (301) 975-2425 techniques to support modern sigma-delta the sources and presence of electric power email: [email protected] sampling technology. degradation and to mitigate its effects on James K. Olthoff sensitive equipment. Magneto-optical meas- Contact: (301) 975-2431 urement devices of electrical current are be- T. Michael Souders email: [email protected] ing developed for metering of electrical (301) 975-2406 power. Research at NIST includes the verifi- email: [email protected] B344 Metrology Building cation of the accuracy of these devices that Barry A. Bell are being introduced into the power system. (301) 975-2419 Other research areas include measurement email: [email protected] PLASMA PROCESSING/ of electric and magnetic fields and precision

measurements of electric power and energy. PLASMA CHEMISTRY B162 Metrology Building NIST scientists are investigating the chemi- Contact: cal and physical processes occurring in low- Gerald J. FitzPatrick temperature discharges by applying a wide METROLOGY FOR (301) 975-2737 range of diagnostics to well-characterized email: [email protected] ELECTRICAL POWER discharges that are similar to those used in James K. Olthoff SYSTEMS the manufacturing of microelectronic de- (301) 975-2431 vices. The goal of this research is to improve Electrical measurements are critical to the email: [email protected] the measurement techniques required to operation of electrical power systems in ensure the reproducibility and control of many ways: they are fundamentally impor- B344 Metrology Building semiconductor etching discharges. The dis- tant to control power flow, the maintenance charges under study include radio-frequency of reliability and quality, and the revenue (rf) discharges (generated in Gaseous Elec- metering of electrical power. NIST research DIELECTRICS RESEARCH tronic Conference rf reference cells, a stand- is conducted to support the high reliability NIST scientists are developing measurement ard cell used by research labs worldwide) of electric power deliver}', public safety, methods to characterize dielectrics used as and low current dc Townsend discharges. and fairness in the sale of electric power to electrical insulators in electric power sys- Diagnostics applied to these discharges in- customers. tems. Emphasis is on the investigation of clude mass spectrometric detection of neu- phenomena that affect reliability and safety Nearly all equipment installed in the electric tral and ionic species generated in the associated with operation of electrical sys- power system is subjected to acceptance tests discharges, analysis of discharge electrical tems. Specific projects include investigation at high voltage to ensure it can withstand ac- parameters, detection of plasma optical of the production of toxic byproducts in elec- cidental high voltage surges as well as ones emission, and laser-induced fluorescence. trical discharges, research on the environ- occurring during normal system operation. Additional areas of research include the ac- mental impact of the use of gaseous NIST researchers are working both to im- cumulation and critical analysis of standard dielectrics, and the development of diagnos- prove the precision of conventional methods reference data (such as cross sections and tics for predicting failure (or breakdown) of traditionally used in high voltage testing as rate coefficients) for use by the semiconduc- insulating materials. Theoretical work ad- well as to develop optical and electro-optical tor industry, the measurement of electron dresses Boltzmann equilibrium statistics, techniques that complement and offer sig- attachment cross sections for etching gases, chemical kinetic computer codes, and nificant advantages over conventional meas- and the investigation of the role of surface computer-aided data acquisition and analy- urement approaches. Power quality is also charging in low-temperature discharges. sis. Experimental work focuses on high- of great concern for utilities, who provide voltage ac and dc tests, gas chromatography Contact:

and mass spectrometric techniques for James K. Olthoff

chemical characterization, and partial dis- (301) 975-2431 email: [email protected] B344 Metrology Building ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

specifications is needed that can be used to for electronic commerce is a complete and

VIDEO PROCESSING assess display quality and that can be ap- consistent suite of standards for the ex-

plied across the wide spectrum of display change of electronic product data descrip- Video quality is presently evaluated using

that either available will is subjective means; however, the exploding technologies are or tions. AEMP involved in efforts to shortly available. Display quality existing, overlapping digital video revolution requires signifi- become "harmonize" stand- issues are not simply a matter of light ards (such EDIF, to cantly more sophisticated and accurate as AP210, and IGES) measurement, power efficiency, display envi- help industry test for compliance with those measurements. The static test patterns and ronment, or signal quality. Rather, many of standards, and to work with industry to de- linear measurement tools for analog video these factors act in concert to affect display velop standards in critical areas where systems do not characterize adaptive, non- none quality, with an important addition—the exist. Another emerging area in which AEMP linear digital compression systems. NIST is

complexities of human visual perception. researchers are involved is the manufactur- developing a collection of measurement Research topics include the development of ing execution systems domain for electron- tools for the testing and evaluation of digital radiometric and colorimetric measurements ics manufacturers. One current project video signals subjected to compression proc- of emissive and non-emissive displays, the involves technical support and testing of essing. Similarly, measurement techniques automation of such measurements, investi- object oriented computer inte- are being developed for the evaluation of the SEMATECH's gation of the visual perception of the eye, grated manufacturing framework project. visual performance of video displays.

and modeling of display characteristics us- This framework is intended to streamline in- One of the tools used for real-time video ing the Princeton Engine video supercom- tegration of new equipment and software on processing is the Princeton Engine, a video puter (see item above). the semiconductor manufacturing floor, supercomputer. Consisting of 1,024 parallel thereby helping to minimize the time to Contact: processors with wideband video input and market for new products. This technology is Edward F. Kelley output channels, each processor operates on crucial to helping the United States main- (301) 975-3842 one picture element per video scan line, and tain a leadership role in the global semicon- email: [email protected] all processors execute the same instruction. ductor manufacturing industry. James St. Pierre Programming is accomplished using a sub- 975-4124 Contact: set of the C language having special con- (301) email: [email protected] St. Pierre structions for parallel operation. Video James 975-4124 recorders, multiscan monitors, high- (301) B343 Metrology Building email: [email protected] definition monitors, and additional video B343 Metrology Building support equipment are available. NIST re- searchers are interested in using the Video AUTOMATED Technology Laboratory for a wide variety of collaborative research projects. Such collabo- ELECTRONICS SEMICONDUCTOR rations would focus on precompetitive re- MANUFACTURING ELECTRONICS search with broad applications in advancing Division Contact: the state of the art in digital video systems. PROGRAM David G. Seiler The Automated Electronics Manufacturing Contact: (301) 975-2054 Program (AEMP) at NIST is working with in- Charles Fenimore email: [email protected] dustry to build the infrastructure for an elec- 975-2428 (301) fax: (301) 948-4081 tronic marketplace and to demonstrate and email: [email protected] apply this technology to the electronics in- B344 Technology Building B343 Metrology Building dustry. AEMP researchers are actively work-

ing in the area of electronic commerce of METROLOGY FOR component information (ECCI). The objec- METROLOGY FOR tive of ECCI is to show the viability of to- NANOELECTRONICS FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS day's technology coupled with emerging The goal of this project is to provide techno- Researchers at NIST are developing the standards to broker electronic component in- logical leadership to semiconductor and measurement technology for the charac- formation across the national information equipment manufacturers by developing terization of advanced image display sys- infrastructure. Another enabling technology and evaluating the methods, tools, and arti- tems. A set of meaningful performance facts needed to improve the state of the art ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

in compound semiconductor growth and facilities are available to perform high- technique, scanning capacitance micros- nanometrology (measurements on a scale of resolution photoluminescence, copy, has been developed for determining

10 to 100 nm). A state-of-the-art molecular- photoluminescence-excitation, Raman dopant distributions in processed wafers. beam epitaxy facility- is devoted to in-situ and resonance Raman scattering, reflection, This method is based on atomic-force mi- metrology using a variety of X-ray and opti- absorption, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and croscopy (ATM), with the probe metallized cal in-situ methods. Among these are an in- modulation spectroscopic measurements, and connected to a very sensitive capaci- situ X-ray fluorescence probe, multiple such as electroreflectance and photoreflec- tance meter. This represents an advance in wavelength ellipsometry, X-ray reflectivity, tance. The equipment used includes spectro- capacitance-voltage profiling by replacing and various radiometric methods to meas- scopic ellipsometers, high-resolution the traditional metal probe pad with a metal- ure wafer temperature during deposition. A spectrometers, excitation lasers, spectrome- lized AFM probe. Measurements can be focused ion beam facility is used to fabricate ters, cryostats, and associated optical and made down to 20 nm resolution. Advanced nanostructures for both research and metrol- electronic instruments. computer codes for two- and three- ogy of nanoscale devices. In-situ measure- dimensional simulations have been devel- Contact: ments of growth and structural parameters oped to obtain the dopant distribution from Paul M. Amirtharaj are being examined in addition to fabrica- the capacitance values measured as a func- (301) 975-5974 tion properties required for the reliable tion of probe position and bias voltage. email: [email protected] manufacture of nanostructure devices. David G. Seiler Contact: Research materials and methods to improve (301) 975-2081 Jeremiah R. Lowney measurement standards also are being email: [email protected] (301) 975-2048 developed. email: [email protected]

Contact: A305 Technology Building Joseph J. Kopanski Joseph G. Pellegrino (301) 975-2089

(301) 975-2123 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] ELECTRICAL Wen F. Tseng CHARACTERIZATION A305 Technology Building (301) 975-5291 METROLOGY email: [email protected] This project conducts research on semicon- THIN-FILM PROCESS A305 Technology Building ductor materials, processes, and devices to METROLOGY provide the necessary basis for under- Fabrication of thin films of various types is a standing measurement-related requirements fundamental building block in the semicon- OPTICAL in semiconductor technology. Electrical ductor device industry. Increasingly strin- methods are used to study such quantities as CHARACTERIZATION gent requirements on the structure and the resistivity, densities, and mobilities of composition of those films are reflected in METROLOGY the charge carriers and the deep-level prop- increasingly stringent requirements on the Optical spectroscopic studies in the visible erties in semiconductor materials. The Hall metrology tools and procedures used for and near-visible regions of the electromag- effect and magnetoresistance can be meas- process development and process monitor- netic spectrum are invaluable for determin- ured as a function of temperature and mag- ing. NIST researchers are developing im- ing both materials- and device-related netic field in a high-field superconducting proved procedures, reference data, and properties. The ability to couple to electronic magnet system. Software has been developed calibration artifacts to support in-situ proc- states of interest in device applications and to resolve the density and mobility of each ess monitoring needs as well as in-line and their non-destructive nature make optical component from these measurements in a at-line measurements. Current activities fo- spectroscopic analyses attractive research multicarrier system. A computer-automated cus on thin-film dielectrics and ion-implant and analytical tools. Studies currently under system for deep-level transient spectroscopy technology. Research on dielectrics, princi- way at NT ST focus on understanding the permits high-accuracy measurements of pally Si02 but also including nitrides and electronic and structural behavior of semi- deep-level cross sections and energies. A new layered structures, includes improving ellip- conductor materials, such as Si, GaAs, and sometric characterization of materials GaN; microstructures, including quantum needed for gate dielectrics for the year 2000 wells and superlattices; and photonic and and beyond, developing an understanding of electronic devices. Excellent spectroscopic 58 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

the effect of interface roughness on accu- SOI. Analytical capabilities include ad- rately determining the film properties vanced chemical-etching techniques com- METROLOGY FOR needed by industry, developing new and bined with optical and electron microscopy PROCESS AND TOOL more flexible mechanisms for supporting and precision electronic measurements.

traceability to NIST in the area of measure- CONTROL Contact: ment of thin-gate dielectrics, and develop- Integrated-circuit (IC) test structures, test- Peter Roitman ing a database of high-accuracy optical structure-based reference materials, and test (301) 975-2077 constants for silicon and important dielec- methods developed by NIST are used widely email: [email protected] tric layers at temperatures typical of silicon by the semiconductor industry and other B310 Technology Building processing steps. Research in ion-implant government agencies. These devices can be

technology focuses on the development of used to characterize IC manufacturing proc- reference artifacts for ion-implant absolute METROLOGY FOR esses, to evaluate the effectiveness of semi- dose tied to common at-line measurements conductor processing equipment, to obtain

such as sheet resistance. DEVICES AND PACKAGES crucial parameters for process or circuit

The efficient and reliable application of simulators, to perform product acceptance Contact: semiconductor devices and packages re- tests, and to determine the reliability of the James R. Ehrstein quires accepted methods for characterizing products manufactured. NIST work involves (301) 975-2060 and modeling these structures. This requires test-structure design, modeling, data acquisi- email: [email protected] technically sound methods for measuring tion, and data analysis. Institute engineers B3 10 Technology Building the electrical and thermal properties of de- are investigating pattern recognition tech-

vices and packages as well as procedures for niques for the rapid diagnosis of IC manu- SILICON-ON-INSULATOR validating models and simulations. Studies facturing processes. They also are currently under way at NIST are focusing on developing new structures for nanometer-

METROLOGY model validation procedures for power semi- level metrology and for establishing meth-

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers have ad- conductor devices and microelectronic pack- ods to determine the reliability of thin films

vantages over bulk silicon in process simplic- age thermal characterization and model used in state-of-the-art microcircuits.

ity and for applications involving low power, validation procedures. To accomplish these Coyitact: high temperature, integrated power, high tasks, NIST has state-of-the-art modeling Michael W. Cresswell speed, and radiation hardness. The National and simulation capability for electrical and (301) 975-2072 Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors thermal behavior of semiconductor device email: [email protected] notes that development of low-cost SOI sub- structures, electronic circuits and systems, B360 Technology Building strate wafers could advance integrated cir- and computational fluid dynamics simula-

cuit performance a full generation. SOI has tions for electronic cooling. Laboratory capa- been identified as the material of choice for bilities include infrared microthermo- INTERCONNECT the Defense Advanced Research Projects graphy, low to very high current and voltage RELIABILITY Agency's Low Power Electronics Program, metrology systems, and time-domain reflec-

which is developing the infrastructure for tometry for package characterization. METROLOGY the fabrication of integrated circuits for the Coyitact: Electrical interconnect reliability of inte- portable, battery-operated, communica- David L. Blackburn grated circuits continues to be a topic of in- tions/computer electronics of the future. increasing (301) 975-2068 tense interest as evidenced by an This project supports development of im- email: [email protected] number of publications on the subject each proved SOI material by creating and apply- year. This interest is the result of the Allen R. Hefner, Jr. ing advanced metrology techniques to the (301) 975-2071 planned aggressive scaling of integrated cir- evaluation of the material. NIST has devel- email: [email protected] cuits and the need for ever greater reliability oped the capability of annealing SOI wafers as expressed in the National Technology at the high (1350 °C) temperatures required B3 10 Technology Building Roadmap for Semiconductors. A key under- for fabricating the material and has the ca- pinning of efforts in this area is the develop- pability to fabricate simple test structures on ment of the measurement tools and

standards to facilitate the goals of the indus-

try. NIST researchers work with domestic ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 5 g

semiconductor manufacturers and others to Current projects focus on the evaluation of techniques and incorporation of these tech- develop new and improved test structures, accelerated stress tests for predicting the niques to post-processing of commercial test methods, and diagnostic procedures for long-term reliability of ultra-thin dielec- foundry-fabricated ICs are being developed enhanced characterization and reliability of trics. The project also facilitates the and utilized for device fabrication. thin-film metal interconnects used in inte- development of national standards for char- Computer-aided design methods and stand- grated circuits. acterizing dielectric integrity to help ensure ard libraries of device designs are being de-

consistent measurements among a com- veloped for rapid commercialization and Advances in microelectronic circuit density, pany's multiple manufacturing plants and technology transfer. Areas of specialization complexity, and reliability as well as greater between vendors and customers. include microheating elements to produce demands for ever-shorter times to develop temperature-programmable surfaces for ap- and market new products are forcing the Contact: plications in thermal flat-panel displays and U.S. semiconductor industry to use a new ap- John S. Suehle integrated gas analyzers and development of proach to reliability. The traditional ap- (301) 975-2247 CMOS-based broad-band power detectors for proach of using screen and accelerated email: [email protected] precision power measurement. stress tests is becoming increasingly imprac- B360 Technology Building tical to assure the reliability of microelec- Contact: tronic products because too many parts and Michael Gaitan too much time are required. NIST is work- MICROELECTRO- (301) 975-2070 ing with the semiconductor industry to im- MECHANICAL SYSTEMS email: [email protected] the new "building-in reliability B360 Technology Building plement (MEMS) approach," which emphasizes under- standing and controlling the causes for MEMS is a rapidly growing segment of the reduced reliability. U.S. semiconductor industry with a multi- ELECTROMAGNETIC billion-dollar market expected to expand Contact: tenfold over the next decade. This emerging FIELDS HarryS. Schafft technology uses mechanical structures, Division Contact: (301) 975-2234 made with integrated circuit microfabrica- Allen C. Newell email: [email protected] tion techniques, to perform sensing and ac- (303) 497-3131 B360 Technology Building tuation functions. Commercial applications email: [email protected]

for this technology include pressure sensors, fax: (303) 497-3122 DIELECTRIC RELIABILITY inertial sensors, fluid regulation and con- Division 813.00 trol, optical switching, mass data storage, Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 METROLOGY and chemical- and biological-sensing and

interest stand- The U.S. semiconductor industry is aggres- control. Areas of include sively scaling gate-oxide film thickness in ardization, environmental monitoring, and GUIDED-WAVE in biomedical, military, and space microelectronic devices to achieve higher control MICROWAVE STANDARDS chip performance and packing density. Re- applications. Systems aspects address the de- AND MEASUREMENTS duced time to market and new oxide proc- velopment of new circuits and processing The commercial and defense electronic in- esses require fast and effective reliability techniques for monolithic integration of dustries rely on microwaves for a variety of characterization techniques. NIST, in col- MEMS-based systems with new circuits for applications. Microwaves are used in laboration with the semiconductor industry, control, communication, self-test, and self- many aspects ad- applications, such as communications, ra- is developing physically correct models and calibration functions. Standards dar, navigation, and environmental moni- tests to predict reliability of thin oxides un- dress the need for test structures and test toring. Microwaves are desirable because of der dc and ac operating conditions. Re- methods for measuring and understanding

properties and reli- their high frequency and short wavelength. search is being performed to advance the the electromechanical The high frequencies allow for very wide understanding of time-dependent dielectric ability aspects of these micromechanical- bandwidths, and the short wavelengths are breakdown in thin Si02 films by verifying based systems. Custom processing important for reducing the size of compo- the electric field dependence of the mecha- nents and devices. The accurate charac- nism. High temperature is used to accelerate terization of microwave devices and dielectric failure so data can be obtained at

lower electric fields in reasonable test times. ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

components is critical to the design, develop- with the IEEE Automatic RF Techniques digital industries have led to increasingly ment, testing, and performance of modern Group that allows VNA users to compare stringent requirements for the electromag- microwave systems. The primary task of de- their measurements with the measurements netic characterization of monolithic micro- vice characterization at microwave frequen- of others. wave integrated circuits (MMICs), dense cies consists of measuring the transmission multilayer interconnects, and other high- Microcalorimeters have been developed at or reflection response of a device to a known speed microelectronic structures. In re- NIST for the most accurate microwave or controlled stimulus. sponse to these requirements, NIST power measurements. NIST researchers have researchers are developing measurement The principal quantities that characterize developed both coaxial and waveguide mi- methods to characterize key, high-frequency electromagnetic waves propagating in trans- crowave calorimeters to characterize ther- components and high-performance elec- mission lines or similar guided wave struc- mistor mounts. Thermistor mounts serve as tronic packages and interconnections. tures are impedance, attenuation, scattering reference standards for calibrating power parameters, power, and noise. Rapidly devel- meters and other power measuring equip- NIST supports the industry through research oping microwave technology requires the ment. Present efforts are directed toward de- and development of on-wafer metrology, par- support of advanced measurement tech- veloping coaxial power standards that will ticularly for the measurement of scattering, niques and standards for these quantities. operate up to 50 GHz. Calibration services impedance, and noise parameters. Fabrica-

The microwave industry and the U.S. Depart- for coaxial and waveguide thermistor tion of co-planar and microstrip calibration ment of Defense rely on NIST for calibra- mounts are available from 10 MHz to standards is an important element in the tions of transfer standards to provide 100 GHz. task. The project is supported by the NIST accurate, traceable measurements required Industrial MMIC Consortium, which pro- NIST does research on primary noise stand- for product development, performance evalu- vides close collaboration with industry in ards and radiometer systems to support ation, quality assurance, and commercial in- developing accurate and traceable on-wafer noise temperature and noise figure measure- terchangeability. To support international measurements. ments. One port noise temperature is deter- traceability requirements, NIST compares its mined by reference to a standard noise The project aims for practical calibration measurements of these quantities with those generator via a radiometer. Calibration serv- and measurement methods that are suitable made by other national metrology institutes ices for measuring the thermal noise of for commercial laboratories. Methods are by participating in international compari- coaxial and waveguide noise sources are implemented in instrument control and sons coordinated by the Bureau Interna- available at limited frequencies from data processing software that interface with tional des Poids et Mesures. 30 MHz to 100 GHz. Researchers are develop- a range of laboratory instruments, including

During the past decade, NIST researchers ing an automated noise figure radiometer microwave network analyzers, radio- have developed six-port vector network ana- that will operate over the frequency range frequency network analyzers, and digital lyzers (VNAs) for measuring scattering pa- from 1 to 18 GHz. This system will measure sampling oscilloscopes. This range of op- rameters, impedance, and attenuation. The the noise figure of active devices. tions brings the advanced NIST technology six-ports provide an independent measure- into the hands of microwave, wireless, and Contact: ment technique for verifying the accuracy of digital engineers. Robert M.Judish commercial VNAs. Calibration services for (303) 497-3380 Contacts: scattering parameters, impedance, and at- email: [email protected] Roger Marks tenuation are offered in popular coaxial and Division 813.06 (303) 497-3037 waveguide sizes from 10 MHz to 100 GHz. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 email: [email protected] NIST also supports the microwave commu- Dylan Williams nity by developing new measurement tech- (303) 497-3138 niques and evaluating the accuracy of HIGH-SPEED email: [email protected] current techniques. Commercial VNAs have become an indispensable tool for modern MICROELECTRONICS Division 813.06 microwave measurements. NIST is currently While the explosion of wireless applications Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 working on methods for assessing and for is fueling the demand for microwave and verifying the accuracy of vector network ana- radio-frequency microelectronics, advances lyzers. As part of this effort, NIST adminis- in the silicon industry continue to drive the ters a measurement comparison program size of digital circuits down and their clock

rates up. These trends in the wireless and ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

NANOSCALE HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNOLOGY CRYOELECTRONICS SENSORS, INFRARED Ultrasmall electronic devices operated at DETECTORS, AND Division Contact: cryogenic temperatures offer unique capa- Richard E. Harris MIXERS bilities that impact both fundamental me- (303) 497-3776 This project addresses the needs of users and trology and industrial instrumentation. This email: [email protected] manufacturers of long-wavelength infrared project is developing a device for accurately fax: (303) 497-3066 (IR) detectors. Precise radiometric calibra- counting electrons that will provide a funda- Division 814.00 tion of such systems requires an improved mental standard for capacitance and allow Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 absolute cryogenic radiometer for blackbody an essentially new determination of the fine- and band-limited IR radiation with higher structure constant. Operated in ultrasmall accuracy and sensitivity than is presently JOSEPHSON ARRAY (100 nm) tunnel junctions at ultralow tem- available. The physical foundation of the perature (0.05 K), the device pumps elec- DEVELOPMENT project is the low noise and high sensitivity trons onto a capacitor one by one at a rate of superconducting transition-edge ther- Manufacturers of precision electronic com- determined by an external clock. This device mometers. Use of a transition-edge detector ponents and instrumentation need intrinsic will become metrologically important when

also is expected to improve the sensitivity of electrical standards at a level of accuracy it is improved to the point where electrons the ac/dc thermal conversion measurements above that achievable by traditional electri- are counted with an error rate less than 9 by a factor of between 10 and 100 over room cal metrology and artifact standards. The about 1 part in 10 . temperature detectors. In addition, characterization and calibration of modern manu- cryogenic device development Another under facturers and users of room-temperature digital voltmeters, reference standards, and meets the need for an X-ray detector with infrared imagers are seeking increased func- analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog con- the improved resolution required for energy tionality from their systems. With support verters require the development of new and microanalysis. X-ray precise X-ray Such an from the Department of Energy and a large improved intrinsic standards for the meas- few detector, with an energy resolution of a commercial defense contractor, the project urement of ac and dc voltage. Target cus- electron volts, can be using the rapid made explores novel means of obtaining increased tomers are electronic instrument makers, change in resistance of a superconductor functionality, such as antenna-coupling of Department of Defense contractors, and na- near its transition temperature to sense the IR detectors for polarization discrimination. tional and military standards laboratories. X-ray-induced temperature rise of electrons This project also explores the capabilities of The project pioneered the development of in a normal metal film held at about 0.1 K. very high frequency diodes of various types, practical Josephson voltage standards and, Such ultrasensitive thermometers offer enor- particularly superconducting and room- by encouraging the commercialization of mous potential to materials analysis in the temperature metallic tunnel junctions. The these standards, has allowed U.S. industry to semiconductor and other industries and frequency agility provided by such high- dominate the world market for Josephson promise remarkable advances for optical de- speed diodes will be important to applica- voltage systems and components. Continu- tectors, high-energy physics, and analysis of tions such as the wavelength-division ing work is designed to make these systems biological molecules. multiplexed telecommunications system in faster, easier to use, and more reliable. The Contact: which very precise measurement and con- project is developing a new generation of Richard L. Kautz trol of IR frequency is required. A further programmable voltage standards that can (303) 497-3391 application for these devices is infrared recti- move rapidly to any specified output voltage, [email protected] email: fication for solar energy generation, which, Ultimately, the new standards should be fast j Division 814.03 because it offers the possibility of raising the enough to synthesize ac waveforms. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328

Contact:

Clark A. Hamilton

(303) 497-3740 email: [email protected]

Division 814.03

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 52 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

efficiency beyond conventional solar cells, is standards creation in order to protect U.S. States for electrical transport measurements

of great interest to the Department of De- interest in international trade. of superconductors at high magnetic fields.

fense for size-constrained, power-starved Contact: Contact: environments such as satellites. Loren F. Goodrich John W. Ekin

Contact: (303) 497-3143 (303) 497-5448 Erich N. Grossman email: [email protected] email: [email protected]

(303) 497-5102 Division 814.05 Division 814.05

email: [email protected] Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Division 814.03

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 SUPERCONDUCTOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE INTERFACES AND SUPERCONDUCTING SUPERCONDUCTOR ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT ELECTRONICS STANDARDS AND The high-temperature-superconductor High-temperature superconductivity (HTS)

TECHNOLOGY (HTS) industry needs high-quality contacts has opened the possibility for operating su-

Manufacturers of superconducting wire need and interfaces for both thin-film and bulk perconducting electronic instrumentation at

practical and accurate methods for charac- conductors. Industry has looked to NIST for temperatures accessible with present-day

terizing critical current, ac loss, and other engineering help and an understanding of cryocoolers. Low-temperature superconduc-

performance parameters. The unbiased how to control the surfaces of these new ma- tors are used to produce unique standards,

feedback of conductor performance and terials. The new HTS materials also have sig- such as the Josephson volt, and measure-

measurement considerations to U.S. manu- nificant magnetic field anisotropy, which ment apparatus, such as superconducting

facturers is important to maintain their com- has opened a new set of measurement and quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).

petitive position in support of magnetic modeling problems for conductor perform- Equivalent HTS devices would expand the

resonance imaging, electric power, labora- ance. Many of the companies that have ex- applicability of these devices far beyond

tory magnets, and other applications. pressed a need for the expertise and the standards and research laboratories.

equipment available at NIST are small For Nb3Sn wires, the properties and han- This project has developed fabrication, test- start-up companies without extensive dling of the sample mandrel can signifi- ing capabilities, and theoretical competence infrastructure. cantly affect the measured critical current. for HTS devices in the areas of microwave

For high-temperature superconductors, sam- The thin-film fabrication equipment offers and terahertz metrology and technology.

ple damage, sample variability, and mount- both sputter and laser- ablation deposition of The project works with the HTS communica-

ing variability can significantly affect the HTS materials, reflection high-energy elec- tion industry to measure and improve the

measured critical current. This project pro- tron diffraction analysis, in situ charac- power-handling capabilities of HTS devices

vides standards, measurement techniques, terization of process gas and background as well as improve microwave measurement

quality assurance, reference data, and clari- contaminants, ion-milling, and etching, all and characterization techniques for HTS

fication of issues for both high- and low- in the same vacuum chamber. Equipment films and devices. It works with industry and

temperature superconducting wire to perform in situ scanning tunneling mi- with other NIST divisions to develop and test

technology. In conjunction with interna- croscopy surface analysis of HTS films al- HTS bolometers for calibrated radiometers,

tional standards organizations, it develops lows surface conductivity maps to be made and it evaluates and improves HTS Joseph-

standards for critical current and other pa- immediately after film fabrication. son junctions for use in voltage standards,

rameter measurements, conducts research, terahertz detectors, and other devices to In magnet technology, both HTS and low- and leads interlaboratory comparisons. It meet the measurement and application temperature-superconductor magnets are represents, updates, and seeks input from needs of industry. being developed with larger volumes and U.S. industry throughout the process of higher fields. Both lead to higher magnetic Contact:

loading of the superconductor, which neces- David A. Rudman

sitates measurements of the effect of stress (303) 497-5081

on electrical performance. The project in- email: [email protected]

strumentation in the electromechanical Division 814.03

area is the only apparatus in the United Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

magnetic recording media, read-write characterization techniques for the new gen-

MICROSTRUCTURAL heads, and compact blue-green lasers. eration of submicrometer magnetoresistive

sensors to be used in ultrahigh-density mag- ANALYSIS FOR Contact: netic recording. ELECTROMAGNETIC Alexana Roshko TECHNOLOGY (303) 497-5420 Contact: email: [email protected] Stephen E. Russek Microstructural properties are primary limi- Division 815.04 (303) 497-5097 tations for applications of high-temperature Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 email: [email protected] superconductivity, magnetic recording, and Division 814.05 non-linear optics. Understanding and con- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 trolling the relationships between micro- MAGNETIC RECORDING structure and properties are key to METROLOGY improving and implementing these tech- MAGNETIC INSTRUMENTS The magnetic recording industry is rapidly nologies. Flux pinning, phase uniformity advancing the state of the art in high- AND MATERIALS and stability, surface roughness, process re- density information storage and read de- producibility, and degradation due to proc- CHARACTERIZATION vices. To maintain their competitive essing are a few of the issues restricting Researchers, developers, producers, and advantage in rigid-disk manufacture, U.S. applications of high-temperature supercon- users of magnetic and superconductor firms must constantly look to new properties ductors. Magnetic recording materials must materials need tools for the accurate deter- of magnetic materials. The accurate charac- be improved to achieve higher recording mination of magnetic properties and the terization of new materials is often beyond densities and faster data storage and re- analytical interpretation of data. This proj- the capability of small companies most trieval. Non-linear optical materials are ect develops the instruments, devices, tech- eager to exploit them. Thus, NIST develops emerging with broad applications for the niques, and theoretical models needed to metrology to assist the magnetic recording communications and medical industries. characterize the magnetic properties of industry and develops techniques to charac- The further development and understanding films, particles, and bulk and amorphous terize the performance of ultrahigh-density of the microstructures of all these materials material as functions of magnetic field magnetic recording systems and of sub- are important for supporting national strength, field history, temperature, and micrometer magnetoresistive sensors. goals of improved communications and time. Industries supported include low-

competitiveness. This project has developed a scanning micro- temperature and high-temperature super-

magnetic recording system to characterize conductor wire manufacturers; manufac- This project performs detailed evaluations of ultrahigh-density recording. The system turers and users of magnetic particles, thin- the microstructures of a variety of electro- combines the ability to read and write con- film recording media, and thin-film record- magnetic materials by using scanning probe ventional bit tracks under a variety of con- ing and read-back heads; producers of microscopies, electron microscopies, and trolled conditions with the ability to image microwave materials; companies re- X-ray analysis. By correlating these data the magnetic structure and allows the char- searching uses of magnetoresistive sensors; with measured properties, an understanding acterization of advanced sensors without the and researchers in medicine. is developed of how the microstructures de- need for full head fabrication. Development pend on processing and how they, in turn, NIST develops, promotes, and transfers to in- is coordinated with the needs of commercial influence properties. This knowledge is used dustry magnetic metrology for applications disk drive, head, and media manufacturers to determine the materials and processing in magneto-optics, magnetic recording, as well as with the National Storage Industry conditions necessary to obtain desired prop- practical superconductors, medicine, power Consortium heads program. The project de- erties for specific applications, such as step- conversion, and high-frequency electromag- velops micromagnetic models of magneto- edge junctions, microwave devices, netics. This project also provides measure- resistive sensors and media and develops ment services, often in the form of

collaborations, to laboratories that do not

have magnetic measurement capability and maintains unique measurement instrumen-

tation. Examples are ultra-sensitive mag-

netic instruments based on superconducting ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

quantum interference devices and a niques tailored to specific problems desig- profiles and propagation of laser beams. magneto-optic microscope with a resolution nated by the magnetic recording industry. Project members participate in national and better than the wavelength of light. international standards committees develop- Contact: ing standards for laser safety, laser radiation Contact: John M. Moreland measurements (such as beam profile and Ron Goldfarb (303) 497-3641 pointing stability), and optical-power- (303) 497-3650 email: [email protected] related measurements. They extend and im- email: [email protected] Division 814.05 prove source and detector characterizations, Division 814.05 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 including development of low-noise, spec- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 trally flat, highly uniform pyroelectric detec-

tors and tunable-wavelength optical-fiber NANOPROBE IMAGING OPTOELECTRONICS power measurement systems. Division Contact: Contact: FOR MAGNETIC Gordon Day Thomas R. Scott TECHNOLOGY (303) 497-5204 (303) 497-3651 email: [email protected] Magnetic recording technology in the mid email: [email protected] fax: (303) 497-7671 1990s is a $50 billion worldwide industry Division 815.01 Division 815.00 consisting mainly of tape-drive and disk- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Boulder, Colo. drive manufacturers. The technology has 80303-3328 advanced to where nanometer-scale morpho- logical, magnetic, and electrical properties HIGH-SPEED LASER RADIOMETRY play important roles in drive performance. MEASUREMENTS Images showing microroughness, device di- This project develops measurement methods This project provides advanced metrology, mensions, magnetic field patterns, and local and standards for characterizing laser standards, and measurement services relat- electronic processes provide important infor- sources and detectors used primarily with ing to temporal properties of optical sources mation about the fundamental operation continuous-wave radiation. It also develops and detectors used with optoelectronic and ultimate limitations of drive compo- and maintains measurement services for la- systems. nents. In addition, images of components ser power and energy, optical fiber power, shipped for assembly can be used to deter- and related parameters. High-bandwidth measurements are needed mine quality before manufacture of the com- to support high-performance systems that Accurate characterization of optoelectronic plete drive. Scanned-probe microscopies, take advantage of the potential bandwidth of sources and detectors is crucial to the effec- such as scanned-tunneling, atomic-force, optical fiber. Systems presently being in- tive development and use of industrial and magnetic-force microscopies, and scan- stalled operate at 5 to 10 gigabits per second technologies such as lightwave telecommu- ning potentiometry are uniquely qualified (Gbit/s) using pure optical time division nications, laser-based medical instrumenta- for of of many these applications because multiplexing (OTDM); research is being con- tion, materials processing, photolitho- the nanometer-scale dimensions of the vari- ducted on the next generation of OTDM sys- graphy, data storage, and laser safety equip- ous types of probes. tems at 20 to 40 Gbit/s. Methods are needed ment. The laser radiometry project focuses to characterize the frequency and impulse By working closely with industry, this proj- on selected critical parameters intrinsic to response of high-speed sources and detectors ect helps to determine which kinds of SPM optoelectronic sources and detectors, espe- to at least the third harmonic of the system technology developed by the scientific com- cially the calibration of optical fiber power modulation rate. Burst mode operation in munity may have commercial impact. By meters and laser power/energy meters at asynchronous transfer mode networks re- optimizing techniques for measurement, the commonly used wavelengths and power lev- quires characterization at very low frequen- project establishes standard levels of instru- els. In addition, special test measurements cies. Increasingly tight tolerances in both ment performance. This project maintains are available for linearity, spectral responsiv- digital and analog systems require fre- an active research program to develop new ity, and spatial uniformity of optical power quency response measurements with low imaging and image measurement tech- meters and detectors. In support of source uncertainty. Source and detector noise meas- characterization, measurement methods are urements are required to predict low bit developed to evaluate and reduce laser inten-

sity noise and to characterize beam intensity ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

error ratios in computer interconnects, high ton effects, have been studied and applied to wrap. Thus, several critical measurements carrier-to-noise ratios in analog systems, instrumentation. Novel implementations of are under examination. and to support Erbium-doped fiber amplifier reflectometry in fiber are also studied. Contact: noise-figure measurements using electrical This project develops advanced measure- Matt Young noise methods. The high-resolution photoli- ment methods and Standard Reference (303) 497-3223 thography and corneal sculpting markets re- Materials for optical fibers and interacts email: [email protected] quire pulsed Excimer laser measurements. with standards groups to provide a metrol- Division 815.02 Intensive use of laser target designators by ogy base for the lightwave communication Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 the armed forces requires traceable, low- industry. level pulse power and energy calibration standards at 1.06 \im and 1.55 fim. Contact: OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS Douglas L. Franzen Contact: The NIST optical fiber sensors project sup- (303) 497-3346 Paul D. Hale ports the sensor industry broadly by provid- email: [email protected] 497-5367 (303) ing measurements and standards for Division 815.02 the email: [email protected] characterization of optical materials and Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Division 815.01 components used in sensors. Researchers Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 also develop and evaluate new fiber optic INTEGRATED OPTIC sensors for other government agencies and METROLOGY industry. Most of the work has been devoted FIBER-OPTIC to high-sensitivity, high-bandwidth electric Optical waveguides in planar geometries, METROLOGY current and magnetic field sensing, often called integrated optics, are increas- although recent work has involved other Optical fibers have largely replaced coaxial ingly used in communications and other measurands. A broad range of research and cable in long-distance telecommunications optoelectronic systems. This project develops development is performed, including trans- systems and rapidly are being installed in advanced measurement methods for inte- ducer, component, systems, and materials local-area applications. NIST staff interact grated optical waveguides and interacts with work. When possible, newly developed sensor with industry groups to develop measure- to standards groups provide a metrology technology is transferred to interested U.S. ment methods and reference standards for base for the lightwave communications in- companies. A successful example involves the characterization of these components. dustry. As the optical communications indus- annealed fiber coil technology that creates The joining of optical fibers requires the try moves toward local area networks and stable current sensors out of common opti- fiber to have accurately controlled dimen- toward fiber to the there is increasing home, cal fiber and is now commercially available. sions. NIST-developed Standard Reference need for inexpensive passive components, Materials for cladding diameter allow manu- In collaboration with U.S. companies NIST such as splitters. Additionally, such compo- facturers to calibrate instrumentation used also is developing a Standard Reference Ma- nents are needed because long-distance in manufacturing and quality control; geo- terial for optical retardance. The device, telephony is retrofitting to wavelength- metrical standards for fiber coatings and based on Fresnel rhombs, will have nomi- division multiplexing. Several companies connector ferrules are being developed as nally 90 degree retardance at 1.3 |J.m with are manufacturing 1 x N splitters or are well. Dispersion, the variation of propaga- 0.1 degree stability over wide ranges of wave- about to market them. There are, however, tion velocity with wavelength or polariza- length, angle, and temperature. In addition no standard measurement procedures simi- tion, sets the limit for the rate at which to the Standard Reference Material, special lar to those for fiber-index profile and information can be transmitted; measure- measurement services for retardance using mode-field diameter. Nor are there artifact ment methods and standards for both chro- the accurate methods developed at NIST will standards similar to those for fiber geome- matic dispersion and polarization-mode be offered. try. It also is not obvious how to perform dispersion are currently under development. analogous measurements when the mode Contact: The development of optical amplifiers has field pattern of an integrated optical Sarah L. Gilbert brought revolutionary changes to the design waveguide is not circularly symmetric or (303) 497-3120 of communications; these new components when the fiber measurement is performed email: [email protected] require special methods of characterization using a cutback technique or a mandrel Division 815.03 now in development. Non-linear properties Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 of fiber, such as four-wave mixing and soli- ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

FIBER AND DISCRETE DIELECTRIC MATERIALS SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS AND DEVICES MATERIALS AND DEVICES

Advanced optical communications systems NIST is developing measurement methods The commercial success of semiconductor

use many different types of components to and acquiring critical data to improve the optoelectronic devices in an ever widening

control and modify propagating signals. manufacturing of dielectric optical devices array of applications (telecommunications,

NIST develops measurement technology to and materials. This work supports eventual computer interconnects, data storage, dis-

characterize these components and under- and current commercial applications requir- play, printing, and sensor systems) requires

stand their limits. ing passive optical components, electro- low-cost manufacturing. NIST scientists de-

optic and non-linear devices, and compact velop measurement tools suitable for critical This project is currently conducting re- solid-state lasers. Research activities include stages in the manufacture of compound search on polarization-dependent loss and developing rapid non-destructive evaluation semiconductor light-emitting diodes, diode gain metrology, characterization of photo- methods for bulk and thin-film ferroelectric lasers, detectors, and modulators. To im- induced Bragg fiber gratings, and wave- materials such as lithium niobate, lithium prove wafer yield, NIST is studying optical length standards for optical fiber tantalate, potassium titanyl phosphate, and methods for in-process monitoring and con- communications. Polarization-dependent non-linear polymers. Domain-engineered trol of semiconductor layer deposition. The loss and gain in components affect a sys- geometries of these materials also are under operation of optoelectronic devices depends tem's performance, especially when many investigation. Commercial application of critically on the thickness and composi- components are in the system. NIST is devel- this work supports device and product devel- tional uniformity of epitaxial layers. NIST oping a polarization-dependent loss calibra- opment for optical data storage, biomedical researchers use computer simulations and tion standard for commercial test instru- lasers, vehicle navigation, and optical com- the correlation of data from several tech- ments and is characterizing polarization- munications. NIST also is improving meth- niques—X-ray diffraction, transmission dependent gain of fiber amplifiers. Photo- ods for the manufacture of compact electron microscopy, reflectance induced Bragg gratings in optical fiber are rare-earth-doped solid-state waveguide la- spectroscopy, and photoluminescence likely to be incorporated in fiber lasers, dis- sers and amplifiers. This effort is currently spectroscopy—to improve the measurement persion compensators, and filters. The proj- emphasizing Nd-, Er-, and Yb-doped silicate accuracy. Test structures and novel measure- ect evaluates the growth characteristics and and phosphate glasses. Critical measure- ment techniques have been developed to pre- long-term stability of these fiber gratings. ments include evaluation of the dopant con- cisely measure optical constants, defect The project is also developing Standard Ref- centration profiles that define waveguides diffusion, and quantum microcavity effects. erence Material absorption cells for wave- and spectroscopic properties such as life- Researchers fabricate semiconductor quan- length calibration in the 1.5 |J.m region. times and cross sections. Rigorous numeri- tum-well devices for use in optical metrol- These cells can be used to calibrate the in- cal modeling is leading to optimized designs ogy and sensing. In support of next- struments that characterize the spectrum of of mode-locked lasers, Q-switched lasers, generation optical interconnect, display, sources and wavelength dependence of com- and optical amplifiers. Various pulsed, and data storage products, NIST scientists ponents. This calibration capability will be- continuous-wave, branched, and narrow- are measuring the properties of arrayed come increasingly important as wavelength- line lasers have been developed, including surface-emitting lasers. division multiplexing optical communica- distributed Bragg-reflector lasers. Commer- tion systems are implemented. Contact: cial applications include sensors and optical David H. Christensen Contact: telecommunications. (303) 497-3354 Sarah L. Gilbert Contact: email: [email protected] (303) 497-3120 Norman A. Sanford Division 815.04 email: [email protected] (303) 497-5239 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Division 815.03 email: [email protected] Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Division 815.04

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 57

• Diffusion, Oxidation, and Annealing. physics. The effects of variations in operat- RESEARCH Six furnace tubes for up to 75 mm diameter ing conditions and process gases and chemi- wafers and nine tubes for up to 100 mm cal purities can be investigated. Research is FACILITIES diameter wafers. performed under well-controlled conditions.

• Photolithography. Research mask aligner A research-oriented facility, the laboratory is SEMICONDUCTOR (proximity and contact) for wafers up to 100 not designed to produce large-scale ICs or mm in diameter and irregularly shaped sam- similar complex structures. Rather, the labo- PROCESSING ples and 10 x direct-step-on wafer system ratory emphasizes breadth and flexibility to LABORATORY for 75 mm diameter wafers. Photoresist spin support a wide variety of projects. coating and developing and related chemi- As integrated circuit (IC) sizes increase to Currently, research projects address many 2 cal processing, including oxygen plasma more than 1 cm and feature sizes within aspects of microelectronic processing steps stripping. E-beam writing and SEM exami- the circuits decrease to less than 1 |im, and materials as well as silicon micro- nation of small features on 75 mm wafers. critical demands are placed on the measure- machining. Examples include: metal- ment capability- required to control and • Film Deposition. Low-pressure chemical oxide-semiconductor measurements; metal- IC fabrication successfully. To meet monitor vapor deposition systems for depositing semiconductor-specific contact resistivity; researchers are develop- the demand, NIST silicon nitride, polysilicon, and low- uniformity of resistivity, ion-implanted ing state-of-the-art measurement proce- temperature silicon dioxide. Rf and dc dopant density, surface potential, and inter- dures for microelectronics manufacturing. vacuum sputtering of metals and dielectrics. face state density; characterization of depos-

Electron beam and hot filament vacuum ited insulating films on silicon carbide; The Semiconductor Processing Laboratory evaporation of metals. ionization and activation of ion-implanted provides a quality physical environment for species in semiconductors as a function of a variety of research projects in semiconduc- • Etching. Wet and dry etching processes. annealing temperature; electrical tech- tor microelectronics as well as in other Reactive ion beam etcher capable of ion niques for dopant profiling and leakage cur- areas of physics, chemistry, and materials re- milling and chemical etching with gases rent measurements; and processing effects search. The laboratory facilities are used for such as freon, sulfur hexafluoride, oxygen, on silicon-on-insulator materials. A simple projects addressing many areas of semicon- and chlorine. Plasma barrel etching of CMOS process has been established. ductor materials and processes, including nitride films and wet chemical etching of process control and metrology, materials silicon for micromachining. AVAILABILITY characterization, and the use of integrated Laboratory staff welcome collaborative re- • Ion Implantation. Multipurpose 200 keV circuit materials and processes for novel search projects consistent with the research ion implanter. applications. goals of the NIST semiconductor program.

• Analytical Measurements. Thin-film re- Work is performed in cooperation with the The laboratory complex occupies about flectometry and other thickness measure- technical staff of the laboratory. 372 square meters, approximately half of ments, optical microscopy, and grooving which is composed of clean rooms. Within The most productive arrangements begin and staining. the clean rooms, work areas are maintained with development of a research plan with at class 10. The facility is designed so the • In-Situ Metrology. In-situ, real-time, specific goals. The commitment of knowl- work areas can be modified easily to accom- multiple wavelength ellipsometry to meas- edgeable researchers to work closely with modate the frequent equipment and other ure optical constants of silicon and other NIST staff and the provision of equipment changes required by research. CVD materials such as silicon dioxide, and other needed resources are required.

polysilicon, silicon nitride, etc. Because hazardous materials are present, CAPABILITIES laboratory staff must supervise all research The laboratory has a complete capability for APPLICATIONS activities. IC fabrication. Principal processing and Small quantities of specialized semiconduc- analytical equipment is listed below. The ca- tor test specimens, experimental samples, Contact: pabilities are expanded and improved con- prototype devices, and processed materials Donald B. Novotny tinuously to meet technological challenges. can be produced. The processes and process- (301) 975-2699 ing equipment can be monitored during op- email: [email protected]

eration to study the process chemistry and B310 Technology Building ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

mapping of devices. A switching matrix al- APPLICATIONS

MOLECULAR-BEAM lows for the use of up to 36 independent con- In addition to performing radiated-emission EPITAXY FACILITY nections; these may go either directly to a or immunity measurements of electronic probe card for wafer probing or, through use equipment, the mode-stirred chambers can Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) of III-V of adapter boards, directly to packaged parts. measure the shielding effectiveness of gas- semiconductors is used to fabricate hetero- Currently, the Wafer Probing Laboratory is keting, composites, and other materials used structures with highly controlled electrical, primarily used in the development and for radio-frequency shielding applications. optical, and structural properties. The facil- evaluation of VLSI test structures for metrol- The chambers also can be used to measure ity's primary role is to study and measure ogy applications; the system also is capable the shielding effectiveness of wiring har- material parameters of advanced compound of measuring the dc characteristics of de- nesses, printed circuit boards, and connector semiconductors, especially in ways that pro- vices such as transistors. Additional equip- assemblies. To perform faster immunity mote new and improved measurement tech- ment in the Wafer Probing Laboratory measurements, NIST researchers are study- niques. The MBE facility is equipped with a includes a 125 mm manual wafer probe sta- ing frequency stirring as an alternative to dual-chamber MBE system. One chamber is tion and inspection microscopes. This facil- mechanical stirring. Preliminary data indi- devoted to the fabrication of heterostruc- ity is available in support of collaborative cate that good field uniformity can be ob- tures for research and metrology. This effort research with NIST. tained by using bandwidths on the order of includes high-mobility modulation-doped 10 MHz. field-effect transistors, quantum Hall de- Contact: vices, SEED devices, superlattices, lasers, Richard A. Allen AVAILABILITY and optical modulators. The adjoining (301) 975-5026 Two chambers are available. NIST staff are available for collaborative programs or to chamber is a state-of-the art MBE for devel- email: [email protected] advise and interpret measurement results. oping and performing in-situ metrology of B360 Technology Building advanced distin- semiconductors. What Contact: guishes this effort from others is the avail- Motohisa Kanda ability of numerous in-situ probes that can MODE-STIRRED (303) 497-5320 simultaneously the materials measure same CHAMBERS email: [email protected] parameters over a wide range of tempera- NIST researchers have designed and con- Division 813.07 tures. This will lead to a better under- structed mode-stirred (reverberating) cham- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 standing of the limitations of an individual bers to measure radiated electromagnetic probe and will provide industrial manufac- emission, immunity of electronic equip- turers with important correlations they can GROUND SCREEN ment, and shielding effectiveness of mate- use for improved growth control. rials and cable/connector assemblies. A ANTENNA RANGE

Contact: mode-stirred chamber is an electrically The ground screen antenna is an open area Joseph G. Pellegrino large (in terms of wavelength), high-quality test site. (301) 975-2123 cavity whose boundary conditions are varied email: [email protected] by means of a rotating conductive tuner. CAPABILITIES A305 Technology Building The ground screen consists of 6.35 mm CAPABILITIES mesh galvanized hardware cloth stretched The mode-stirred chamber simulates near- over a level concrete slab. The screen is field conditions for tests at frequencies from WAFER PROBING 30.5 m wide by 6l m long and permits far- 200 MHz to 40 GHz. Equipment as large as field measurements in the high-frequency LABORATORY 1.5 m x 2.0 m x 3.0 m can be tested in high- portion of the spectrum. The mesh dimen- level test fields up to 1000 V/m. The NIST Wafer Probing Laboratory provides sion provides for an efficient ground plane the capability for automated dc probing of well into the ultrahigh frequency part of the test devices on up to 200 mm wafers. The sys- electromagnetic spectrum. tem consists of a state-of-the-art commer- cial parameter analysis test system upgraded with a nanovolt digital multimeter control- led by a workstation. A computer-controlled

200 mm wafer prober allows for fast wafer ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 6 g

APPLICATIONS CAPABILITIES majority of the individual components com- The range can be used for the following The cell provides a shielded environment for posing the measurement system are under applications: testing without introducing multiple reflec- computer control, thus enhancing statistical

tions experienced with the conventional control of the measurements. The chamber • antenna calibrations, shielded enclosure. It simulates very closely measures 8.5 m x 6.7 m x 4.9 m.

• antenna patterns at any polarization, a planar far field in free space and has APPLICATIONS constant amplitude and linear phase • electromagnetic immunity measurements, The EM chamber is used in areas such as: characteristics. • electromagnetic radiated emission • research, development, and evaluation of APPLICATIONS measurements, new EM-field-generation and measurement In addition to radiated electromagnetic in- methods; • calibration of field intensity meters, and terference testing, other applications of the

TEM cells include the calibration of anten- • calibration of field measurement • wave propagation studies. nas and the study of biological effects of instruments;

AVAILABILITY radio-frequency radiation. • immunity testing of electronic equipment; This facility is used heavily in performing AVAILABILITY calibrations for industry and other govern- • shielding effectiveness and material Several TEM cells with five different sizes mental agencies. It is available for inde- parameter studies; and and five upper frequency limits in the 100 pendent or collaborative work. MHz to 1 GHz frequency range are available. • special tests for industry, government

Contact: In collaborative programs, NIST staff are agencies, and universities.

Motohisa Kanda available to advise and interpret measure- AVAILABILITY (303) 497-5320 ment results. Independent testing also can This facility is used heavily in performing email: [email protected] be arranged. calibrations for industry and other govern- Division 813.07 Contact: mental agencies. It is available for inde- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Motohisa Kanda pendent or collaborative work with NIST.

(303) 497-5320 Contact: email: [email protected] TRANSVERSE Motohisa Kanda Division 813.07 (303) 497-5320 ELECTROMAGNETIC Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 email: [email protected]

CELL Division 813.07 NIST researchers have designed and con- ELECTROMAGNETIC Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 structed several transverse electromagnetic

(TEM) cells that are available for use. A ANECHOIC CHAMBER

TEM cell is an enclosure for performing The electromagnetic (EM) anechoic cham- CONCENTRIC LOOP radiated electromagnetic emission and ber at NIST is a facility for generating stand- ANTENNA susceptibility measurements of electronic ard, well-characterized electromagnetic SYSTEMS (CLAS) equipment. Its design is based on the con- fields. Such fields are fundamental to the NIST researchers have developed an an- cept of an expanded transmission line oper- research, development, and evaluation of tenna system consisting of three concentric, ated in a TEM mode. antennas, field probes, and EM material orthogonal metal loops, each having two properties. diametrically opposed gaps. Analog signals CAPABILITIES from the gaps are relayed to processing elec- EM fields up to 100 V/m can be established tronics by fiber optic links in order to pre- in the chamber over the broad frequency vent distortion of the measured fields by range from 200 MHz to 40 GHz and up to electrical conductors. The signals are com- 200V/m for certain bands above 1 GHz. A bined to give both the electric and magnetic

components of an incident field. ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CAPABILITIES

The present system consists of 1 m diameter STANDARD TRANSIENT/ MOBILE TRANSIENT loops, which are usable from 3 kHz to IMPULSIVE FIELD RECEPTION/TRANSMISSION 100 MHz. The frequency range can be

shifted upward by using smaller diameter FACILITY SYSTEM

loops. The minimum detectable power radi- This facility is designed to generate and Several broadband antennas are available

ated from a device near the center of the transmit standard transient fields. The sys- for transmission and reception of transient

loops ranges from 0.1 fW at 10 MHz to 1 pW tem consists of a 30-square-meter ground signals. By combining these antennas,

at 100 MHz, with a 1 Hz noise bandwidth. plane and a 3 m conical transmitter. The in- broadband transient generators, high-speed

The system has a dynamic range of 100 dB. put signal is transmitted as a well-defined transient digitizers, and sophisticated signal

spherically expanding wave that can be used processing, a variety of measurements are APPLICATIONS to evaluate the impulse response of electro- possible. Loop antenna systems can be used for: magnetic probes and sensors. CAPABILITIES • measurements of total E and H emissions CAPABILITIES The capabilities are closely related to the de- from electronic devices such as video display The transmit capabilities are primarily lim- sired application. With existing antennas it terminals (VDT) that are placed near the ited by the output spectrum and amplitude is possible to transmit transient signals with center of the three loops; of the input signal source. In-house sources spectral components from 25 MHz up to

• determination of the Poynting vector allow measurements of frequency compo- 14 GHz and field amplitudes of greater than

from incident plane waves; nents between 50 MHz and 10 GHz, and field 200 V/m. Receiving antennas have similar

levels of up to 100 V/m. The transmitted frequency restrictions and sensitivities deter- • near-field measurements of power radi- wave is known to an accuracy of ± 1 dB. mined by the receiving equipment. Sensitivi- ated from strong sources used in EMI/EMP ties of better than 500 V/m are typical. testing; APPLICATIONS

The primary use for this facility is the cali- APPLICATIONS • measurement of field levels near large bration of broadband probes and sensors. This system has been applied in a wide vari- conducting structures where plane wave Other applications are measuring the shield- ety of diverse applications, and many more approximations are not valid. ing effectiveness of structures and walls and are possible. Some of the specific applica-

AVAILABILITY measuring the immunity of electronic de- tions are measurement of the shielding effec-

The present 1 m diameter system is being vices and equipment to transient electromag- tiveness of materials, automobiles, and

used as a research tool to develop standard netic fields. aircraft; non-invasive evaluation of electri-

measurement techniques for emissions from cal properties of materials; reflectivity of dis- AVAILABILITY VDTs. It is available for collaborative work sipative macrostructures, specifically, RF This facility is available for calibration of in this or other areas of potential usefulness. absorber, ferrite tiles, etc., and evaluation of broadband devices. Other applications are Loops with other diameters or special re- reverberation and anechoic chamber per- possible on a limited basis. Tests requiring quirements could be fabricated by special formance; and measurement of fields radi- higher frequencies or field levels are pos- arrangement. ated from electrostatic discharges. sible with special arrangements. Contact: Contact: Motohisa Kanda Motohisa Kanda (303) 497-5320 (303) 497-5320 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Division 813.07 Division 813.07 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

AVAILABILITY system, metal and insulator thin-film deposi-

This system is readily available for interest- tion and etching systems, and requisite ac- MAGNETIC THIN-FILM ing applications. Higher frequencies, ampli- companying processing tools. Silicon wafer FABRICATION AND tudes, and greater sensitivities are possible processing facilities for microelectro- IMAGING FACILITY but require fabrication of special antennas. mechanical system fabrication include oxi-

dation, diffusion, silicon nitride growth, NIST maintains a magnetics fabrication and Contact: polysilicon growth, and low-temperature characterization facility. The fabrication fa- Motohisa Kanda doped oxide growth. These facilities are cility provides vacuum deposition of layered (303) 497-5320 available on a limited basis in support of magnetic thin films, including materials email: [email protected] collaborative research with NIST. that exhibit giant magnetoresistive behav- Division 813.07 ior. Instrumentation includes several vari- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Contact: eties of scanned probe microscopies such as James A. Beall the magnetic force microscope, magnetic (303) 497-5989 resonance force microscope, and scanning INTEGRATED-CIRCU1T email: [email protected] near-field magneto-optic microscope. Other FABRICATION Division 814.03 instrumentation includes an ac susceptome- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 LABORATORY ter, a Kerr optical analysis platform, a SQUID magnetometer, and a vibrating NIST maintains a complete fabrication labo- sample magnetometer. ratory for superconducting integrated cir- ULTRALOW-TEMPERATURE cuits. Devices employing both low- and ELECTRONICS FACILITY Contacts: high-temperature superconductors are sup- Stephen Russek 3 A H /H dilution refrigerator provides an ap- ported. Demonstrated capabilities include (303) 497-5097 proximately 20 millikelvin low-temperature the fabrication of 20,000- j unction Josephson email: [email protected] environment for ultrasensitive measurement 10-volt array standards, using niobium John Moreland systems. Two projects using this system are trilayer technology. The laboratory is (303) 497-3641 integrated circuits incorporating ultrasmall housed in an M2.5/3.5 (Class 100/1000) email: [email protected] metal tunnel junctions for counting single clean room. Individual facilities include a electrons and a record-setting X-ray detector Division 814.05 digital pattern generator, submicrometer having superior energy resolution and speed Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 resolution waferstepper, precision contact compared with any other detector. The facil- aligner, laboratory-scale electron-beam li-

ity is remarkable for its shielding from exter- thography system, pulsed laser deposition nal radiation, including that from thermal

sources at temperatures higher than its own.

Contact: John Martinis

(303) 497-3597 email: [email protected]

Division 814.03

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

NIST engineers and scientists are develop- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ing many of the tools for automated OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES intelligent-processing systems that will Precision Engineering soon be the core of all world-class manu- 72 Coordinate Metrology Systems facturing operations. These components 73 Complex Form Metrology Laboratory include intelligent machines; advanced PRECISION sensors for real-time in-process measure- 73 Surface Finish and Microform Measurement ENGINEERING ments; software for precision control of Division Contact: machine tools; and information technol- 73 Advanced Optical Systems Dennis A. Swyt ogy for integrating all elements of a 74 Atomic-Scale Measuring Machine (301) 975-3463 product's life cycle, from planning and 74 Measuring Patterned Layers on email: [email protected] design through marketing and customer Integrated Circuits fax: (301) 869-0822 support. Automated Production Technology A109 Metrology Building The Manufacturing Engineering Labora- 74 Closed Loop Manufacturing Program tory (MEL) provides technical support for 75 Machine-Tool Performance Evaluation industry groups that develop standards and Accuracy Enhancement COORDINATE METROLOGY for measurements, measurement tech- 75 Precision Piston Turning SYSTEMS niques, hardware, software, and data Intelligent Systems Coordinate measuring machines interfaces. It operates the National Ad- (CMMs) 75 Enhanced Machine are very accurate robots capable vanced Manufacturing Testbed, a unique Controller of measur- ing the physical dimensions of national resource for studying advanced 76 Next Generation Inspection System manufac- tured parts. They are rapidly replacing the infrastructure technologies required to 76 Advanced Machine Tool Structures more traditional method of using "hard support future manufacturing operations 76 Intelligent Systems Architecture for gages" because they are flexible, at both the systems and equipment lev- Manufacturing more accu- rate, and faster. Ball bars and step gages are els. Laboratory researchers also work at 77 Integration Testbed for Mobility among the physical calibration standards the forefront of the emerging field of 77 ROBOCRANE® nanofabrication, developing measure- used to trace CMM measurements to the Manufacturing Systems Integration international standard of length. Interim ment tools for atomic-scale production test artifacts are a of physical technologies of the future. 78 Tolerancing and Metrology Research new form 78 Engineering Design Research standard used to test CMM performance and Laboratory staff members work closely to detect defective operation. In collabora- 78 Computer-Aided Manufacturing with their industry counterparts, from Engineering tion with the Department of Defense and in- the planning of research projects to the dustrial partners, such as Caterpillar and 79 National Industrial Information dissemination of results. Infrastructure Protocols Boeing, NIST is developing both more effec-

tive types of calibration standards, Contact: 79 Product Data Exchange Standards for CMM

Richard H.F.Jackson, Director Manufacturing such as a prototype "ball step gage" system, and the means to evaluate and critique pro- (301) 975-3400 80 STEP Conformance and Interoperability email: [email protected] Testing totype interim test artifacts. NIST's deploy-

ment of interim test artifacts has been so fax: (301) 948-5668 80 Rapid Response Manufacturing Intramural Project B322 Metrology Building successful that a major CMM manufacturer http://www.nist.gov/mel 81 Systems Integration for Manufacturing now manufactures the system as part of its Applications Program commercial line. In addition, procedures for

conducting interim testing of CMMs have RESEARCH FACILITIES been included in the new revision of the 81 National Advanced Manufacturing ANSI B89.4 CMM Performance Evaluation Testbed MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Standard. In the future, a NIST Standard for gear involute artifacts is now available; Division is responsible for certifying Stand-

Reference Material interim test artifact and the capability for lead and index artifacts ard Reference Materials for roughness as

prototype ball-step gage will be offered. soon will follow. The laboratory, in its re- well as for calibrating the magnification of

search and measurements, places particular scanning electron microscopes. Contact: emphasis on the establishment of uncer- Steve Phillips Contact: tainty for the measurement of complex (301) 975-3565 Theodore Vorburger forms. email: [email protected] (301) 975-3493 Bl 13 Metrology Building Contact: email: [email protected]

Howard Harary Al 17 Metrology Building

(301) 975-3485 COMPLEX FORM email: [email protected] METROLOGY Bl 13 Metrology Building ADVANCED OPTICAL LABORATORY SYSTEMS Advanced optical systems increasingly are de- The mission of the Complex Form Metrology SURFACE FINISH AND signed around high- accuracy, aspheric opti- Laboratory is to develop and extend the MICROFORM cal elements. Measuring the figure error of world-class dimensional measurement generalized aspheres to the required accu- capabilities of the Precision Engineering Di- MEASUREMENT racy is a complex and unsolved problem. vision to include forms with complex shapes Surface microstructure affects the operation NIST has embarked on a program to charac- (e.g., gears, threads, turbine blades), neces- of components in the automobile, aero- terize the systematic errors of commercial, sary to satisfy industry's advanced measure- space, semiconductor, metals, and optics phase-measuring interferometers used for ment needs. Building on NIST's expertise in industries. NIST is developing measurement surface figure metrology and to develop tech- the measurement of American Petroleum techniques and standards to benefit all of niques for using these instruments for as- Institute thread gages, MEL currently is re- these manufacturing industries. pheric metrology. The goal of the program establishing NIST as the pinnacle of dimen- role in NIST played a key coordinating the is to close the gap between the resolution sional traceability for complex form development of a new national standard for and the accuracy of phase-measuring inter- three-dimensional artifacts for gear manu- surface texture measurement as part of the T ferometers. NIST researchers are working facturers. Traceabilit\ is essential if U.S. American Society of Mechanical Engineers with personnel at the WYKO and Zygo industry is to maintain quality and inter- Committee B46. For the metals industry, corporations, manufacturers of inter- changeability of its parts and assemblies, NIST has developed a new approach to meas- ferometry systems. especially as dimensional tolerances con- uring the geometry of Rockwell C hardness tinue to decrease. In turn, reliable methods NIST researchers already have demonstrated indenters that has quickly become the most for assuring dimensional precision and ac- a significant sensitivity to fringe density of accurate in the world. NIST plans to use the curacy underlie the ability of U.S. manufac- the measured figure error for several com- instrument to control indenter geometry, turers to compete in world markets. To this mercial phase-measuring interferometer sys- thereby controlling the accuracy of the hard- end, the division has installed, error tems. They are working to build a dedicated ness measurement itself. This will unify mapped, and "super tweaked" a new high- test facility for future systematic investiga- Rockwell C hardness scales worldwide. For accuracy coordinate measuring machine in tions. The results of this work will make it the optics and semiconductor industries, a state-of-the-art temperature (± 0.1 °C) possible to manufacture lightweight, high- NIST has developed a calibrated atomic and humidity (± 2 percent) controlled envi- performance optical systems for space-based force microscope, which is calibrated ronment. Working with an industrial advi- applications and multilayer mirror systems against the wavelength of light in all three sory group—the American Society of for projection X-ray lithography. coordinate axes. A principal goal of this Mechanical Engineers' Committee on Gear project is to calibrate three-dimensional arti- Contact: Metrology—the division already has begun facts that will be used to calibrate scanned Chris Evans to satisfy the traceability needs of the gear probe microscopes. NIST also is using this (301) 975-3484 industry. A special measurement capability instrument to measure prototype step height email: [email protected] standards that collaborators at the Univer- A107 Metrology Building

sity of Maryland fabricated from single sili- con atoms. The Precision Engineering MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

MEASURING PATTERNED ATOMIC-SCALE AUTOMATED MEASURING MACHINE LAYERS ON INTEGRATED PRODUCTION To help meet the measurement needs of in- CIRCUITS TECHNOLOGY dustries preparing to manufacture future NIST researchers are developing techniques Division Contact: generations of nanoelectronic devices and for measuring the critical dimensions of pat- Donald S. Blomquist circuits, NIST has designed and built a sys- terned layers on integrated circuits. Work in- (301) 975-6600 tem called the Molecular Measuring Ma- — volves theoretical projects on the formation email: [email protected] chine (M-Cubed) to measure to nano- — of images in optical and scanning electron fax: (301) 869-3536 meter accuracy the positions of features lo- microscopes as well as experimental and de- B102 Sound Building cated anywhere within a 50 mm by 50 mm sign projects on the construction of new me- area. Achieving this capability for M-Cubed trology instruments for the calibration of required the development and integration of standards. The project was initiated about CLOSED LOOP many forefront technologies: atomic- 20 years ago at the request of the semicon- resolution scanning probes, combined active MANUFACTURING ductor industry. and passive vibration-isolation systems, PROGRAM ultrahigh-accuracy interferometry for dis- Ever smaller dimensions on integrated cir- This program aims to achieve higher quality placement measurements, and precision cuits have created a demand for new and im- in existing manufacturing processes. A four- nanomotion generation. Currently, proved measurement techniques and related layer, closed-loop, control architecture has standards. As feature sizes approach, and M-Cubed is performing one of its principal been proposed. Three layers are being imple- then smaller than, the wavelength design functions by measuring to become mented: real-time, process-intermittent, and nanometer-level accuracy over millimeter- of light used in conventional optical metrol- post-process control loops. The real-time scale dimensions. In one successful applica- ogy instruments, measurements and stand- and process-intermittent control loops im- ards become especially important. The tion, it measured the spacings of an array of plement algorithms to predict and/or meas- dimensions of present interest range from chromium lines over a distance of 1 mm, ure in-process variations and process-related yielding an average spacing of 212.83 about 0.5 Jim to 30 |im and will extend to systematic errors and then to compensate nanometers. The estimated standard uncer- smaller dimensions in the future. A series of for them via process modification. Closed tainty for this measurement was of 0.02 nm, three linewidth/pitch Standard Reference loop manufacturing is being demonstrated Materials for photomasks is now in produc- which is about one-tenth the distance of typi- on existing machine tools, achieving supe- cal interatomic spacings. M-Cubed also will tion. Ongoing research will develop new and In this case, the instruments rior levels of part accuracy. serve as an exploratory tool for building improved standards for use in post-process control loop is used to verify the scanning electron mechanical and electrical structures in the utilizing optical or cutting process and to tune the other two nanometer-size range. Among the organiza- microscopy. control loops by detecting residual system- tions collaborating on the construction of Contact: atic errors measured on the finished parts, M-Cubed are several major universities and Michael Postek correlating these errors to the uncompen- national laboratories as well as Watson Re- (301) 975-2299 sated machine- and process-related errors, search Center, AT&T Bell Laboratories, and email: [email protected] and modifying the control parameters of the Zygo Corp. Building A347 Technology other loops accordingly. Contact: Feature-based, error-analysis techniques are E. Clayton Teague being developed to identify the residual sys- (301) 975-3490 tematic errors of the system. NIST re- email: [email protected] searchers are working with industry and Al 17 Metrology Building academia to use the dimensional measure-

ment interface specification, an ANSI stand-

ard, in analyses of part features. They are MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

developing tools for feature segmentation of and powerful data analysis capability at the of the piston-turning machine. This error part geometries to improve analyses of the machine-tool level. map then can serve as the database for real- manufacturing process. They also are devel- time error compensation. As a result of this Contact: oping a quality database using feature types effort, the variability of the pistons was re- M. Alkan Donmez and the errors measured on these features as duced by 80 percent. (301) 975-6618 key fields. email: [email protected] Current work is concentrated on determin-

Contact: B106 Sound Building, ing the robustness and general applicability

M. Alkan Donmez of the machine tool models, enabling

(301) 975-6618 broader use of the models. This would allow email: [email protected] PRECISION PISTON machine tool builders and users to avoid the B106 Sound Building, TURNING costly and time-consuming task of modeling every machine tool. The Precision Piston Turning Project is a MACHINE-TOOL cooperative research effort involving NIST, Contact: General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and M. Alkan Donmez

PERFORMANCE Giddings and Lewis, with funding through (301) 975-6618 EVALUATION AND the National Center for Manufacturing Sci- email: [email protected] B106 Sound Building ACCURACY ences. The primary objective is the transfer of NIST's expertise in machine tool enhance-

ENHANCEMENT ment and technology to U.S. industry.

The concept of deterministic manufacturing This project comprises several activities. The INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS is based on the premise that most errors in first task was performed in 1992, when a re- Division Contact: manufacturing are repeatable, thus predict- search team from NIST traveled to Giddings James S. Albus able. Errors that are predictable can be and Lewis' Fraser, Mich., plant to analyze (301) 975-3418 measured and corrected, thereby improving the design of a prototype of the company's fax: (301) 990-9688 quality through better control of existing model 3000. Using infrared technology and email: [email protected] manufacturing equipment. Machine tools contact temperature-sensing devices, an in- B124 Metrology Building are computer controlled and operate with vestigation of the thermal behavior of the several to many degrees of freedom. They machine tool was performed. Based on exhibit inherent quasistatic and thermally analysis of the data collected during this ENHANCED MACHINE induced geometric errors. Complete charac- investigation, several design changes were terization of these errors is being investi- CONTROLLER recommended. These changes were imple- gated to evaluate and enhance performance In 1980, nearly half of the machine tools in mented on the machine tool, which was under changing thermal conditions. This the world were manufactured in the United sent to NIST for a more rigorous thermal process is complicated and time consuming. States. Today, U.S. market share is 10 per- analysis. cent. Because machine-tool technology is NIST researchers are working with industry full geometric- NIST then performed a critical for both civilian and military uses, it and academia to optimize this process to characterization of the machine, thermal is important to recapture some of this mar- make it feasible for even small manufactur- using laser interferometry and other ad- ket. The Enhanced Machine Controller ers. NIST, industry, and academia worked to- vanced sensors. Characterization was per- (EMC) project goals include reducing the gether to develop the industry standard for formed by monitoring error motions as the life-cycle cost of machine tool controllers by evaluating the performance of machining machine tool cycled through a variety of developing modular interface specifications centers (ASME B5.54). Compensation for thermal states. The thermal states were that support interoperability of key control- machine-tool errors is an area of continuing temperature- quantified by the use of remote ler components and validating these specifi- interest. Researchers are developing generic sensing devices attached at various locations cations on a broad class of machines in electronic hardware to implement error- on the components and structure of the ma- production applications. Controllers under- compensation capabilities without intruding chine. The end result of this charac- lie the capabilities of machine tools and, into existing machine-tool controllers. They terization is a geometric-thermal error map consequently, the machining processes. Cur- also are working to speed up on-machine rently, competition is based on controller part inspection by introducing fast probing MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

hardware. The Enhanced Machine Control- capacitance probe, and a laser triangulation searchers are cooperating in exploring the

ler project concentrates on controller soft- probe. The real-time, open architecture limits of new machine configurations in ware, an area where the United States still controller will provide interfaces to the terms of positioning accuracy and resolu-

has a commanding lead. An operational en- STandard for Exchange of Product (STEP) tion, calibration, and advanced control.

hanced machine controller has been devel- model data and to the Dimensional Measur- To meet these needs, NIST has procured an oped, based on a candidate set of interface ing Interface Standard (DMIS), enabling in- experimental prototype octahedral-hexapod, specifications. It is composed of basic con- spection that is driven by model data. It also Stewart platform machine tool. NIST re- troller components: trajectory generator, will permit real-time processing of sensor search will focus on evaluating the perform- servo control, part program interpreter, op- data for feedback control of the inspection ance of this new class of machine tools and erator interface, and programmable logic probe. A precommercial Next Generation In- developing methods for providing higher controller. The validity of the enhanced ma- spection System will be tested and evaluated resolution and more accurate position- chine controller interfaces will be demon- in a production environment. All Next Gen- sensing and control capability. An open strated by installing controllers, based on eration Inspection System technology devel- architecture controller technology (based on off-the-shelf components, on machines in oped at NIST will be transferred to the the NIST Enhanced Machine Controller production environments. NIST is working marketplace through vendors that manufac- Architecture) will allow integration of third- closely with a consortium of machine tool ture and support software and hardware sys- party software and experimental control al- builders and users and controller- tems using this technology. gorithms (e.g., for force-based machining). component manufacturers. The benefits of NIST is collaborating with the National Cen- The hexapod machine tool has been in- this project will include reduced life cycle ter for Manufacturing Sciences consortium stalled in the NIST National Advanced costs, reduced integration costs, and im- on this project. Industrial members of the Manufacturing Testbed, a facility focused on proved performance for machine controllers. consortium include the General Motors distributed and virtual manufacturing. Re-

Contact: Corp., Ford Motor Co., Hughes Information mote access to the hexapod through this test-

Frederick M. Proctor Technology, United Technologies/Pratt & bed will allow machine tool builders, users,

(301) 975-3425 Whitney, Brown & Sharpe, Sensor Adaptive and researchers to gain first-hand experi-

email: [email protected] Machines, Inc., Automated Precision Inc., ence with this new technology. B124 Metrology Building Extrude Hone, Wizdom Systems, and ICAMP. Contact: Hardware and software technologies are Albert J. Wavering, being exchanged among members of the (301) 975-3461 NEXT GENERATION consortium. email: [email protected]

INSPECTION SYSTEM Contact: B127 Metrology Building

In-process and post-process inspection with Martin Herman

coordinate measuring machines often slows (301) 975-3441

the manufacturing process. The inspection email: [email protected] INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS of parts with complex geometry, for which B124 Metrology Building ARCHITECTURE FOR closely spaced inspection points are needed, MANUFACTURING is especially time consuming. The goal of

the Next Generation Inspection System ADVANCED MACHINE Intelligent Systems Architecture for Manu-

facturing (ISAM) is a reference model archi- (NGIS) is a hundredfold increase in inspec- TOOL STRUCTURES tion speed, without sacrificing measurement tecture for intelligent manufacturing Tighter tolerances and improved quality are accuracy. systems. It is intended to provide a theoreti- required if U.S. manufacturers are to remain cal framework for the development of stand- A NIST testbed consists of a CMM equipped competitive. More sophisticated part geome- ards and performance measures for with advanced sensors and the NIST Real tries dictate increased use of multiaxis ma- intelligent manufacturing systems. It also is Time Control System enhanced machine chining capability. Parallel-actuated intended to provide engineering guidelines controller. Advanced sensors include analog machine tools have the potential to meet for a wide variety of manufacturing applica- touch probes, a video camera, an analog these needs. NIST is working with several tions. The ISAM model addresses the manu- machine tool builders and users who con- facturing enterprise at a number of levels of sider developments in this field to be an abstraction. important factor in achieving future produc-

tivity gains. Industry and government re- MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

• At the highest level of abstraction, ISAM integration of these subsystems and simplify provides a conceptual framework for view- development. ROBOCRANE^ ing the entire manufacturing enterprise as The NIST RoboCrane, a versatile robot crane The goal of this project is to provide a test- an intelligent system consisting of ma- that can precisely position and orient its bed for evaluating and validating open- chines, processes, tools, facilities, comput- work platform in all six degrees of freedom, systems architecture standards for ers, software, and beings operating human so that large loads and equipment can be intelligent vehicle systems. Two testbed over time on materials to produce products. held rigidly in place even at angle is environments are being developed. One, an — an — the core of the Intelligent Systems Integra- • At a lower level of abstraction, ISAM pro- indoor environment, consists of a battery- tion Testbed for Large-Scale Manufacturing vides a reference model architecture for sup- powered mobile platform and advanced Construction. prime motivation for porting the development of standards and sensors, including a rangefinder, cameras and The

the testbed is to foster a coordinated and effi- performance measures, as well as for design- under computer pan/tilt control, and iner- cient technical response to industry's recog- ing manufacturing systems and software. tial sensors (e.g., gyroscopes and acceler- nized need for open-architecture standards. ometers). Vision processing is accomplished • At a still lower level of abstraction, ISAM These standards will facilitate development using real-time, image-processing comput- is intended to provide engineering guide- and use of sensor-interactive, intelligent- ers. The indoor environment addresses physi- lines for implementing specific instances of machine systems in large-scale tasks, such cal security and surveillance in industrial manufacturing systems such as machining as construction, road building, bridge re- facilities such as warehouses and office and inspection systems. buildings. pair, and aircraft assembly. Because inter- standards lacking, subsystems ISAM consists of a hierarchically layered set face now are The second testbed, an outdoor environ- are difficult integrate capabili- of intelligent processing nodes organized as to and new ment, consists of a high mobility multi- ties are not easily. As a result, system a nested series of control loops. In each added purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) a node, tasks are decomposed, plans are gener- functionality is limited, development is pro- four-wheel-drive Army vehicle equipped with longed, high. ated, world models are maintained, feedback and maintenance costs are By control actuators (on the steering, brake, enabling plug-and-play compatability, from sensors is processed, and control loops and throttle, for example); advanced sen- standard interfaces would foster develop- are closed. In each layer, nodes have a char- sors; and an open-architecture, real-time ment of more efficient systems, and they acteristic span of control, with a charac- control system. This vehicle is capable of would create new market opportunities for teristic planning horizon and corresponding both highway driving and off-road driving software and hardware manufacturers. level of detail in space and time. over rough terrain. Advanced sensors on the Greater compatibility also would simplify Contact: vehicle include cameras, a laser range- and reduce the cost of customization and Harry A. Scott imaging camera, an inertial navigation sys- system upgrading. With the aim of testing 975-3437 tem, and a Global Positioning System (301) and validating open systems architectures email: [email protected] satellite-based navigation system. The vehi- and their underlying components, re- B127 Metrology Building cle can be operated remotely by a human op- searchers at the testbed are exploring preci- erator via teleoperation or autonomously via sion applications, such as machining and vision systems. The control system machine finishing operations, and they are evaluat- for both indoor and outdoor mobility envi- INTEGRATION TESTBED ing combinations of sensors and control

ronments is the NIST Real-time Control Sys- FOR MOBILITY strategies that result in safe and reliable op- tem, an open system reference architecture. eration in unstructured, perturbation-prone Intelligent vehicle systems require open sys- Emerging markets for intelligent vehicle environments. Through collaborations with tem architecture standards. Intelligent vehi- systems include autonomous material han- manufacturers, universities, and other or- cles contain a multiplicity of subsystems dling, operations in hazardous environ- ganizations, prototype standards and tech- that recognize objects such as obstacles and ments, security surveillance, advanced nologies will be transferred into practical landmarks, map the environment for naviga- motor vehicle control, and aids for the applications such as manufacture of air- tion, detect and react to unexpected objects, handicapped. craft, ships, construction equipment, and locate objects for manipulation and han- railroad rolling stock; construction and dling tasks, compare object scenes for secu- Contact: maintenance of buildings, highways, and rity and surveillance, plan paths, and Maris Juberts bridges; environmental clean-up of radio- operate safely and robustly in unstructured (301) 975-3424 active or toxic waste sites; and undersea environments. Open systems architecture email: [email protected]

standards are needed to promote efficient B124 Metrology Building MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

mining, construction, repair, and salvage committees guides selection of specific re- NIST staff are addressing how to incorporate operations. search topics and ensures that the results features, constraints, rationale, and other

are disseminated to industry. design information within the STEP Contact: framework. Roger Bostelman Contact:

(301) 975-3426 Neil Christopher To promote technology transfer, a testbed email: [email protected] (301) 975-3888 for engineering design has been established.

B124 Metrology Building email: [email protected] This testbed provides a platform for testing

A127 Metrology Building and validating design methodologies,

developing standards for product and proc- MANUFACTURING ess models, storing and accessing design ENGINEERING DESIGN case studies, aiding in supplier-chain inte- SYSTEMS INTEGRATION RESEARCH gration, and helping in various aspects of Division Contact: technology transfer. NIST researchers are Design plays a significant role in the itera- Howard M. Bloom working with several universities and indus- tive and collaborative engineering process. (301) 975-3508 tries, particularly through the Defense Ad- Decisions made during the engineering de- email: [email protected] vanced Research Projects Agency. sign stage have a considerable impact on fax: (301) 258-9749 the product's life-cycle costs. Hence, the Contact: A127 Metrology Building global competitiveness of U.S. companies Ram D. Sriram

and industries depends significantly on the (301) 975-3507 TOLERANCING AND capabilities and intellectual resources em- email: [email protected] bodied and leveraged in design technologies. A127 Metrology Building

METROLOGY RESEARCH Through research and technology develop-

Concentrating on coordinate measuring sys- ment, the engineering design group sup- tem (CMSs), NIST researchers are develop- ports and advances the evolution of future COMPUTER-AIDED ing the technical underpinnings of a unified design-related standards that respond to in- MANUFACTURING framework for tolerance standards, essential dustry to identified needs. Technical staff ENGINEERING to a range of design and manufacturing ac- participate in various standards efforts. Tech- computer-aided design engineer- tivities. Ongoing projects are applying funda- nology transfer is facilitated through an en- Just as and mental metrology principles, numerical gineering design testbed. ing tools have revolutionized product design analysis theory, and statistical methods to during the past decade, computer-based The primary goal is to help U.S. industry re- develop concepts and approaches for evaluat- tools for production system engineering can alize the full potential of current and future ing the performance of CMS data-analysis revolutionize manufacturing. A new type of engineering-design tools and techniques. environment is software. Other work is developing formal computer-aided engineering NIST researchers are investigating the issues mathematical definitions of dimensions and envisioned, one that will improve the pro- involved in integrating a variety of commer- tolerances (including appropriate semantics ductivity of manufacturing and other indus- cial and university "design" tools. Topics for statistical tolerances, datums, and size) trial engineers. This environment would be addressed by current projects include virtual for application in product specifications. used by engineers to plan the manufacture reality interfaces, product and process mod- Dimensional measurement methods for of new products and to design and imple- eling, constraint representation, optimiza- CMSs are another focus, which ultimately ment future manufacturing systems and tion, and engineering ontologies. should lead to more effective sampling subsystems. strategies and data-analysis algorithms. A key issue in achieving an integrated prod- The overall goal of computer-aided manu- Research is coordinated with ongoing stand- uct development environment involves the facturing engineering is to lower manufac- ardization efforts in the United States and in- development of appropriate communication turing costs, reduce delivery times, and ternationally. Participation in standards and representation mechanisms. Standards improve product quality through the coordi- are critical to these communication and rep- nated development and use of advanced resentation mechanisms. Actively participat-

ing in the International Organization for

Standardization's STEP (Standard for the

Exchange of Product Model Data) initiative, MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

tools. This project is aimed at advancing the tional Industrial Information Infrastructure development of software environments and Protocols (NIIIP) Consortium, comprising PRODUCT DATA tools for the design and engineering of various manufacturers, technology provid- EXCHANGE STANDARDS manufacturing systems. With industrial part- ers, universities, and federal agencies. The FOR ners, universities, and Defense Department overall NIIIP program is funded through a MANUFACTURING

manufacturing facilities, NIST researchers Technology Reinvestment Project award. A The goal of this activity is to accelerate the

are creating an integrated framework, oper- virtual enterprise is a temporary confedera- development and deployment of product

ating environment, common databases, and tion of firms that come together to share data standards to enable the sharing and

interface standards for diverse manufactur- costs and skills to exploit fast-changing op- reuse of design, engineering, and manufac-

ing engineering software applications. This portunities. The NIIIP Consortium will de- turing information. The strategy is to work

environment will support and integrate a liver iterations of a reference architecture, with industry to translate its requirements

variety of emerging tools and techniques for software toolkits that are the building blocks into standards, principally ISO 10303

designing, modeling, simulating, and evalu- of an instantiated reference architecture, re- (Product Data Representation and Ex-

ating the performance of manufacturing search prototypes, and pilot demonstrations. change), to validate these standards, and

processes, equipment, and enterprises. In accomplishing these deliverables, NIIIP then to pilot these standards in an industrial

will adopt and converge existing standards setting. World-wide interest in ISO 10303, One current project is building an inte- and technology from STEP, the Object Man- also known as STEP, is motivated by indus- grated Manufacturing Engineering Tool Kit agement Group (OMG), the Internet Society, try's desire to achieve critical operational for developing and validating manufactur- and the Workflow Management Coalition. and strategic capabilities. STEP: ing data for machined parts production.

Another is creating a Production System NIST efforts enable improved engineering • enables a number of improved product

Engineering Tool Kit for designing and practices. Advanced communication capa- development strategies such as concurrent

modeling production lines. Interface bilities for distributed computing resources engineering, enterprise integration, and elec-

specifications are being developed to allow are being applied to allow for transparent tronic commerce;

commercial off-the-shelf software to intemp- access to distributed resources, including • facilitates companies working together as erate. Examples of the types of software prod- shared data representations. Additionally, a virtual enterprise on product development; ucts contained within the tool kits include workflow management technology will be and computer-aided design, process planning. exploited to expedite the engineering proc-

NC program verification, product data man- ess. NIST research has focused on the inte- • makes possible the use of better ap-

agement, manufacturing simulation, and gration of STEP technology and standards proaches to increase efficiency and reduce

plant layout. with object-oriented technology and stand- time to market in developing new or im-

ards emerging from OMG. The project is proved products. Contact: premised on the adoption of STEP Data Ac- Charles McLean Initial implementations of this interna- cess Interface (SDAI) as an international (301) 975-3511 tional standard are by vendors of computer- standard. This project will validate the pro- email: [email protected] aided design (CAD) systems. Each CAD posal for an SDAI/IDL (Interface Definition A127 Metrology Building system's unique proprietary format inhibits Language) binding. Another NIST role is to the direct exchange of information among help the NIIIP ensure that the protocols de- various manufacturing processes. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL veloped by the consortium become usable in- dustry standards. To this end, NIST has been NIST is assisting industry by facilitating

INFORMATION a major contributor in the development of a standards development and addressing feed- INFRASTRUCTURE standards roadmap for NIIIP. NIIIP plans to back from validation and implementation activities. The initial STEP standard is capa- PROTOCOLS develop, demonstrate, and transfer this tech- nology into widespread industrial use. ble of conveying existing CAD model repre-

This activity is developing technology to en- sentations. Additional capabilities are being Contact: able industrial virtual enterprises and to ac- developed to address other manufacturing Katherine Morris celerate adoption of STEP (Standard for the applications. NIST is accelerating this work (301) 975-3081 Exchange of Product Model Data) in the op- by providing an environment that supports email: [email protected] eration of these enterprises. Work is being ac- and advances efforts to improve the effi- A127 Metrology Building complished under a Cooperative Research ciency and quality of these specifications. An

and Development Agreement with the Na- integrated suite of software tools is being MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

established that will interact with the STEP results are vendors of computer-aided design Another approach, and perhaps the most registry at NIST, which contains STEP speci- systems and product data management sys- important, is to give vendors access to these fications, related documents, and repre- tems. Experience with complex standards tools during their product development. This sentative data. This suite will provide has shown that claims of compliance with a allows them to become familiar with the

"intelligent" access to any part of these refer- standard are not reliable. Further, if early tools, gain confidence that their product can ences and to generated aspects of the docu- implementations of a standard meet the re- successfully pass testing, and use the tools to ments that do not require application quirements, adoption is much quicker. The improve the quality of their products. They domain knowledge. primary focus of this effort is the develop- gain from the expanded market that user

ment of software tools and methods for as- confidence in a tested product brings. The To achieve widespread adoption of these sessing whether new software applications same tools also can be employed by end- standards, industry must understand the comply with the standard. The tools need to users to assess the ability of these products benefits and understand how to manage the be extensible to accommodate the expand- to interoperate in an industrial context, fur- risks associated with adopting this new tech- ing set of applications supported by STEP. ther expanding the market for standards- nology. NIST currently is working with the This project leverages earlier work done on based products. In addition, NIST is automotive industry on the AutoSTEP pilot EXPRESS, the formal description language participating in a U.S.-based vendor round project, in which STEP is being used to ex- used to specify STEP, and STEP Class Li- table and STEPNet interoperability trials. change design and part data between sup- brary toolkits. pliers and original equipment Contact:

manufacturers. NIST is providing its exper- Various approaches are being used to over- Mary Mitchell

tise on requirements analysis, testing meth- come concerns of U.S. vendors. One ap- (301) 975-3538

ods and STEP technology, and a neutral site proach is to leverage early implementation email: [email protected]

for Internet communications between pilot experience to validate the test system and A127 Metrology Building

members. The goal is to document the bene- test suites. NIST and the Industrial Technol-

fits of using STEP within the context of sup- ogy Institute have formed alliances with

ply chain business scenarios. U.S. pilot projects initiated by PDES Inc. and RAPID RESPONSE

the Automotive Industry Action Group, in- Contact: MANUFACTURING dustrial organizations driving the develop- Mary Mitchell INTRAMURAL PROJECT ment and application of STEP. A beta testing (301) 975-3538 program has been initiated to further ensure The NIST Rapid Response Manufacturing email: [email protected] the utility of this testing capability. A com- (RRM) Project is sponsored as an intra- A127 Metrology Building plementary approach provides an infrastruc- mural project through the NIST Advanced

ture for an efficient conformance testing Technology Program. Intramural project personnel collaborate with member com- STEP CONFORMANCE AND program. This opens a world market to U.S.- developed STEP products. In concert panies of the RRM consortium, leveraging INTEROPERABILITY with these activities, NIST is aggressively NIST skills and technologies to ensure the TESTING participating in the international standards advancement of RRM capabilities. The in- effort related to testing and client require- dustrial consortium is composed of both The STEP Conformance Testing project is ments. At least one European testing labora- manufacturing facilities and software ven- sponsored jointly by the NIST Systems for In- tory is in the process of licensing the NIST dors and is organized through the National tegrated Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) testing system. Center for Manufacturing Sciences. It aims Program and Navy Mantech. The technical to enhance and adopt key technologies, in- goal is to provide an objective means of cluding variant design, rapid prototyping, evaluating a software system for its ability to design visualization, and generative NC, to meet the requirements of STEP, an interna- enable use of advanced, highly integrated tional standard (officially ISO 10303) devel- systems for manufacturing. Activities of the oped to let companies effectively exchange NIST RRM Intramural Project are selected design and engineering information with based upon specific technology and research their customers and suppliers as well as in- needs of the consortium member companies. ternally. The initial customers of the project MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The primary focus areas of the RRM Intra- The testbeds and technology-transfer ele- mural Project include research and develop- SYSTEMS INTEGRATION ment focuses on establishment of testbeds, ment, standardization, and technology FOR MANUFACTURING which both serve the infrastructure needs of transfer. For example, NIST personnel have SIMA projects and can be used as demonstra- APPLICATIONS PROGRAM conducted in-depth assessments of the cur- tion sites for collaborative tests between rent state of the practice and state of the art Under the federal government's High Per- SIMA projects and industrial partners. One in key technologies. NIST also has initiated formance Computing and Communications such facility, the Advanced Manufacturing a major development effort to establish in- effort, NIST has embarked on a major initia- Systems and Networking Testbed (AMSANT), formation models that specify a common tive to enhance integration of advanced has been established, and another is under and standardized electronic representation manufacturing applications through utiliza- construction. Technology-transfer efforts for manufacturing resource data. This repre- tion of information infrastructure technolo- also include development of infrastructure sentation proposes a structure for the classi- gies. This multiyear initiative, called technologies specialized to disseminate fication and characteristics of machine Systems Integration for Manufacturing Ap- manufacturing information using HPCC tools, cutting tools, tool holders, cutting in- plications (SIMA), involves all seven NIST techniques. serts, and other resources. Project results laboratories with strong participation by Numerous successful collaborative relation- provide a catalyst for a standardized manu- U.S. industry, universities, and federal agen- ships with industry are under way. Among facturing resource data structure. Standards cies. Launched in 1994, SIMA has three these is the effort to design and develop a activities have been initiated through both major elements: manufacturing systems, comprehensive electronic handbook for ISO and ANSI. Technology transfer activities standards development, and testbeds/ characterization of engineering problems are an important part of NIST's mission and technology transfer. and relevant software applications with also play a significant role in this project. The manufacturing systems element focuses SEMATECH (Austin, Texas). Making these Several project activities contribute to tech- on development of interface specifications NIST statistical solutions available remotely nology transfer, including cooperative re- for advanced manufacturing systems. Manu- facilitates accurate analysis and solution of search and development, industry facturing applications being targeted by engineering problems in the most expedi- workshops, participation on RRM consor- SIMA projects include design, planning, tious manner, i.e., at the user's workstation. tium committees, liaison between RRM scheduling, process modeling, shop control, Another SIMA project has facilitated the es- member companies and other NIST re- simulation, inspection, assembly, and ma- tablishment of the PlantSTEP consortium search, project publications and presenta- chining. The integration and interface tech- (Kansas City, Kan.), which is working to tions, and participation on standards nologies being applied include networking, speed the development of data exchange committees. database technologies, frameworks, and protocols needed for the design of process

Contact: protocols for data exchange. SIMA projects plants. Working with NIST, the consortium

Kevin K. Jurrens span the industrial manufacturing domains ensures that the developing standard satis-

(301) 975-5486 of mechanical products, electronics, and fies the intended data exchange require- email: [email protected] construction. ments for process-plant design. In another A127 Metrology Building SIMA project, the development of testing The standards development element focuses methodologies for pilot implementations of on applying NIST expertise to assist industry a new product design data exchange proto- in implementing voluntary consensus stand- col in the automotive industry is helping to ards relevant to computer-integrated manu- verify the usability of that standard for ex- facturing. Successful implementation of changes between U.S. car companies and manufacturing standards requires valida- their suppliers. tion, pilots, and formal testing to ensure the

standards meet the intended requirements. Contact:

To this end, SIMA projects work on deploy- Jim Fowler

ment of standards testing methods utilizing (301) 975-3180 HPCC technologies and participate in pilot email: [email protected]

implementations of HPCC technologies by A127 Metrology Building

industry. MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The common objectives for these NAMT host to daily research activities, several large RESEARCH projects are: demonstrations, and several software train- ing classes. In early FY 1996, plans were FACILITIES • to support distributed and virtual made to open a second facility to support manufacturing, the growing needs of both the SIMA program

• to promote interoperability of manufac- and the NAMT program. NATIONAL ADVANCED turing systems through standards and Offering high-speed data-transfer, voice, MANUFACTURING measurements, and video capabilities, this second facility TESTBED • to conduct manufacturing research in a also will serve as a working laboratory for distributed environment that leverages in- NIST researchers and their industrial col- The National Advanced Manufacturing Test-

dustrial and other partner expertise, and laborators, and it will be used to demon- bed (NAMT) is a new research program ad- strate proof-of-concept implementations of dressing needs for technologies and • to provide a virtual manufacturing envi- research and development results. standards for distributed and virtual manu- ronment through simulations and other developed with facturing. The program was information technology tools. Remotely located, the NAMT researchers, guidance from over 30 industrial leaders working in their home environments, coop- These initial projects draw on the wide and launched in late 1995. The program's erate on an array of advanced manufactur- range of technical expertise available across goals are to provide the infrastructure to en- ing research projects. Their efforts benefit MEL's five divisions. This expertise, along able companies to rapidly design and manu- from a shared foundation of supporting tech- with key testbed facilities, are leveraged facture products and to speed U.S. industry's nologies for textual, audio, and visual com- by the participation of collaborating organi- evolution toward distributed and virtual munications as well as common sets of zations from industry, government, and manufacturing. computing tools, such as databases, elec- academia. tronic software repositories, and modeling NAMT researchers are developing the scien- A key element of the NAMT is the research and simulation programs. tific basis and technical underpinnings facility developed in 1995 as part of the necessary to achieve manufacturing environ- Current and future work will concentrate on laboratory's Systems Integration for Manu- ments that are shared, accessible, inte- overcoming complexities that prevent "plug facturing Application program. This facility, grated, and information based. Research and play" interoperability across dispersed the Advanced Manufacturing Systems and focuses on measurements, communication and disparate manufacturing systems. Networking Testbed (AMSANT), supports the protocols, interfaces, and other standards computing, communications, and informa- Contact: and infrastructural technologies. tion technology needs of the NAMT and Merrill Hessel

The first-year portfolio of NAMT research SIMA programs. The objective of both pro- (301) 975-2159 includes: projects grams is to provide a distributed, multinode email: [email protected]

facility at NIST that will enable collabora- B102 Radiation Physics Building • framework for manufacturing tive development of technologies and stand- integration, ards to support distributed and virtual • remote access and simulation of hexapod manufacturing enterprises through an ad- machines, vanced computing and communications

infrastructure. • machine-tool performance models, and

The AMSANT houses many high- • distributed nanomanufacturing. performance computer workstations and

servers, ATM networking capabilities, and

large-screen computer display systems.

Since its completion, the facility has been CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

The Chemical Science and Technology COOPERATIVE RESEARCH 94 Thermophysical Properties of Gases Used Laboratory (CSTL) performs cutting-edge OPPORTUNITIES in Semiconductor Processing research in measurement science; devel- 94 Chemical Thermodynamics Biotechnology ops and maintains measurement meth- 94 Chemical Kinetics 84 DNA Chemistry ods, standards, and reference data; and 95 NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database 84 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance develop models for chemical, biochemi- 95 Properties of Alternative Refrigerants cal, and physical properties and processes. 84 Bioprocess Engineering Measurements 95 Properties of Fluids and Fluid Mixtures CSTL provides these capabilities to en- 85 Biomolecular Materials 96 Properties of Gels, Micelles, and Clays hance U.S. industry's productivity and 85 Center for Advanced Research in 96 Dilute-Solution Thermodynamics competitiveness; assure equity in trade; Biotechnology 96 Finite-Element Modeling of Complex and improve public health, safety, and Process Measurements Physical and Chemical Processes environmental quality. 86 Flow Measurement Research and 97 Advanced Low-Temperature Refrigeration- The technologies and services provided by Standards Analytical Chemistry CSTL help the U.S. chemical manufactur- 86 Chemical Reactions and Emissions in Analytical Mass Spectrometry for Inor- ing, energy, health care, biotechnology, Spray Flames 97 ganics and Elemental Isotopic Metrology food processing, and materials processing 87 Engineering Measurements for Hydrothermal Processes 97 Fundamental Studies of Atomic industries to meet the broad range of in- Spectroscopy ternational measurement requirements 87 Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles 98 Application of Automation and Chemomet- and compete in global markets. 87 Chemistry of Materials Processing rics to Improve the Accuracy of Spectro- 87 Diagnostics in Thermal and Plasma chemical Analysis One of CSTL's goals is to anticipate the Reactors measurement needs of new technologies, 98 Analytical Mass Spectrometry for 88 Applied Computational Chemistry Organics and Biomolecules so that a measurement infrastructure is 88 Reacting Flow Simulation available by the time a new technology is 98 Chromatography and Electromigration Techniques implemented. Needs are expanding for ac- 89 Sol id-State Chemical Sensor Arrays curate, quantitative measurements at ever- 89 Self-Assembled Monolayers for 99 Novel Analytical Separation Science Biosensing Methodology decreasing detection limits, in harsher 99 Separation Science Techniques for Trace environments, and for a wider range of 89 High-Temperature Thermocouple Research Organic Analysis chemical species. 90 Pressure, Vacuum, and Low-Flow 99 High-Accuracy Coulometry In addition, the development of novel and Standards 100 Inorganic Electroanalytical Chemistry improved processing techniques and new 90 Quantitative Optical Measurements of 100 Trace-Gas Analysis approaches to pollution prevention and Partial Pressures and Moisture 100 Optical Techniques for Trace-Gas control are critical to the economic suc- Surface and Microanalysis Science Analysis cess of U.S. industry. Through a strong 100 Standards and Process Analytical 91 Microbeam Analysis commitment to basic research, and by Applications for Spectroscopy leading the advancement of measurement 91 Atmospheric and Chemometric Research 101 Laboratory Automation Technology and science in critical areas, CSTL is poised to 91 Surface Dynamical Processes Standards meet emerging national needs. Physical and Chemical Properties 101 Automated Sample Preparation and Sensing Contact: 92 Fundamental Properties of Trace Hratch G. Semerjian, Director Components of Natural Gas 101 Analytical Infometrics

(301) 975-3145 92 Fundamental and Applied Properties of 101 Chemical Analysis with Neutron Beams

email: [email protected] Adsorbents 102 Neutron Activation Analysis

fax: (301) 975-3845 93 Thermophysical Properties of 102 Focusing of Cold Neutrons for Analytical A3 17 Chemistry Building Supercritical Fluid Mixtures Measurements

http://www.cstl.nist.gov 93 Fundamental Properties for Membrane RESEARCH FACILITIES Separations 103 Fluid-Flow Measurement and Research 93 Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Standards from Acoustic Techniques Facilities 103 Liquid-Nitrogen Flow Measurements CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

fragments. In addition, NIST researchers are In the near future, researchers plan to use COOPERATIVE RESEARCH interested in cooperative development of three- and four-dimensional NMR tech- OPPORTUNITIES short-tandem repeat technology, mitochon- niques to investigate higher molecular drial DNA sequencing, and attendant stand- weight biomolecules. Detailed knowledge of

ards. Techniques for DNA detection include the three-dimensional structures and confor-

sensitive staining of electrophoretic gels, use mations of the biomolecules is important to BIOTECHNOLOGY of chemiluminescence, and enhanced appli- an increased understanding of biochemical cations of capillary electrophoresis. reaction mechanisms, enzyme specificity, Division Contact: drug-protein/DNA binding, and molecular- Walter J. Stevens Contact: recognition processes. (301) 975-2629 Dennis J. Reeder email: [email protected] (301) 975-3128 Contact:

fax: (301) 330-3447 email: [email protected] Bruce Coxon

A345 Chemistry Building M. Miral Dizdaroglu (301) 975-3135

(301) 975-2581 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] A353 Chemistry Building DNA CHEMISTRY A353 Chemistry Building Working in several areas of DNA chemistry,

NIST scientists are actively manipulating BIOPROCESS DNA to produce proteins, developing meth- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC ENGINEERING ods for measuring DNA damage at the mo- RESONANCE MEASUREMENTS lecular level, and developing methods for NIST scientists are developing theories, characterizing DNA, including human Programs are under way in which NIST measurement methods, models, and data- identity profiling. scientists are using nuclear magnetic reso- nance (NMR) spectroscopy to study simple bases needed for the development and opti- NIST scientists are developing experimental peptides and proteins, aminoglycoside and mization of commercial bioprocesses. methods to measure DNA damage in mam- macrocyclic antibiotics, carbohydrates, They are developing technologies related to malian cells exposed to free radicals, gener- glycoproteins, and DNA. The studies are fa- the use of biological enzymes in the produc- ated by ionizing radiation, elevated oxygen cilitated by research materials isotopically tion of fine chemicals. One research pro- pressure, redox-cycling drugs, or carcino- labeled with carbon-13 or nitrogen-15, gram is aimed at the unique potential of the genic compounds. Free radicals produced which are prepared by synthetic or biosyn- hydroxylase class of enzymes. This research in-vivo are thought to be mutagenic and car- thetic methods. is focused on solving technical roadblocks cinogenic. Measurement of DNA damage at researchers are extensive use through the use of state-of-the-art measure- the molecular level in mammalian cells is a NIST making ments and advanced modeling methods to prerequisite to understanding the chemical of two-dimensional NMR methods, includ- characterize biocatalysts and molecular mechanisms of damage by free radicals. ing homonuclear and heteronuclear chemi- processes. Proof-of-principle experiments, Techniques used for measuring DNA dam- cal shift correlation and J-resolved involving electrode-driven redox chemistry age include gas chromatography, mass techniques, nuclear Overhauser measure- incorporating the cytochrome P450 enzyme spectrometry, high-performance liquid chro- ments in the rotating frame, and indirect de- system, are being studied as the basis of con- matography, and nuclear magnetic reso- tection. Measurements of chemical shifts trolling biosynthetic reactions. Success in nance spectroscopy. and coupling constants provide information on the structures, stereochemistry, and con- this area involves finding generic routes for NIST scientists are working on new methods formations of biomolecules. Determination meeting the energy requirements of these en- for DNA profiling, ranging from developing of nuclear Overhauser effects and relaxation zymes and on developing synthetic methods well-characterized DNA standards for restric- times allows the imposition of distance con- of carrying out cell functions such as elec- tion fragment length polymorphisms to per- straints for three-dimensional structure tron transfer between proteins. forming research for rapid determination of analysis and characterization of molecular DNA profiles by polymerase chain reaction dynamics, respectively. amplification and automated detection of CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Another emphasis is on the characterization biomimetic surfaces are essential compo- Macromolecules including bacteriorhodop- of new chromatographic processes for sepa- nents of biosensors, bioelectronics, biocata- sin, DNA, and enzymes are examined in vari- rating biomolecules from fermentation lytic systems, and many diagnostic devices. ous configurations as potential components broths. A NIST-developed electrochroma- Biomolecular materials thus influence of electrochemical, electronic, and optical tography method has been evaluated for the diverse applications such as health care, devices. This effort is closely coupled with separation of DNA and viral particles from environmental pollution monitoring, agri- the more fundamental studies within the proteins. culture, and chemical manufacturing. An group, with the intention of bringing the

underlying need for these applications of knowledge gained from basic science studies In the area of biothermodynamics. NIST re- biotechnology is the characterization and closer to potential applications such as envi- searchers have developed accurate and pre- control of biomolecules at interfaces. ronmental sensing or optical storage. Engi- cise microcalorimeters to measure the heat neering prototype devices allows released in enzyme-catalyzed biochemical Fundamental studies are being conducted to consideration of real world issues such as reactions of interest to biotechnology. When better understand the structure and function fabrication, and adaptation of instrumenta- coupled with equilibrium measurements, of natural and biomimetic materials that tion and methodology to field conditions. these measurements enable the reliable self assemble. Lipid membranes are one modeling of the thermodynamics of these such class of self-assembling materials. Contact: processes. These data are used to predict reli- They organize and control the structure of Anne Plant ably the efficiency of biochemical processes proteins that naturally reside within them, (301) 975-3124 outside the normal measurement ranges for many of which have commercially impor- email: [email protected] temperature, pH, and ionic strength. tant functions. Project staff members also A3 17 Chemistry Building

study models of cell membranes as tools for Light-scattering studies are being made on achieving better quantification of therapeu- biomacromolecular solutions to charac- tic agents, which are likely to act at the level CENTER FOR ADVANCED terize their transport and thermodynamic of the cell membrane via cell surface recep- RESEARCH IN properties. Models and experimental meth- tors or which have to pass through the cell ods, needed to obtain the necessary data, are BIOTECHNOLOGY membrane to be effective. being developed to characterize aqueous At the Center for Advanced Research in two-phase separation techniques. NIST sci- Interactions between biological molecules Biotechnology (CARB) in Rockville, Md., entists are using small-angle neutron scat- and between biological molecules and sur- jointly established by NIST, the University of tering to characterize chromatographic faces occur during sensor operation, diag- Maryland, and Montgomery County, Md., re- media in concentrated polymer solutions. nostic tests, cellular recognition events and searchers study protein structure and func- mobility, and in the formation of modified Contact: tion relationships. They are focusing on the surfaces as organized biomolecular mate- Vincent Vilker measurement of protein structure by X-ray rials. In some of these applications, it is de- (301) 975-5066 crystallography and nuclear magnetic reso- sirable to enhance strong molecular specific email: [email protected] nance spectroscopy (NMR) as well as the interactions while minimizing weaker non- A353 Chemistry Building manipulation of structure by molecular bio- specific interactions. In other cases, many logical techniques, including site-directed simultaneous weak interactions are needed mutagenesis. Scientists use protein model- to effect the appropriate dynamic response. BIOMOLECULAR ing, molecular dynamics, and computa- NIST develops both the experimental tools tional chemistry to understand protein MATERIALS such as chemically controlled surfaces and structure and to predict the effects of specific A current trend in materials development is techniques for monitoring reactions at sur- structural modifications on the properties of to employ biological molecules and/or prin- faces, and the theoretical tools to improve proteins and enzymes. A variety of physical ciples that are inspired by biology. Such understanding of dynamic biomolecular chemistry methods are used to measure and materials are sometimes referred to as processes and permit predictions and optimi- analyze structural changes, activities, and "biomimetic," indicating they have charac- zation of reactions of biomolecules. Methods thermodynamic behavior of proteins under teristics such as self-assembly, molecular for kinetic analysis, current noise analysis, investigation. CARB maintains state-of-the- recognition, specific chemical responses, and stochastic models of processes at sur- art facilities for protein crystallography, and complex molecular architecture which faces are under development in the bio- NMR spectroscopy, molecular biology, and lead to unique structural and/or functional molecular materials group. physical biochemistry. Its computer facili- characteristics. Chemically controlled ties include a variety of computational and CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

high-resolution graphics workstations as conditions. NIST also is designing new trans- stoichiometric conditions, and monitoring well as access to the NIST Cyber 205 fer standards to link the performance of cali- of a few major chemical species in the ex-

supercomputer. bration facilities having special conditions haust. In general, there is a dearth of data

and capabilities to appropriate national ref- on conditions within the reactor and, in par- Contact: erence standards. ticular, on the quality of the atomized liquid Roberto J. Poljak spray. It is precisely this region that requires (301) 738-6232 Because ofthe importance of critical flow a better knowledge base to enable optimiza- email: [email protected] measurements, transfer standards need to be tion of the chemical and thermal processes Gary L. Gilliland designed and used so that high levels of con- and minimization of particulate and gase- (301) 738-6262 fidence can be placed in the measurements ous emissions. NIST researchers are develop- email: [email protected] from critical flow meters. New transfer stand- ing the technology to measure and explore ards are evaluated rigorously against NIST 9600 Gudelsky Drive the feasibility of correlating the interrela- fluid flow calibration standards. As part of Rockville, Md. 20850 tionship between operating conditions, spray these evaluations, the appropriate range of flame characteristics, and formation of pol- calibrations will be done on the developed lutant emissions in combustion systems, standards so performance can be assured at with particular emphasis on the atomization PROCESS specified levels. Current fluid metering re- process. The benefits to be gained from this search programs use computational fluid MEASUREMENTS research are improved combustor perform- dynamics (CFD) with validation using laser Contact: ance and reduced emission levels. Doppler velocimetry (LDV) techniques to Gregory J. Rosasco focus on flows that are critical to U.S. indus- Experiments are being carried out in a spray (301) 975-2609 try. Currently, the two areas of metering re- combustion facility, with a movable vane email: [email protected] search are the assessment of acoustic swirl burner enclosed in a refractory cham- fax: (301) 869-5924 technology for making improved flow meas- ber. The facility has evolved to handle differ- B312 Physics Building urements and the description of flow meter ent process liquid fuels and wastes, atomizer

installation effects. CFD and LDV are applied designs, and combustor configurations. A va- FLOW MEASUREMENT in both of these areas. riety of intrusive probes, non-intrusive diag- nostics, and flow visualization techniques Contact: RESEARCH AND are being employed to obtain comprehensive George E. Mattingly STANDARDS data on spray combustion characteristics. (301) 975-5939 Current research involves measurement of The accelerating costs of scarce fluid re- email: [email protected] the input fuel stream (fuel composition), sources and valuable fluid products—par- 105 Fluid Mechanics Building spray flame (droplet size, velocity, number ticularly petrochemical fluids—are causing density, and temperature), and combustor increased concerns about the performance exhaust (particulate size and volume frac- of flow meters. Additionally, the role of flow CHEMICAL REACTIONS tion, and toxic gas concentrations). The meters in controlling and optimizing criti- AND EMISSIONS IN SPRAY measurements made are used to provide cal industrial processes is pushing perform- data for process optimization and control, ance limits and extending the required fluid FLAMES real-time in-situ sensor development, and flow conditions. To attain these goals, Control of combustion efficiency and ex- and input and validation of numerical improved flow traceability to NIST standards haust emissions from combustion systems simulations. is essential. used for power generation and treatment of

process liquid wastes is generally based on a Contact: Improved flow measurement traceability priori knowledge of the input stream global Cary Presser needs to be established and maintained so physical and chemical properties, desired (301) 975-2612 that realistic, quantified data are generated email: [email protected] on a continuing basis to assure practical B312 Physics Building fluid measurements at satisfactory perform-

ance. To achieve the desired flow measure-

ment traceability, NIST is conducting

several flow measurement proficiency test-

ing programs for a range of fluid and flow CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

and thermodynamic models will support

ENGINEERING process simulation and design efforts that CHEMISTRY OF MEASUREMENTS FOR are currently under way. MATERIALS PROCESSING HYDROTHERMAL Contact: This work focuses on both quantitative and PROCESSES Albert Lee qualitative measurements of the principal re- (301) 975-5190 acting species and the kinetics of the chemis-

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a email: [email protected] try relevant to thermal chemical vapor technology for safe and effi- promising new B3 12 Physics Building deposition (CVD) and plasma processing. destruction of hazardous materials. It cient NIST researchers conduct experiments using

is a totally contained process that takes either a high-temperature flow reactor or a

place in supercritical water, that is, at pres- VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS low-pressure plasma coupled to a modulated sures greater than 22 MPa and temperatures OF NANOPARTICLES molecular-beam mass-spectrometer sam- above °C. Under these conditions, many 374 pling system. The current focus has been on Nanostructured materials have demon- reactions proceed unusually rapidly, produc- the thermal and oxidation chemistry of pre- strated novel magnetic, optical, and me- ing benign end-products carried in the out- cursors used in the deposition Si02 films chanical properties. However, practical water Implementation of put stream. SCWO and the chemistry of fluorocarbons relevant application of these materials requires the systems is beginning, but development of to low-pressure plasma etching processes. development of economical synthesis and robust designs is hampered by an inade- Experiments are supported with a strong processing methods. NIST researchers have understanding of critical processes quate modeling effort involving extensive use of focused their efforts in two areas. The first is such as reaction chemistry, corrosion, heat modern computational chemistry methods development of gas phase synthesis methods transfer, salt deposition and phase sepa- and as well as detailed reactor models. for bulk production of nanoparticles (e.g., ration as well as a lack of fundamental superconductors, magnetic nanocomposites, Contact: thermodynamic and transport data. Further- metals). This work includes the use of gas- Michael R. Zachariah more, because of the harsh environment, in- phase combustion and thermal flow reac- (301) 975-2063 vestigations have been limited by a lack of tors, with heavy emphasis on the use of email: [email protected] robust, in-situ measurements. Thus, the ap-

in-situ optical diagnostics, such as planar Donald R. Burgess Jr. proach is to understand and model these laser-induced fluorescence and light scatter- (301) 975-2614 processes through development and applica- ing, for characterization. Current activities email: [email protected] tion of in-situ measurement techniques and are focusing on the growth of composite par- acquisition of vital process data. B312 Physics Building ticles with enhanced magnetic and struc-

The experimental work centers around reac- tural properties and the use of novel tors for studies of waste destruction and cor- chemistries to prevent agglomeration. Sec- DIAGNOSTICS IN rosion, as well as unique optical cells that ondly, researchers are studying the applica- of provide access for in-situ measurements tion of molecular dynamics and quantum THERMAL AND PLASMA

1 density, chemical spe- temperature, pressure, chemistry methods to describe particle nu- REACTORS discrimi- cies and concentrations, and phase cleation and growth. Available facilities in- This project is aimed at providing measure- nation. Current investigations target clude excimer, Nd:YAG and tunable dye laser ments suitable for development and testing ammonia and acetic acid destruction as systems, cw-ion lasers, and graphics worksta- of models that may be used as design tools time, functions of temperature, residence tions. Expected results from this work are a for development of next-generation process and oxidant; corrosion detection and control better understanding of the mechanisms of equipment used in the manufacture of mi- with in-situ Raman spectroscopy; Na2S04 particle nucleation and growth and strate- I croelectronic components. Research focuses precipitation and deposition; and near- gies to obtain desired end-products. on characterization of both thermal and critical, high-gradient heat-transfer for proc- Contact: plasma reactors. Measurements are being ess design. The modeling work is integrated Michael R. Zachariah made in the Gaseous Electronics Conference with the experiments and centers around (301) 975-2063 plasma reference cell using planar laser- thermodynamic predictions of phase email: [email protected] induced fluorescence to obtain two- boundaries and other properties for super- B3 12 Physics Building dimensional gas phase species concentra- critical systems where data are extremely tion maps and in-situ spectroscopic lacking. The experimental measurements ellipsometry for surface characterization. CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Electric probe and rf voltage and current calculations as a means to obtain high- waveform measurements provide electrical accuracy data at low computational cost. REACTING FLOW characterization of plasma parameters and Such methods have been used to predict SIMULATION reactor conditions. These electrical measure- the thermochemistry of more than 110 hy- Research focuses on the chemical process in- ments are used with other ion energy meas- drofluorocarbons and oxidized hydrofluoro- dustry's need to understand reacting sys- urements to characterize and model plasma carbons. These results when compared to tems. The primary focus is toward systems sheath dynamics that strongly affect ion be- available literature data showed excellent that involve complex chemistry in such envi- havior in these reactors. agreement. ronments as plasma and thermal processing

Thermal CVD chemistry is under investiga- Thermochemistry data on the Si-O-H and of microelectronics, combustion, and two- tion using a new optically accessible rotat- Si-P-H system also have been generated for phase flows. Researchers are simulating ing disk reactor. A major focus of this work application to the chemistry of microelec- high-temperature reacting flows to under- is the detection of the early stages of particle tronics processing. A user-friendly reaction stand the complex coupling between the formation, which is supported by a substan- rate theory program has been developed that fluid flow, heat release, multiple phases, and tial modeling effort. Available facilities in- will enable the estimation of rate constants. chemical reactions. Most recently, the pri- clude excimer, Nd:YAG, and tunable dye This program, which currently is being mary focus has been on simulation of con- laser systems, cw-ion lasers, mass tested, is applicable to any arbitrary reaction taminant particle nucleation and growth in spectrometers, and graphics workstations. manifold and should find wide application materials processing reactors in support of

The results of this work are expected to aid by those interested in large-scale chemistry ongoing experimental efforts. in the development of molecular-based mod- simulations. Molecular dynamic simula- Scientists are developing large, detailed els of industrial process reactors and on-line tions are being used to simulate the struc- chemical kinetic mechanisms relevant to diagnostics for process control, as well as ture, properties, and kinetics of cluster- combustion and plasma etching as well as broaden fundamental understanding of cluster growth kinetics relevant to nanoparti- materials processing chemistries. In addi- these processes. cle formation. These results are finding ap- tion, researchers are pursuing automated plication in the development of aerosol Contact: methods for mechanism generation, analy- models and in improving understanding of Michael R. Zachariah sis, and reduction, which rely heavily on nanoparticle growth. Calculations are con- (301) 975-2063 interactive graphics. These approaches in- ducted using the NIST supercomputer facil- email: [email protected] creasingly rely on the use of advanced meth- ity and are processed using high- B3 12 Physics Building ods for thermochemical and kinetic data performance graphic workstations. Mark A. Sobolewski estimation. Calculations are conducted us-

(301) 975-2980 Contact: ing the NIST supercomputer facility and are email: [email protected] Michael R. Zachariah processed using high-performance graphic

A303 Physics Building (301) 975-2063 workstations. email: [email protected] Contact: Donald R. Burgess, Jr. Ronald W. Davis APPLIED COMPUTATIONAL (301) 975-2614 (301) 975-2739 email: [email protected] CHEMISTRY email: [email protected]

Improvements in process design and con- B312 Physics Building Michael R. Zachariah trol, which can be realized from increas- (301) 975- 2063 ingly sophisticated process models, are not email: [email protected] occurring because of the lack of high- B312 Physics Building quality data. New computational chemistry methods offer the potential to revolutionize the manner in which fundamental thermo- chemical, physical, and kinetic data are ob- tained. Research focuses on the development and application of robust methods for data estimation. NIST scientists are investigating the application of empirical correction schemes to ab-initio molecular orbital CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

sensor structures. Development of signal tion and custom tuning of surface properties

SOLID-STATE CHEMICAL processing algorithms capable of species using a "mixed monolayer" approach. They SENSOR ARRAYS detection and quantification also is of great also are evaluating monolayers as model interest. platforms to study solid-phase biological NIST scientists are conducting research on processes and for the production of planar solid-state sensor array technology for real- Contact: structures for use in a broad array of surface time sensing of multiple species in multi- James R. Whetstone analytical techniques. In addition, re- component gas mixtures. These sensors are (301) 975-2738 searchers are investigating facile patterning based on NIST-designed and -patented mi- email: [email protected] of biological species with micrometer-scale cro hotplate arrays. These multilayer struc- A303 Physics Building control of dimensions using a photolithog- tures consist of a heater, a thermometer/ raphic process developed at NIST. heat distribution plate, and sensing film electrical contacts. Typical single element SELF-ASSEMBLED Contact: sizes range from 100 to 250 p.m. The sens- MONOLAYERS FOR James R. Whetstone 975-2738 ing film is typically a semiconducting oxide, BIOSENSING (301) such as SnO? or T\Oi, whose electrical con- email: [email protected] Future generations of biosensors for applica- ductance is changed by species adsorbed on Michael J. Tarlov

the film surface. Surface dispersed, catalytic tions such as DNA diagnostics and drug (301) 975-2058

metal additives alter response sensitivity and discovery will be required to perform multi- email: [email protected]

selectivity of the metal oxide sensing films analyte measurements rapidly, accurately, A303 Physics Building at lower cost. technologies are ex- of individual array elements. Additionally, and These pected to take the of surface-confined micro hotplates have low power require- form arrays of highly selective sensing elements. ments (tens of milliwatts), large operating HIGH-TEMPERATURE Although considerable effort is currently fo- temperature range (>800 °C), and heating cused on synthesizing peptide and DNA ar- THERMOCOUPLE time constants of 1 to 2 milliseconds. This capability supports a novel sensing ap- rays on surfaces, these design efforts are RESEARCH Rela- proach, temperature programmed sensing, based on highly empirical methods. Industrial high-temperature processes and tively little effort is directed toward under- which has excellent potential to discrimi- scientific research at high temperatures re- molecular-scale structure nate quantify individual species in standing the and and quire stable thermometers that cover wider multicomponent gas mixtures. These sensor mechanisms that control surface interac- temperature ranges with better accuracy in these systems. investigate these provide sensitivity, selectivity, ca- tions To structures than previously required. Problems with issues, NIST is using alkanethiol self- for monitoring, low cost, pability real-time thermocouples at high temperatures result assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed spon- and mechanical robustness. Device fabrica- primarily from unstable compositions gold substrates. These SAMs avail- taneously on tion takes advantage of commercially (impurities, defects, and chemical reac- are robust, ordered structures with highly providing to a able CMOS processing, a path tions), causing their electromotive force, tunable surface characteristics useful to readily technology. manufactured sensing and thus their temperature indication, to form fully functional protein and nucleic drift with use and rapidly become highly Scientists are now working to detect and acid monolayers on gold surfaces. This uncertain. A second problem in process quantify oxygenated species found in auto- model system supports development and ap- measurements is the unreliable measure- motive exhaust CO, CO2, and a range of — plication of characterization methods sensi- ment of surface temperatures resulting organic species. Research investigations in- tive to physical and chemical surface from the use of traditional contact and non- clude study of the mechanisms governing properties of both single and multiple layer contact (radiation) thermometers. Accurate, surface adsorption and desorption processes, structures. high-speed measurements of temperatures development of surface micromachining Researchers are determining both structural of surfaces are especially critical in semicon- techniques and methods for sensing film characteristics and demonstrating the occur- ductor wafer preparation by rapid thermal deposition, and use of temperature- rence of molecular recognition events such processing because accurate control of tem- programmed sensing techniques that take hybridization reactions of single stranded perature during short high-temperature ex- advantage of NIST's unique, micro hotplate as DNA pairs. Scientists are currently using pro- posures is critical to product quality and

teins and DNA with the thiol self-assembly device performance.

process for studies of reproducible prepara- CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

NIST is developing new wire and thin-film facilities are used to provide calibration sup- chemical composition and, therefore, com- thermocouples as reference thermometers port for industrial, academic, and govern- promise the measurement of contaminant for secondary calibration laboratories and ment entities and for research in the areas composition. This research seeks to develop as high-accuracy, high-stability, high- where these capabilities can be used to im- quantitative optical measurement tech- temperature thermometers for industrial prove the fundamental understanding of niques that have high species selectivity and use, including use in surface-temperature physical phenomena. sensitivity. This effort strives to produce a measurements. Scientists are investigating new generation of species-specific, partial These measurement capabilities enable re- noble metal thermocouples of exceptionally pressure measurement standards with a par- searchers to develop improved measurement high purity and generally resistant to oxida- ticular emphasis on low density measure- techniques and equipment and to investi- tion in high-temperature environments. ment of H2O, CO2, CO, O2, H2, and CH4. gate the performance of vacuum and pres- They also are investigating thin-film Optical measurement techniques of primary sure equipment, specifically piston gauges, thermocouples for accurate surface tempera- interest include photon-induced ionization mechanical pressure gauges, momentum ture measurements. These devices become a spectroscopies for partial pressures less than transfer gauges, ionization gauges, thermal part of the surface and thereby obviate the 10" Pa and absorption spectroscopy in the mass flowmeters, standard leaks, and resid- 10"6 uncertainties associated with conventional range of 1 kPa to Pa. Initial efforts are ual gas analyzers. In addition, NIST uses contact thermometers (uncertainty of the emphasizing the use of cavity-ring-down- this measurement capability to investigate correlation between measured temperature spectroscopy, an absorption technique for properties of materials and physical phe- and surface temperature) and with radia- the measurement of H2O, which should en- nomena of fundamental interest. Among tion thermometers (uncertainty with respect able quantitative determinations in the current projects are the development of an 6 to the time-dependent, effective emissivity of range ~ 1 kPa to ~ 10 Pa and resonant en- optical adsorption based standard for meas- the surface). hanced multiphoton ionization techniques uring low gas densities, development of a 4 8 with CO in the range of 10" Pa to 10" Pa. Contact: high-precision laminar flowmeter, model- In addition to providing non-intrusive meas- Billy W. Mangum ing of primary pressure standards to reduce urement techniques for measuring partial (301) 975-4808 their uncertainties, characterization of ther- pressure of contaminant gases, this research email: [email protected] mal mass flowmeters, and characterization may lead to a new generation of humidity B128 Physics Building and modeling of residual gas analyzers. measurement techniques and primary stand- NIST researchers also are developing ards for concentrations as low as 1 part per molecular drag gauges that operate in high billion. PRESSURE, VACUUM, vacuum conditions and precise isotopic ref- AND LOW-FLOW erence standards for pure gases. Contact:

J. Patrick Looney STANDARDS Contact: (301) 975-4806 Stuart A. Tison Many industries depend on accurate pres- email: [email protected] (301) 975-2857 sure, vacuum, and low-flow measurements A55 Metrology Building email: [email protected] for research and development and for proc- Joseph Hodges A55 Metrology Building ess and quality control. NIST develops and (301) 975-2605 maintains pressure and vacuum standards email: [email protected] 7 from 200 MPa to 10" Pa; flow standards are A303 Physics Building 3 14 QUANTITATIVE OPTICAL operated from 10" mol/s to 10" mol/s.

Facilities include five ultrahigh vacuum sys- MEASUREMENTS OF tems, two low-range flowmeters, a mid- PARTIAL PRESSURES AND range flowmeter, high-accuracy mercury MOISTURE manometers, oil and gas piston gauges, ap- paratuses for measuring gas densities using Low-level gaseous contaminants cause dele- optical techniques, and the necessary pres- terious effects in chemical and materials sure and vacuum control systems. These processing such as semiconductor manufac- turing systems. Many commercially avail-

able instruments are either not species

specific, are not sufficiently sensitive, or

utilize detection techniques that perturb the CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

color level is directly related to numerical

concentration. Initially developed for pic- ATMOSPHERIC AND SURFACE AND ture elements (pixels) in two lateral dimen- CHEMOMETRIC RESEARCH MICROANALYSIS sions, current efforts seek to extend Concern is mounting worldwide over envi- SCIENCE compositional mapping to three- ronmental contamination and wastes, at-

dimensional , Division Contact: volume elements (voxels) a mospheric pollution, and potential effects capability needed to meet the challenges Ranee A. Velapoldi on health and climate. It is imperative to posed by advanced technologies such as (301) 975-3917 determine with a high degree of accuracy giga-scale electronics and microelec- email: [email protected] the individual sources of pollutant species. tromechanical systems (MEMS). fax: (301)216-1134 State-of-the art research, pioneered at NIST, B364 Chemistry Building Instrument resources available in the NIST makes possible unique source identification

microanalysis research and analytical mi- by application of the most advanced micro- croscopy groups include scanning electron MICROBEAM ANALYSIS chemical and isotopic analytical techniques, microscopes (conventional, electron probe including accelerator mass spectrometry

The macroscopic properties and behavior of X-ray microanalysis, environmental, and and high-precision gas isotope ratio mass a wide variety of physical, biological, and field emission), high voltage transmission spectrometry. The data obtained provide technological phenomena are controlled by analytical electron microscopes (conven- city, state, and national governments with a chemical events that occur on the micro- tional and field emission, with X-ray and unique opportunity to develop and test con- scale. Microbeam analysis techniques based electron energy loss analytical spectrome- trol strategies to reduce emissions of the on beams of electrons, ions, and photons tries), an electron-optical/X-ray optical identified pollutant sources. can achieve lateral and depth resolution bench, and secondary ion mass spectrome- Complementing advanced isotopic-chemical ranging from the micrometer to the ters (ion microprobe, ion microscope, and characterization of atmospheric gases and nanometer scale, which is equivalent to a laser microprobe with magnetic sector or particles is basic research in chemometrics, sample mass of picograms down to zepto- time-of-flight mass spectrometers). Also which represents the synthesis of chemical grams. NIST performs research in many as- available are conventional and Fourier- knowledge and measurement with modern pects of the measurement science of transform Raman optical microprobes; statistical and computational methods. microbeam analysis. This project develops Fourier-transform infrared microscopy; Work in this area is directed toward improv- standards, data, and standard methods to X-ray diffraction, including capillary optic ing the quality of chemical measurements meet the critical need for chemical measure- X-ray microfocusing facilities from conven- generally through advanced design, meas- ments that can provide quantitative informa- tional X-ray tube and high brightness rotat- urement and data analysis quality assur- tion on small variations in composition. ing anode X-ray sources; and extensive ance, and graphical multivariate data The role of trace constituents distributed in facilities for computer-aided microscopy exploration. microstructures (often at levels of parts per and analysis, sample synthesis, and sample million to parts per billion) in controlling, preparation. Contact: for example, device properties is studied Lloyd A. Currie Contact: through techniques that can achieve trace (301) 975-3919 David S. Simons nanoanalysis, which combines trace frac- email: [email protected] (301) 975-3903 tional sensitivity with nanometer-scale B364 Chemistry Building email: [email protected] resolution. Measurement of the atoms A113 Chemistry Building (elements) present in a microstructure is Eric B. Steel complemented by techniques that determine SURFACE DYNAMICAL (301) 975-3902 the molecular (chemical) forms present, as email: [email protected] PROCESSES well as the arrangement of atoms and mole- A113 Chemistry Building Understanding the processes that occur at cules into crystallographic forms. surfaces and interfaces, such as the interac-

The need to visualize lateral compositional tions of adsorbates with substrates, is critical

distributions quantitatively has been the sub- for describing and controlling reactions at

ject of an extensive effort to develop compo- these locations. This understanding can

sitional mapping, in which the result is in lead to new procedures that are fundamen-

the form of an image where the gray or tal in tailoring surfaces to produce nano- CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

scale structures, decrease wear and corro- provide the accuracy required for these sion, or to develop new electronic devices, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL measurements. This will facilitate compo- catalysts, or layered materials with improved nent identification for custody transfer and properties. To address these important tech- PROPERTIES calorific value calculations. They also are nological areas, NIST scientists are studying Divison Contacts: measuring the diffusion of odorants the fundamental atomic and molecular Richard F. Kayser (strongly smelling sulfur compounds added processes of the interactions of laser and syn- (301) 975-2483 to aid in detection) in natural gas. These chrotron radiations and electrons with a email: [email protected] measurements are performed on a Taylor- broad spectrum of surfaces and the interac- fax: (301) 869-4020 Aris apparatus that was constructed for high- tions of adsorbed molecules with these sur- Alll Physics Building pressure fluids. This work will provide a faces to obtain information on electronic William M. Haynes fundamental understanding of odorant structure, rotational and vibrational energy (303) 497-3247 fading, a problem that often occurs during manifold populations, reactivity, and the email: [email protected] winter months. mechanisms of energy transfer. These tech- fax: (303) 497-5044 Contact: niques also are applied in experiments with Division 838.00

Thomas J. Bruno substrates of metals, semiconductors, oxides, Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 (303) 497-5158 and high-temperature superconductors as email: [email protected] well as with selected deposited films and Division 838.01 adsorbates. FUNDAMENTAL Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328

The investigations of these processes have PROPERTIES OF TRACE progressed from large spatial scales using COMPONENTS OF femtosecond laser spectroscopy and other FUNDAMENTAL AND NATURAL GAS surface interrogative techniques to spatial APPLIED PROPERTIES OF scales on the order of tens of nanometers Natural gas is a complex mixture that can consist of ADSORBENTS with the current development of infrared, between 300 and 400 organic and of are near-field optical spectroscopic techniques. inorganic components, many which The industrial consumption of adsorbents present at relatively low (trace) concentra- These experimental techniques are comple- for separation processes is in the range of a mented by the development of theories that tions. Most of these materials are naturally megaton per year. These adsorbents include pull together diverse ideas to provide com- occurring, while some are intentionally silicas, aluminas, carbons, and zeolites, and prehensive, focused explanations of the added during processing. The properties of their uses range from commodity chemical of trace processes, which, in turn, lead to new many these constituents are impor- separations to small-scale environmental ap- experimental designs and research. tant since they can strongly affect the over- plications. An understanding of the proper-

all behavior of the natural gas. NIST ties of these materials is vital to efficient Contact: researchers recently have completed meas- separation process design and operation. A Richard R. Cavanagh urements on the vapor pressure and the en- NIST research program is focused on the (301) 975-2368 thalpy of adsorption (on pipeline surfaces) measurement and modeling of fundamental email: [email protected] of a family of chlorinated trace constituents. parameters such as the enthalpy of adsorp- B248 Chemistry Building The vapor pressure studies were done on tion and adsorption isotherms (which are

three pieces of equipment that were specifi- measures of the attraction of a chemical on

cally constructed for measurements on in- an adsorbent) and the skeletal density (a

volatile compounds. The enthalpic measure of the ultimate capacity) of adsor-

measurements were carried out on a modi- bents. NIST has designed and constructed

fied gas chromatographic apparatus. apparatus for these measurements and has

applied them to clay and carbon adsorbents. Current work is concerned with stand- The techniques also allow the study of the ef- ardizing the extended analysis of natural fects of surface modifications of adsorbents gas through the use of measured chroma- that are produced by compounds such as sur- tographic retention indices. The researchers factants. These measurements are combined have constructed dedicated chroma- with surface observations obtained from tographic instrumentation specifically to CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY 93

neutron scattering and dynamic light scat- polarity, polarizability, and density of poten-

tering to elucidate the surface structure. tial solvents. These measurements are per- THERMOPHYSICAL This will permit design of novel special- formed spectroscopically. In addition to PROPERTIES OF GASES purpose adsorbents, since the researchers providing a predictive approach to solvent AND STANDARDS FROM will have a clear idea of what components behavior, this work provides insight into un-

or areas of an adsorbent structure are impor- derstanding the solution process itself. In ad- ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES

tant for the separation process. dition to the spectroscopic-based techniques Thermophysical properties of gases are re- mentioned earlier, a magnetic levitation Contact: quired to design heat transfer machinery solubility instrument is being developed to and chemical processes. NIST obtains very Thomas J. Bruno measure phase equilibria of mixtures not (303) 497-5158 accurate values for these properties (equa- amenable to spectroscopic measurement. email: [email protected] tion of state, heat capacity, thermal conduc-

Division 838.01 Contact: tivity, viscosity, and speed of sound) by exploiting high-Q acoustic resonators devel- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 Thomas J. Bruno at NIST. (303) 497-5158 oped and modeled email: [email protected] NIST routinely measures the speed of sound THERMOPHYSICAL Division 838.01 in gases with uncertainties of less than Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 PROPERTIES OF ±0.01 percent. NIST data were used to deter- SUPERCRITICAL FLUID mine the thermodynamic properties of more MIXTURES FUNDAMENTAL than 20 environmentally benign, candidate replacement refrigerants and of helium-

All facets of chemical process technology PROPERTIES FOR xenon mixtures used in thermoacoustic re- require an accurate knowledge (or reliable MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS frigerators. To extend these measurements predictive capability) of various thermo- to corrosive gases, and to gases at very high Membranes are used increasingly in separa- physical and chemical properties of pure temperatures, NIST developed acoustic wave tion processes, novel synthesis processes, chemicals and their mixtures. This is espe- guides to conduct sound from remote and as components of process sensors. To cially true of separations because of the transducers into and out of resonators add to the science and engineering base of great diversity of chemicals involved, with through corrosion-resistant metal dia- membrane technology, NIST is working on widely varying molecular sizes, shapes, and phragms. NIST also developed novel acous- methods of measuring and correlating polarity. In addition to this inherent com- tic resonators for measuring the viscosity chemical and morphological structure with plexity, industry is now exploring the appli- and thermal conductivity of gases with an gas and vapor transport-property relation- cation of alternative solvents for separation imprecision of 0.1 percent. ships in both phase-separated polymers and processes because many traditional solvents homopolymers. Ionomers, interpenetrating NIST is using acoustic measurements of the have environmental and health risks associ- polymer networks, and polymer blends are highest possible accuracy to measure the im- ated with their use. This project explores the examples of the former. The linchpin of this perfections in the internationally accepted

, modeling of processes using alternative sol- temperature scale (ITS-90) in the range effort is obtaining consistent and accurate 200 vents through multivariate statistical analy- measurements of solubility and permeability K to 700 K. For this work, the speed of sound sis incorporating a number of empirical and for a variety of gases and gas mixtures in in argon is measured with an imprecision of semi-empirical chemical and thermophysi- novel polymers that can be chemically or 0.0001 percent in a spherical resonator. The cal variables as input. morphologically altered in a systematic way. thermal expansion of the resonator is meas-

Work is in progress to extend significantly These data then can be used as starting ured using microwaves. To maintain the pu-

the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic chemical points for developing molecular-level predic- rity of the argon at 700 K, clean argon con-

parameters to the alternative solvents in the tion of transport properties. tinuously flows through the resonator with a

subcritical and supercritical phases. Both pressure that is controlled to 1 part in 10 . Contact: chemical and thermophysical variables are John Pellegrino Contact: incorporated into a multivariate statistical Michael R. Moldover (303) 497-3416 model to better predict solution processes of email: [email protected] (301) 975-2459 industrially relevant compounds in the alter- Division 838.01 email: [email protected] native solvents. This requires the experimen- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 A105 Physics Building tal determination of acidity, basicity, CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

THERMOPHYSICAL CHEMICAL CHEMICAL KINETICS

PROPERTIES OF GASES THERMODYNAMICS The chemical kinetics program at NIST pro- vides reliable measurement methods, chemi- USED IN The Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center cal kinetics data, and theoretical models. carries out expert evaluations of thermo- SEMICONDUCTOR Applications of this research include com- dynamic data on organic and inorganic bustion, plasma processing, new chemical PROCESSING compounds. In addition to the JANAF Tables, and energy-related technologies, environ- Mass flow controllers (MFCs) deliver process current interests include comprehensive mental chemistry, effects of ionizing radia- gases for plasma etching, chemical vapor evaluations of thermodynamic data related tion on materials, and analytical deposition, and other processes used to atmospheric chemistry, such as the de- applications of kinetics. Among the experi- throughout the semiconductor industry. The struction of the stratospheric ozone layer, mental projects under way are high-pressure operation of the most widely used kind of and of data for organic compounds impor- mass spectrometric studies of the kinetics MFC depends upon heat transfer through tant to the chemical and related industries. and thermochemistry of ion/molecule reac- the process gas; thus, the sensitivity of these The latter work has the long-range goal of tions and clustering processes and pulse ra- MFCs depends upon the thermophysical producing reliable estimation schemes for diolysis of aqueous solutions. Researchers properties of the process gas, and each gas predicting the properties of species for which also are studying free-radical kinetics using requires a different MFC calibration. How- measurements are not available or would be heated single-pulse shock tubes and flash- ever, many process gases are toxic, corro- difficult or impossible to perform. In plan- photolysis kinetic-absorption and resonance- sive, and/or pyrophoric, making it ning and executing its programs, NIST fluorescence techniques. impractical to calibrate directly all MFCs for maintains close contact with industrial or-

all 50 or so process gases. ganizations such as the Design Institute for At present, there is significant emphasis on

Physical Properties Data. developing and using cavity-ring-down laser An alternative to direct calibration is based absorption spectroscopy to study chemical upon flowing benign "surrogate" gases NIST researchers use precision oxygen- kinetics in the gas phase and at surfaces. (such as N2, CF4, SF6, C2F6) through the bomb and fluorine-bomb calorimeters to In addition, this group uses resonance- MFCs and scaling the MFCs' response to ac- determine data on enthalpies of combus- enhanced multiphoton ionization spectros- count for the differences between the ther- tion, from which enthalpies of formation copy to provide very sensitive and selective mophysical properties of the surrogate gas can be derived. The addition of a new low- schemes for the optical detection of free and those of the process gas. The relevant temperature heat capacity calorimetry facil- radicals and to acquire new, previously un- gas properties are density, heat capacity, ity now gives the NIST thermodynamics obtainable data about their electronic struc- thermal conductivity, and viscosity. These laboratories the capacity to carry out the full tures. An important focus of the kinetics should be known throughout the tempera- range of measurements necessary to deter- program is the production of databases of ture and pressure ranges in which MFCs mine chemical equilibrium constants for evaluated chemical data, including kinetic operate. NIST is exploiting its expertise in systems of interest. The focus is on the deter- data and spectral data for analytical chemis- acoustic technologies to measure the ther- mination of thermodynamic properties of try, as well as the design of databases and mophysical properties of the four process materials important to modern technologies relevant software. gases (CI2, HBr, BCI3, WF6) and the three such as chemical process modeling and

surrogate gases (CF4, SF6, C2F6) that were simulation and semiconductor processing, Contact:

identified by the semiconductor industry as as well as on the certification of calorimetric Robert E. Huie

having the highest priority. Standard Reference Materials. (301) 975-2559 email: [email protected] Contact: Contact: A26l Chemistry Building Michael R. Moldover Robert E. Huie W. Gary Mallard (301) 975-2459 (301) 975-2559 (301) 975-2564 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] email: [email protected] A105 Physics Building A26l Chemistry Building Alll Physics Building W. Gary Mallard

(301) 975-2564 email: [email protected]

Alll Physics Building CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

other applications. Recent evidence has transport properties of pure fluids and fluid

NIST/EPA/NIH MASS shown, however, that CFCs and, to a lesser mixtures. A primary goal of this program is SPECTRAL DATABASE extent, HCFCs, are breaking down the strato- to develop highly accurate predictive models spheric ozone layer that protects the Earth for the thermophysical properties of fluids One of the most widely used techniques from harmful levels of ultraviolet radiation. and fluid mixtures. This is accomplished for identifying organic compounds is gas These fluids also contribute to greenhouse through an integrated program of measure- chromatography/mass spectrometry. In this warming. Alternative chemicals must be ment, theory, and correlation. Apparatus are technique, complex mixtures of chemicals found to replace the existing fluids as available for state-of-the-art measurements are separated using gas chromatography, quickly as possible. To replace the CFCs of the thermodynamic and transport proper- and then each compound is "finger printed" and HCFCs, accurate knowledge of the ties of pure fluids and mixtures, including using the mass spectrometer. The resulting thermophysical properties of the substitutes pressure-volume-temperature relations, spectra are then analyzed and compared to is required. speed of sound, heat capacity, dielectric con- a library of known spectra. To be successful, stant, viscosity, phase equilibria, and ther- the library of known spectra must have only NIST provides these data to industry. Re- mal conductivity over wide ranges of high-quality, complete spectra, and the search includes extensive experimental temperature and pressure. Included in this algorithms used to compare the library and measurements on pure fluids and mixtures, work are measurements in the critical and unknown spectra must be robust and well including saturation and single-phase densi- extended critical region. In concert with the tested. ties, vapor pressure, heat capacity, thermal experimental work, NIST researchers con- conductivity, viscosity, sound speed, and sur- NIST programs develop and test algorithms duct theoretical studies to develop wide- face tension. The program includes a sub- for matching and predicting, evaluate spec- range predictive models and computer stantial effort in modeling fluid properties tra from other contributors, and fill in miss- codes. and in developing equations of state. NIST ing data with an ongoing experimental also leads efforts to arrive at international A wide variety of research, both experimen- effort. The goal is to develop a mass spectral standards for refrigerant properties. tal and theoretical, is directed toward the un- database containing every compound in derstanding of complex fluid behavior, the commerce. The result of these efforts is an Contact: microscopic structure of fluids, and the increasing acceptance of the NIST database William M. Haynes liquid-solid phase boundary. Included are and algorithms as the standard. In addition (303) 497-3247 studies of non-Newtonian fluids, colloidal to the experimental, evaluation, and algo- email: [email protected] suspensions, shear-induced chemical reac- rithmic development work, NIST promotes Division 838.00 tions, supercooled fluids and melting phe- the use of high-quality tools within the mass Mark 0. McLinden nomena, and macromolecules. A unique spectrometry instrument community. (303) 497-3580 shearing cell is available for neutron scatter- email: [email protected] Contact: ing studies at the NIST reactor. Division 838.07 Stephen E. Stein Molecular-level computer simulation has

< (301) 975-2505 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 proved an essential technique for utilizing email: [email protected] statistical mechanics-based models of con- Alll Physics Building densed matter. Molecular dynamics studies, W. Gary Mallard PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS involving both equilibrium and non- (301) 975-2564 AND FLUID MIXTURES equilibrium systems, have been conducted. email: [email protected] The thermophysical properties of fluids and Computer simulation studies are important Alll Physics Building fluid mixtures are essential for process de- in interpreting and understanding the re-

sign and control in the chemical, natural sults of experimental studies in fluids and in PROPERTIES OF gas, aerospace, environmental, and energy- developing predictive models of fluid proper- related industries. The research program in ties. Other theoretical studies include dy-

ALTERNATIVE fluid properties involves experimental and namic and static critical region models REFRIGERANTS theoretical research and computer simula- (emphasizing mixtures), extended corre- tion studies on the thermodynamic and sponding states, equations of state, kinetic Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro- theory of gases and dense fluids, theory of chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been the glassy state, properties of mixtures of used widely for the past 50 years as refriger-

ants, as foam-blowing agents, and in many CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

dissimilar compounds, phase transitions, of colloidal solutions are many orders of the solubility of solids in vapors and super- and structure-based modeling. magnitude slower than in molecular fluids. critical fluids, which is important for a vari-

Colloidal solutions thus provide NIST scien- ety of processes, including extraction using Contact: tists with experimentally accessible models CO2 and deposition of minerals in steam Daniel G. Friend for the study of complex fluid behavior. Non- power plants. Modeling efforts focus on us- (303) 497-5424 Newtonian fluid behavior is being studied us- ing the density of the solvent as the key vari- email: [email protected] ing the NIST Couette-flow shearing cell at able. Molecular computer simulation is used Division 838.08 the small-angle neutron scattering beam to test the validity of modeling approaches. Mark 0. McLinden lines of the NIST Cold Neutron Research (303) 497-3580 Contact: Facility. email: [email protected] Allan H. Harvey

Division 838.07 Contact: (303) 497-3555

Howard J.M. Hanley email: [email protected] Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 (303) 497-3320 Division 838.08 email: [email protected] Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 PROPERTIES OF GELS, Division 838.00 Brent D. Butler

MICELLES, AND CLAYS (303) 497-3952 FINITE-ELEMENT NIST researchers are using small-angle email: [email protected] MODELING OF COMPLEX neutron diffraction, static visible laser-light Division 838.07 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL scattering, dynamic time-correlation spec- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 troscopy, and computer simulation to study PROCESSES the structure and properties of systems con- This group's objective is to elucidate the taining particles with sizes in the range of DILUTE-SOLUTION physicochemical details of industrial meth- 10 to 1000 nm. In addition to the fundamen- THERMODYNAMICS odologies to provide a basis for improved tal information being obtained about com- processes, to provide quantitative informa- plex fluids, these suspensions are interesting chemical technology, particularly in Much tion for selection among processing alterna- in their own right. For example, sol/gel tech- the environmental area, involves solutions tives, and to uncover limiting factors in

nology is being used increasingly in the pro- where the concentration of the substance of current approaches such as uncertainties in

of ultrahigh-purity optical glasses. interest is near zero. The thermodynamics of duction available property data, or geometrically Using neutron diffraction and computer these dilute solutions presents special chal- caused flow instabilities. The group is using simulation, scientists are improving lenges and opportunities. One area of inter- NIST the finite-element technique to simulate

understanding of the formation dynamics est is the solubility of substances in liquid and analyze fluid flow with associated heat

structure precursor state of solvents. is the sol- and of the gel (a Water most important transfer, mass transfer, and chemistry. Two

matter intermediate to liquid and solid). Dy- vent, but dilute-solution thermodynamics areas of current modeling research are or-

namic light scattering studies, coupled with (usually in the form of Henry's law) is used ganometallic vapor-phase epitaxy and

experiments using neutron scattering, also in many different applications. fluid/solid-particle systems. are being used to better understand the inter- Recently, new theoretical understanding of Contact: action between surfactant micelles and clay the high-temperature behavior of Henry's Adele P. Peskin platelets. This will improve understanding constant has been exploited to produce an (303) 497-3466 of how organic pollutants interact with clay. improved model for correlating Henry's con- email: [email protected] Current activities include the study of colloi- stants over a wide temperature range and for Gary R. Hardin dal silica solutions, gelation of silica at high extrapolation of existing data to higher tem- (303) 497-5168 volume fraction, cationic surfactant toward using peratures. This project works email: [email protected] micelles, and adsorption of large organic structural and other data to predict Henry's molecules on suspended and dispersed clay Division 838.08 constants of organic compounds in water at platelets. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 conditions characteristic of air stripping and

Much of this research is directed toward un- steam stripping operations. Dilute-solution

derstanding complex fluids. The charac- thermodynamics also can be used to analyze

teristic time scales governing the dynamics —

CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

NIST researchers have done substantial re- ionization mass spectrometers—have di- ADVANCED search on many types of cryocoolers to im- verse capabilities. Research programs are LOW-TEMPERATURE prove their technologies so they may be possible in elemental, isotopic, and specia- useful for various applications. In the area tion measurement. Stable and radioisotopes

REFRIGERATION of Joule-Thomson refrigerators, NIST scien- can be applied to study environmental and

Many new and developing technologies rely tists have performed adsorption isotherm health problems, materials, and processes.

on the use of cryogenic temperatures. Some measurements for many different gases on Research can be directed to innovative devel-

of these technologies include the cooling of various carbons. This extensive database is opment of instrumentation and methods,

infrared sensors for night vision, atmos- used by government and private laboratories the characterization and interpretation of

pheric studies, and process monitoring; in the design of adsorption compressors for unique samples, or the determination of

semiconducting and superconducting elec- cryocoolers. natural, absolute isotopic abundances. Re-

tronics for increased speed and reduced searchers are studying chemical separation Contact: noise; cryopumps for the production of schemes to eliminate ionization and iso- Ray Radebaugh clean vacuums in semiconductor process- baric interferences and to increase the speed (303) 497-3710 ing; magnetic-resonance imaging supercon- and reliability of sample introduction. They email: [email protected] ducting magnets; some medical catheters; are also investigating various schemes for Division 838.09 and the liquefaction of natural gas for a quantitative analysis using ICP-MS for non- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 clean-burning transportation fuel. Special- IDMS applications.

ized refrigerators known as cryocoolers are Contact: required to reach cryogenic temperatures. John D. Fassett Significant research and development of ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (301) 975-4109 cryocoolers has occurred in the last Division Contact: email: [email protected] 15 years to meet the reliability, cost, and Willie E. May Gregory C. Turk efficiency requirements of many different (301) 975-3108 (301) 975-4118 applications. email: [email protected] email: [email protected] fax: (301) 926-8671 NIST has been a world leader in this ad- B158 Chemistry Building B154 Chemistry Building vanced refrigeration field and has led the de-

velopment of a new type of cryocooler,

known as the orifice pulse tube refrigerator ANALYTICAL MASS FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES (OPTR), that is being considered for all of OF ATOMIC the applications discussed above. In its nor- SPECTROMETRY FOR ' mal configuration, it has only one moving INORGANICS AND SPECTROSCOPY part at room temperature and can reach IS0T0PIC The continued development and improve- temperatures below 40 K in a single stage. ELEMENTAL ment of analytical atomic spectrometry re- Using thermoacoustic drivers in place of me- i METROLOGY quires understanding of fundamental

1 chanical compressors, NIST and Los Alamos NIST researchers are improving and apply- processes that occur in flames and plasmas. National Laboratory scientists developed an ing high-accuracy and precision isotope ra- Researchers are investigating sampling, ex- OPTR that became the first cryogenic refrig- tio measurements for isotope dilution mass citation, emission, and absorption phenom- erator with no moving parts. A patent, a spectrometry (IDMS), as well as identifying ena in all types of flames, glow discharges, Strategic Defense Initiative Office innovative and tracking species with unique isotopic and other plasma sources useful in chemi- technology award, and an R&D 100 award signatures. Available instruments cal analysis. Advanced approaches used in have been received for this device, called a j inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS), these studies include laser probes and mass TADOPTR. NIST has been collaborating thermal ionization, and laser resonance spectrometry for enhanced ionization and with dozens of companies and other govern- resonance ionization studies, as well as ment laboratories to transfer this and other ultrahigh resolution spectroscopic investiga- new cryocooler technologies into specific ap- tions using one of the few ultraviolet Fourier plication areas. NIST computer models on transform spectrometer systems in the regenerator performance are used exten-

sively in the field to aid in the optimization

of regenerative cryocoolers. CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

world. Research opportunities include spec- by both rapid scanning and array detector Research in understanding and applying ion tral characterization such as hyperfine struc- spectrometers are analyzed using personal trap technology to quantitative GC/MS/MS is ture and isotopic shifts, application of computers and NIST central computing also encouraged as is research into under- advanced computational methodologies, facilities. standing and applying collision-induced and energy transfer mechanism studies. and surface- induced dissociation to analyti- Contact: cal problems. Contact: Marc L. Salit

Gregory C. Turk (301) 975-3646 Contact:

(301) 975-4118 email: [email protected] Michael J. Welch email: [email protected] Gregory C. Turk (301) 975-3100

B154 Chemistry Building (301) 975-4118 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Edward White V

(301) 975-3101 B154 Chemistry Building APPLICATION OF email: [email protected]

AUTOMATION AND B208 Chemistry Building CHEMOMETRICS TO ANALYTICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR IMPROVE THE ACCURACY CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ORGANICS AND OF SPECTROCHEMICAL ELECTROMIGRATION BIOMOLECULES ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Researchers are developing advanced tech- Instrumental methods of analysis require Solute retention in chromatography and niques in mass spectrometry and applying the control of a complex list of parameters electromigration systems is the result of a them to the detection, identification, and ac- to ensure accuracy. Furthermore, such meth- complex assortment of molecular interac- curate quantitation of trace levels of organic ods of chemical analysis produce large tions between the solute, the stationary compounds. Available instrumentation in- quantities of multidimensional data that phase, and the mobile phase. The diversity cludes a triple quadrupole mass spectrome- challenge the analyst's ability to interpret of these interactions can be utilized to opti- ter with electrospray, thermospray, cesium the results. Using both advanced approaches mize separations by varying separation pa- ion bombardment, positive- and negative- in automation to control experimental pa- rameters such as stationary phase and/or ion chemical ionization, and electron ioni- rameters and mathematical tools to opti- mobile phase composition and column zation; an ion trap mass spectrometer mize, sort, and summarize complex data n temperature. An understanding of these capable of MS experiments and a variety of sets, NIST researchers are designing studies fundamental retention and selectivity inlets; and a magnetic mass spectrometer to improve the accuracy of all forms of mechanisms facilitates the optimization of with capabilities for high resolution, fast atomic spectrometry. Research is directed to- separations in gas chromatography (GC), atom bombardment, and linked scanning. ward developing optimized and automated liquid chromatography (LC), supercritical sample treatments and separation chemis- The group encourages research that is re- fluid chromatography and extraction (SFC tries using microwave-digestion and flow- lated to electrospray and other techniques and SFE), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). injection technologies. Automated suitable for coupling liquid chromatography Recent research interests have focused on approaches for instrument control, drift, or capillary electrophoresis to mass spec- and interference corrections also are the synthesis and characterization of bonded trometry, particularly if the work may lead employed. Multidimensional data generated stationary phases in LC and GC (e.g., to developing techniques for the quantita- monomeric/polymeric Cis phases and tion of polar and non-volatile analytes, in charge transfer phases in LC and liquid complex matrices. Of particular interest are crystalline phases in GC), which offer biomolecules that are markers for health unique capabilities for the separation of iso- status. meric compounds or compound classes. Re-

searchers are investigating solute-stationary

phase interactions using chromatographic CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

and spectroscopic techniques and chiral in- mass spectrometry, laser-excited fluores- Another project seeks to develop off-line and teractions in LC, GC, SFC, and CE. In addi- cence, thermal-lens absorbance, chemical on-line multidimensional separation proce- tion, N1ST scientists are studying molecular reaction, and chemiluminescence ap- dures (e.g., LC-GC, LC-LC, SFE-GC, and modeling of solutes and stationary phases to proaches. They also are developing super- LC-CE) to measure individual species in investigate retention mechanisms and to cor- critical fluid extraction systems for probing complex mixtures. NIST researchers are de- relate molecular descriptors with retention the interactions of analytes and matrices veloping and using simultaneous multiple and are investigating solute-matrix interac- and for on-line coupled extraction and chro- and/or selective chromatographic and elec- tions in SFE. matography systems and chromatographic trophoretic detection systems (e.g., mass

and electrophoretic approaches for the meas- spectrometric, electron capture, atomic emis- Contact: urement of physico-chemical properties sion, flame photometric, infrared, UV-visible Lane C. Sander such as octanol/water partition coefficients, diode array, fluorescence, electrochemical, (301) 975-3117 aqueous solubilities, and vapor pressures. and chemical reaction detectors) to enhance email: [email protected] Another effort involves designing micro- measurement selectivity and/or sensitivity. Stephen A. Wise fluidic systems for capillary flow injection Recent activities have emphasized applica- (301) 975-3112 analysis, electrophoresis, and electrochroma- tions in environmental, clinical, and foren- email: [email protected] tography. Research will emphasize applica- sic areas, including the determination of

B208 Chemistry Building tions to environmental, clinical, nutritional, environmental contaminants such as poly-

and forensic disciplines. chlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons, pesticides, and organometal- Contact: NOVEL ANALYTICAL lic species in natural matrices such as sedi- Stephen A. Wise ment tissue, and air particulate material; SEPARATION SCIENCE (301) 975-3112 nutrients such as vitamins and carotenoids email: [email protected] METHODOLOGY in food and serum; drugs of abuse in urine Lane C. Sander Researchers are developing new, innovative and hair; and biomolecules such as pro- (301) 975-3117 approaches to separate and detect trace-level teins, peptides, and DNA fragments. Re- email: [email protected] organic species in complex natural search opportunities exist within the matrices. One priority is the design, synthe- B208 Chemistry Building division for the application of these separa- sis, and characterization of bonded station- tion techniques to trace inorganic analysis ary phases for liquid chromatography, gas problems. chromatography, and supercritical fluid SEPARATION SCIENCE Contact: chromatography. They also are developing TECHNIQUES FOR TRACE Stephen A. Wise novel separation media/modes for electromi- ORGANIC ANALYSIS (301) 975-3112 gration separation techniques, e.g., capillary email: [email protected] electrophoresis (CE), capillary gel electro- Researchers are developing and applying Michele M. Schantz phoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary separation techniques such as gas chroma- (301) 975-3106 chromatography, and capillary electrochro- tography, liquid chromatography, supercriti- email: [email protected] matography. In another effort, they are cal fluid chromatography, and capillary developing on-line multidimensional sepa- electrophoresis for trace-level determination B208 Chemistry Building ration techniques based on orthogonal of organic and organometallic compounds.

extraction sys- methodologies ( LC-GC, LC-CE, LC-LC, GC- Researchers are developing

GC, etc.) and fast separation technology in tems for selective removal of analytes from HIGH-ACCURACY GC, LC, SFC, and CE. They also seek applica- natural matrices, e.g., supercritical fluid COULOMETRY tion of existing separation modes in novel extraction (SFE) and microwave-assisted The coulometry program entails a broad combinations (e.g., chiral separations in extraction. They also are developing chro- spectrum of research interests and activities, SFC and CE), design of new separation sys- matographic and electrophoretic ap- including improving the precision and accu- tems based on micellar and liposomal proaches for sample preparation/clean-up racy of coulometric methods, determining phases, antibody/antigen associations, and and analyte preconcentration prior to analy- chemical stoichiometry, redetermining size-selective networks. Research is under sis byLC, GC, SFC, or CE. physical constants (atomic weights, Faraday way on sensitive and/or selective detection constant), and developing new methods and systems for microcolumn separations, e.g., 00 CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

instrumentation including micro- highly sensitive spectroscopic techniques to

coulometry. The application of absolute TRACE-GAS ANALYSIS detect and quantify the components of vari-

coulometric methods to the standardization gas mixtures. In particular, sensitive Researchers are using Fourier transform in- ous to the of primary chemical standards and frared spectroscopy (FTIR), tunable diode analytical detection techniques for mole-

calibration of other analytical techniques is cules consisting of five or laser adsorption spectroscopy, gas chroma- more atoms are de-

also Instrumentation is sirable. include a prime concern. tography, electrochemical analysis, and Current approaches Fourier available for constant-current and con- transform infrared spectroscopy, tunable di- other specialized analysis techniques to de- trolled potential coulometric measurements. ode laser absorption spectroscopy, and po- velop primary standard gas mixtures and to larization spectroscopy using a solid-state air, environment, Contact: measure trace gases in the laser system. stack emissions, and process streams. Kenneth W. Pratt One

goal is to analyze complex mixtures of gases (301) 975-4131 Contact: emitted from process streams in real-time email: [email protected] Pamela Chu

using spectroscopic techniques. Another is to B324 Chemistry Building (301) 975-2988 develop an quantitative database of FTIR email: [email protected] spectra of volatile organic compounds for Franklin R. Guenther use in remote monitoring. Researchers also INORGANIC (301) 975-3939 are seeking to measure extremely low-level ELECTROANALYTICAL email: [email protected] contaminant gases in ultrapure materials, B324 Chemistry Building CHEMISTRY to develop standards, and to analyze trace

Research interests encompass all areas of gases that are important in ambient atmos- inorganic electroanalytical chemistry, with pheric measurements. Additionally, re- STANDARDS AND specific interests in aqueous and non- searchers are pursuing analysis of

aqueous electrolytic conductimetry environmentally important trace gases in PROCESS ANALYTICAL (theory and metrology) including measure- air and from point sources and the develop- APPLICATIONS FOR ment of very low concentration volatile or- ments of acid dissociation constants, funda- SPECTROSCOPY mental studies of pH including modeling of ganic standards.

the junction potential, ion selective elec- Spectrophotometers are important tools for Contact: control, trodes, high-precision coulometric research, quality assurance, process and regu- Franklin R. Guenther and the development of electrochemical de- latory compliance measurements. To ensure (301) 975-3939 tection systems. The development of novel that these devices are performing properly, email: [email protected] electrochemical instrumentation and the ap- NIST manufactures and certifies Standard B156 Chemistry Building plication of electroanalytical techniques to Reference Material optical filters. Currently,

matters of national importance are given NIST provides materials and filters to meas- ure wavelength accuracy, assess photometric special attention. Instrumentation is avail- OPTICAL TECHNIQUES accuracy, and determine the amount of able for precise conductivity, pH, emf, cou- FOR TRACE-GAS lometric, potentiometric, and voltammetric stray light in ultraviolet and visible spectro- measurements. ANALYSIS photometers. NIST is conducting research to extend our offerings to the near-infrared re- This project involves development of optical Contact: gion where Fourier transform near-infrared techniques for trace gas analysis with appli- Kenneth W. Pratt cations in areas such as environmental and (301) 975-4131 industrial process monitoring. Recent im- email: [email protected] provements in laser devices and data acquisi- Paula A. Berezansky tion systems offer opportunities to extend (301) 975-4133 email: [email protected]

B324 Chemistry Building CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

spectroscopy (FT-NIR) and Fourier trans- need to allow remote control, provide auto- form Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy mated access to sample and material ports, ANALYTICAL have become viable, routine techniques, and exhibit system -centric behavior. INFOMETRICS especially for process monitoring. NIST is Contact: To ensure that chemical information neces- investigating the use of FT-NIR in combina- Gary W. Kramer sary for decision making can be provided in tion with FT-Raman to identify and quantify (301) 975-4132 an efficient and timely manner, NIST is in- mixtures in sealed containers. An example is email: [email protected] vestigating all aspects of the measurement the quantitation of mixed oxygenates in A213 Chemistry Building process, including experimental design; sealed ampoules of reformulated gasoline. A data validation, storage, and retrieval; future goal is the design and evaluation of a chemometrics, multivariate statistics, and combined NIR/Raman instrument for real- AUTOMATED SAMPLE applied mathematics; data rectification and time identification and quantitation of mix- meta-analysis; quality control, assurance, tures in a process stream. PREPARATION AND SENSING and improvement; and instrument control Contact: and communications. Examples include

John C. Travis Scientists often must prepare samples before multivariate infrared and Raman spectros- analysis extraction, digestion, (301) 975-4117 by or other copy for characterization of organic mix- email: [email protected] isolation and purification techniques. NIST tures using multivariate statistical models.

Steven Choquette researchers are developing new chemistries, These models incorporate both Raman and miniaturization (301) 975-3096 approaches like micro- near-infrared data to enhance the stability fluidics, and automation for techniques email: [email protected] and transferability of these calibration sets, such as supercritical fluid extraction, solid- graphical methods for analysis and presenta- A2 13 Chemistry Building extraction, flow injection. phase and These tion of interlaboratory comparison studies, are automated sample preparation methods development of standards for laboratory being coupled with new and existing LABORATORY automation, and improved methods for microseparation/detection schemes such as AUTOMATION evaluating and utilizing analytical measure- capillary electrophoresis, immunoassay- ment uncertainties. TECHNOLOGY AND based techniques, and biosensors for real- Contact: time monitoring of chemical and STANDARDS David L. Duewer biochemical reactions in flow- and batch- (301) 975-3935 The thrust of this program is to develop, processes. NIST's sensors focus is on the de- email: [email protected] evaluate, and demonstrate new concepts velopment of inexpensive, yet sensitive A213 Chemistry Building that eventually can lead to the successful, devices. Research involves the use of planar routine application of laboratory auto- and fiber optic sensors with immobilized mation. The full potential of automated antibodies for attenuation, fluorescent, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS chemical analysis systems has not been chemiluminescent, opto-electrochemical, achieved because the process of intercon- and interferometric assays. In addition, WITH NEUTRON BEAMS necting analytical and clinical chemistry the of NIST is investigating combination The use of prompt radiations from nuclear laboratory devices remains resource- micro-flow injection analysis and capillary reactions is well established as a tool for ele- intensive and difficult. A general lack of in- electrophoresis with optical waveguide detec- mental analysis and compositional map- terfacing standards, a dearth of instruments for laboratory-on-a-chip applications. tion ping. Two techniques are used at NIST: designed from a systems-use perspective, neutron-capture prompt-gamma-ray activa- Contact: and an over-reliance on the anthropomor- tion analysis (PGAA) and neutron depth pro- William A. MacCrehan phic model further exacerbate the situation. filing (NDP). Each employs both thermal- (301) 975-3122 To facilitate the automation of the analyti- and cold-neutron beams from the NIST email: [email protected] cal laboratory, standard methods for instru- Research Reactor. is used to determine Gary Kramer PGAA ment-to-controller communication, device a suite of elements that are inaccessible by (301) 975-4132 control, data and material transfer, and email: [email protected] error and exception handling are needed to provide instruments with realistic "plug-'n- A2 13 Chemistry Building play" interfaces. New instrument designs 102 CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

conventional neutron activation analysis, various forms of NAA are ultimately limited Different methods can be used to focus cold

such as hydrogen, boron, carbon, and nitro- by the precision of counting statistics that in neutrons; the emphasis is on those based on

gen, as well as those with large capture cross favorable cases may be a few tenths of a per- the principle of total external reflection of

sections, such as cadmium, gadolinium, cent. However, to achieve this level of accu- neutrons at small grazing angles. These in-

and mercury. NDP measures the depth distri- racy, all other sources of error must be clude polycapillary glass fibers, metal capil-

bution of nuclides that emit charged parti- reduced to comparable levels. Experimental laries, nickel-coated conic sections of

cles on slow-neutron capture. Researchers and computational studies address such mat- revolution, nickel-coated curved micro-

are developing methods with improved speci- ters as new and improved chemical separa- guides, and curved channel plates. However,

ficity, accuracy, sensitivity, and spatial reso- tion procedures, neutron and gamma-ray in all cases focusing is achieved at the ex-

lution through detailed studies of the interactions with analytical samples and de- pense of increased angular divergence.

interaction of neutrons and their products tectors, high-accuracy neutron flux monitor- Therefore, it is more useful for measure-

with samples and detectors. ing, high and varying count-rate gamma- ment techniques that are dependent only on

ray spectrometry, peak integration routines, the neutron capture reaction rate and not Contact: and gamma-ray and fast-neutron interfer- on collimation. Such a system would have Richard M. Lindstrom ences. A variety of nuclear spectrometry an impact on the detection limits for absorp- (301) 975-6281 equipment, laboratory facilities, personal tion techniques such as prompt gamma acti- email: [email protected] and minicomputer facilities, and the irradia- vation analysis and neutron depth profiling. B108 Reactor Building tion facilities of the NIST Research Reactor Robert R. Greenberg Contact: are available for this work. (301) 975-6285 David F.R. Mildner

email: [email protected] Contact: (301) 975-6366

B125 Reactor Building Robert R. Greenberg email: [email protected]

(301) 975-6285 Heather Chen-Mayer

email: [email protected] (301) 975-3782 NEUTRON ACTIVATION B125 Reactor Building email: [email protected]

ANALYSIS B125 Reactor Building Neutron activation analysis (NAA) provides FOCUSING OF COLO the sensitivity, selectivity, and capability for

multielemental determinations that are NEUTRONS FOR often required in studies involving the role ANALYTICAL of trace elements in biological, environ- MEASUREMENTS mental, and materials analysis studies. Due The availability of long wavelength neu- to their unique capabilities, the various NAA trons and recent advances in neutron optics techniques frequently play an important provide an opportunity to design analytical role in the certification of elemental concen- probes for use in materials research. The trations in NIST Standard Reference Mate- purpose is to measure the concentration of rials. The accuracy and precision of the the elements in a fine (sub-millimeter) two-

dimensional array across the surface of a

material. The detection limit of neutron

absorption experiments will be improved by

using optical elements to focus long wave-

length neutrons onto small sample areas. CHEMICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

• Air: maximum flowrate of 85 cubic me- RESEARCH ters per minute in pipes up to 100 mm in LIQUID-NITROGEN FLOW FACILITIES diameter with temperature near ambient MEASUREMENTS and pressure up to 35 atmospheres. The liquid-nitrogen flow measurement facil- • Gas flows having variable composition ity serves as the national calibration facility and FLUID FLOW temperature: the component gases of for cryogenic flow measurement devices. auto exhaust with MEASUREMENT AND flows totaling 2.8 cubic The facility incorporates a dynamic gravi- meters per minute in 50 mm pipes and tem- metric method to measure liquid nitrogen.

RESEARCH FACILITIES peratures to 400 °C. Well instrumented for monitoring tempera-

The NIST flow measurement facilities are ture, pressure, and time, the facility also is APPLICATION used to establish, maintain, and capable of determining volumetric flow disseminate These facilities are used to establish and flowrate measurements, standards, data rates. The facility is located completely in- and maintain the national standards for fluid for the wide range of conditions needed by doors and is not subject to environmental flowrate measurement systems to achieve U.S. industry and government agencies. In- changes. orderliness in the marketplace, to produce dustry requests include flowmeter calibra- satisfactory measurements for optimizing CAPABILITIES tions, special tests, round-robin testing productivity in continuous industrial proc- The facility has a flowrate range of approxi- programs to establish realistic traceability esses, to and monitor environmental qual- mately 1 to 10 kg/s. The pressure can vary chains in the form of flow measurement as- ity. These facilities also are used to generate from 0.4 to 0.76 MPa at temperatures be- surance programs, data-generation pro- critical databases needed to initiate or up- tween 80 and 90 K. In this closed-loop flow grams for industrial groups and trade date the national standards on generic fluid- facility, NIST researchers can establish and associations, and use of testbeds for carrying metering topics. These standards are used maintain stable flow conditions for extended out industrial research programs focused on for accurate custody transfer of fluid re- test periods. For volumetric flow measure- flow measurement topics. sources or products in the domestic and in- ments, the density is determined by making ternational marketplace or for studying The metering research facilities combine pri- pressure and temperature measurements critical industrial processes. Potential users mary calibration techniques with the capa- and calculating density from an equation of are industries involved in the custody trans- bility to conduct detailed surveys of fluid state. fer of fluid resources and products, the flows that affect flowmeter performance. APPLICATIONS chemical and petrochemical industries, the These capabilities include computational The nitrogen flow facility is used primarily power and energy-generation industries, the fluid dynamics as well as laser Doppler velo- as a calibration facility for cryogenic flow- auto industries, and government agencies cimetry techniques used mainly in water meters; however, it also can be used for de- such as NASA, DoD, and EPA. flow facilities. CFD techniques include com- velopmental testing and evaluation. NIST mercially available codes as well as special- AVAILABILITY staff are able to vary the system parameters ized codes tailored to specific conditions. The facilities are available upon request to and evaluate flowmeter sensitivity to vari-

U.S. industry, other government agencies, ables other than flowrate. Because they can CAPABILITIES and academia for collaborative research Fluid flow facilities enable a range of fluid accurately measure fluid properties as well projects, including proprietary research, and as flowrate, the facility also used and flow conditions in a wide range of pipe can be to calibrations of flowmeters or other pipeline evaluate sizes: pressure and temperature sensors elements. associated with the flowmeters. • Water: maximum flowrate of 40,000 Contact: liters/min up to 0.5 m diameter with tem- AVAILABILITY George E. Mattingly Collaborative or independent programs for perature near ambient and pressure up to (301) 975-5939 this test facility can be arranged. The facility 10 atmospheres. email: [email protected] must be operated by NIST staff. • Hydrocarbon liquids having densities of 105 Fluid Mechanics Building Contact: 0.6 - 0.8 gms/cc and kinematic viscosities of Jennifer L. Scott 1-30 centistokes: maximum flowrate of 1600 (303) 497-3684 liters/min in tubes and pipes up to 50 mm email: [email protected] in diameter with temperature near ambient Division 838.07 and pressure up to 10 atmospheres. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ICS LABORATORY

The NIST Physics Laboratory supports COOPERATIVE RESEARCH 112 Optical Scattering Measurements

U.S. industry by providing measurement OPPORTUNITIES 113 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy services research for electronic, opti- and 113 Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy Office of Electronic Commerce in Scien- cal, and radiation technology. It pursues tific and Engineering Data 113 Elementary Chemical Reaction Dynamics directed research in the physical sciences; 105 Electronic Commerce in Scientific and develops new physical standards, measure- Ionizing Radiation Engineering Data ment methods, and data; conducts an 114 Radiation Processing 105 Dissemination of Databases over aggressive dissemination program; and Computer Networks 114 Measurement Quality Assurance collaborates with industry to commercial- 114 Neutron Physics Constants ize inventions and discoveries. The labora- Fundamental Data Center 115 Neutron Dosimetry tory's programs range from tests of 105 Evaluation of Fundamental Constants, Measurement Uncertainties, SI Time and Frequency fundamental postulates of physics to the and more immediate needs of industry and 115 Ion Storage Research Electron and Optical Physics commerce. 115 Atomic Beam Frequency Standards 106 Photodiode Detectors for Radiometry 116 Noise in Electronic and Optical Systems Much of the laboratory's research is de- 106 EUV Optics Characterization 116 Statistical Analysis of Time-Series Data voted to overcoming the barriers to the 106 Tunneling Microscopy next technological revolution, in which 116 Time and Frequency Signal Distribution 107 Magnetic Microstructure individual atoms and molecules will serve 116 Time Transfer and Network 107 Nanofabrication with Atom Optics as the fundamental building blocks of Synchronization 107 Condensed Matter Theory electronic and optical devices. To develop 116 Far-Infrared Spectroscopy 107 Data for Electronic Structure Calculations the necessary measurement capabilities 117 High-Performance Diode Lasers for these new products, laboratory scien- Atomic Physics Quantum Physics tists use highly specialized equipment to 108 Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiometry 117 study and manipulate individual atoms Bose-Einstein Condensation 108 Characterization of Low-Temperature 117 Thin Films and molecules. Plasmas 117 Laser Deposition of Thin Films The laboratory's work in support of indus- 108 Ion Trap Facility for Research on Highly Ionized Atoms 118 Mobility of Cluster Ions try covers a broad scope of activities. For 118 Stabilized Lasers example, the laboratory is working to im- 108 Laser Cooling and Trapping

109 High-Precision Laser Spectroscopy prove optical measurement techniques RESEARCH FACILITIES used in remote sensing, advanced color 109 Quantum Processes 118 Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation graphics systems, and optically pumped 109 X-Ray Study of Atomic Structure of Facility II atomic clocks. Research also is focused to- Matter 119 EUV Optics Fabrication and Charac- ward advancements in the measurement 109 High-Energy X-Ray Spectroscopy terization Facility and dosimetry of ionizing radiation used 109 Production and Characterization of 119 Magnetic Microstructure Measurement in medicine and industry and supports the Synthetic Multilayers Facility development of emerging technologies 110 Pre- and Post-Flight X-Ray Calibrations 119 High-Resolution UV and Optical such as X-ray lithography, digital X-ray Spectroscopy Facility Optical Technology imaging, and electron beam processing. 120 Low-Background Infrared Radiation

110 Luminescence Spectral Radiometry Facility Contact: 110 Photometry 120 Controlled Background Radiometric Katharine B. Gebbie, Director Facility 1 1 1 High-Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometry (301) 975-4201 111 Thermal Radiometry 120 Medical-Industrial Radiation Facility email: [email protected] 121 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Facility fax: (301) 975-3038 111 Near Ultraviolet Radiometry Bl60 Physics Building 111 Spectral Radiometry 122 Radiopharmaceutical Standardization Laboratory http://physics.nist.gov 111 Infrared Spectral Radiometry 122 Neutron Interferometer and Optics 1 1 2 Spectroscopic Appl ications Facility 112 Non-Linear Optical Measurements at Interfaces SERVICES

123 Time and Frequency Services PHYSICS LABORATORY

available to developers as testbeds to demon- of other databases are being developed for COOPERATIVE RESEARCH strate their methods of achieving these func- use over the WWW. tions. This WWW page will serve both to OPPORTUNITIES Contact: inform the data producing and using com- Edward B. Saloman munities about progress toward an effective (301) 975-5554 dissemination system as well as to encour- email: [email protected] OFFICE OF ELECTRONIC age the computer technology community to Bl 19 Radiation Physics Building build the capabilities necessary for technical COMMERCE IN SCIENTIFIC data into its systems. In addition, the data-

AND ENGINEERING DATA bases disseminated by the Physics Labora-

Office Contact: tory on its WWW page will serve as models of FUNDAMENTAL Edward B. Saloman effective dissemination of scientific and engi- CONSTANTS DATA (301) 975-5554 neering data. CENTER email: [email protected] Contact: Center Contact: fax: (301) 869-7682 Edward B. Saloman B119 Radiation Physics Building Barry N. Taylor (301) 975-5554 (301) 975-4220 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Bl 19 Radiation Physics Building ELECTRONIC COMMERCE fax: (301) 869-7682 C229 Radiation Physics Building IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DATA DISSEMINATION OF

The Office of Electronic Commerce in Scien- DATABASES OVER EVALUATION OF tific and Engineering Data works to promote COMPUTER NETWORKS FUNDAMENTAL compatibility and integration in the dissemi- The Office of Electronic Commerce in Scien- CONSTANTS, nation of non-product-specific information tific and Engineering Data is responsible for required by U.S. industry. It seeks to make MEASUREMENT the Physics Laboratory's World Wide Web scientific, engineering, technical, codes/ UNCERTAINTIES, SI (WWW) page. It produces Physics Labora- AND standards, and related regulatory informa- tory material for publication over the WWW, The fundamental physical constants, such tion available to U.S. industry in a usable, encourages and supports the production of as the Rydberg, Planck, fine-structure, and accessible, unified manner. The office's goal material by others, and assures the high Avogadro constants, are the links in the is to help make it possible for industry to cre- quality of information disseminated by the chain that bind all of science and technol- ate an electronic marketplace that will allow Physics Laboratory over the electronic net- ogy together. Further, they can serve as the participants to efficiently locate, access, pro- works. In addition, the office develops meth- basis for improved practical representations tect, contribute, and pay for scientific, engi- ods to display information generated within of the International System of Units (SI) neering, and regulatory information. This the laboratory in an effective manner over and thus for more accurate measurements information will be provided in open for- the WWW. This office also works with the of importance to both science and mats and computer-sensible form along Physics Laboratory divisions and Standard technology. with specification of the quality and security Reference Data staff in developing physical of the provided information. Work on this ef- The primary goal of the Fundamental Con- reference databases for dissemination over fort began with an industry/government stants Data Center (FCDC) is to issue peri- the WWW. It designs effective interfaces be- team organized in conjunction with the Na- odically a set of recommended values of the tween the information and the user to facili- tional Initiative for Product Data Exchange. fundamental physical constants and basic tate use of the data. Several databases are The team identified and defined 19 specific conversion factors of physics and chemistry. available already and may be accessed from functions needed to make such an informa- This is accomplished by critically reviewing the Physics Lab WWW page under Physical tion capability a reality. A World Wide Web all data relevant to the constants that is Reference Data (http://physics.nist.gov/ available (WWW) page is being created to identify the at a given epoch and analyzing it PhysRefData/contents.html), and a number required functions and to provide informa- by a variety of methods, including least- tion about progress in each of them. In addi- squares. The resulting set of recommended tion, plans are to make WWW databases values is distributed widely via archival 106 PHYSICS LABORATORY

journals, handbooks and reference books, windowed (evacuated) photodiodes for the reflectometry facility that allows measure-

textbooks, professional society magazines, region 116 nm to 254 nm; and silicon photo- ments of films as they are being deposited.

and electronically on the Physics Labora- diodes, developed in collaboration with in- From these measurements the optical con-

tory's WWW home page. dustry, for the region 5 nm to 254 nm. Some stants of important multilayer materials can

other types of detectors can be calibrated by be determined free from influence of surface Because of the FCDC's expertise in analyz- special arrangement. Broadband photo- contaminants. ing fundamental constants data, it is deeply meters also have been developed in collabo- involved in the worldwide effort to stand- Contact: ration with outside users and calibrated in ardize the method of expressing uncertainty Charles Tarrio this spectral region, e.g., combinations of in measurement. To this end, it revises and (301) 975-3737 silicon photodiodes with thin-film filters for publishes from time to time N1ST Technical email: [email protected] plasma diagnostics and vacuum ultraviolet Note 1297, Guidelines for Evaluating and A253 Physics Building solar radiometry. Expressing the Uncertainty ofNIST Meas- urement Results. Contact:

L. Randall Canfield TUNNELING Another principal task of the FCDC is to (301) 975-3728 serve as the NIST-authorized organization MICROSCOPY email: [email protected] for the interpretation of SI in the United Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a B119 Radiation Physics Building States. As part of this task, the FCDC revises highly sensitive probe of surfaces, which util-

and publishes periodically NIST Special Pub- izes the quantum mechanical principle of

lication 81 , Guidefor the Use the Inter- tunneling to probe surface topography on a 1 of EUV OPTICS national System of Units (SI). nanometer scale. The STM also is inherently

CHARACTERIZATION sensitive to surface electronic properties that Contact: The emerging field of high-reflectance, can be exploited to detect the surface elec- Barry N. Taylor normal-incidence soft X-ray or extreme tron density of states and, in certain cases, (301) 975-4220 ultraviolet (EUV) optics has a wide range of for selective imaging of different elemental email: [email protected] applications. The ability to produce high- species. An ultrahigh vacuum STM with ex- C229 Radiation Physics Building quality images at wavelengths below 40 nm tensive facilities for tip and sample prepara-

has allowed construction of EUV solar tele- tion and characterization has been used by

scopes with unprecedented resolution, EUV NIST scientists to investigate four main

ELECTRON AND OPTICAL microscopes able to study living biological areas relating to nanometer-scale science: PHYSICS samples with sub-micron resolution, and epitaxial growth, correlation of microstruc- EUV photolithographic systems that are pro- ture and magnetism, electron spin depend- Division Contact: posed as tools for the next generation of inte- ent contrast measurements in STM, and Charles W. Clark grated circuits. electronic properties of nanostructures. Ex- (301) 975-3709 perimental efforts employ custom-designed email: [email protected] NIST has initiated an EUV multilayer char- instrumentation with which NIST scientists fax: (301) 975-3038 acterization facility at the Synchrotron Ultra- strive to push the frontiers of visualization A253 Physics Building violet Radiation Facility (SURF) II storage of the nanometer-scale world. Currently, a ring, which is available to all researchers on tunneling microscope is being designed to a cooperative basis. The current facility is ca- operate in UHV at liquid helium tempera- PH0T0DI0DE DETECTORS pable of measuring the reflectance or trans- tures with the possibility of applying a mag- mittance of EUV optics such as mirrors, FOR RADIOMETRY netic field up to 10 Tesla to the sample. filters, and gratings as a function of wave- Highly stable photodiode detectors with uni- length, angle of incidence, and position on Contact: form spatial sensitivity are developed, cali- the optic. NIST is constructing a new facility Joseph Stroscio brated, and distributed as transfer standard that will extend measurement capabilities to (301) 975-3716 detectors for radiometry in the wavelength larger and more curved optics. A thin-film email: [email protected] region of 5 nm to 254 nm. Detectors pres- deposition chamber has been added to the B206 Metrology Building ently available at NIST include AI2O3 photo-

cathode windowless photodiodes for the

region 5 nm to 122 nm; CsTe photocathode —

PHYSICS LABORATORY -jq 7

used in this process emerge from an effu- development and application of new meas-

MAGNETIC sive, high-temperature oven, are collimated urement techniques.

by laser cooling, and pass through a laser MICROSTRUCTURE Contact: standing wave, which acts as an array of Low dimensional magnetic systems (such as David Penn "lenses," focusing the atoms into an array thin films, multilayers, and surfaces) as well (301) 975-3720 of lines. The nanofabrication of a two- as reduced dimensional systems (such as email: [email protected] dimensional array of chromium dots also granular materials and microscopic litho- Mark Stiles can be achieved by using two orthogonal graphic devices) exhibit many scientifically (301) 975-3745 standing waves. The very regular arrays of interesting and technologically useful prop- email: [email protected] chromium lines and dots with spacing tied erties. NIST scientists use three complemen- to optical wavelength promise to provide use- B206 Metrology Building tary magnetic imaging techniques ful standards. Atom optical methods poten- scanning electron microscopy with polariza- tially can be extended to a much broader tion analysis (SEMPA), magneto-optic Kerr range of materials. Metastable rare gas DATA FOR ELECTRONIC microscopy, and magnetic force microscopy atoms can be manipulated with lasers and STRUCTURE (MD1)—to determine the role physical and contain internal energy that has been used magnetic microstructure plays in determin- CALCULATIONS to expose a resist. A pattern of light can be ing macroscopic magnetic properties. used to de-excite the metastases; in this Great advances in the calculation of mate- SEMPA. which images the magnetization by way light can be used as a mask for matter, rials properties from first principles have measuring the spin polarization of secon- instead of matter being used as a mask for been made by the use of density functional dary electrons emitted in a scanning elec- light as in optical lithography. theory. It now is possible to compute ground- tron microscope, features high (20 nm) state electronic structure, geometries, cohe- resolution, long working distance, large Contact: sive energies, and various response depth of field, and a direct measurement of Jabez McClelland functions for solids containing ~ 100 the vector components of magnetization in- (301) 975-3721 atoms/unit cell, with an accuracy needed for

dependent of topography. SEMPA is a rela- email: [email protected] practical materials design. NIST researchers tively surface sensitive technique, making it B206 Metrology Building generate benchmark reference data for such especially well suited for in situ studies of calculations, which can be used by develop- thin film and surface magnetism as recently ers of new approximations or computational demonstrated by investigations of the oscilla- CONDENSED MATTER algorithms to test their results against data tor/ exchange coupling of magnetic layers. THEORY of known high numerical accuracy. The re-

Contact: A variety of theoretical techniques are used searchers have disseminated results for atomic total energies John Unguris to study a wide range of problems related and orbital eigen- values for all elements, as computed in sev- (301) 975-3712 to the interactions of electrons in solids, in- email: [email protected] cluding electronic structure calculations, eral common variants of the local density B206 Metrology Building transport in magnetic multilayers (giant approximation, and are preparing a set of

magneto resistance), exchange coupling in standard calculations for condensed matter

magnetic multilayers, surface growth, spin- systems. Cooperation is invited from develop-

NANOFABRICATION WITH dependent reflection from interfaces, mag- ers of materials modeling software who wish to benchmark their codes against these ATOM OPTICS netic hysteresis in ultrathin films, light data emission produced by scanning tunneling or who are willing to participate in round- NIST scientists are studying the physics of microscopy of a magnetic surface, electron robin comparisons to generate new bench- laser focusing of atom beams to find ways to energy loss in magnetic and non-magnetic marks for complex systems. develop a fabrication tool that could lead to high-temperature superconductivity, solids, Contact: more compact microcircuits, higher density and various microscopic tunneling phenom- Charles W. Clark magnetic recording media, better sensors, ena. The theory effort helps interpret and (301) 975-3709 and novel materials. Laser beams form guide experiments and provides the email: [email protected] lenses that focus neutral atoms into tiny re- theoretical understanding crucial to the A253 Physics Building gions as they deposit, building nanostruc-

tures on a surface. The chromium atoms —

PHYSICS LABORATORY

tions. At NIST, plasma discharges are fully stripped uranium). Ions are trapped ATOMIC PHYSICS characterized utilizing optical emission spec- radially and probed with a mono-energetic troscopy, laser-induced fluorescence, laser electron beam. Electrostatic end caps con- Division Contact: scattering, and optogalvanic methods. Mod- fine the ions axially. A large magnetic field Wolfgang L. Wiese eling of the plasma also is an integral part is applied by a superconducting magnet to (301) 975-3201 of this characterization. Discharge sources pinch the electron beam to high density and email: [email protected] include low-pressure rf plasmas, stabilized provide additional radial trapping. The care- fax: (301)975-3038 arcs, glow discharges, heat pipes with laser fully controlled conditions in EBIT allow A267 Physics Building resonance ionization, and inductively cou- scientists to unravel complex collision proc-

pled plasmas. esses and measure spectra with very high

accuracy. Highly charged ions can be pro- VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET An extensive array of laboratory equipment duced and observed in fluorescence with is available to accomplish this charac- RADIOMETRY adequate brightness. The ion temperature terization, including several Nd:YAG can be lowered by evaporative cooling tech- As part of its research to understand and pumped, high-resolution (<0.1 cm-1) niques. A variety of instruments are avail- measure various forms of radiation, NIST is dye lasers; Ar ion-pumped dye and ring able to characterize and probe the trapped conducting vacuum ultraviolet studies in- dye lasers; a Fizeau wavemeter; a high- ions, including X-ray and visible/uv spec- volving radiation damage, polymerization of throughput (f/4), high-resolution (<.001 trometers and a laser system. An extraction organic molecules, and solar simulation. nm) spectrometer with an automated inten- system for directing beams of highly scientists with researchers NIST have worked sified diode array detector; an 80-MHz quad- charged ions onto surfaces is fully from industry to develop and test vacuum ul- rature He-Ne laser interferometer; uv operational. traviolet instrumentation, new spectrometer spectrometers; grazing incidence spectrome- designs, detector systems, especially for and ters; laboratory computers; and miscellane- Contact: space flight. They also have collaborated on ous optics. The principal quantities John D. Gillaspy special sources, narrow-band filters, and la- measured are particle density distribu- (301) 975-3236 sers. NIST scientists are interested in doing tions—both spatially and temporally email: [email protected] cooperative research in several other areas, for electrons, atoms, ions, and molecules. Al67 Physics Building studying hollow including cathode lamps, Also included are electric-field distributions, laser plasmas, and spark-discharge light electron and ion temperatures, and non- sources as secondary standards. State-of-the- equilibrium phenomena. LASER COOLING AND art radiometric facilities and advanced opti- Contact: TRAPPING cal equipment are available at NIST for James R. Roberts Thermal motion of atoms often adversely these studies. (301) 975-3225 affects measurements. Using the radiation Contact: email: [email protected] pressure from near-resonant laser beams, Mervin Bridges J. Al67 Physics Building NIST scientists can cool a gas of atoms to (301) 975-3228 within a few microdegrees of absolute zero. email: [email protected] These cold atoms can be trapped by laser Al67 Physics Building ION TRAP FACILITY FOR beams or other electromagnetic fields. HIGHLY RESEARCH ON Facilities for cooling and trapping atoms in- CHARACTERIZATION OF IONIZED ATOMS clude cw dye, solid-state, and semiconductor lasers. Atoms are trapped in laser traps, LOW-TEMPERATURE NIST's new electron beam ion trap (EBIT) magneto-optical traps, and microwave traps. source provides many opportunities for de- PLASMAS Sodium, rubidium, cesium, and xenon finitive measurements aimed at a basic un- atoms are cooled, trapped, and used in The properties of low-temperature plasmas derstanding of plasma processes and atomic such diverse applications as atomic- play a key role in the processing of materials structure. In addition, possibilities for using fountain frequency standards and studies of such as semiconductors. Proper charac- the new source for nanofabrication and ion laser-modified chemical reactions. Control terization of these plasmas is essential to lithography are currently being investigated. develop accurate plasma diagnostics and Ions can be generated over a wide range of useful plasma models for specific applica- species and charge states (ultimately up to PHYSICS LABORATORY

of atomic motion by lasers also is being this line, researchers from NIST and other

applied to problems such as atom inter- QUANTUM PROCESSES institutions have applied X-ray emission

ferometry and laser-directed deposition of spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectros- The NIST quantum processes group is devel- atoms on surfaces. oping new algorithms and theoretical meth- copy, and Auger electron spectroscopy to probe the electronic structure of gas phase Contact: ods for describing the quantum properties of and solid targets. The beamline's capabili- William D. Phillips complex systems. These methods are being applied ties are particularly well suited to back- (301) 975-6554 to describe collisional phenomena reflection standing wave techniques for email: [email protected] currently being observed in ultracold neu- finding the precise location of impurities or A167 Physics Building tral atom traps, which ultimately will lead imperfections within crystal to the next generation of atomic clocks. a or at its inter- faces. The technique can be used with semi- These interactions also play a crucial role in conductors or optical crystals, growth of HIGH-PRECISION LASER the formation and stability of Bose-Einstein overlayers crystals, condensates in nanokelvin atomic gases. on and the structure of SPECTROSCOPY catalysts supported crystal substrates. The ability to manipulate such condensates on Highly stabilized tunable lasers permit the is a key to developing atom optics and the Contact: investigation of atoms and molecules with a proposed atom laser. Developing the theory Richard D. Deslattes level of detail and precision that be cannot to quantitatively explain precision NIST (301) 975-4841 obtained with conventional spectroscopic spectroscopic in traps measurements atom email: [email protected] techniques. NIST work in this area ranges requires the development of new theoretical A141 Physics Building from observations of laser ionization of algorithms for solving large-scale matrix diatomic molecules in dense vapors to eigenvalue problems. Such algorithms have highly precise wavelength measurements widespread applicability to many areas of HIGH-ENERGY X-RAY that test the theories most advanced atomic chemistry and physics and are being used by for simple atoms. resolution pro- SPECTROSCOPY The high the group to calculate the optical properties laser studies vided by scanning permits of of nanoscale quantum wire laser devices. Researchers have developed highly accurate spectral line profiles, including pressure spectroscopic instrumentation for measure- Implementing these new methods now is fea-

broadening, isotope shifts, and hyperfine sible due to the development of state-of-the- ments from the keV region to several MeV.

structure. Sensitive detection techniques, in- This is art massively parallel processing computers. measurement system connected to cluding FM and optogalvanic spectroscopy the basic SI units of frequency and length by Contact: and use of thermionic diode detectors, per- means of X-ray interferometry and a precise Paul Julienne mit observation of low concentration species lattice comparator. Main applications in- (301) 975-2596 in discharges and vapor cells. Typical appli- clude accurate secondary standards in the email: [email protected] cations of these data include wavelength X-ray and gamma-ray region and spectro- A267 Physics Building standards, detection of trace elements in scopic measurement of high voltage. Several

samples, and laser isotope separation. Facili- such installations are available at NIST and ties include stabilized lasers that are tunable X-RAY STUDY OF ATOMIC elsewhere. Collaborative applications of from the near ultraviolet to near infrared these capabilities are welcomed.

and a unique Fabry-Perot wavemeter that is STRUCTURE OF MATTER Contact: capable of real-time laser wavelength meas- spectroscopy provides information on X-ray Ernest G. Kessler with urements an accuracy of a few parts in electronic structure and on the local atomic (301) 975-4844 a billion. structure of atoms in matter. At present, email: [email protected] laboratory capabilities at the Gaithersburg 1 Contact: A141 Physics Building site are complemented by a synchrotron ra- Craig J. Sansonetti diation beamline at the National Synchro- (301) 975-3223 tron Light Source at Brookhaven National email: [email protected] PRODUCTION AND Laboratory in New York. It has both high A167 Physics Building CHARACTERIZATION OF flux and good energy resolution in the X-ray

energy range from 500 eV to 5000 eV. Using SYNTHETIC MULTILAYERS

For short-wavelength characterization of

multilayer structures intended for larger 110 PHYSICS LABORATORY

wavelength X-ray optics, NIST researchers AXAF telescope, the proportional counter ar- visible, and near-infrared spectral regions

have established a high-performance ray for the XTE mission, and the bolometric and are developing accurate standards and

multiaxis diffractometer. This system pro- imager for ASTRO-E. Current capabilities in- measurement procedures for these regions.

vides highly collimated and monochromatic clude the design and construction of custom Facilities available for this research include

X-ray beams, which, after reflection from instrumentation and attendant data acquisi- various laser and lamp sources, a reference

the structure under study, can be examined tion and control systems for the production spectrofluorimeter, and a low-light-level

for both specular and non-specular reflec- and/or detection of X-rays, X-ray crystal spectroradiometer.

tion characterization. The normal operating preparation and characterization, and Contact: wavelength is 0.154 nm, and the on-scale re- various implementations and techniques of Ambler E. Thompson flectivity covers a range of six decades. X-ray spectroscopy. (301) 975-2333

The researchers also have a thin-film pro- Contact: email: [email protected]

duction facility capable of handling a wide Larry Hudson A320 Metrology Building

variety of materials in the range of thick- (301) 975-2537

nesses from near one monolayer to a mi- email: [email protected]

crometer. The production process uses ion A141 Physics Building PHOTOMETRY

sputtering with simultaneous quasi- beam Photometry is the science of radiometric

neutral beam milling to produce thin layers measurement of the response function of of exceptional uniformity. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY human vision. The candela, one of the seven base units of the SI, is the basic unit These capabilities currently are being Division Contact: of photometry. The Optical Technology Divi- applied the stand- to development and Albert C. Parr sion has established a new detector-based thin film standards for the ardization of (301) 975-3739 candela that has improved the accuracy of semiconductor industry. email: [email protected] these measurements by a factor of two. This fax: (301) 840-8551 Contact: improvement has become the basis for im- A207 Physics Building Richard D. Deslattes proved accuracy of all other photometric

(301) 975-4841 measurements offered by the division. email: [email protected] LUMINESCENCE Improved levels of accuracies are needed in A141 Physics Building SPECTRAL RADIOMETRY industry to ensure the production of higher quality products so U.S. companies can com- Luminescence techniques have broad appli- PRE- AND POST-FLIGHT pete in the growing international market. Ac- cation in virtually every scientific field, in- curate light measurements are essential to X-RAY CALIBRATIONS cluding radiation measurement; remote the production of various lighting products sensing; analytical chemistry; and charac- NIST researchers have applied their long- such as light bulbs, discharge lamps, light- terization of laser, semiconductor, and standing experience with the crystal diffrac- ing fixtures, automobile head lights, and air- superconductor materials. The accurate tion technique to the production of crystals craft lamps. Accurate light measurements spectral radiometric quantitation of light and/or tunable monochromatic X-ray are also essential in the production of infor- emission is an exacting task requiring sources in support of several NASA missions. mation displays such as cathode ray tubes, painstaking radiometric measurements and They provided crystals for the spectrometers flat-panel displays, light-emitting diodes knowledge of the fundamental chemical flown on the Solar Maximum Mission and and various other optical components. and physical processes represented by these P78-1. Post-flight energy calibration was radiative transitions. Standard lamps, both Another unit in photometry is the lumen, performed for the BBXRT detector as well as radiance and irradiance, and silicon detec- which is the measure of the total light pre-flight calibration of the telescope borne tor radiometry provide the accuracy base for output of lamps. The lumen is especially by the Japanese satellite Yohkoh (ASTRO-D), the spectral and quantum efficiency meas- important to the lighting industry where mil- which is currently in orbit. More recently, urements. NIST is investigating luminescent lions of lamps are produced every week. The they delivered three double-crystal mono- phenomena such as photo-, chemi-, Optical Technology Division recently has chromators for the energy calibration of the thermo-, electro-, and bioluminescences. Re- established a new lumen unit based on

searchers are conducting luminescence ra- the detector-based candela that provides

diometric research in the near-ultraviolet, PHYSICS LABORATORY

the highest accuracy levels of lumen measurements. THERMAL RADIOMETRY SPECTRAL RADIOMETRY

Contact: NIST researchers are investigating the use of Research and development programs at thermal activities Yoshi Ohno imaging cameras as a temperature- NIST span many associated with measuring tool. These devices may prove to the measurement of optical radiation, cover- (301) 975-2321 be very useful in ing in the ultra- email: [email protected] determining the quality of the spectrum from 200 nm A320 Metrology Building products and in investigating changes in dif- violet to the far infrared. Included are ferent processes. Research projects involve spectral radiance and irradiance measure-

the development of large-area blackbodies, ments for many varied applications, such as HIGH-ACCURACY use of Pt-Si as detector standards, and the manufacturing process control, remote sens- CRYOGENIC characterization of thermal imaging cam- ing of the Earth's environment, and defense eras. Equipment available includes several needs. Researchers at NIST take demanding

RADIOMETRY heat-pipe blackbodies, a Pt-Si camera, and problems, such as the spectrophotometric

The Optical Technology Division bases an infrared radiometer. measurement of dense optical media, and develop the detector metrology to perform many of its radiometric measurement Contact: scales, such as detector spectral responsivity, the measurements and relate them to the Robert Saunders photometry, radiance, and irradiance, on a stable, U.S. radiometric measurement base. (301) 975-2355 high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer Emphasis is placed on solid-state photo- email: [email protected] (HACR). Cryogenic radiometers work on the diode metrology and its application to all B208 Physics Building principle of electrical substitution where the areas of radiometry, especially calibration services. temperature rise in a receiving cavity caused by optical heating is reproduced by electrical NEAR ULTRAVIOLET Several well-equipped laboratories for opti- heating. Electrical substitution measure- RADIOMETRY cal measurements in the ultraviolet, visible, ments tie the optical watt to electrical and infared spectral regions are available standards. The measurement of terrestrial solar irradi- for use, and new facilities are being devel- ance at ultraviolet-B (UV-B) wavelengths to enable scientists and engineers to The HACR measures the optical power of sin- oped (200 to 400 nm) is being investigated by conduct research on detector improvements, gle laser lines with an uncertainty of 0.02 NIST researchers to provide improved tech- detector applications, optical properties percent or better and calibrates transfer de- and niques and standards in this spectral region. of materials. tectors to disseminate a spectral responsivity This work is important to networks that scale. NIST researchers continue to improve monitor solar UV-B irradiance, to scientists Contact: the HACR base measurements and the opti- studying the biological effects of ultraviolet Chris Cromer cal transfer devices in different wavelength radiation, and to researchers investigating (301) 975-3216 regions. Optical detector calibrations from the aging of materials. Specific projects in- email: [email protected] the ultraviolet through the infrared are clude the development of experimental tech- A320 Metrology Building based on HACR measurements and are used niques for characterizing instruments that in environmental, industrial, defense, and measure UV-B irradiance, spectral irradi- space applications. Cryogenic radiometry re- ance standards for use at field sites, and a INFRARED SPECTRAL duces the base uncertainty in the optical transportable reference spectroradiometer. A RADIOMETRY calibrations transferred to these customers. permanent UV-B monitoring site, equipped Researchers at NIST are developing devices Contact: with a broad suite of instruments, is main- and techniques for high-precision measure- Jeanne Houston tained at NIST, and researchers coordinate ments of radiant power in the 2 )im to spectroradiometers (301) 975-2327 intercomparisons among 30 |J.m spectral region to enable charac- email: [email protected] from different monitoring networks. terization of spectral sources, optical compo- A320 Metrology Building Contact: nents, and detectors. Novel experiments are

Ambler Thompson being planned to investigate physical and

(301) 975-2333 chemical processes in materials and molecu- email: [email protected] lar structures. State-of-the-art radiometers, A320 Metrology Building PHYSICS LABORATORY

a cryogenic blackbody with multiple aper- scientists modeling the chemistry of the up- for spectral, directional, and polarization tures, lead salt lasers, spectral instrumenta- per atmosphere. A recent thrust of the group analyses of surface-generated optical signals. tion, and solid-state infrared detectors are centers around the determination of physi- Contact: being acquired. A unique facility called the cal and electrical properties of numerous John Stephenson Low Background Infrared Radiation Facility new chemical compounds that are being in- (301) 975-2372 is dedicated to this research and develop- vestigated by industry for use as alternative email: [email protected] ment effort. An Infrared Detector Compara- refrigerants. B208 Physics Building tor Facility, equipped with a prism-grating Contact: monochromator and a Fourier transform Richard Suenram infrared spectrometer for characterizing de- (301) 975-2165 OPTICAL SCATTERING tectors at ambient background, is nearing email: [email protected] completion. MEASUREMENTS B208 Physics Building Studies are being made of how materials' Related research projects are investigating properties and surface topography affect the methods for measuring the optical density of distribution of light scattered from surfaces, filters using laser heterodyne technology NON-LINEAR OPTICAL with an aim to developing standard meas- and determining the spatial uniformity and MEASUREMENTS AT urement methods and standard artifacts for linearity in the response of infrared detec- INTERFACES use in industry. The description of light scat- tors. Collaborative research opportunities tered from surfaces is a useful metrological exist in measuring the optical properties of Non-linear optical methods are used to tool for appraising performance of optical materials and fundamental molecular struc- measure properties of interfaces that may be elements and for evaluating material proc- tures and in developing novel detectors. found at the surfaces of materials, in thin- essing. Applications include evaluation of film systems, or buried in layered materials. Contact: highly polished optical surfaces, bulk opti- An example is the technique of sum fre- Raju Datla cal materials, surface residues, and diffuse quency generation (SFG), in which two la- (301) 975-2131 scattering materials. Experiments are under ser pulses at different frequencies combine email: [email protected] way to correlate the optical scatter from sili- to produce light at their sum frequency with B208 Physics Building con wafers with properties such as haze, an efficiency that depends on the broken surface microroughness and particulate con- symmetry at the interface. With femtosecond tamination, with a goal to facilitate optical laser pulses, SFG provides a time-resolved SPECTROSCOPIC scattering measurements in assembly line optical diagnostic uniquely sensitive to inter- applications. The utility of polarization APPLICATIONS face structure. Measurements include spec- analysis of scattered light also is being inves- The NIST spectroscopic applications group troscopic characterization of electronic tigated. Parallel research in near-field optics employs advanced spectroscopic methods structure at buried epitaxial interfaces, ultra- is elucidating the connection between micro- using state-of-the-art lasers and microwave fast monitoring of carrier dynamics at semi- scopic features of the surfaces and the far- frequency sources in conjunction with conductor interfaces, assessment of the field optical scattering pattern. Facilities are molecular beam techniques to elucidate the structure and quality of thin films, and available for laser-based measurements of details of chemical reactions that are impor- vibrational^ resonant SFG of organic films the bidirectional reflectance distribution tant in a wide variety of industrial processes, such as self-assembled monolayers. This re- function of light-scattering materials and including catalysis, combustion, chemical search is a collaboration with the Chemical surfaces. Work is under way on theoretical vapor deposition, and drug design. These Science and Technology Laboratory. modeling of the bidirectional reflectance dis- benchmark studies provide the means for Resources include femtosecond laser sources tribution function. Clean rooms are avail- real-time optimization of chemical proc- for generating ultrafast pulses in the infra- able for handling optical samples. esses and on-line monitoring for pollution red through ultraviolet and instrumentation control. The bidirectional characterization of optical

scatter from surfaces is a useful diagnostic The group also carries out spectral studies of in evaluating elements contained within species important in atmospheric processes large optical systems that require the mini- with particular emphasis on the reaction mization of scattered light. This informa- chemistry of ozone. The work provides spec- tion is needed for the development of tral data for these species, which are used by ring-laser gyroscopes and telescopes. It also PHYSICS LABORATORY

is used for the characterization of materials NIST researchers interested in applying near- tion for capturing transient spectra of sam- for use in stray light reduction in thermal field microscopy to problems in chemical, ples with single laser pulses. control and inspection processes in optical optical, and semiconductor technology. Contact: manufacturing settings. NIST research Applications include mapping of optical Ted Heilweil projects involve the development of a multi- properties of nanostructured materials, in- (301) 975-2370 angle scattering reference instrument and vestigations of structure in biological mem- email: [email protected] the development of measurement method- branes, and near-field measurements of B208 Physics Building ologies and Standard Reference Materials photonic structures. for the spectral range from the ultraviolet to Resources include NSOM measurements in the infrared region. the visible, NSOM tip characterization, theo- ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL Contact: retical modeling of probe-surface inter- REACTION DYNAMICS Clara Asmail actions and optical contrast mechanisms, Researchers use laser pulses to observe and (301) 975-2339 and access to complementary scanning mi- manipulate fundamental molecular trans- email: [email protected] croscopies such as SEM and AFM. formations such as bond breaking and bond Thorn Germer Contact: formation in order to develop an atomic- (301) 975-2876 Lori Goldner level understanding of reactions important email: [email protected] (301) 975-3792 in combustion and propulsion chemistry, in

A320 Metrology Building email: [email protected] the chemistry of the upper atmosphere, and

A320 Metrology Building in orbital environments. Current efforts

emphasize elementary reactions of oxygen

NEAR-FIELD SCANNING atoms with hydrogen, water, hydrocyanic TIME-RESOLVED OPTICAL MICROSCOPY acid, and methane. The experiments use state-resolved nanosecond and time-resolved NIST researchers are developing near-field INFRARED femtosecond spectroscopic techniques and scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) as a SPECTROSCOPY molecular beam methods to produce data to quantitative technique for non-invasive opti- Ultrashort laser pulses are used to observe test quantum chemical models of these cal measurements on previously inaccessible fast processes that occur in the condensed benchmark systems. length scales. So far, lateral resolution of phase. NIST researchers have developed the order 20 nm has been achieved with this Resources include intense, narrow band- unique femtosecond infrared spectroscopic technique, and vertical resolution of less width, tunable laser sources spanning the techniques to study highly excited vibra- than 1 nm may be possible. The researchers infrared to vacuum ultraviolet; tunable tional states, vibrational energy transfer, are building well-characterized microscopes femtosecond lasers; laser-induced fluores- photochemical reactions, and the dynamics and small light sources and are working on cence and photo ionization mass spectromet- of hydrogen bond formation and rupture. methods to determine the resolution of com- ry detection of trace gas phase species; and The measurements identify transient species mercially available near-field microscopes. pulsed supersonic jet sampling of gases. and determine energy transfer rates, which At a fundamental level, this means under- serve to improve models of condensed phase Contact: standing the mechanisms that generate con- chemistry. Current collaborations with in- Michael Casassa trast in different materials and modeling the dustry include measurements on catalytic (301) 975-2371 fields around small light sources as they in- systems and polymerization reactions. They email: [email protected] teract with various materials and surface fea- also are developing sources of femtosecond John Stephenson tures. The group collaborates with other pulses in the terahertz frequency region to (301) 975-2372 be used to probe directly quantum well elec- email: [email protected] tron and solid-state phonon dynamics. B208 Physics Building Resources include femtosecond laser sources

generating ultrafast pulses in the infrared

through ultraviolet; infrared and visible

multielement detectors, and instrumenta- 114 PHYSICS LABORATORY

beam electron accelerators; and organic- In support of the accreditation programs, chemical IONIZING RADIATION analytical equipment also are NIST provides technical expertise for labora- available. tory technical document review and evalu- Division Contact: ation, traceability to the national physical Bert M. Coursey Contact: standards through performance evaluation Marc F. Desrosiers (301) 975-5584 testing, and on-site assessments. The major email: [email protected] (301) 975-5639 research thrust is the development of a wide email: [email protected] fax: (301)869-7682 variety of appropriate transfer standard in- C229 Radiation Physics Building C229 Radiation Physics Building struments and materials.

Contact: RADIATION PROCESSING MEASUREMENT QUALITY Bert M. Coursey (301) 975-5584 To enhance quality-control methods used in ASSURANCE email: [email protected] industrial radiation processing of foods and Credibility of ionizing radiation measure- C229 Radiation Physics Building in the production and use of medical de- ments has been a critical issue for the U.S.

vices, electronic components, and polymers, radiation medical diagnostics and therapy, NIST researchers are developing stand- occupational safety, industrial, energy, de- NEUTRON PHYSICS ardization and measurement assurance fense, and environmental communities. To NIST researchers are exploring three major methods related to industrial high-dose ap- this end, NIST scientists disseminate the areas of fundamental neutron physics: plications of ionizing radiation. As part of standards and technology required for reli- neutron interferometry, laser polarization of this program, they are investigating radia- able measurement of ionizing radiation to neutron beams, and various coupling co- tion chemical mechanisms and kinetic stud- federal, state, and local radiation control efficients of the weak interaction. The Neu- ies applied to chemical dosimetry systems in programs as well as to the medical, indus- tron Interferometer and Optics Facility the condensed phase, including liquids, trial, and defense communities. In addition, (NIOF) in the cold neutron guide hall has gels, thin films, and solid-state detectors. NIST researchers monitor and evaluate ra- achieved unprecedented levels of phase con- diation measurements needs; participate in They also plan to examine sensor materials trast and stability. Work is under way at this radiation research, metrology development, such as doped plastics, solid-state matrices, new facility on the development of phase and quality control activities; and develop fiber optics, organic dye solutions, semicon- contrast imaging, on a measurement of the methods for improving the accuracy of field ductors, scintillators, amino acids, metallo- neutron-electron scattering length, and on measurements through a national system of porphyrins, and organic or inorganic neutron tomography. The NIOF also will op- secondary standards laboratories. radiochromic and luminescent aqueous erate part-time as a user facility for univer- solutions and gels. A number of analytical NIST has a strong influence on the design sity and industrial scientists. At another methods will be used, including transmis- and implementation of measurement qual- location in the guide hall, development is in sion and fluorescence spectrophotometry ity assurance programs that are accredited progress on neutron spin filters, based on la- and electron spin resonance spectrometry as under the National Voluntary Laboratory Ac- ser polarization of %e. These neutron polar- well as optical waveguide analysis and pulse creditation Program (secondary calibration izers offer advantages over conventional radiolysis. laboratories for ionizing radiation and per- methods in experiments on parity-violating sonnel dosimetry programs), the Conference Various X-ray and gamma-ray sources and aspects of neutron beta decay and in studies

of Radiation Control Program Directors project also is electron accelerators with energies in the of magnetic materials. This (diagnostic X-radiation), Health Physics providing researchers 0.1-MeV to 10-MeV range are used in this assistance to medical Society (private-sector calibration laborato- 3 work. Conventional ultraviolet, visible, and who employ polarized He for improved ries), and American Association of Physicists infrared spectrophotometers; high-intensity magnetic resonance imaging of the lung. in Medicine (therapeutic radiation). Pro- gamma-ray sources; pulsed and continuous grams currently being developed will ad-

dress measurement quality assurance needs

in sectors that include industrial processing,

radio-bioassay, and radioanalyses for environmental remediation and waste management. PHYSICS LABORATORY 115

Another major research and user facility is set of standard neutron fields at much lower current standards, which are based on ce- the Fundamental Physics Station. At this sta- fluence rate levels is maintained at NIST for sium atomic beams. Research is also under tion, a beam measurement of the free neu- calibration of radiation protection instru- way on related topics, such as the physics of tron lifetime has been in progress for several ments and personnel dosimeters. Efforts are non-neutral plasmas, quantum optics, quan- years, and two new experiments are in under way to establish and maintain accredi- tum measurements, laser frequency stabili- preparation in collaboration with university tation of other laboratories so that routine zation, and non-linear optical sources. physicists. The first of these will be a calibrations of neutron radiation protection Contact: measurement of parity-non-conserving neu- instruments can be taken over by the private David J. Wineland tron spin rotation in liquid helium; the sec- sector and by central military laboratories. (303) 497-5286 ond will look for time-reversal asymmetry in Contact: email: [email protected] neutron beta decay. Further in the future, a David Gilliam Division 847.10 potentially much more accurate measure- (301) 975-6206 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ment of the neutron lifetime employing email: [email protected] trapped ultracold neutrons will be carried A106 Reactor Building out in collaboration with Harvard ATOMIC BEAM University. FREQUENCY STANDARDS In addition, work continues at a much re- TIME AND FREQUENCY The first atomic frequency standard, based duced level in the development and evalu- Division Contact: on ammonia, was built in 1950 at NIST ation of neutron cross-section standards in Donald B. Sullivan (then the National Bureau of Standards) in the energy range from thermal to 20 MeV. D.C. Since then, con- (303) 497-3772 Washington, NIST has These standards are of value to research in email: [email protected] structed a series of seven standards (based astrophysics as well as to the assurance of fax: (303) 497-6461 on cesium beams) with performances im- accuracy in calculations for nuclear reactor Division 847.00 proving at a rate of better than an order of safety. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 magnitude every 10 years. NIST-7, intro-

Contact: duced in 1993, is the most recent in this se-

David Gilliam ries. It is based on optical state selection and (301) 975-6206 ION STORAGE RESEARCH state detection rather than the more tradi- email: [email protected] tional magnetic methods and has an uncer- This program investigates the applications 10" 15 A106 Reactor Building 199 + tainty of 5 x . This should decrease by

of ions, such as Hg , for high-accuracy at least another factor of two with further re- frequency standards. The ions are stored in finement of the accuracy evaluation process. ion traps, devices that use electric, or a com- NEUTRON DOSIMETRY The atomic fountain concept is being stud- bination of electric and magnetic fields, to ied as a possible successor to NIST-7. The NIST physicists develop and maintain stand- suspend the ions in free space. Laser radia- very main advantages of this concept are the re- ards for neutron dosimetry, both at the tion is used to cool the ions to temperatures duction in the Doppler shift and the increase high fluence levels appropriate to materials on the order of a millikelvin, so the second- in atom observation time. These severely damage studies for nuclear reactors and at order Doppler shift (a serious problem in limit the performance of NIST-7. The work the much lower levels appropriate to stand- high-accuracy frequency standards) is ex- in this program involves research on laser ardization of radiation protection instru- tremely small. In some cases, ions are pumping of the states of atoms, improve- ments. Standard neutron fields at NIST and cooled even further, approaching the zero- ments in atomic-beam ovens, and the devel- at the University of Michigan have been point motion limit set by Heisenberg's uncer- opment of digital servo-control systems for characterized to provide test irradiation tainty principle. It is expected that frequency more reliably controlling critical parameters fields for the neutron dosimetry employed in standards based on laser-cooled, stored ions nuclear assurance of materials integrity at will be much more accurate than the best Contact: power reactors in the United States. NIST Robert E. Drullinger scientists also collaborate with engineers (303) 497-3183 Nuclear and scientists from industry and the email: [email protected] regula- Regulatory Commission in drafting Division 847.20 in tory guides for accurate measurements Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 neutron dosimetry at these reactors. Another 116 PHYSICS LABORATORY

development of still better variances and

NOISE IN ELECTRONIC have written software for the efficient calcu- TIME TRANSFER AND AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS lation of a number of these measures. Out- NETWORK puts can be represented in both the NIST has developed systems for making frequency and time domains. SYNCHRONIZATION phase-noise and amplitude-noise measure- NIST has broad expertise in time transfer, ments over a broad dynamic range of carrier Contact: particularly using satellite methods, that frequency (into the millimeter range) and David A. Howe can be applied to synchronization of widely Fourier frequency (up to 10 percent of the (303) 497-3277 distributed network nodes. Telecommunica- carrier frequency). The accuracy of measure- email: [email protected] tions and electrical power networks are

ment is typically 1 dB or better depending Division 847.40 examples of systems requiring such synchro- on the frequency range. These systems pro- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 nization. A NIST-developed, common-view vide the basis for specifications now arising method using global positioning system in communication, radar, and other aero- (GPS) satellites provides time transfer space equipment. Signals at higher milli- TIME AND FREQUENCY accuracy of better than 10 ns, and two-way meter and optical frequencies also can be SIGNAL DISTRIBUTION exchange of signals through telecommuni- characterized by beating them against a sta- NIST disseminates time and frequency sig- cations satellites offers even higher perform- ble optical reference. A wide range of noise nals by radio, satellite, telephone, and the ance. NIST owns and operates a number of measurement equipment and systems for Internet. Broadcasts from WWV (Fort Col- specialized GPS receivers and satellite Earth analyzing the output data is available. Most lins, Colo.) and WWVH (Kauai, Hawaii) are stations needed for such work, and the NIST recently, this unique measurement capabil- at shortwave frequencies of 2.5, 5, 10, and time scale provides unsurpassed stability as ity has been applied to the study of PM and 15 MHz for both stations and 20 MHz for a reference for remote synchronization. AM noise in bipolar- junction-transistor cir- WWV only. Station WWVB operating at 60 cuits. This work has led to a better under- Contact: kHz provides a useful frequency reference ac- standing of noise processes in these circuits, Thomas E. Parker 10" 11 curate to 1 x or better. Time signals ac- and design rules for low noise performance (303) 497-7881 curate to 100 (J.s also are broadcast from the have been developed. These rules can pro- email: [email protected] GOES geostationary satellites providing cov- vide for a noise reduction (close to a car- Division 847.50 erage of most of the western hemisphere. In rier) of as much as 20 dB. Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 addition, digital signals delivered by tele-

Contact: phone and the Internet are provided to set Fred L. Walls clocks in computer systems automatically. FAR-INFRARED The time for each of these services in- (303) 497-3207 codes SPECTROSCOPY email: [email protected] clude advanced alert for changes to and

Division 847.30 from daylight saving time and advanced no- NIST has unique capabilities for high-

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 tice of insertion of leap seconds. A current fo- resolution studies of the spectra of atoms

cus of the program is the installation of new and molecules in the far-infrared region.

transmitters at WWB to provide increased The methods of tunable far-infrared spec-

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF broadcast power (6 dB) that should substan- troscopy and laser magnetic resonance TIME-SERIES DATA tially improve the reception of signals, par- (LMR) were developed by NIST, and several ticularly on the east and west coasts of the of each of these spectrometers currently are Noise processes in high-performance clocks United States. providing high-resolution measurements on and oscillators are often not white (fre- spectra important in both space studies and quency independent), so the usual variance Contact: studies of the chemistry of the upper atmos- does not converge. The two-sample vari- D. Wayne Hanson phere. Pressure-broadening studies at high ances developed to handle such noise have (303) 497-5233 resolution also have been performed, provid- become standards widely used in the specifi- email: [email protected] ing the basis for locating air pollutants at cation of noise in systems demanding high- Division 847.40 high altitude. Recent improvements in the spectral purity. These measures have been Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 NIST LMR systems have improved dramati- applied with some success to other measure- cally their sensitivity, making them espe- ment data. NIST researchers are continuing cially useful in searches for difficult-to- PHYSICS LABORATORY

detect molecular species such as free radicals and molecular ions. THIN FILMS QUANTUM PHYSICS Contact: Images of amorphous silicon films taken by Division Contact: Kenneth M. Evenson an scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at James Faller various stages throughout the growth proc- (303) 497-5129 (303) 492-8509 email: [email protected] ess show particles 3 nm to 5 nm in size form- email: [email protected] Division 847.60 ing in the vapor and bonding to the film fax: (303)492-5235 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 surface during growth. If these particles can JILA, Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 be prevented from forming or reaching the

surface, it should be possible to improve the HIGH-PERFORMANCE BOSE-EINSTEIN film's ability to convert light into electrical DIODE LASERS current. A laser scattering system is being CONDENSATION developed to detect the silicon/hydrogen Diode lasers are used widely in appli- many The discovery of Bose-Einstein Condensation clumps as they are forming. cations where spectral and spatial purity is (BEC) by JILA scientists in June 1995 has In another project, lines of aluminum as not critical, but they could be used in a vari- opened up whole new areas of research. JILA small as 3 nm in width have been deposited ety of other applications if these properties (formerly the Joint Institute for Laboratory on silicon surfaces using the electron beam were improved substantially. Such applica- Astrophysics) is a joint venture of NIST and and electric field produced at the tip of an tions include analytical chemistry and sens- the University of Colorado. In BEC, atoms STM. Independent auger electron spectros- ing of trace impurities or pollutants as well cooled to temperatures as low as 10 copy studies of the electron-induced deposi- as narrow-line sources for length standards nanokelvin undergo a phase transition in tion of aluminum show nearly pure and optical manipulation of atoms and which a large percentage of the atoms all aluminum deposits. molecules. Recognizing the broad range of take on exactly the same quantum wave applications for measurement high- function, becoming completely indistin- Contact: performance diode lasers, NIST has devel- guishable from one another. Alan C. Gallagher oped a program aimed at developing (303) 497-3936 Preliminary studies on low-lying phonon- methods for controlling the output charac- email: [email protected] like excitations will develop into measure- teristics of these versatile and inexpensive JILA, Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 ments on vortices and viscosity. Thermal lasers. The program selects specific practical behavior near the critical temperature and applications and works on the system de- the kinetics of condensate formation are signs needed to provide solutions. Current LASER DEPOSITION OF also promising topics for study. The implica- projects include a calcium-stabilized laser THIN FILMS tions of condensate formation for precision for use as a length reference, methods for metrology must be explored as well, includ- Evidence suggests that laser-deposited mate- synthesizing signals in the optical region, ing theoretically predicted coherent atom rials can attain better film properties at and laser-spectroscopy methods for detect- beams, dubbed bosers. lower processing temperatures than mate- ing trace impurities. rials deposited by normal thermal means. Contact: Contact: The microscopic basis for the effect of Eric A. Cornell Leo Hollberg kinetic-energy-enhanced epitaxy has been (303) 492-6281 (303) 497-5770 demonstrated at NIST for the first time. An email: [email protected] email: [email protected] apparatus has been developed to produce a JILA, Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 Division 847.80 neutral cobalt atom beam with a controlled

Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 energy. When cobalt atoms are deposited

onto silicon at thermal energy, most of the

atoms reside on the surface. However, deposi-

tion of cobalt atoms on a silicon(lOO) wafer 118 PHYSICS LABORATORY

at enhanced kinetic energies mimics sub- play a major role, causing the small strate heating in the 500 K range with ther- mobilities. RESEARCH mally deposited cobalt, in which the silicide Contact: FACILITIES material forms. Stephen R. Leone

Contact: (303) 497-3505 Stephen R. Leone email: [email protected] SYNCHROTRON (303) 497-3505 Division 848.00

email: [email protected] Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Division 848.00 FACILITY II Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 The heart of the NIST Synchrotron Ultra- STABILIZED LASERS violet Radiation Facility II (SURF II) is a

The remarkable price reduction of diode la- MOBILITY OF CLUSTER 300-MeV electron storage ring. The synchro- sers, taken with cost-effective frequency sta- tron radiation emitted is highly collimated,

IONS bilization approaches, leads to consideration nearly linearly polarized, and of calculable

of possible future widespread exploration of intensity. Seven beamlines are available, New methods have been established at NIST

frequency-stabilized diode lasers in a vast and a users' program is in operation. to measure the mobilities of ions clustered SURF range of new applications. Traditional inter- with water and other molecules important II is well suited for studies in radiometry; ferometric control systems profit from the la- atomic, molecular, biomolecular, solid- in the upper atmosphere. Ions are produced and ser system's increased performance along state physics; surface materials science; in a mass-selected ion source and injected and with its decreased cost and generated heat. A electro-optics; and surface chemistry and ra- into a flow tube where they are converted to new concept in development will allow stabi- diation effects on matter. Special facilities clusters by three-body reactions with a sol- lization to produce a constant laser wave- are available for developing and testing ex- vent molecule. The mobility of the cluster length for interferometric applications. treme-ultraviolet (EUV) optical components ions is measured by the arrival times of ion Advanced low noise tilt and displacement and systems. Although the primary purpose "packets" at a mass spectrometer detector,

sensors now can be usefully designed and of SURF II has been the production of EUV following a pulsed depletion of a small may become widespread when the stabilized radiation (wavelengths above about 4 nm), fraction of the ions at two places in the flow

laser system cost is decreased by one order of there are opportunities for using SURF II for tube. The method has been applied for magnitude or more. applications in the infrared, visible, and benzene dimer ions, water cluster ions, ultraviolet spectral regions. ammonia cluster ions, and mixed clusters. Contact: In general, the size of the cluster ion deter- John L. Hall CAPABILITIES mines the mobility in helium in a predict- (303) 497-3126 The typical storage ring electron beam cur- able fashion, for but collisions with mole- email: [email protected] rent is 200 mA at 284 MeV. The photon in- cules that have strong dipole moments, JILA, Boulder, Colo. 80309-0440 tensity in the region 60 nm to 120 nm is

1 remarkably small mobilities are observed. about 1.6 x 10 photons per second per

The additional strong attractive forces and milliradian of orbit for an instrumental reso-

internal degrees of freedom of the molecules lution of 0.1 nm. Experiments can be con-

ducted conveniently throughout the

wavelength range 4 nm to 1000 nm, from

the soft X-ray region to the infrared. One

normal-incidence, two grazing-incidence,

and several toroidal grating monochroma-

tors are available to disperse the radiation. A

large, ultrahigh vacuum spectrometer cali-

bration chamber, 1.2 m x 1.2 m x 2.5 m

and accessible through a clean room, is

available for radiometric applications in a PHYSICS LABORATORY

clean, vacuum environment. A 6.65-m tron microscopy with polarization analysis normal-incidence vacuum spectrometer, EUV OPTICS FABRICATION (SEMPA). An ultrahigh-vacuum electron with resolving power of about 100,000, is AND CHARACTERIZATION microscope has been modified so secondary available on a beamline dedicated to high- electrons from the sample can be analyzed FACILITY resolution vacuum ultraviolet radiation for their electron spin polarization. This al- research. The emerging field of high-reflectance, lows for a measurement of the surface mag-

normal-incidence soft X-ray or extreme netism with moments both in the plane and APPLICATIONS ultra-violet (EUV) optics has a wide range of perpendicular to the plane of the sample. The continuous radiation from SURF II is applications. The ability to produce high- used as a national standard of spectral irra- CAPABILITIES quality images at wavelengths below 40 nm diance for radiometric applications, a spec- SEMPA allows the simultaneous observation has allowed construction of EUV solar tele- trometer calibration facility, extreme of surface microstructure and surface mag- scopes with unprecedented resolution, EUV ultraviolet and infrared microscopy, and for netic domains with a resolution as high as microscopes able to study living biological fundamental research in the following areas: 20 nm. samples with submicron resolution, and

• optical properties of materials; EUV photolithographic systems that are pro- APPLICATIONS

posed as tools for the next generation of inte- This unique measurement facility can be • electron density of states in solids; grated circuits. used for research in magnetic thin films, • surface characterization; high-coercivity magnetic materials, high- NIST has initiated an EUV multilayer char- density magnetic storage media, and other • photoelectron spectroscopy; acterization facility at the SURF II storage advanced magnetic materials. ring, which is available to all researchers on • atomic and molecular absorption spec- a cooperative basis. The current facility is ca- AVAILABILITY troscopy; facilities are available for collabora- pable of measuring the reflectance or trans- These tive research by NIST and outside scientists • molecular kinetics and excitation and mittance of EUV optics such as mirrors, in areas of mutual interest on a time- ionization dynamics; and filters, and gratings as a function of wave- available length, angle of incidence, and position on basis. • radiation interactions with matter (such the optic. NIST is constructing a new facility as lithography, radiation damage, Contact: that will extend measurement capabilities to dosimetry, photobiology). John Unguris larger and more curved optics. A thin-film (301) 975-3712 AVAILABILITY has been added to the deposition chamber email: [email protected] Beam time on SURF II is available to any allows measure- reflectometry facility that B206 Metrology Building qualified scientist if beamline vacuum re- ments of films as deposited. From these quirements are met and scheduling arrange- measurements, the optical constants of im- ments can be made. Proposals should be portant multilayer materials can be deter- HIGH-RESOLUTION UV submitted for NIST review before use of the surface mined free from any influences of AND OPTICAL facility is desired. Informal contact also is contaminants. encouraged. SPECTROSCOPY FACILITY Contact: Accurate atomic data for neutral atoms Contact: Charles Tarrio and ions are required in support of high- Robert P. Madden (301) 975-3737 technology products and manufacturing (301) 975-3726 email: [email protected] processes as well as advanced scientific appli email: [email protected] A253 Physics Building cations. The primary source of such data is Bl 19 Radiation Physics Building high-resolution optical spectroscopy. Spec- MAGNETIC trometers in NIST's High-Resolution UV and Optical Spectroscopy Facility are the most

MICROSTRUCTURE powerful in the world for observations of MEASUREMENT FACILITY emission and absorption spectra in the soft

X-ray to near infrared regions. The 10.7-m The magnetic microstructure of materials can be measured with very high spatial reso-

lution by a technique called scanning elec- 120 PHYSICS LABORATORY

grazing-incidence and normal-incidence CAPABILITIES for the Earth's surface and atmosphere.

vacuum spectrographs permit observations The ACR is a broadband detector with a flat These measurements are the basis for the

from 3 nm to 600 nm with resolving powers response from the visible to the long wave- study of global warming. A goal of the facil-

of 70,000 to 400,000 and wavelength uncer- length infrared spectral region. It can meas- ity will be the development of infrared radi-

tainties as low as 0.0002 nm. In the visible ure power levels of 20 nw to 100 mw at its ometers, which will be used to intercompare

and near-infrared region, an echelle spectro- 3-cm-diameter aperture within an uncer- large-area blackbody sources used by con-

graph provides resolving powers exceeding tainty of less than 1 percent. The ACR has a tractors for NASA's Mission To Planet Earth

1,000,000. NIST's new high-resolution resolution of 1 nanowatt, and its time con- Project.

Fourier transform spectrometer will be stant is about 20 s. This facility is not limited to infrared meas- capable of observations from 200 nm to APPLICATIONS urements. The capability to make compari- 18 \im with unmatched resolution and This unique facility can be used to measure sons of large area visible sources also will be wavelength accuracy. A variety of discharge total radiant power from sources such as possible. For both infrared and visible sources are used to excite spectra of neutral cryogenic blackbodies. Ongoing improve- sources, users are able to bring their sources atoms and ions stripped of up to 20 elec- ments will allow of measurement the spec- to NIST for calibration. This facility also is trons. Species up to 40 times ionized are tral distribution of radiation from sources used for hosting intercomparisons of field ra- observed in plasmas created by ablating sam- and characterization of infrared detectors diometers, user sources, and training of key ples with a high-power laser. Current NIST optical and components. personnel. A multipurpose classroom is research includes development of wave- available where short courses and work- length standards used for calibration of the AVAILABILITY shops on radiometry can be held. high-resolution spectrograph on the Hubble The facility is operated by NIST staff in sup-

Space Telescope, observations of transitions port of user infrared calibrations. It is avail- Contact: able for collaborative research in highly ionized atoms for plasma diagnos- by NIST and Carol Johnson outside scientists in areas of mutual interest. tics in tokamaks, development of a promis- (301) 975-2322

ing new scheme for an extreme ultraviolet email: [email protected] Contact: laser, and precise isotope shifts of mercury B208 Physics Building Raju Datla wavelengths needed to interpret ultraviolet (301) 975-2131 spectra of stars. email: [email protected] MEDICAL-INDUSTRIAL Contact: B208 Physics Building

William C. Martin RADIATION FACILITY

(301) 975-3213 NIST operates an electron accelerator as CONTROLLED the email: [email protected] heart of a new user facility for the medical Al67 Physics Building BACKGROUND and industrial radiation communities. The RADIOMETRIC FACILITY Medical-Industrial Radiation Facility (MIRF) is based on a rf-powered, traveling- Infrared radiometry has an important role LOW-BACKGROUND wave electron linac donated by the Radia- in space-based civilian, defense, and indus- INFRARED RADIATION tion Therapy Center of the Yale University trial applications. A facility to maintain an New Haven Hospital. This reconfigured accel- FACILITY infrared scale for specialized applications erator provides electron energies from 7 MeV was developed with funding from NIST, In the NIST Low-Background Infrared Ra- to 32 MeV at average beam currents of up to NASA, and the DoD. In particular, the capa- diation Facility, radiant background noise 0.1 milliampere. In addition to the original bility for measurements on large-area, levels less than a few nanowatts are attained beam-steering system and medical-therapy vacuum-operational, blackbody sources in a large (60 cm diameter x 152 cm long) scanner/collimator head, three additional operated from 200 K to about 400 K is being vacuum chamber by cooling internal beam ports and a switching magnet have established. These measurements will be cryoshields to temperatures less than 20 K been added at NIST. The flexibility afforded traceable to NIST via infrared radiometry using a closed-cycle helium refrigerator sys- by access to these four beam lines allows through the radiance temperature of the tem. An absolute cryogenic radiometer NIST to address issues in radiation metrol- source. An example of the type of scientific (ACR) of the electrical substitution type ogy, radiation effects, and the uses of elec- activity that the NIST facility supports is the that operates at 2 K to 4 K is housed in the tron and high-energy photon beams. chamber. use of satellites for the determination of tem- perature, based on radiance measurements, PHYSICS LABORATORY

CAPABILITIES AVAILABILITY APPLICATIONS

The medical beam line can provide electron MIRF is available for collaborative research EPR dosimetry is operable over many orders doses of up to 5 gray per minute at the pa- by researchers from industry, academia, and of magnitude in absorbed dose (10" Gy to 5 tient location and is equipped with a target other government agencies under the super- 10 Gy) and impacts many facets of society to produce a 25 MeV bremsstrahlung beam vision of NIST staff. and industry. Areas of application include: as used in high-energy photon therapy. Contact: • Radiation accident dosimetry. Using bio- On other beam lines, dose rates in excess of Charles E. Dick logical tissues (bone, tooth enamel) or in- 1 kilogray per second over a small area (301) 975-5580 animate materials (clothing), retrospective have been achieved with electrons, and email: [email protected] dose assessment and mapping can be exposure rates of about 2,500 roentgens per C229 Radiation Physics Building accomplished. minute can be attained with suitable bremsstrahlung convenors to produce • Clinical radiology. Ionizing radiation high-energy photon beams used in indus- ELECTRON doses administered in cancer therapy can be trial radiography. measured for external beam therapy using

PARAMAGNETIC dosimeters of crystalline alanine (an amino APPLICATIONS FACILITY acid) or validated for internally delivered MIRF offers unique opportunities for medi- RESONANCE bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals using cal and industrial research. At the facility, a NIST is leading a national and international bone biopsies. number of organizations are collaborating effort in electron paramagnetic resonance on a variety of projects, including: (EPR) dosimetry for measuring ionizing ra- • Industrial radiation processing. Routine

diation. Paramagnetic centers (molecules or and transfer dosimetry for industrial radia- • Medical dosimetry. Medical linacs are atoms with unpaired electrons) are pro- tion facilities can be performed using ala- used for treating approximately 500,000 can- duced by the action of radiation on mate- nine dosimeters as well as post-irradiation cer patients annually at some 1,300 treat- rials. In the EPR measurement, irradiated monitoring of radiation-processed meats, ment facilities in the United States. Among materials are placed in a magnetic field and shellfish, and fruits using bone, shell, or the medical dosimetry applications of MIRF electron spin transitions are induced by an seed. are the development and testing of instru- electromagnetic field of the appropriate fre- ments and dosimetry systems for use in clini- The EPR facility also serves as a fully func- quency (typically in the GHz range). EPR is cal facilities as well as investigations into tional materials research facility for analyz- used as a non-destructive probe of the struc- shielding requirements for the radiation ing radiation effects on semiconductors, ture and concentration of paramagnetic cen- scattered from the patient. optical fibers, functional polymers, and ters. The centers created by ionizing composites. • Radionuclide production. Through radiation are proportional to the absorbed photonuclear reactions, radioisotopes can be dose and provide a sensitive and versatile AVAILABILITY produced with high-energy electron accel- measurement method. The EPR facility is available for collabora- erators as an alternative to the use of nu- tive research by researchers from industry, CAPABILITIES clear reactors. Applications on MIRF include academia, and other government agencies The EPR dosimetry facility is supported by production tests of radionuclides for use in under the supervision of NIST staff. three state-of-the-art X-band EPR spectrome- nuclear medicine. ters capable of measuring radiation effects Contact:

• Radiography. The facility provides for on a wide range of materials from inorganic Marc F. Desrosiers

studies pertinent to industrial radiography semiconductors to biological tissues. The (301) 975-5639

and computed tomography. In addition, on- data acquisition system provides full com- email: [email protected]

going development on one of the beam lines puter control of all spectrometer functions, C229 Radiation Physics Building

is aimed at producing quasi-monoenergetic including real-time spectral display and

photon beams of channeling radiation and rapid acquisition scan to analyze rapidly de-

coherent bremsstrahlung suitable for use in caying signals. The data acquisition system

digital-subtraction angiography. is interfaced with an advanced data analysis

station for data manipulation and is capable • Radiation effects and processing. Current of simulating and deconvoluting multi- applications include electron-beam treat- component spectra. ment of waste water, curing of polymer com-

posites, and radiation effects on electronics. 122 PHYSICS LABORATORY

10" 7 NIST as Standard Reference Materials for is < g; the positional stability, 2 Jim in

RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL distribution to the radiopharmaceutical user translation and 1 jarad in rotation; and the STANDARDIZATION communities. temperature stability, 0.1 K/day. LABORATORY Contact: APPLICATIONS Larry L. Lucas Among the applications for the Neutron Radioactivity measurements for diagnostic (301) 975-5546 Interferometer and Optics Facility are: and therapeutic nuclear medicine in the email: [email protected] United States are based on measurements at • neutron phase contrast imaging; CI 14 Radiation Physics Building NIST. Activity measurements for the gamma- • neutron tomography; ray-emitting radionuclides are made using the NIST "47C" y ionization chamber. The NEUTRON • neutron Fourier spectroscopy for surface calibration process also includes identifica- studies;

tion of radionuclidic impurities by germa- INTERFEROMETER AND • determination of hydrogen content in ma- nium spectrometry. Recent development OPTICS FACILITY terials; work has focused on therapeutic nuclides for The Neutron Interferometry and Optics nuclear medicine, radioimmunotherapy, • measurement of bound coherent scatter- Facility (NIOF) located at the NIST Re- and bone palliation. ing lengths; search Reactor is one of the world's premier

CAPABILITIES user facilities for neutron interferometry • small-angle neutron scattering studies

The radiopharmaceutical standardization and related neutron optical measurements. with perfect crystals;

laboratory provides calibration services for A neutron interferometer splits, then • tests and demonstrations of quantum the gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides and recombines neutron waves. This gives the principles with matter waves; is available for technical users who must interferometer its unique ability to experi-

make measurements consistent with na- mentally access the phase of neutron waves. • measurement of the neutron-electron

tional standards or who require higher accu- Phase measurements are used to study the scattering length; and

racy calibrations than are available with magnetic, nuclear, and structural properties • phase transition studies. commercial standards. NIST also undertakes of materials as well as fundamental ques-

basic research to develop new methods of tions in quantum physics. Related, innova- AVAILABILITY Beam time on the NIOF is available to quali- standardizing radionuclides for diagnostic tive neutron optical techniques for use in fied scientists from the United States and and therapeutic applications. These studies condensed matter and materials science re- abroad, subject to approval and scheduling include measurements of decay-scheme pa- search are being developed by the facility oversight committee. rameters, such as half lives and gamma-ray CAPABILITIES emission probabilities, and identification of Neutrons are extracted from a dual-crystal Contact: radionuclidic impurities. parallel-tracking monochromator system, Muhammad Arif 975-6303 AVAILABILITY providing neutron energies in a range of (301)

The customer has no direct use of the facil- 4 to 20 meV. Neutrons are counted with inte- email: [email protected] 3 A106 Reactor Building ity. NIST staff can provide calibration grating He detectors or by high-resolution

services for the gamma-ray-emitting ra- position-sensitive detectors (with a resolu-

dionuclides that comply with the specifica- tion better than 50 |im). The sensitivity of

tions as stated in NIST Special Publication the apparatus is enhanced greatly by state-

250-10. Working at NIST, research associ- of-the-art thermal, acoustical, and vibration

ates of the U.S. Council for Energy Aware- isolation systems. To reduce vibration, the

ness produce standards that are certified by NIOF is built on its own foundation, sepa-

rate from the rest of the building. The posi-

tion of the interferometer is maintained to

high precision by a computer-controlled

servo system. The result is a neutron inter-

ferometer facility with exceptional phase 10"3 stability ( 5 x rad/day)and fringe visi-

bility (>70 percent). The vibration isolation PHYSICS LABORATORY

LOW FREQUENCY BROADCAST. AUTOMATED COMPUTER TIME SERVICE (ACTS). TIME AND FREQUENCY In 1956 low-frequency station WWVB began NIST also offers an Automated Computer SERVICES broadcasting at 60 kHz. It offers: Time Service that uses commercial tele- phone lines to deliver a digital time code for SHORT WAVE BROADCASTS. • more predictable propagation (at 60 kHz) computers and automated systems. The serv- Since 1923 NIST radio station WWV has pro- than that of WWV and WWVH; ice includes: vided around-the-clock shortwave broad- • digital time code only; casts of time and frequency signals. A sister • time accuracy of 1—>100 ms depending — station. WWVH, was established in 1948 in • time and accuracy of 0.1 > 1 ms; on modem and mode used;

Hawaii. The stations: Q • frequency accuracy of 1 x 10 for • frequency accuracy of 1 x 10 for meas-

• broadcast at 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 MHz; WWV measurements over 1 day; and urements over 1 day; also broadcasts at 20 MHz; • good reception in most areas of the • telephone-circuit delay measurement and

• reliably cover continental United States continental United States. automated compensation for it. and the Pacific at time accuracy of GOES TIME CODE SERVICE. For service call (303) 494-4774. Example 1 —»10 ms; and NIST time and frequency services are re- user software is available (specify RM8101 - 10" 7 layed to most of the Western Hemisphere by • have a frequency accuracy of 1 x . Automated Computer Time Service) at

satellites positioned high above the equator. (301) 975-6776. Broadcasts include standard frequencies and This service: time intervals, time of day (both voice and Contact: • digital code), astronomical time corrections, is cooperative with NOAA using two of D. Wayne Hanson and public service announcements (marine their GOES weather satellites; (303) 497-5233 weather, geophysical alerts, Omega and GPS email: [email protected] • has an accuracy of 100 \is limited by in- status information, and radio propagation Division 847.40 formation on the location of the satellites; information). Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 • covers North and South America plus ma- Telephone access: 499-7111 for WWW (303) jor portions of the Atlantic and Pacific; and and (808) 335-4363 for WWVH. • includes digital time code and continu-

ously updated satellite locations. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY HHHI

The Materials Science and Engineering COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Laboratory provides technical leadership OPPORTUNITIES MSEL is separated into five divisions. and participates in developing the meas- Advanced Materials Contacts for each division are listed below. urement and standards infrastructure re- 125 Dental and Medical Materials lated to materials critical to U.S. industry, Ceramics Division 125 Electronic and Photonic Ceramics academia, government, and the public. Contact: 125 Mechanical Properties of Brittle Materials science and engineering pro- Stephen W. Freiman Materials grams at NIST cover a full range of mate- (301) 975-6119 126 Theory and Modeling rials issues from design to processing to email: [email protected] performance. A unifying aim is to acquire Measurements and Standards fax: (301) 990-8729 the knowledge and tools needed for intelli- A256 Materials Bldg. 126 Electronics Packaging and gent manufacturing methods with real- Interconnection time automated process controls. Materials Reliability Division 126 Evaluated Materials Data Contact: Separate research initiatives address ce- 127 High-Tc Superconductivity Harry I. McHenry ramics, metals, polymers, composites, and 127 Metals Data and Characterization (303) 497-3268 superconductors. This research supports 128 Nanostructured Materials email: [email protected] efforts of U.S. industry to develop reliable, Non-destructive Evaluation 128 fax: (303) 497-5030 low-cost manufacturing methods for pro- 128 Polymer Characterization Division 853.00 ducing tailor-made materials and prod- 129 Viscoelasticity of Polymers Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 ucts with superior properties.

Advanced Processing Metallurgy Division Through laboratory-organized consortia 129 Ceramic Coatings and one-to-one collaborations, NIST's Contact: materials scientists and engineers work 129 Ceramic Processing Carol A. Handwerker closely with industrial researchers. Exam- 130 Intelligent Processing of Materials (301) 975-5960 email: [email protected] ples include work on improved processing 130 Machining of Advanced Materials fax: (301) 926-7975 of rapidly solidified metal powders, poly- 130 Metals Processing mer composites, ceramic machining, B26l Materials Bldg. 131 Polymer Composites aerospace alloys, and non-destructive 131 Polymer Blends and Processing Polymers Division evaluation sensors for aluminum and Contact: steel manufacturing. The laboratory is RESEARCH FACILITIES Leslie E. Smith also strengthening its relationships with 131 Cold Neutron Research Facility (301) 975-6762 manufacturers of high-technology 132 NIST Research Reactor email: [email protected] products, the major users of advanced 134 Materials Science X-ray Beamlines fax: (301) 869-3239 materials. 134 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Facility A309 Polymers Bldg. Contact: 135 Powder Characterization and

Lyle H. Schwartz, Director Processing Laboratory Reactor Radiation Division

(301) 975-5658 Contact: [email protected] email: J. Michael Rowe fax: (301) 926-8349 (301) 975-6210 B309 Materials Bldg. email: [email protected] http://www.msel.nist.gov fax: (301) 869-4770 A106 Reactor Bldg. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The occupational and environmental haz- wavelength radiation sources to increase COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ards associated with the use of mercury- storage density. containing dental alloys are a recurring OPPORTUNITIES Contact: source of public concern. Since dental amal- Grady White gams have performed exceedingly well over (301) 975-5752 more than 100 years, the development of a email: [email protected] direct filling material still based on the com- ADVANCED MATERIALS A215 Materials Building mon constituents of dental amalgams, other

than mercury, is the objective of this focus. DENTAL AND MEDICAL The approach chosen is based on three main MECHANICAL MATERIALS premises: (1) the cold-welding of oxide-free silver; (2) the in-situ formation of AgxSn in- PROPERTIES OF The dental and medical materials program y termetallics by the room temperature fast BRITTLE MATERIALS provides basic materials science, engineer- diffusion of silver and tin; and (3) the homo- ing, test methods, and standards to sectors of Mechanical properties are the source of geneous precipitation of silver by Sn(II) in the health-care industry for the development some of the greatest benefits as well as the solution. of new or improved materials and delivery most serious limitations of ceramics. With

systems. The major focus areas of this pro- Contact: their great strength-to-weight ratio, their

gram are development of dental restorative Francis Wang relatively inert behavior in aggressive envi-

composites of greater durability and wear (301) 975-6726 ronments, and their ability to withstand

resistance, and development of metallic email: [email protected] much higher temperatures than metals or

mercury-free alternatives to dental A143 Polymers Building polymers, ceramics potentially offer major amalgams. improvements for component design in a wide range of applications. On the debit Dental restorative composites are hetero- ELECTRONIC AND side, brittle fracture, creep at elevated tem- geneous materials having three essential CERAMICS peratures, environmentally enhanced fail- phases: (1) a polymeric matrix that com- PHOTONIC ure, and the lack of techniques that can prises the continuous phase, (2) fillers of The objectives of the electronic and pho- detect and quantify critical flaws before fail- various types, sizes, shapes, and morpholo- tonic ceramics program are to provide data, ure occurs, impede their more widespread gies that constitute the disperse phase and measurement methods, standards and refer- uses. Problems in controlling failure of ce- (3) an interfacial phase that, in varying de- ence materials, models, and understanding ramics stem from three sources: lack of un- gree, bonds the continuous and disperse of the fundamental aspects of processing, derstanding of the failure processes, limited phases into a unitary material rather than a structure, properties, and performance of standard test techniques to permit inter- simple admixture. While all three phases are electronic and photonic materials. The pro- laboratory comparisons of material behav- important in determining the properties of gram supports generic technologies in bulk ior, and inadequate statistical techniques for 1 the composites, this program focuses primar- and thin-film ceramics to foster their effi- reliability and lifetime estimation. The ily on the interfacial and polymer matrix cient and economical use as electronic mechanical properties program has compo- phases. Resources are allocated to develop and/or photonic materials. The research nents specifically addressing each of these high-conversion, low-shrinkage polymeric addresses the science base underlying ad- issues. materials for use in dental resin and com- vanced electronic/photonic materials tech- Basic understanding of mechanical behav- posite applications. Because these compos- nologies together with associated

ior of ceramics is being investigated for ites are used in an aggressive, aqueous measurement methodology. both ambient and elevated temperature environment that constantly challenges the i The principal activities of the program are applications. Effects of cyclic loading vulnerable silane mediated polymer-glass and directed toward materials for electronic and microcrack formation/coalescence are being bond, this program also seeks to understand photonic technology related to data process- studied for lead zirconium titanate (PZT), a the critical interfacial phase so that strate- ing, storage, display, and transmission. Four technologically important actuator mate- gies can be developed for its improvement. aspects of this technology being addressed rial. Mechanical properties and failure proc- are modulator materials; storage-media esses in fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix materials; materials for microwave transmis-

sion; and materials for compact, short- MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 26

composites are being investigated as a func- aging and interconnection that addresses

tion of both temperature and fiber loading. THEORY AND MODELING industry's most pressing challenges sur-

Residual in stresses associated with crack rounding the utilization of advanced MSEL theory and modeling efforts focus on mate- in both fiber-reinforced composites rials bridging the behavior and properties of materials and material processes. With a specific microstructurally toughened alumina mission to develop deliver and over the range of length scales from atoms and to U.S. elec- are being measured via micro-Raman tech- tronics and electronic materials industries to bulk materials. On the atomistic scale, niques. In addition, environmentally en- tools and for researchers have used molecular dynamics measurement data materials hanced fracture remains an important and processes used in semiconductor packag- simulations to study fracture in brittle mate- subject from both an experimental and a ing, module interconnection, and compo- rials, and a new program to model disloca- theoretical (see Theory and Modeling sec- nent assembly, this program: tions in metals is under way. On mesoscopic tion) viewpoint. At elevated temperatures, length scales, simulations of phase behav- • develops techniques and procedures for the basic mechanisms responsible for creep ior, stability, separation kinetics, and mor- making in-situ, in-process, and in-use in silicon nitride are being investigated. phological evolution in alloys, polymer measurements on materials and material blends, liquid-crystalline polymers, and An important aspect of the program is the assemblies having micrometer- and homopolymer/co-polymer blends comple- development of standards. New standard test submicrometer-scale dimensions; ment ongoing experimental efforts in the techniques for hardness and toughness are • records and quantifies the divergence of polymers, metallurgy, and reactor divisions. being developed and tested in round-robin material properties from their bulk values as Simulations of such materials processing experiments; these eventually will lead to dimensions are reduced and interfaces are problems as, e.g., dendritic growth during the American Society for Testing and Mate- approached; and solidification and spinodal decomposition of rials and the International Organization for chemically reacting Standardization standards. For elevated tem- polymers ranged from • develops fundamental understanding of minute-long calculations on single- peratures, a new creep specimen design has materials needed for future packaging, inter- processor workstations to week-long calcula- been developed that concentrates more of connection, and assembly schemes. tions on massively parallel supercomputers. the applied load in the gage length and re- Contact: On macroscopic length scales, finite- duces the chance of failure from non-gage Michael A. Schen element computer codes have been devel- portions of the specimen. (301) 975-6741 oped to model a variety of materials Finally, techniques to predict lifetimes of email: [email protected] processes, such as injection molding for ceramics under constant or cyclic loading B320 Polymer Building automotive parts, solder geometry in mi- conditions are being developed. The non- croelectronic interconnects, physical aging parametric bootstrap approach to lifetime in composite materials, and mechanical prediction is being applied to a number of EVALUATED MATERIALS properties of ceramic microstuctures. materials. A parametric model to predict life- DATA Contact: times of PZT under cyclic loading also is objective of the data technologies pro- Sharon Glotzer The under development. This latter model does gram is to develop and facilitate the use of (301) 975-5729 not restrict the material to environmentally evaluated databases for the materials sci- email: [email protected] enhanced fracture behavior since experimen- ence and engineering communities. Both B344 Materials Building tal evidence has demonstrated that other, research- and application-directed organiza- albeit unknown, processes also are active tions require readily available evaluated during cyclic loading. data to take advantage of the large volume

Contact: MEASUREMENTS AND of materials information developed by pub-

Edwin Fuller STANDARDS lic- and private-sponsored programs. This

(301) 975-5795 information, particularly numeric data, is

email: [email protected] available in an ever increasing number of

A329 Materials Building ELECTRONICS PACKAGING AND INTERCONNECTION

To assist the strategic and rapidly growing

U.S. microelectronics industry, MSEL has

embarked on a program in electronics pack- MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

publications published worldwide. The ne- Information of this kind is essential to un- cessity to consolidate and allow rapid com- HIGH-Tc derstanding behavior of metals in different parison of properties for product design and SUPERCONDUCTIVITY conditions and to the effective design of process development underlies the database structures and devices containing metals. A significant program in high-Tc (critical projects. The measurement base is an MSEL mission transition temperature) superconductivity is strategic thrust. Evaluated data projects are conducted in co- being conducted in MSEL and other labora- operation with the NIST Standard Reference tories at NIST. The primary focus of the This program is focused on the development

Data Program Office and include compila- MSEL program is on bulk superconducting of techniques to measure various properties tion and evaluation of numeric data as well materials for wire and magnet applications. of metallic materials and the acquisition of as recently initiated efforts directed at more In carrying out this program, researchers in data of technological significance. It in- effective distribution and use of data. MSEL work closely with their counterparts cludes activities involving measurements of

in other NIST laboratories as well as their mechanical, magnetic, and optical proper- Database projects in MSEL include: collaborators in U.S. industry and other ties, which impact a number of different

• phase diagrams for ceramists, conducted national laboratories. technology sectors. For instance, in collabo- in cooperation with the American Ceramic ration with the Copper Development Associa- The primary thrusts of the program are: Society; tion, the mechanical behavior of lead-free

• Phase equilibria—A prime objective plumbing solders is being investigated to • the Structural Ceramics Database, a com- is the development of the portions of the provide the comprehensive and reliable data- pilation of evaluated mechanical and ther- phase diagram for the Pb-Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 base needed to establish internal working mal data for nitrides, carbides, and oxides of system relevant to production of the high Tc pressure standards for drinking water pipe interest to engineers and designers; materials. joints. In contrast with these traditional • a ceramic machinability database, coordi- measurements involving a widely used mate- • Flux pinning—This project uses a nated with the Ceramic Machining Research rial, high-speed optical techniques are being unique magneto-optical imaging facility Program; developed in another project to measure se- to examine flux pinning in a variety of lected thermophysical properties of solid and • a high Tc superconductivity database de- materials. liquid materials at high temperatures. The veloped in cooperation with the Japanese • Damage mechanisms—The primary tool goals of this work are to generate accurate Agency for Industrial Science and Technol- used is microfocus radiography available at benchmark data on selected key materials ogy (see superconductivity); the NIST beamline at the Brookhaven Na- and to develop new high-temperature

• development and implementation of the tional Laboratory. thermophysical standards. In other work STEP protocol for the exchange of materials involving a collaboration with ALCOA and • Crystal structure—Thermal neutron dif- data, under the auspices of the ISO 10313 USCAR, models are being developed and fraction techniques and profile refinement activity; verified for the press-and-sinter and powder analyses are being utilized to investigate forge processes for metal matrix composites. • the NACE/NIST Corrosion Performance crystal and magnetic structures, composi- The goal of this work is to develop light- Database developed to provide a means to tion, and crystal chemical properties. weight materials for automotive applica- select structural alloys for corrosive applica- Contact: tions. In the area of characterization, a tions; and Stephen W. Freiman technique is being developed that visualizes

• the Crystal Data Center, which provides (301) 975-6119 stress fields in opaque materials using the fundamental crystallographic data on email: [email protected] acoustic microscope. Work in the past year

inorganic materials. A256 Materials Building has included collaborations with DuPont, Libby Owens Ford, and Sonix. These projects are developed with the co- operation of the materials community and METALS DATA AND Contact: programs. complement various research Robert J. Schaefer CHARACTERIZATION (301) 975-5961 Contact: Basic data describing the properties of met- email: [email protected] Stanley J. Dapkunas als and advanced materials based on metals B26l Materials Building (301) 975-6119 form an important component of the techno- email: [email protected] logical infrastructure that NIST supports. A265 Materials Building 28 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

interdiffusion at the interface are of critical methods for wave propagation in anisotropic

immmmmuwm importance. materials, obtaining elastic constants from

resonance spectra, and determining texture MATERIALS By experimentally addressing these issues, based on ultrasonic measurements. Nanostructured materials are a new class of by bringing together the industrial and sci-

materials that provide one of the greatest po- entific communities through the organiza- Contact:

tentials for improving performance and ex- tion of workshops and conferences in the Chris Fortunko

tended capabilities of products in a number area, and by developing and preparing ap- (303) 497-3062

of industrial sectors, including aerospace, propriate standards, NIST acts to accelerate email: [email protected]

tooling, automotive, recording, cosmetics, the utilization of these materials by the in- Division 853-05

electric motor, duplication, and refrigera- dustrial sector. Collaborations established Boulder, Colo. 80303-3238

tion. Encompassed by this class of materials in the area with Xerox, General Motors,

are multilayers, nanocrystalline materials, Nanophase Technologies, Pratt and

and nanocomposites. Their uniqueness is Whitney, Caterpillar, Lockheed-Martin, POLYMER partially due to the very large percentage of Hewlett Packard, IBM, Seagate, and CHARACTERIZATION atoms at interfaces and partially to quan- Motorola corporations, for example, enable The polymer characterization program pro- tum confinement effects. NIST to leverage its activities with the much vides measurement methods, data, and larger, but complementary, capabilities of One critical need for use of nanostructured Standard Reference Materials needed by U.S. other organizations. materials is their characterization and meas- industry, research laboratories, and other

urement science, which is the focus of the Contact: federal agencies to characterize polymers for

NIST program. For many properties, it is not Robert D. Shull processibility, properties, and performance.

known whether the exciting novel behavior (301)975-6035 Molecular weight and molecular weight dis-

found in these new materials is due to new email: [email protected] tribution are the molecular characteristics

physics or to a logical extension of large- B152 Materials Building of polymers that most affect their process-

size behavior to small dimensions. Exam- ing, properties, and performance. Properties

ples include the deformation and fracture and performance also may vary widely de-

behavior (Do dislocations even exist in these NON-DESTRUCTIVE pending on the solid-state structure formed materials?), optical characteristics (Are their EVALUATION during processing. Therefore, the focus of properties due to interface or quantum me- the program is on techniques that measure Non -destructive evaluation (NDE) is the de- chanical effects?), magnetic properties molecular weight, its distribution, and the termination of product quality using test (What do magnetic domains look like in solid-state structure of polymers. Primary methods that do not damage the product. At nanostructured materials and how they methods employed for molecular weight are MSEL, the NDE program is directed to the de- move in response to a magnetic field?), and dilute solution light scattering and os- velopment of model-based methods of physi- thermal properties (How do phonons prop- mometry. Chromatographic techniques, cal measurement that characterize the agate through interfaces?). Consequently, which require calibration by standards of internal geometries of materials, such as implementation of this new type of material known molecular mass, provide information defects, microstructures, and lattice distor- into marketable products is delayed signifi- on molecular weight distribution. Recent ac- tions. The goal of NDE is to convert these cantly. NIST is providing the measurement tivities seek to exploit advancements in mass measurement methods into sensors suited science to answer these critical unknowns. spectrometry using mass-assisted laser for production-line and in-service Important needs also include the identifica- desorption ionization (MALDI) to determine measurements of materials quality and tion of preparation methods for industrial- molecular weights of synthetic polymers. serviceability. size quantities of material, extension of the Other spectroscopic methods, solid-state nu-

capabilities of conventional measurement A primary focus of the NDE program is clear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infra-

tools to the nanometer-size scale, and the microstructural characterization of metals red, as well as X-ray diffraction, are

development of consolidation methods that and alloys, composite materials, and engi- developed and applied to elucidate the solid-

retain the nanometer grain size of the in- neered surfaces. The idea is that models re- state structure of polymers.

itial nanocrystalline powders. For multi- late microstructure and physical properties. The polymer industry and standards organi- layers, understanding the development of Research is also under way in magnetic, zations assist in the identification of current epitaxy and control of both composition and thermal, and radiographic techniques. needs for Standard Reference Materials. Modeling advances include Green's function Based on these needs, research on charac- MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY 129

terization methods and measurements is and electronic packaging and interconnects size distribution instruments used in indus- conducted, leading to the certification of as well as other agency and miscellaneous try for analysis of PS powder;

Standard Reference Materials. Standards are projects that result from the program's • development of scattering techniques to produced for calibration of gel permeation activities. determine the quantity, size, and orientation chromatographs, the principal method used In addition, the program works actively with of porosity and microcracks in PS ceramic by industry for assessing molecular weight industrial research programs. Activities such coatings suitable for use in modeling the and molecular weight distributions, and as workshops and special symposia that im- thermomechanical behavior of these melt flow standards are developed for use in prove the interaction of the program with materials; the calibration of instruments used to outside industry and the general technical determine processing conditions for • development of methods to measure and scientific communities also are fostered. thermoplastics. chemical, elastic modulus, and thermal

Contact: properties on a scale suitable for use in Contact: Gregory B. McKenna microstructural models of behavior; Bruno Fanconi (301) 975-6752 (301) 975-6769 • development of techniques to model email: [email protected] email: [email protected] thermomechanical behavior of thermal- A209 Polymers Building A309 Polymers Building barrier coatings to enable more reliable per-

formance prediction; and

VISCOELASTICITY OF ADVANCED PROCESSING • development of techniques for accurate measurement of the thermal conductivity of

POLYMERS PS coatings by use of the guarded hot-plate

The goals of the viscoelasticity of polymers CERAMIC COATINGS technique suitable for incorporation in program are to develop measurement strate- ASTM standards and to provide a method The ceramic coatings program is a measure- gies that produce mechanical properties for comparison with routine industrial ment and characterization effort that ad- data in efficient ways and concurrently to techniques. dresses the processing reproducibility and build methodologies that can be applied in performance prediction issues associated Contact: the design and development of finished poly- with, primarily, thermal-spray deposited Stanley J. Dapkunas mers. This approach uses the theoretical ceramic coatings. The program focuses on (301) 975-6119 frameworks of continuum constitutive equa- plasma-spray-deposited ceramic thermal email: [email protected] tions and micro- to meso-scale physical barrier coatings used in aircraft gas turbines A256 Materials Building models to interrelate the mechanical re- and expected to be used in land-based tur- sponses under different loading conditions bines and diesel engines. Research also is and to test model predictions using avail- conducted on the processing and properties CERAMIC PROCESSING able measurement methods. The work in- of chemical-vapor-deposited diamond films The ceramic processing program is focused the volves the first major effort to measure physical-vapor-deposited ceramic and on on the improvement of measurement qual- mechanical and rheological responses of a coatings. ity in ceramic powders processing. This is single class of solid polymer in multiple accomplished by providing the U.S. ceram- approach taken in the plasma-spray geometries of deformation and modes of The ics community the ability to control ceramic (PS) research has been to build on the ana- loading as well as in different temperature powder properties so that cost-effective lytical capabilities at NIST and the material histories. The combination of experiment manufacturing can be achieved. The processing capabilities of collaborators. The and modeling results in both improved mod- current program continues to emphasize program has the following elements: els and the development of new experimen- structural ceramics with application of tal material property methods for measuring • development of techniques for charac- silicon nitride to automotive engines. The parameters. Furthermore, the measurement terization of physical and chemical proper- specific elements of the program are as and modeling requirements are renewed zirconia feedstock to ties of stabilized follows: continuously by coordinating the efforts provide data for increased processing repro- support ac- through collaborations with and ducibility as well as data required for pro-

tivities for other programs in the Polymers duction of a Standard Reference Material Division, charac- including polymer suitable for calibration of light-scattering terization, polymer theory and modeling, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 30

• ceramic powder characterization tech- and material conditions obtained with on- grinding, mechanisms of material removal,

niques, measurement science, sensors, and line process sensors, and a model-based characterization of machining damage, and

models for intelligent processing, standard sensing and control strategy to achieve the chemically assisted machining. Current re-

methods, and Standard Reference Materials; desired characteristics in the finished prod- search materials include those intended for

uct. IPM projects advance each of the ele- structural applications, such as silicon • powder processing science to understand ments, and joint projects with industry are nitride, and dental materials, such as interrelationships between powder charac- integrating these elements into improved machinable glass. teristics and their processing environment; processing capabilities. and Contact:

Advanced materials are those with micro- Saidjahanmir • novel processing and synthesis methods structures designed and controlled to pro- (301) 975-3671 as applied to nanosize and ultra-pure vide superior properties and performance for email: [email protected] powders. specific functions. Hence, microstructural A329 Materials Building

Ceramic processing projects address the control is perhaps the most important appli-

development of standard procedures and cation of IPM. The idea is to model micro-

Standard Reference Materials, improvement structural evolution during processing, METALS PROCESSING

of the scientific basis for powder dispersion sense microstructural changes in real time, The properties of metals and their alloys

measurements in slurries and in overall and use a model-based system to ensure the depend strongly on their processing history.

measurement accuracy, and leadership in final product has the desired microstructure. The conditions under which materials are international standardization national and Microstructural consistency is essential to processed and fabricated into useful items activities, including the ISO and ASTM. The the commercialization of advanced materi- determine the distributions of phases,

characteristics of interest include it properties powder als because assures reliable and grains, and defects in the final products. chemical properties physical and surface performance of the material. These distributions are crucial in determin- phase composition. In addition, grain- and ing alloy strength, ductility, magnetic re- The IPM program also contributes to boundary characterization, and crystal- sponse, homogeneity, and other properties MSEL's measurement technology goal. A ma- lographic texture investigations are carried important for commercial applications. The jor focus of IPM projects is process sensors, out using advanced characterization tools. metals processing program focuses on meas- which our industrial collaborators repeat- In powder processing, efforts have been fo- urements and predictive models needed by edly identify as a crucial need. Sensor tech- agitation milling cused around high-energy industry to provide improved process con- nology is a core competence of MSEL, which of powders, textured AI2O3 microstructure, trol, develop improved alloy properties, has its roots in sensor development for non- of silicon nitride. and hot-isostatic-pressing tailor material properties for particular ap- destructive evaluation of materials. plications, and reduce costs. Contact: Contact: George Y. Onoda Three main approaches are being pursued: Tom Siewert (301) 975-4489 (303) 497-3523 • assisting in the design of materials email: [email protected] email: [email protected] production processes; A256 Materials Building Division 853-07 • measuring properties of the final mate- Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 rials and relating them to the process condi-

INTELLIGENT tions to evaluate the adequacy of process PROCESSING OF MACHINING OF models; and MATERIALS ADVANCED MATERIALS • performing measurements under dy- namic conditions to monitor materials' The intelligent processing of materials The goal of the NIST ceramic machining properties during production. (IPM) program makes important contribu- program is to assist U.S. industry, through a

tions to three MSEL strategic thrusts: ad- joint research program, in the development Contact: vanced processes, advanced materials, and of precision machining technology for the John R. Manning measurement technology. The central ele- manufacture of reliable and cost-effective (301) 975-6157 ments of IPM are process understanding ex- products made from advanced ceramics. Spe- email: [email protected]

pressed in terms of a process model, real- cific projects address grinding optimization, A153 Materials Building time information on processing parameters machinability database, nano-precision MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

late reliable predictive models for long-term POLYMER COMPOSITES behavior. The environmental durability RESEARCH projects focus on glass fiber The polymer composites program seeks to fa- materials since FACILITIES cilitate the introduction of lightweight, cor- they are the primary candidates for auto- rosion-resistant composite materials into motive applications. Work is beginning on commercial applications by expanding the graphite reinforced composites since these systems are important for infra- COLD NEUTRON essential science base and generating test marine and methods, reference data, and standard mate- structure applications. RESEARCH FACILITY rials. The outstanding properties of compos- Contact: The NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility ites mean they can be used to make products Richard Parnas (CNRF) is the first in the United States de- that are superior and more competitive in in- (301) 975-5805 voted exclusively to cold neutron research. ternational markets. Industries as diverse as email: [email protected] The facility provides U.S. researchers prime transportation, construction, marine, off- A209 Polymers Building access to a key tool of modern materials sci- shore oil, medical devices, and sporting ence with capabilities unavailable elsewhere goods can benefit significantly from the use in this country. of these materials. For this to happen, how- POLYMER BLENDS AND The facility is focused on a novel liquid hy- ever, two barriers must be addressed: the PROCESSING lack of rapid, reliable, cost-effective fabrica- drogen cold source operating at 20 K. The tion methods; and the poor understanding Applications of polymer blends and alloys cold source is viewed by one port inside the over reactor hall and predictive capability for durability. In have enjoyed steady growth the last dec- and seven neutron guide tubes. in terms of share, guide hall associated office response to these challenges, the composites ade market consumption, The and and laboratory space have than tripled the program initiated two tasks: one on process- and employment within the plastics indus- more ing science and the other on long-term try. This growth has challenged materials workspace available at NIST for neutron performance. suppliers to respond quickly to customer beam researchers. needs by reducing their new product develop- CAPABILITIES The goal in the processing science task is to ment cycle. Instruments currently in operation include: develop the technology required to monitor, The goals of the polymer blends and process- understand, model, and control the events • Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) ing program are to establish expertise in that occur during composite fabrication. Instruments. The NIST/Exxon/University of static and kinetic aspects of phase behavior The program's primary interest is in liquid Minnesota and the NSF/NIST Center for in polymer blends, effects of shear flows on composite molding since this fabrication High Resolution Neutron Scattering mixing and separating, and reactive process- method is of great interest to all industry sec- (CHRNS) 30-meter SANS instruments ing to promote compatibility. Current pro- tors and is the consensus choice of the auto- combine long flight paths and variable colli- gram objectives use the knowledge base and motive industry as the method with the most mation to provide flexibility, angular resolu- measurement expertise to develop tools promise for making structural automotive tion, and beam intensities that compare needed by industry to process polymer parts. The approach in this task involves favorably with any SANS instruments in the blends more effectively. Accordingly, the pro- three steps: (1) development of measure- world. Large-area position-sensitive detec- gram works on development of measure- ment tools to characterize materials proper- tors provide exceptional sensitivity to materi- ment methods using fluorescence, light ties that control processing, (2) formulation als structures ranging from roughly 1 nm to scattering, neutron scattering, and micros- of sophisticated process simulation models 500 nm. An 8-meter SANS instrument also is copy to aid in monitoring polymer blend to ultimately optimize processing parame- available. Computer- automated equipment processing. ters, and (3) development and utilization of is available for maintaining samples at tem- process monitoring sensors. Contact: peratures from 4 K to 700 K and in magnetic

Eric Amis fields up to 20 kilogauss. To extract struc- The work on performance focuses on com- 975-6681 tural information from the data, the re- posite characterization tools and environ- (301) email: [email protected] searchers analyze SANS patterns with an mental durability. The goals are: (1) to B210 Polymers Building interactive color graphics system and related develop measurement methods that can de- programs. Polarized neutron capabilities are termine the state of the material, (2) to iden- planned for both 30-meter instruments. tify the chemical and physical mechanisms

of environmental attack, and (3) to formu- ,

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

• Depth-Profiling Instrument. With a meas- • Fundamental Physics Station. Available (three-fourths on CHRNS instruments) will ured chemical sensitivity 20 times that of for use only in collaboration with the NIST be allocated by a Program Advisory Commit- the existing NIST thermal-beam instrument, fundamental physics research group, an end tee (PAC) on the basis of scientific merit of this station features automated sample han- guide position physics station currently is in- written proposals. The second mode involves dling, near real-time spectral processing, strumented for a new measurement of the Participating Research Teams (PRTs) goniometer positioning of sample and lifetime of the neutron. A second fundamen- which are developing the remaining sta- detectors, and sample temperature control. tal neutron physics station, a neutron inter- tions. The PRTs are responsible for design,

Increased signal intensity will permit multi- ferometer, is also operational. construction, and maintenance of the facili- dimensional imaging of elemental distribu- ties in return for three-fourths of the avail- • Neutron Optical Bench. This station is tions and profiling of nuclides with able time. The remaining time will be available for testing and calibrating neutron absorption cross-sections for charged parti- allocated by the PAC. For all instrumental devices such as focusing capillary tubes. cle emission of less than 1 barn. stations, instrument-responsible scientists

• Triple-Axis Spectrometer. A spin-polarized will be designated to assist users in perform- • Prompt-Gamma-Ray Activation Analysis. inelastic neutron spectrometer is opera- ing their experiments. Providing much greater sensitivity for this tional, with intensity and resolution un- method than any existing thermal-beam in- Contact: matched in the United States. Among other strument in the world, this equipment pro- J. Michael Rowe features, this instrument includes novel vides unique measurements of chemical (301) 975-6210 transmission polarizers providing excellent elements, such as hydrogen (detection limit email: [email protected] polarization analysis, and a horizontally fo- < 2 |ig), that are difficult to detect by other A106 Reactor Building cusing analyzer providing much higher means. fluxes for inelastic scattering. • Medium Resolution Time-of-Flight At press time (mid 1996), three other instru- NIST RESEARCH Spectrometer. The energy resolution of this ments are in the process of being installed: a instrument, 40 to 600 (leV, is suitable for a REACTOR high-resolution time-of-flight spectrometer, broad range of studies of diffusion al mo- The NIST research reactor is a national cen- a spin-echo spectrometer, and a back- tions and magnetic and vibrational excita- ter for the application of reactor radiation to scattering spectrometer. These instruments tions. A combination of double-crystal a variety of problems of national concern. will become available during 1996-1997. monochromator and Fermi chopper, with a A wide variety of internal and external pro- detector array covering a large range of scat- APPLICATIONS grams have benefited from the broad range tering angles, allows incident energies from The unusual sensitivity and range of meas- of capabilities available to researchers from

2.2 to 15.5 meV and (elastic) momentum urements possible at the NIST CNRF provide industry, universities, and government applications in materials structures, mate- transfers from 1 to 49 nm" . laboratories.

rials dynamics, chemical analysis, and neu- • NIST/IBM/University of Minnesota Cold CAPABILITIES tron physics. Currently operational Neutron Reflectometer. This instrument The NIST reactor is an enriched-uranium, instruments are used to study microstruc- exceeds the sensitivity of the NIST thermal D2O cooled and moderated reactor, with a tures in metals, ceramics, and colloidal mix- 14 neutron instrument—already among the peak thermal core flux of 4 x 10 neu- tures; films, layered structures, thin and 2 best in the world. In addition, the CNRF re- trons/cm -s. The core comprises 30 fuel ele- interfacial properties; magnetic properties flectometer incorporates vertical scattering- ments of a unique, split-core design, in and shear-induced phenomena; molecular plane geometry and a horizontal sample which nine radial beam tubes look at a 17- geometry of polymer and biological macro- plane that allows examination of liquid sur- cm gap between fuel-element halves. A large- molecules; chemical composition of semi- faces. Independent movement of sample and volume cold source, two tangential and one conductors, high-tech materials, air- detector allows measurement of off-specular vertical beam tube, a thermal column, sev- pollution filters, and other samples; and scattering. This reflectometer is clearly at eral vertical thimbles, and four "rabbit" neutron decay rates. the forefront worldwide and provides unique tubes complete the configuration. The capabilities to U.S. researchers. AVAILABILITY reactor operates continuously, 24 hours a

The CNRF operates as a national facility day on monthly cycles, followed by approxi-

open to all qualified researchers. NIST mately a week of shutdown for refueling and develops experimental stations for use by the maintenance. general U.S. research community. Two-

thirds of the available time on these stations MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The reactor utilizes the flux available in a residual stress studies) are utilized. Single- • The BT-2 instrument has both triple-axis

very efficient manner through relatively crystal structure determinations are per- and polarized-beam (up to 96 percent) capa-

short core-to-instrument distances and formed on this instrument while a new bilities. Either a PG or a Heusler-alloy mono-

large-diameter beam tubes. As a result, the residual stress/texture/single-crystal diffrac- chromator, each vertically focused, are

flux on the sample for certain instruments is tometer is being completed on BT-8. available, with remotely insertable cold

comparable to that at other major research beryllium or PG filters. Built-in guide fields A new thermal-neutron reflectometer, in reactors of higher power and peak core flux. and spin rotators and collimation as low as which the incident beam can be polarized 10'-5'-5'-20' are available. The experimental facilities in the reactor and the spin state of the reflected beam ana-

hall are used for neutron scattering and dif- lyzed, is operational on BT-7. In this reflec- • Elemental Analysis. Neutron activation

fraction, neutron radiography, trace analy- tometer, a pyrolytic graphite (PG) filtered analysis is performed utilizing the clean

sis and depth profiling, neutron dosimetry beam is incident on the vertically focusing room for sample preparation, the reactor

and standards development, irradiations, PG monochromator set for a principal wave- irradiation facilities, semi-hot and warm

and isotope production. length of 0.235 nm. For collimations of ~ 1' radiochemistry labs, and state-of-the-art

preceding and 1 following the monochroma- radiation-counting labs. Development of Sample environments for low and high tem- tor, respectively, the wavelength resolution methodology has aimed at accuracies and perature, low and high pressure, and high 10" 10 is 81/1- 0.01 and the actual flux on the sam- sensitivities over concentrations of magnetic fields are routinely available. On- pie is ~5 x 10 neutrons/cm -s. Two He percent to 100 percent. line graphics, plotting, and data fitting are detectors are incorporated—one for reflec- available via personal computers, Radiochemical separations for specific ele- tivity measurements; the other is for grazing- Macintoshes, Micro-VAXs, and a DEC 5810. ments and multielement analysis at the angle-diffraction experiments. ultratrace level are available. A thermal neu- • Elastic Scattering. Four beam ports are Polarization of the incident beam is accom- tron-capture prompt-gamma activation dedicated to elastic scattering studies. plished in transmission by one or more analysis facility is operational, with a neu-

A new high-resolution powder diffractometer polarizing Fe-Si supermirrors deposited on tron fluence of 5 x 10 n/cm -s in a

is installed at beam tube 1 (BT-1). It is a single-crystal Si substrates. Reflectivities 2-cm-diameter beam. 10"7 32-detector instrument that provides three down to about 2 x with a signal-to- A thermal neutron-depth-profiling facility is monochromator positions, each set at noise ratio of about 1 have been measured. installed on BT-3 for non-destructive deter- 0.154-nm wavelength but at different take- • Inelastic Scattering. Three triple-axis in- mination of near-surface elemental depth off angles to allow maximum flexibility' in elastic scattering spectrometers are opera- distributions in a variety of materials. Sensi- selecting the optimal resolution function for 12 J : tional. The BT-4 instrument employs two tivities approaching 10 atoms/cm with a a given measurement. Collimations down to remotely selectable, vertical-focusing mono- spatial resolution of better than 30 nm for 7'-20'-7' : are available. chromator crystals (PG and Cu), which pro- depths of 5 mm to 20 mm are achievable.

A deflection instrument dedicated to the vide incident energies from 3 meV to 300 • Neutron Standards and Dosimetry. A num- measurement of residual stress is now opera- meV continuously. It is capable of elastic- ber of neutron fields for standards and tional at BT-8. This diffractometer is opti- peak resolution down to 0.04 meV and also dosimetry are available. These include a Cf mized for such measurements and provides can be used in the inverted-filter mode for 235 fission source; a U cavity fission source; great flexibility. energy-loss spectroscopy of vibrations in the the thermal column beam, an intermediate 15-meV to 280-meV range. The BT-9 spec- A triple-axis spectrometer with a four-circle energy standard neutron field; and 2-, 24.5-, trometer offers variable incident energy in goniometer is installed at BT-6 and is used and 144-keV filtered beams. the 5-meV to 50-meV range and collima- primarily for residual stress and texture tions down to 10'-12'-12'-16'. • Irradiation Facilities. Four pneumatic measurements, although inelastic scattering 3 tubes for 40-cm rabbits with fluence ranges experiments also can be performed. This 11 14 2 of 3 x 10 to 2 x 10 n/cm -s for irradia- spectrometer is typically operated in the elas- tions of seconds up to hours are available. tic scattering mode without an analyzer for The cadmium ratio range for these facilities texture studies and with the analyzer for re- is 4 to 3000 (Au). For long irradiations sidual stress measurements. Incident ener- 6-cm- and 9-cm-diameter in-core thimbles gies are continuously variable with 2 0M's are used. These are D2O filled with fluences from 20' to 75' available. Beam sizes up to l4 2 of 2-4 x 10 n/cm -s. 2 2 30 x 50 mm and down to 2 x 2 mm (for 134 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

• Neutron Radiography. Radiography facili- AVAILABILITY

ties are available at a highly thermalized MATERIALS SCIENCE Beam time is available to qualified scientists

beam of the thermal column. Fluences provided safety requirements are met and Q 1 1 X-RAY BEAMUNES range from 10 to 10 n/cm -s, depending scheduling arrangements can be made. Pro- NIST operates two beam stations on the on resolution, with a Cd ratio of 500:1 and posals for collaborative use of the facility are X23A port at the National Synchrotron Light an L/D ratio adjustable from 20:1 to 500:1. reviewed at NIST; proposals for independent Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National The beam is 25 cm in diameter at the image use of the facility should be submitted to the Laboratory in New York. The light source plane, 2 m from the reactor face. Facilities NSLS. provides an intense continuous-spectrum for autoradiography also have been beam of collimated and polarized X-rays Contact: developed. many orders of magnitude brighter than the Gabrielle G. Long

APPLICATIONS beams provided by conventional laboratory (301) 975-5975 of the principal applications Many have sources. These two beam stations offer ac- email: [email protected] described elsewhere been in this report. cess to dedicated instrumentation for small- Al63 Materials Building

Others include: angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction

imaging (topography) and X-ray absorption • Structural and Spectroscopic Studies of fine structure (XAFS). SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY Magnetic Materials. Recent efforts have fo- SCATTERING FACILITY cused on rare-earth compounds, amorphous CAPABILITIES

magnets and spin glasses, superconductors, Small-angle X-ray scattering can be carried Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a

magnetic bilayers, and hydrogen in metals. out in the photon energy range from 5 keV technique in which a highly collimated

to 11 keV. The vector is beam of X-rays (wavelength range 0.07 • minimum wave nm Elemental Analysis Programs. Examples 2 1 4x10 nm" and the wavelength resolu- to 0.3 nm) is used to probe the structure include studies in environmental chemistry, 10" 4 tion is AX/X = enabling anomalous of materials on the size scale of 0.1 nm to nutrition, biomedicine, energy and elec- , small-angle scattering with excellent resolu- 100 nm. tronic devices—with emphasis on Standard tion. Diffraction imaging of single crystals Reference Materials for these applications. Materials exhibiting structure in this size and powders is carried out with monochro- range include polymers, biological macro- • Studies. Specific Neutron Dosimetry proj- matic photons between 5 keV and 30 keV. An molecules, ceramics, metals, and alloys. The ects include neutron fluence standards for energy-tunable X-ray image magnifier en- small-angle scattering patterns can be ana- power reactor pressure vessel irradiation sur- ables imaging of microstructures down to lyzed to characterize the size and shape of veillance, ultralight mass assay for commer- less than 1 mm. The energy-scanning ex- the scattering centers as well as their spatial cial track recorder detectors, absolute periments, primarily XAFS, also are per- distribution and surface area. Data obtained fission-rate measurements, and develop- formed over an energy range from 5 keV to from these experiments are complementary ment of thermal neutron beam monitors. 30 keV. to data obtained from other diffraction stud-

AVAILABILITY APPLICATIONS ies and from morphological studies using

There are 25 thermal neutron facilities at Small-angle scattering measurements on ce- electron microscopy.

the reactor, which provide about 125,000 ramic and metallurgical materials are used instrument CAPABILITIES hours per year. In 1992, over to characterize microstructure in the 2-nm The NIST 10-m SAXS camera uses a 12-kW 700 researchers from 14 NIST divisions, to l-|im size range as a function of starting rotating anode X-ray generator as a source 28 other government organizations, 1 14 chemistry and processing parameters. Scat- of X-rays. The target is usually copper U.S. industrial and university laboratories, tering from a particular entity can be sepa- X(Ka) = 1.54, but additional wavelengths and 65 foreign laboratories utilized the fa- rated from other scatterers in a complex are available. The collimation path is de- cilities, either collaboratively with NIST staff material using anomalous small-angle fined so as to permit 10" nm" resolution in or independently. X-ray scattering. Diffraction imaging is used reciprocal space at the surface of a two- to study imperfections and strains in single Contact: dimensional position-sensitive proportional crystals and powder compacts. The structure J. Michael Rowe detector. The collimation path and the scat- of strained semiconductor interfaces and (301) 975-6210 tered beam path are evacuated, and all ele- metal multilayers can be studied using email: [email protected] ments of vacuum operation, X-ray optical XAFS. A combination of XAFS and diffraction A106 Reactor Building configuration, sample selection, and calibra- will provide a capability for site-specific lo- tion are computer controlled. Image data cal structure determination in crystals. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY

are collected by a minicomputer, and a CAPABILITIES can be analyzed for identification of impuri-

complete collection of software is • Physical available Properties Measurement. ties, chemical state, and composition distri- for displaying, analyzing, and modeling the Particle-size distribution, specific surface bution by non-destructive evaluation. In results. area, specific gravity, and porosity are some addition, the NMR can determine amor-

of the major physical properties for which in- phous phase content of the powders. Sample chambers are available for measure- strumentation is available. Powder-size dis- ments at high temperatures and to deform • Powder Synthesis. The ability to synthe- tribution can be determined by gravity specimens during measurement. size powders of controlled characteristics is sedimentation followed by X-ray absorption, necessary for development of a powder- APPLICATIONS centrifugal sedimentation, light diffraction, processing knowledge base. The fine-powder The SAXS technique is used to study molecu- and photon correlation spectroscopy. The synthesis facility consists of a chemical flow lar conformation, microphase domain struc- size range of these instruments covers reactor for controlled synthesis and inert at- tures, crystallization phenomena, network 0.03 (im to 200 |im. Each instrument works mosphere chambers. A solution atomizer is formation, craze initiation, void distribu- in a specific range and provides the data in available to generate polydisperse aerosols tion, and similar phenomena resulting from the form of a discrete size range. The parti- in the range of 0.001 |im to 1.0 \im, as is a fluctuations in electron density within a ma- cles are examined directly by the application spray dryer to form monodisperse agglomer- terial. Such studies are currently of broad in- of scanning and transmission electron mi- ates in the range 0.5 Jim to 100 |im. terest in all areas of materials science. croscopy of particles as small as 0.001 (im.

• Collodial Suspensions Preparation. AVAILABILITY • Surface and Interface Chemistry Measure- Colloidal processing of ceramic powders has This facility is operated by members of the ments. The surface and interface charac- NIST staff in emerged as an attractive technology for pro- support of their active research terization of powders contributes to the ducing defect-free ceramics. However, some program in polymeric materials. It is avail- knowledge base of the surface interactions major issues still remain to be addressed, able for use by researchers from industry, of particles in contact with dispersants and including the lack of characterization academia, and other government agencies binders. As the particles become smaller, techniques for slurries that contain high on either a collaborative or independent their surface characteristics become more concentrations of solids and scientific under- basis. significant. MicroRaman and Fourier trans- standing of limitations in the preparation of form infrared spectroscopy are used to study Contact: such slurries. The powder processing labora- surface composition, and electrophoretic John D. Barnes tory consists of an acoustophoresis instru- mobility and acoustophoretic mobility are (301) 975-6786 ment, a rheometer, a high-energy agitation used to study modification to the powder sur- email: [email protected] ball mill, and slurry consolidation equip- face as a result of an interaction with disper- A209 Polymer Building ment. These techniques are used to study sants and binders. interface chemistry, flow behavior, size • Phase Composition. Since most ce- POWDER of the reduction, morphology modification, and ramic powders undergo phase transforma- densification of polydisperse particles and CHARACTERIZATION AND tion during densification, understanding the similar processes resulting from interactions PROCESSING phase changes in specific densification envi- between the particles and their environment. ronments is an active part of NIST research. AVAILABILITY LABORATORY The Siemens high-temperature X-ray diffrac- These facilities are used primarily to support Advanced ceramics are manufactured by the tometer has a temperature range from room NIST research programs using ceramic pow- consolidation of fine powders. Researchers temperature to 3000 K and a position sensi- ders. They are available for collaborative or at NIST are working to develop the scientific tive detector. In addition, sintering can be independent work by qualified government, foundation needed for improving reproduci- carried out in oxygen-free argon or nitrogen industry, or university personnel with prefer- bility and reducing the cost of producing ce- environments. ence given to projects related to ceramics ramic components. The powder characteri- • Solid-State Imaging. The solid-state research. zation facility offers specialized instrumenta- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tion for measuring physical properties, Contact: spectrometer/imager carries out measure- phase composition, and surface chemical George Onoda ments in chemical shift, nuclear spin den- properties. In addition, facilities exist for (301) 975-4489 sity, relaxation times, and imaging of NMR processing and synthesizing ultrapure email: [email protected] active nuclear distribution. Ceramic powder powders. A256 Materials Building slurries, green bodies, and dense ceramics BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

The Building and Fire Research Labora- COOPERATIVE RESEARCH tory (BFRL) enhances the competitive- OPPORTUNITIES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH ness of U.S. industry and public safety OPPORTUNITIES Structures through performance prediction and 136 Structural, Earthquake, and Wind measurement technologies and technical Engineering advances that improve the life-cycle qual- ity and cost effectiveness of constructed Building Materials STRUCTURES facilities. BFRL's efforts are closely coor- 137 Cement and Concrete Division Contact: dinated with industry, professional and 137 Organic Building Materials H.S. Lew trade organizations, academe, and other 138 High-Performance Construction (301) 975-6061 agencies of government. Materials and Systems email: [email protected]

138 Construction Materials Reference fax: (301) 869-6275 Major BFRL goals are to improve the pro- Laboratories Bl68 Building Research Building ductivity of U.S. industries of construc- tion, which now face stiff competition Building Environment from overseas firms, and to reduce the 138 Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation STRUCTURAL, human and economic losses resulting 139 Refrigeration Machinery from fires, earthquakes, winds, and other EARTHQUAKE, AND 139 Heat Transfer hazards. Laboratory research includes WIND ENGINEERING 139 Building Controls fire science and fire safety engineering; 140 Computer-Integrated Construction Under the National Earthquake Hazards Re- building materials; computer-integrated duction Program, NIST performs research construction practices; structural, me- Fire Safety Engineering and development work used in standards for chanical, and environmental engineer- 140 Fire Modeling and Applications the seismic safety of structures. Experimen- ing; and building economics. Products of 140 Large Fires tal and analytical research under way at the laboratory's research include meas- NIST contributes directly to the development urements and test methods, performance Fire Science of design and construction standards for criteria, and technical data that are in- 141 Advanced Fire Sensing new and existing buildings and lifeline corporated into building and fire stand- 141 Advanced Fire Suppression structures. Other structural research in- ards and codes. Staff members are 1 41 Smoke and Toxic Gas Prediction volves determination of limit states and iden- involved in more than 100 activities to 142 Polymer Combustion Research tification of mechanisms of failure and develop voluntary standards. establishing criteria to ensure structural Applied Economics The laboratory conducts investigations at safety and serviceability. 142 Microeconomic Analysis the scene of major fires and structural The results provide designers and construc- failures due to earthquakes, hurricanes, RESEARCH FACILITIES tors with improved methods to predict and or other causes. The knowledge gained 143 Large-Scale Structures Testing Facility assess the resistance of buildings and struc- from these investigations guides research 1 43 Tri-Directional Test Facility tures to seismic and wind loads, guidelines and is applied to recommendations for 144 Large Environmental Chamber for strengthening new and existing struc- design and construction practices to re- 144 Calibrated Hot Box tures, and technologies to revise civil engi- duce hazards. neering related standards and codes. 144 Line Heat-Source Guarded Hot Plate Contact: 145 Advanced Insulation Facility Richard N. Wright, Director 145 Fire Research Facilities (301) 975-5900 email: [email protected] fax: (301) 975-4032 B216 Building Research Building

http://www.bfrl.nist.gov BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

Current research addresses: This work helps the U.S. construction indus-

try to be competitive by providing a strong • a rational procedure to determine BUILDING MATERIALS technical basis for standards for concrete the ultimate shear strength of partially Division Contact: and concrete materials. The research is coor- reinforced masonry walls; Geoffrey Frohnsdorff J. dinated with industry and voluntary stand- (301) 975-6706 • strength and ductility of connections in ards organizations and trade associations, email: [email protected] precast concrete structures; the National Science Foundation's Center fax: (301) 990-6891 for Advanced Cement-Based Materials, and • evaluation criteria for base-isolation sys- B368 Building Research Building federal and state government agencies. tems and test procedures for evaluating the response of structures subjected to seismic Contact: loading; CEMENT AND CONCRETE James R. Clifton (301) 975-6707 • strengthening methodologies for concrete NIST researchers are developing a funda- email: [email protected] frame structures; and mental understanding of the relationship B348 Building Research Building between chemistry, microstructure, perform- • performance of non-structural ance, and service life of conventional and components. high-performance concrete and other ORGANIC BUILDING Other structural research includes: inorganic building materials. Their goal is

to develop tools for predicting the behavior MATERIALS • non-destructive testing methods to detect of these materials and their service lifetimes. NIST is conducting basic and applied re- internal flaws and discontinuities in struc- Because the service life of concrete largely search to develop methods for predicting the tural members: depends on the transport of water, dissolved performance and service life of organic • studies of structural performance for salts, and gases in the pore system of the building materials such as protective coat- developing standards and test methods for concrete, researchers are developing mathe- ings for steel, polymer-matrix composites, high-performance concrete in con- major matical representations of the microstruc- and roofing materials. Researchers are struction applications; ture of concrete and models for use in investigating degradation mechanisms,

predicting its diffusivity and permeability. improving characterization methods, and de- • response of low-rise structures and veloping mathematical models of the degra- cladding to extreme wind loads; Models are being developed to consider serv- dation processes. Stochastic models, which ice conditions, including the chemistry of • techniques and instrumentation for as- are based in reliability theory and life- the environment; the transport rate of reac- sessing the properties of existing structures testing analysis, are included in the model- tants by diffusion, convection, and capillar- and for developing technical criteria and ing efforts for all three of these materials. ity; and reaction mechanisms. methodologies for strengthening and repair- To help in understanding the mechanisms ing existing structural members and systems; Research projects include development and of degradation and provide data for models, validation of models for simulating micro- • analytical experimental methods for and materials are characterized in many ways, structure development in cement pastes as identification of dynamic response charac- including Fourier transform infrared the cement hydrates and the degradation of teristics of flexible members and structural spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning concrete. Artificial intelligence systems are networks; electron microscopy/energy dispersive being developed for optimizing the selection X-ray, and visual and infrared imaging. • response measurements of full-scale of materials and for diagnosing the causes Researchers also are developing improved structures; and of material degradation. The research is ways to characterize atmospheric environ- performed using a variety of techniques, • reliability offshore of compliant ments to which these materials are exposed. including scanning electron microscopy, structures. Characterization of environmental parame- computerized image analysis, X-ray diffrac- ters that cause degradation is needed to link Contact: tion, and thermal analysis. material properties with service life. H.S. Lew

(301) 975-6061 The NIST research strengthens the scientific email: [email protected] and technical basis for engineering B168 Building Research Building 138 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

standards for organic building materials new and improved construction materials by developed by voluntary consensus standards the construction industry. BUILDING ENVIRONMENT organizations. Sometimes, as in the Coat- Contact: Division Contact: ings Service Life Prediction Consortium and S. Shyam-Sunder James E. Hill the Consortium for Performance of Tape- (301) 975-6713 975-5851 Bonded Seams for Elastomeric Roofing (301) email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Membranes, the research is carried out in B350 Building Research Building fax: 990-4192 close collaboration with, and support from, (301) B306 Building Research Building industry and other federal agencies.

Contact: CONSTRUCTION Jonathan W. Martin MATERIALS REFERENCE INDOOR AIR QUALITY (301) 975-6707 LABORATORIES AND VENTILATION email: [email protected] B350 Building Research Building NIST's Construction Materials Reference Computer simulation programs and meas- Laboratories (CMRL), managed by BFRL, urement procedures are being developed and

comprises the ASTM-sponsored Cement and applied by NIST researchers to better under- HIGH-PERFORMANCE Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL) stand the phenomena of air and contami- CONSTRUCTION founded in 1929 and the AASHTO (American nant transport in buildings and to support Association of State Highway Transportation industry efforts to improve environmental

MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS Officials) -sponsored AASHTO Materials Ref- conditions in buildings in a cost-effective

NIST's High-Performance Construction Ma- erence Laboratory (AMRL) founded in 1965. manner. The results of this research are pro-

terials and Systems Program is a BFRL-wide The laboratories provide a reimbursable, vol- viding reliable methods to design buildings

research program. It supports the national untary, quality assurance service for more and HVAC systems and to evaluate ventila-

program, CONMAT, which the Civil Engi- than 1,200 commercial and other laborato- tion characteristics and indoor pollutant

neering Research Foundation and 10 indus- ries that test construction materials for com- concentrations in buildings.

try groups established "to develop the pliance with standards—ASTM standards The modeling efforts include the develop- high-performance construction materials for cements and other concrete materials in ment and application of multizone airflow and systems necessary for America's well- the case of CCRL, and AASHTO standards for and indoor air quality models, specifically being and international competitiveness in almost the full range of highway construc- the CONTAM series, which predicts airflows the 21st Century." The NIST program in- tion materials in the case of AMRL. The serv- and contaminant concentrations in multi- volves four of BFRL's divisions Structures, ices of both laboratories comprise laboratory — zone building systems. CONTAM has been Building Materials, Fire Sciences, and Fire inspections by CMRL's staff of inspectors used at NIST to study the indoor air quality Safety Engineering and its Office of Ap- and operation of large proficiency sample — impacts of HVAC systems in single-family plied Economics. The program encompasses programs. CMRL has been described as residential buildings, ventilation in large high-performance concrete, steel, polymer- "an outstanding example of government- mechanically ventilated office buildings, matrix composites, organic coatings, and industry collaboration" for its contributions and radon entry and transport in large roofing materials and is developing rational to the quality of construction. residential, office, and school buildings. methods for evaluating, by measurement or Contact: procedures are being devel- prediction, all major aspects of perform- Measurement James A. Pielert oped and demonstrated to evaluate build- ance—structural, durability, and fire (301) 975-6746 resistance, and providing a testbed for col- ing ventilation and indoor pollutant email: [email protected] laboration with industry in development of a concentrations. These procedures range A365 Building Research Building computer-integrated knowledge system from sophisticated tracer gas methods used

(CIKS) for high-performance construction predominantly in building research efforts involved procedures that be materials and systems. The results of the to less can em- ployed building operators. NIST re- NIST program will facilitate acceptance of by searchers are developing new test procedures

and demonstrating them in the field to

evaluate their feasibility and reliability. The BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

efforts in which these procedures are demon- laboratory studies, pool-boiling and flow- measure the steady-state and dynamic per-

strated in the field have resulted in the boiling heat-transfer coefficients are meas- formance of full-scale wall systems. A calo-

development of an important database of ured for alternative refrigerants and rimeter and finite-element models are used ventilation building and indoor air quality refrigerant mixtures, including tests with to characterize the performance of advanced

performance in the field. pool-boiling additives. insulation systems such as gas-filled and

vacuum insulation panels. Contact: Contact:

Andrew K. Persily Piotr A. Domanski This work provides the national "meter bar"

(301) 975-6418 (301) 975-5877 for the thermal insulation industry. All ad-

email: [email protected] email: [email protected] vertised thermal insulation product perform- Building A3 13 Research Building Bl 14 Building Research Building ance is traceable to measurements made in

this program.

REFRIGERATION HEAT TRANSFER Contact: A. Hunter Fanney MACHINERY Buildings account for over 60 percent of (301) 975-5864 all electricity used in the United States and NIST researchers identify and characterize email: [email protected] almost 40 percent of all natural gas con- refrigerant and refrigerant mixtures to im- B320 Building Research Building sumed within the United States, at an an- prove the efficiency of refrigeration cycles nual cost that exceeds $170 billion. A and replace harmful chlorine-containing

significant portion of this energy is used to refrigerants that were implicated in the de- BUILDING CONTROLS provide space heating and cooling. Re- struction of the upper-atmosphere ozone NIST research is fostering the development searchers at NIST are developing basic data layer. The researchers evaluate alternative of more intelligent, integrated, and opti- and simulation models for heat, air, and refrigerant cycles, systems, and components mized building mechanical systems. A dy- moisture transfer through building envelope that will operate efficiently with new refriger- namic building/heating, ventilating, and components. They are enhancing the capa- ants. Working with industry, they improve air-conditioning control system simulation bilities of MOIST, a widely used computer capabilities in determining the performance program is used to study HVAC/control sys- model for predicting moisture transfer of alternative refrigerants and help refrigera- tem dynamics and interactions. An ex- within the building envelope. They are devel- tion equipment manufacturers in designing panded building management and controls oping a Standard Reference Material (SRM) refrigeration systems. laboratory is used to assist the building con- that will be used to calibrate private-sector trols industry in the development, evalu- evaluate The researchers alternative refriger- facilities for measuring thermal perform- ation, and testing of communication ants and a wide variety of refrigeration ance of windows while maintaining the sup- protocol standards for the open exchange of cycles by using a breadboard heat pump to ply of three other SRMs used to calibrate information. NIST technologies serve as a which different components and circuits can insulation manufacturers' "in-house" in- basis for ASHRAE standards to assist the be "plugged" and "unplugged." These strumentation. In addition to conducting control system manufacturers to develop breadboard modifications are based on theo- measurements for industry on conventional interoperable systems and methods for test- retical and simulation studies conducted to building insulation products, researchers ing conformance to the standard. find the optimal combination of mixtures within the heat transfer group are develop-

and appropriate refrigeration cycle for the ing measurement techniques to assess the The application of "smart" control systems best and most versatile performance. Fluoro- thermal performance of new insulation prod- to buildings is a relatively new area of re- carbon and hydrocarbon refrigerants are ucts with superior thermal performance. A search. Plans call for exploring how real- studied in novel applications like a water- study currently is being conducted to deter- time models, on-line system identification, to-water heat pump or a heat pump with mine the energy-savings potential of reflec- optimal control, and fault detection and evaporative cooling of the high-pressure re- tive roofing materials. diagnostics can be combined to improve frigerant. In addition to simulation and control system performance, make control A 1-m guarded hot plate is used to develop strategy decisions that optimize building SRMs; to determine thermal conductivity operations, and advise the building operator values for various materials, such as CFC-

blown insulation; and to provide measure-

ment services to manufacturers and

researchers. A calibrated hot box is used to 140 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

or manager on building operations, equip- Organization for Standardization's project The expedient transfer of scientifically based

ment problems, or maintenance require- on developing the Standard for the Ex- technology from NIST to the professional

ments. Research on smart building control change of Product Model Data. user community and the creation of a link

systems will be performed by simulation and between NIST computer-based activities and Contact: emulation studies, laboratory testing, and others doing similar or complementary work Kent A. Reed field studies in real buildings. can enhance fire safety and reduce its costs. (301) 975-5852 Over the past decade, NIST researchers devel- Contact: email: [email protected] oped many computer models of various as- George E. Kelly B306 Building Research Building pects of fire. These researchers develop (301) 975-5870 engineering systems for design application email: [email protected] and fire investigation, collect supporting Bl 14 Building Research Building FIRE SAFETY data and programs, and operate training ENGINEERING programs and user workshops.

COMPUTER-INTEGRATED Division Contact: In addition, NIST maintains the Fire Re- CONSTRUCTION David D. Evans search Information Service (FRIS) consist- (301) 975-6897 ing of national and international fire NIST researchers are developing rational email: [email protected] research literature and FIREDOC, the auto- techniques for defining and testing com- fax: (301) 975-4052 mated database of fire research literature. puter representations of information needed B250 Polymer Building FRIS is the only comprehensive national throughout the building process, from the library resource for the fire community. conception of a building to its demolition. The goal of the program is to develop vali- FIRE MODELING AND Contact: dated neutral data representations for use in Walter W.Jones

standards for accessing, exchanging, and ar- APPLICATIONS (301) 975-6887

chiving information. As a corollary, the pro- The United States has one of the worst fire email: [email protected]

gram seeks to develop testing methods that records in the industrialized world. NIST A249 Polymer Building

assure consistency, completeness, and cor- researchers are helping to reduce the losses

rectness of information. The research draws and the cost of fire safety by providing

on evolving information technologies, in- scientific and engineering bases needed by LARGE FIRES

fire cluding knowledge engineering and seman- manufacturers and the safety commu- Large fires result from industrial or transpor- nity. involves tic modeling. Subject areas for research This work the development of tation accidents, natural disasters, arson, or predictive, analytical include standards and codes, engineering methods that permit when fire protection systems in constructed the quantitative of drawings, and product data. assessment hazard and facilities fail to perform adequately. While risk from fires. Researchers base these meth- these fires present a hazard to building Past research has resulted in methodologies ods on numerical modeling but also include occupants, firefighters, and the surrounding for representing, analyzing, and expressing hand-calculation methods for estimating area, little is known about their charac- standards and for interfacing standards to hazards and design curves/tables to be used teristics, their growth and control, and meth- computer-aided design systems. Recent re- architects engineers. wide- by and To ensure ods of mitigating their impact. NIST is sults are being applied in the development spread use, the necessary data must be performing research and developing tech- and validation of national and international readily available, and data input and presen- niques to measure and predict the behavior standards for product data. This work led to tation must be in terms readily under- of large fires and the action of building fire the improved 3D Piping IGES Application standable by the average professional. This protection systems. Large building fires in- Protocol (AP) to meet a high-priority data research includes strong emphasis on state- volve the interaction of strongly buoyant gas exchange requirement of industry and gov- of-the-art computer graphics and computer- flows and thermal radiation with complex ernment. It also has produced a prototype aided design techniques. The results of this structures and, in some cases, automatic fire AP framework to provide a structure to clas- work help manufacturers, purchasers, de- suppression systems. Experiments to evalu- sify APs and to plan DOD Computer-Aided signers, code officials, fire investigators, and ate room-size fire behavior and the perform- Acquisition and Logistics Support Program practitioners evaluate the fire hazard impli- ance of existing fire suppression systems are APs and the work of the International cations of the products and fire protection being conducted to provide information that strategies they use. BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

can be used to reduce the vulnerability to chemicals, reduced explosion potential, and agencies that need alternative suppression large fires. minimizing collateral damage from the capability, the potential manufacturers of

application of the suppressant are being advanced fire suppression technologies, and NIST also is measuring smoke plumes from explored. other researchers in the field. NIST research large, open-air fires to help develop com- includes studying the mechanisms of highly puter models that can predict their size and NIST also is developing a first-generation, efficient flame extinguishants to help iden- movement. Computational fluid dynamics fire-emulator/detector-evaluator. Identified tify new chemicals for practical use, investi- models based on large eddy simulation tech- by industry as a principal stimulant to the gating the transport properties of gaseous nology have been developed to assess the lo- development and commercialization of new and liquid suppressants to optimize their cal impact of large fires. These methods are fire alert devices, the emulator will provide a effectiveness, and developing performance being used by industry in preplanning analy- well-controlled environment in which fire measures for new fire suppression sis for potential accidents or as technical sensors can be exposed to highly reproduc- technologies. support for emergency response. In addition, ible, time-varying concentrations of combus-

NIST operates a large-scale fire research fa- tion products at predetermined temperatures Contact: cility that is capable of detailed measure- and flow velocities. This will provide accu- William L. Grosshandler ments of fire behavior for room size fires. rate determination of the sensitivity and util- (301) 975-2310

Among its many uses, this facility provides ity of new detector designs. email: [email protected] data on the burning characteristics of fuel B356 Polymer Building Using this device will demonstrate the re- packages for use as input data to fire models. sponse of discriminating detector systems to Contact: early fire events and will enable improved SMOKE AND TOXIC William D. Walton fire protection with reduced cost and losses.

(301) 975-6872 GAS PREDICTION Contact: email: [email protected] Most people who perish in fires die from William L. Grosshandler A345 Polymer Building smoke inhalation. Many are exposed to this (301) 975-2310 smoke for longer periods because the black- email: [email protected] ness of the smoke impedes their escape from B356 Polymer Building FIRE SCIENCE the burning building. NIST research is devel- oping the scientific base and the predictive Division Contact: FIRE methods for the yields of carbon monoxide Richard Gann ADVANCED (the predominant toxicant) and soot. These (301) 975-6866 SUPPRESSION require improved knowledge of the chemical email: [email protected] Rapid, effective response to a fire is essential and physical processes in flames, combined fax: (301) 975-4052 to improve life safety and avert major prop- with the fluid mechanical processes that B250 Polymer Building erty loss. Halon fire suppressants have long dominate air entrainment into fire plumes

been used to protect the most important, sen- and the flow fields within a compartment.

sitive, and irreplaceable facilities. Produc- ADVANCED FIRE The results of this research have been used tion of these chemicals has now been halted to formulate a global model of soot forma- SENSING due to their deleterious effect on strato- tion and oxidation processes, improve strate- spheric ozone. that are detected The damage from fires gies for incorporating chemistry into quickly can be kept small. NIST researchers In performing leading research into replace- turbulent flow fields, and extend optical in- are studying new "fire signatures" that ments for the halons, NIST is working vestigations into flames where the effects of of a new gen- would enable the development closely with the industries and federal chemistry-turbulence interactions can be signals these eration of detectors. The from probed effectively. detectors would be analyzed electronically to Contact: alert occupants or suppression devices, per- Kermit Smyth haps even before flames exist. The research (301) 975-6490 also is intended to understand and provide email: [email protected] technology for avoiding the high false- B360 Polymer Building alarm rate of current detectors. In addition, advanced concepts for fire suppression 142 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

Current research includes developing and POLYMER COMBUSTION automating a decision support APPLIED ECONOMICS system, RESEARCH BEES, for evaluating the environmental and Office Contact: economic performance of buildings; develop- The materials industry is seeking products Harold Marshall ing models and software for evaluating the that are both low in flammability and will (301) 975-6131 life-cycle cost effectiveness of composites not pose environmental hazards over their email: [email protected] and other new technology materials in con- life cycle. NIST is working on several key re- fax: (301) 208-6936 struction; constructing an optimization search areas needed to produce natural and B226 Building Research Building model for determining the appropriate synthetic polymers and composite materials prices and levels of production for NIST's that can meet these goals. One area is the Standard Reference Materials; and providing measurement of flammability properties by MICROECONOMIC economic software tools for evaluating the bench-scale methods, directly relevant to ANALYSIS long-term cost effectiveness of capital invest- real fires, and the development of mathe- ments in buildings and building The Office of Applied Economics (OAE) matical models that use the measured flam- components. conducts research and provides technical mability properties as inputs to predict fire assistance in the field of microeconomic performance of materials in the conditions analysis. It provides information to decision of actual use. makers in the public and private sectors who

Another research area concerns approaches are faced with choices among new technolo- to environmentally acceptable, char- gies and policies relating to manufacturing,

forming flame retardant treatments for flam- industrial processes, the environment,

ing and smoldering combustion. This effort energy conservation, construction, law en- includes studying the physical and chemical forcement, and safety. It also develops and

nature of char and how its properties can be conducts prototype training programs in ap- Theoretical enhanced. modeling using mo- plied economics for scientists and engineers. lecular dynamics and quantum mechanics Benefit-cost analysis, life-cycle costing, complement the experimental work to de- multicriteria decision analysis, risk analysis, velop a technical basis for the design of a and econometrics are techniques the OAE new generation of fire resistant materials, uses to evaluate new technologies, processes, which, while retaining their intended-use governmental programs, legislation, and properties, will be low in combustion toxic- codes and standards to determine efficient ity and safe for the environment. alternatives. Research areas include energy

Contact: conservation in buildings, fire safety, auto-

Takashi Kashiwagi mation, seismic design, and building eco-

(301) 975-6699 nomics. Products include reports of research

email: [email protected] findings, standard methods and guidelines

B258 Polymer Building for making economic evaluations, audio-

visuals that teach and illustrate methods in

practice, and decision support software with documentation. BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY 143

APPLICATIONS CAPABILITIES RESEARCH A testing program was conducted to evaluate The facility can apply forces and/or displace- the performance of concrete columns 1.5 m ments in six directions at one end of a speci- FACILITIES in diameter and up to 9-1 m high. Another men. The other end of the specimen is fixed.

test series evaluated fracture propagation in Specimens up to 3-3 m high x 3 m in

steel plates 1 m wide and 0.1 m and 0.15 m length or width may be tested. The six de-

LARGE-SCALE thick. A third experiment used the servo- grees of freedom are translations and rota- STRUCTURES TESTING control system, programming repeated loads tions in and about three orthogonal axes. applied to composite specimens. Six closed-loop, servo-controlled hydraulic FACILITY actuators that receive instructions from a Low-cycle fatigue tests, destructive or ulti- The NIST large-scale structures testing facil- computer apply the forces. Operating under mate loads, earthquake simulation in two ity consists of a universal testing machine computer control, the facility simultane- dimensions, and complex loading of com- (UTM) that may be used with a 137-m-high ously maintains control of the load and/or ponents may all be accomplished in this reaction buttress equipped with a horizontal displacements in each of the three orthogo- facility. Servo operation of this machine hydraulic ram of 4.5-MN capacity. A combi- nal directions. Loads may be applied up to creates a unique potential for precisely con- nation of horizontal and vertical forces may 2,000 kN in the vertical and about 890 kN in trolled very large forces applying to test be applied to large-scale specimens. each of the two horizontal directions. components. CAPABILITIES APPLICATIONS AVAILABILITY facility is The UTM portion of the a hydrauli- The test facility is limited only by the size of This facility, which NIST staff must operate, cally operated machine of 53-4-MN capacity the test specimen. Loads may be cyclic or is available for cooperative or independent and is one of the largest in the world. It tests unidirectional depending on the type of load- research. Tests should be arranged as far in large structural components and applies the ing condition being simulated. The facility advance as possible as special hardware may capacity forces needed to calibrate very large is used to study masonry shear walls sub- be needed for attaching specimens. force-measuring devices. It can apply com- jected to reverse cyclic lateral loading and pression forces to column sections or fabri- Contact: precast concrete connections also subjected cated members up to 18 m in height. The H.S. Lew to reversed cyclic lateral loading. This facil- reaction buttress will resist horizontal forces (301) 975-6061 ity supports NIST's role in conducting re- to 4.5 MN from floor level to 12.2 m high. email: [email protected] search for seismic design and construction

Flexure and tension specimens may be sub- B168 Building Research Building standards in the National Earthquake Haz- jected to forces up to 18 MN and 26 MN, re- ards Reduction Program. spectively. Two-meter-thick test floors east AVAILABILITY and west of the machine may be used to tie TRI-DIRECTIONAL The tri-directional test facility is used by specimens in place. TEST FACILITY NIST staff in a variety of NIST research proj-

servo added to the origi- A system has been The tri-directional test facility at NIST is a ects and in collaborative projects with other nal manual controls of the UTM. It can be computer-controlled apparatus capable of agencies. It also is available for independent programmed by function generator or com- applying cyclic loads simultaneously in research but must be operated by NIST staff. desired loading function puter to create any three directions. It is used to examine the Contact: using force, strain, or displacement as the strength of structural components or assem- H.S. Lew variable. blages under the application of a variety of (301) 975-6061 loading phenomena, such as an earthquake Loads may be applied to a specimen by both email: [email protected] or wind. This is one of the largest such facili- the UTM and horizontal ram. A four-rail Bl68 Building Research Building ties in the world, in terms of both its high track system equipped with low-friction roll- load capacity and its capability to handle ers has been used for concrete column tests. large, full-scale specimens. An "A" frame was used to resist horizontal

reaction forces generated by the ram and

was attached to the buttress at the desired

height. 144 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

AVAILABILITY thermal performance of full-scale walls un-

LARGE ENVIRONMENTAL This facility, along with several smaller der cyclic temperature conditions. The build- CHAMBER chambers (including one designed for vehi- ing industry and government agencies are cles), has substantial potential for use by seeking reliable evaluation techniques for The large environmental chamber is researchers in industry and universities. Col- wall thermal mass, especially to predict 14.9 m x 12.8 m x 9.5 m high. It has an laborative programs and individual research energy consumption of buildings with heavy earth floor and may be excavated as needed can be arranged. mass effects in comparison to standard for building construction. The chamber is wood-frame buildings. one of the largest of its kind, capable of ac- Contact:

commodating two-story houses under simu- Piotr A. Domanski NIST has participated in round-robin test

lated environmental conditions. This (301) 975-5877 activities with domestic and overseas ther-

chamber has been used for thermal perform- email: [email protected] mal insulation laboratories.

ance, heating and cooling load measure- Bl 14 Building Research Building AVAILABILITY ments, and energy consumption studies of The facility provides a unique opportunity to buildings of different kinds. CALIBRATED HOT BOX measure simultaneous transfer of air, mois- CAPABILITIES ture, and heat through wall and roof speci- The NIST calibrated hot box measures the The chamber is capable of automatically mens with openings for windows and doors. heat transfer coefficient of full-scale build- maintaining steady and/or dynamic tem- While available for use by those outside ing wall sections. Designed according to perature profiles from -45 °C to 65 °C and NIST, this apparatus must be operated by ASTM Standard C976, it consists of two humidity from 50 percent relative humidity NIST staff. large, heavily insulated chambers—an envi- (rh) at 1.7 °C up to 35 °C dewpoint at Contact: ronmental chamber and a climatic cham- 49 °C. A wider range of rh (15 percent to A. Hunter Fanney ber—each with one open side. Indoor and 80 percent) may be obtained manually. Air 975-5864 outdoor conditions are simulated in the (301) circulation maintains the temperature vari- email: [email protected] chambers. The open test section measures ation within the chamber to within ±1 °C. B320 Building Research 3 m x 4.6 m. A well-insulated frame sup- Building Damper-control return ducts in all four cor- ports the wall specimen clamped between ners of the chamber permit good air distribu- the open sides of the two chambers. tion. Supply air is furnished by ceiling LINE HEAT-SOURCE diffusers. CAPABILITIES GUARDED HOT PLATE This facility is the only one of its kind de- APPLICATIONS signed to perform simultaneous dynamic The 1 -meter guarded hot-plate apparatus The chamber is used to measure indoor tem- transfer measurements of air, moisture, and measures thermal conductivity of building perature fluctuation, heat loss and heat gain heat during simulated winter and summer insulation materials. The thermal resistance through building envelopes, energy conser- conditions under steady-state and dynamic of all insulation products sold in the United vation and moisture condensation studies, climatic conditions. While the environ- States is traceable to this apparatus. NIST re- and air infiltration under simulated and dy- mental chamber temperature and humidity searchers use the hot plate to provide cali- namically fluctuating outdoor temperature are maintained to simulate a relatively bration specimens for guarded hot plates in cycles. The chamber has been used to test a steady and narrow range of indoor condi- other laboratories. The hot plate also is used variety of conventional and special struc- tions, the climatic chamber can attain tem- to investigate edge heat loss from thick ther- tures and equipment, including military peratures ranging from -40 °C to 65 °C. mal insulation materials. This facility is the hardware (such as inflatable life rafts, The apparatus measures the performance of only one of its kind in the world that will relocatable air-inflatable hospital units, and homogeneous or composite walls having a permit low-density thick insulation to be portable walk-in coolers) under extreme cli- range of thermal resistance from 0.35 m" to measured with an uncertainty of less than matic conditions. 9 8.8 m • C/W. It accommodates wall speci- 0.5 percent. 2 mens up to 0.6 m thick and up to 700 kg/m CAPABILITIES in weight per unit area. This apparatus has a test temperature range

APPLICATIONS of 80 °C for the hot plate and -20 °C for the

NIST researchers use the facility to develop cold plates. The apparatus permits measure-

standard test methods to evaluate dynamic ment of vertical and horizontal heat flow to simulate heat transfer through ceilings and BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

walls, respectively. This apparatus operates finite element software is applicable to all studying smoke and toxic gas transport, pi- within its own carefully controlled tempera- classes of advanced insulation systems. lot furnaces, and reduced-scale model enclo- ture and humidity environment shielded by sures. Also, a two-story "townhouse" is used APPLICATIONS an insulated enclosure. This facility provides to study fire spread from a burning room, The facility is used to measure the thermal for absolute measurement of thermal resis- smoke transport between levels, and sprin- resistance of advanced insulation systems in- tance of thick and low-density test speci- kler performance. The townhouse features a cluding, but not limited, to gas-filled, metal- mens used as transfer standards. These living room that is continuously weighed, clad vacuum, and powder-filled panels. The standards are used to calibrate or verify heat allowing the burning rate of finish mate- facility is well suited to measure non- flowmeter (ASTM C518) or guarded hot- rials to be measured. homogeneous insulation systems but could plate (ASTM C177) equipment. be utilized to measure the thermal perform- A new computer-based data acquisition sys-

AVAILABILITY ance of conventional insulation materials. tem provides state-of-the-art data collection

This apparatus is available for use by those capabilities for all large-scale fire testing. AVAILABILITY outside NIST, but it must be operated by Up to 300 instruments with scanning rates This facility has substantial potential for de- NIST staff. Collaborative programs may be of more than 100 channels per second can velopers of advanced insulation systems in arranged. be dedicated to a single test. During an ex- industry and academia. Cooperative Re- periment, real-time, full-color graphics pre- Contact: search and Development Agreements are sent the data as collected, with automatic A. Hunter Fanney used to establish research projects within conversion to engineering units for gas (301) 975-5864 this facility. analysis, rate of heat release, temperature, email: [email protected] Contact: and other measurements. B320 Building Research Building A. Hunter Fanney CAPABILITIES (301) 975-5864 • Heat-Release-Rate Calorimeters. NIST email: [email protected] ADVANCED INSULATION pioneered and developed the oxygen con- B320 Building Research Building FACILITY sumption methodology for measuring the rate of heat release and has used it longer The advanced insulation facility consists of and in more devices than any other labora- experimental apparatus and analytical tools FIRE RESEARCH tory. The major benefit of this technique is to assess the thermal performance of ad- FACILITIES the independence of the apparatus in meas- vanced insulation systems. These systems As the federal government's principal fire re- uring enthalpy responses to changes in heat include gas-filled, powder-filled, and metal- search laboratory, NIST maintains some of release rate. clad vacuum panels. The facility consists of the country's best and most extensive fire a calorimeter facility to measure the ther- NIST has two calorimeters available for testing facilities. A substantial portion of mal resistance of advanced insulation pan- measuring the rate of heat release of free- NIST's fire tests are performed in a specially furniture. els, a state-of-the-art infrared thermography standing items, such as pieces of equipped fire research building, which meas- system to characterize thermal anomalies, The smaller one has a capacity of 0.5 MW; ures 27 m x 57 m and is designed for large- and finite element software. the larger, 7 MW. Provisions for measuring scale fire experiments. Smoke abatement smoke production and gas species yield are CAPABILITIES equipment permits large fire tests to be available with both instruments. The maximum panel size that can be ac- conducted safely without polluting the

commodated by the calorimeter facility is environment. • Room/Corridor Facility. NIST researchers

0.9 by 0.9 m. The maximum thickness that have constructed and used a room/corridor In addition to several individual burn can be accommodated is 0.1 m. The tem- facility to evaluate an analytical model that rooms, which are modified from time-to- perature of one side of the panel may be var- predicts the transport of smoke and toxic time to accommodate special NIST testing ied from -15 °C to 10 °C. The other side of gases from the room of fire origin into the requirements, the facility houses several spe- the panel, encased by a calorimeter, is main- corridor and secondary target rooms. The de- cially designed calorimeters for measuring tained at laboratory ambient temperature. sign of this facility makes it possible to meas- the rate of heat release from materials and The infrared thermography system consists ure the hazards associated with the burning large samples, a room/corridor facility for of both short-wave and long-wave scanners of wall linings or room furnishings by evalu-

and advanced software that permits analysis ating the rate of heat release, smoke produc-

of both real-time and stored images. The tion, and toxic gas generation. The facility 146 BUILDING AND FIRE RESEARCH LABORATORY

is available in its present form or with de- • Pilot Furnaces. A pilot furnace for evaluat- • Reduced-Scale Models. NIST facilities are

sign modifications for evaluating a variety ing the fire endurance of wall assemblies or available for reduced-scale modeling of full-

of building contents and furnishings. floor/ceiling assemblies is available. This scale fire configurations. Physical models

furnace, capable of handling specimens offer an economical means of achieving suf- • Burn Rooms. A standard burn room built 1 m x 1 m, may be used for research pur- ficient variation of physical parameters for a to ASTM specifications, 2.4 m x 37 m x 2.4 poses only and cannot be used for code ac- generalized understanding of fire behavior. m high, adjoins a large overhead hood that ceptance testing. Typically, fire exposure Based on the results of reduced-scale experi- collects the exhaust products from the room similar to that specified by ASTM El 19, un- ments, limited full-scale verification then fires. The exhaust collection system is cali- der carefully controlled conditions of fur- can be performed. brated to measure the rate of heat release nace pressure and oxygen concentration, and the generation rates of smoke and other AVAILABILITY can be carried out. Depending on the pa- combustion products from the fire. The Industry, university, and government repre- rameters required, a variety of other expo- burn room is available for developmental sentatives are encouraged to use these fire sure conditions can be applied. and validation studies of mathematical mod- testing facilities on a collaborative or inde-

els and for studies of fire performance of fur- pendent basis, with certain restrictions. For

nishings and interior finish materials. safety reasons, NIST staff must closely super-

vise all use of the facilities. The room fire environment can be charac-

terized in terms of temperature and pressure Contact:

gradients and the spatial distribution of ther- Daniel Madrzykowski

mal flux, gaseous combustion products, and (301) 975-6677

smoke. Other measurements permit the cal- email: [email protected]

culation of thermal losses to the room A345 Polymers Building

boundaries and mass and energy flows

from the room. Smaller burn rooms also are

available. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

About 60 percent of all U.S. workers have COOPERATIVE RESEARCH COOPERATIVE RESEARCH jobs that depend on the information they OPPORTUNITIES

generate and receive on advanced infor- FACILITIES Software Diagnostics and Conformance mation networks. Innovations in com- Testing puter hardware, software, and digital 147 Software Quality communications will challenge manag- 147 Conformance Testing SOFTWARE DIAGNOSTICS ers to apply new technology for productiv-

148 Future Standards tor Software ity increases throughout the American AND CONFORMANCE economy in the coming years and will 148 Geographic Information Systems TESTING have pervasive effects on industry struc- Computer Security Division Contact: ture as well as on the quality7 of govern- Skall 148 Security Technology MarkW. ment services. The merging of computer (301) 975-3262 149 Systems and Network Security and telecommunications technology email: [email protected] heightens the importance of an inte- Advanced Network Technologies fax: (301) 948-6213 grated approach to developing and using 149 High-Speed Networks Room 562 NIST North computer and related telecommunica- 149 Multimedia and Digital Video tions systems. As the technology changes, 149 Next-Generation Internet it will be essential to find ways to enable SOFTWARE QUALITY organizations to preserve their invest- Human-Machine Interface Technologies Growing dependence on computers requires ments in applications systems, to upgrade 150 Spoken Language Technology assurance that critical systems will operate existing systems, and to improve the port- 150 Text Search and Retrieval reliably and exactly as intended without ad- ability of staff skills, data, and software. 150 Visual Image Processing verse effects, even when outside circum- Also, since computers will be distributed 151 Three-Dimensional Visualization stances cause other systems to fail. NIST throughout society, both at home and in researchers are studying problems and poten- the workplace, computer integration, in- Applied and Computational Mathematics tial solutions in building and operating high- teroperability, usability, reliability, and se- 151 Mathematical Modeling integrity systems and are looking at life-cycle curity will become even more important. 151 Mathematical Software methodology, risk management, formal

To rise to this challenge, NIST has con- 152 Optimization and Computational methods, object-oriented design, software re- Geometry solidated the activities of the Computer liability, clean-room techniques, and formal

Systems Laboratory (CSL) and the Com- 152 Image Compression verification. puting and Applied Mathematics Labora- Statistical Engineering Contact: tory (CAML) into a new Information 152 Industrial Experimentation D. Richard Kuhn Technology Laboratory. 153 Measurement Process Evaluation (301) 975-3290 Contact: email: [email protected] High-Performance Systems and Services Shukri Wakid, Director Room 517 NIST North

(301) 975-2900 153 Scientific Visualization

email: [email protected] 153 Performance of Modern-Architecture Computers fax: (301) 840-1357 CONFORMANCE TESTING 154 Continual Upgrades A231 Technology Building NIST researchers are designing and develop- http://www.nist.gov/itl RESEARCH FACILITIES ing test methods for conformance tests and using these methods to produce test metrics 154 Computer and Network Security Facility and test suites for evaluating the quality and 155 Advanced Network Facility correctness of information technology prod-

ucts. Several conformance test metrics and

test suites have been produced for evaluating

implementations of language compilers (C,

COBOL, Ada), computer graphics 148 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

metafile, database language SQL, Informa- technology specifications to quickly become tion Resource Dictionary System, Remote Da- de facto standards. NIST researchers are seek- COMPUTER SECURITY tabase Access, and POSIX. In collaboration ing to become involved with organizations Division Contact: with industry, the user community, that are developing pivotal, forward-looking Stuart W. Katzke and various testing laboratories, NIST re- technology specifications in all areas related (301) 975-2934 searchers work to identify new technologies to high-technology software. This involve- email: [email protected] and to develop measurement schemes, test ment will emphasize the development of ap- fax: (301) 948-1233 collections, reference implementations, test propriate metrics, measurement technology, Room 426 NIST North suites, and tools necessary to advance the and techniques for testing conformance to

technology and produce usable, reliable new high-technology software specifications. implementations. Contact: SECURITY TECHNOLOGY Past research has resulted in a method for Bruce K. Rosen Research and development efforts focus on minimizing subjectivity in the evaluation of (301) 975-3345 common, interoperable cryptographic secu- visual results in graphics testing. This email: [email protected] rity technology, such as algorithms, function- method is implemented by a customizable in- Room 562 NIST North ality, and interfaces, and on protocols; terface, randomized self-explanatory dis- public key infrastructure for managing pub- plays, and automatic capture of results. lic key certificates needed to facilitate data Recent activities focus on providing confor- GEOGRAPHIC integrity, authentication, access control, non- mance test services and test metrics electroni- INFORMATION SYSTEMS repudiation, and data confidentiality services cally via the Internet. One test service Geographic information systems (GIS) tech- in global applications; and application inter- automatically routes test data received via nology allows users to collect, manage, and faces for cryptographic modules. Develop- email through series of tests that evaluates analyze large volumes of spatially referenced ment efforts include standards, guidance on the data and generates a report describing and associated data. New research the use of cryptographic technology, and con- the test results. A prototype implementation directions are emerging from the interdisci- formance tests so that strong cryptographic for testing conformance of distributed rela- plinary uses of GIS technology through stud- mechanisms will be available for the protec- tional databases is being developed using the ies integrating computer graphics standards, tion of sensitive information. Cryptographic World Wide Web to provide the access, con- database management standards, expert sys- standards promote interoperability and an ac- nectivity, and interface between the remote tems technology, and Global Positioning ceptable level of security. Testing of products databases. Satellite technology to support GIS applica- which were built to conform to the standards

Contact: tions. This group's research is focused on verifies that the provisions of the standard

Lynne S. Rosenthal providing GIS compatibility through stand- were implemented correctly. NIST has begun

(301) 975-3353 ards and conformance testing for GIS stand- testing of more complex cryptographic mod-

email: [email protected] ards, such as the Spatial Data Transfer ules through accredited, private-sector labo-

Room 552 NIST North Standard (FIPS PUB 173). Because the activi- ratories and plans to promote testing of

ties of many governmental and private or- entire systems in the future. The Crypto-

ganizations are land- or location-based or graphic Module Validation Program encom-

FUTURE STANDARDS FOR both, GIS technology will be important in in- passes testing for cryptographic modules SOFTWARE tegrating existing spatial data to administer, (Federal Information Processing Standard manage, and monitor people, money, and ac- (FIPS) 140-1), the Data Encryption Standard For the past several years, NIST has recog- tivities in accomplishing the objectives of and its modes of operation (FIPS 46-2 and nized the need to increase its involvement in these organizations. 81), the Secure Hash Standard (FIPS 180-1), technology specifications used in the develop- and the Digital Signature Standard (FIPS ment of high-technology software. In today's Contact: 186). For details, see the Computer Security information processing environment it is be- Bruce K. Rosen

coming increasingly common for these new (301) 975-3345 email: [email protected] Room 562 NIST North INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Resource Clearinghouse, which may be Coaxial (HFC) systems. The goal is to expe- teleconferencing technologies over multi- accessed at http://csrc.nist.gov/cryptval/. dite the development and deployment of cast. The latter includes the definition of a

high-speed, interoperable communications convergence layer between T.120 and trans- Contact: systems and services. NIST provides leader- port multicast and fast track improvements Miles Smid ship at the ATM Forum in developing test to the T.120 International Telecommunica- (301) 975-2938 suites for ATM product interoperability and tions Union standard. Research projects in- email: [email protected] standards conformance testing. volving resource sharing in a multimedia Room 426 NIST North environment include the development and Research projects include ATM network simu- implementation of mechanisms for sharing lation and modeling, evaluating the com- applications among participants on different SYSTEMS AND NETWORK pleteness and correctness of ATM routing platforms through a collaborative Java-based protocols, evaluating proposals for the Media SECURITY application. Access Protocol for HFC systems, and develop- Research, development, and application ef- ing test and measurement methods for in- Contact: forts focus on secure, interoperable systems teroperability and conformance. Jean-Philippe Favreau to protect the integrity7 confidentiality, reli- , (301) 975-3634 ability, and availability" of information and Contact: email: [email protected] systems. R&D efforts addresses technical David Su Room 445 NIST North areas such as advanced countermeasures (301) 975-6194

(for example, intrusion detection, firewalls, email: [email protected] and scanning tools): vulnerability analysis Room 445 NIST North NEXT-GENERATION and mitigation, access control, and incident INTERNET response; security criteria and metrics; assur- ance methods; role-based access control to MULTIMEDIA AND DIGITAL NIST researchers are working to remove bar- network resources and Internet security VIDEO riers to the next generation of reliable and se- (such as key management). cure internetworking technologies and NIST researchers are working with industry integrated network services. The focus of re- Contact: to promote the development of cost-effective, search is on testing methods and reference Tim Grance interoperable, distributed multimedia appli- implementations for next-generation in- (301) 975-4242 cations and to enable the development of ternetworking technologies; interoperability email: [email protected] digital video technologies for broadcast, in- among next-generation internetworking Room 426 NIST North teractive television, video-on-demand, and products; and measurement techniques and video conferencing. Research emphasizes performance characterizations for network measurement techniques for charac- services that integrate voice, video, and data. ADVANCED NETWORK terization of distributed multimedia tech- nologies and digital video devices and Research projects include investigating

TECHNOLOGIES services; techniques for integrating multi-me- changes to the Internet architecture that will

Division Contact: dia services with network technologies; and support guaranteed bandwidth and quality of Craig Hunt industry-driven standards for multimedia services for real-time applications, such as

(301) 975-3600 technologies and digital video devices and audio, video, and synchronized data. This

email: [email protected] services. project focuses on the scalability of the pro-

fax: (301) 590-0932 posed enhancements, interoperability issues, Research projects involving video teleconfer- Room 445 NIST North and methods and metrics to characterize the encing technologies include close collabora- digital data streams. tion with the International Multimedia HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS Teleconferencing Consortium to define and Contact: conduct interoperability testing for T.120 Craig Hunt NIST researchers are working with industry and H.324 standards-based products and re- (301) 975-3600 in the development of protocols for the search and development activities related to email: [email protected] Broadband Integrated Services Digital Net- Room 445 NIST North work (B-ISDN) or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks, and Hybrid Fiber- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

speech, and, most recently, radio broadcasts. the server to natural language search en- HUMAN-MACHINE Research facilities include Sun workstations, gines other than PRISE. More information is speech-signal-processing software tools and available on http://potomac.ncsl.nist.gov/

INTERFACE TECHNOLOGIES peripherals, and CD-ROM production tools. Contact: Division Contact: Areas of interest include characterization of Donna K. Harman Shukri Wakid spoken language data, ASR, natural lan- (301) 975-3569 (301) 975-2900 guage understanding and information ac- email: [email protected] email: [email protected] cess, and usability testing. A216 Technology Building fax: (301) 840-1357 Contact: A231 Technology Building David S. Pallett

(301) 975-2935 VISUAL IMAGE SPOKEN LANGUAGE email: [email protected] PROCESSING A216 Technology Building TECHNOLOGY The visual image processing group develops test methodology and testbed systems and Recent advances in automatic speech recog- publishes test data for evaluating image nition (ASR) technology have enabled the de- TEXT SEARCH AND based systems used in optical-character rec- velopment of automatic dictation and RETRIEVAL ognition (OCR), document conversion to spoken language understanding systems and NIST is working to accelerate the transfer of electronic form, fingerprint classification, prototype spoken language interfaces to in- better text search and retrieval technology and face recognition. These evaluation meth- formation technology. Interdisciplinary into commercial systems. One approach is to ods are designed to include a wide variety of efforts involve the natural language process- conduct a conference attracting interna- statistical and neural network algorithms ing, information retrieval, and cognitive en- tional participation from more than 50 re- and system architectures. The methods being gineering (for example, usability testing and search groups in text retrieval, both from developed are used for automated fingerprint human factors) communities. industry and academia. The Text Retrieval classification, automation of data entry from

Much of the relevant research is "corpus- Conference (TREC) is now starting its fifth images of handprinted forms, automation of based" and relies on shared use of spoken year. Participating groups work with a large, conversion of machine-printed documents to language databases and standard test diverse test collection built at NIST, submit electronic form and measurement of recogni- methods. their results for a common evaluation, and tion systems on realistic applications. Data

meet for a 3-day workshop to compare tech- sets, evaluation software, and prototype OCR NIST works closely with researchers, other niques and results. The conference is starting and fingerprint classification systems are dis- government agencies (such as the Defense to serve as a major technology-transfer tributed on CD-ROM. More information is Advanced Research Projects Agency), and the mechanism in the area of text retrieval. available on http://www.nist.gov/itl/div878/ Linguistics Data Consortium in the collec- 878.03/vip.html tion, processing, characterization, and distri- NIST also has developed a public domain bution of spoken language corpora. prototype retrieval system (the PRISE sys- Contact:

Approximately 150 CD-ROMs have been pro- tem) capable of handling over 3 gigabytes of Charles L. Wilson duced by NIST for use within the ASR and data. This system uses natural language in- (301) 975-2080 spoken language research community. NIST put and state-of-the-art statistical ranking email: [email protected] also develops and implements periodic mechanisms. The prototype serves as a re- A216 Technology Building benchmark tests to define the state of the art search vehicle within NIST and as a starter for research ASR systems. The scope of these kit for groups outside NIST interested in tests includes several forms of large working with these new types of search en- vocabulary continuous speech, including gines or with the Z39-50 (ANSI/NISO) proto- speech read from prepared texts, conversa- col for search and retrieval, which is used for tional speech, goal-directed spontaneous communication between the PRISE client

and server. The PRISE server is especially de-

signed to isolate the search engine from the

details of the Z39-50 protocol and to mini-

mize the effort needed to interface INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY -|

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL APPLIED AND VISUALIZATION COMPUTATIONAL SOFTWARE The visualization group conducts research to MATHEMATICS The increasing prevalence of computation in demonstrate the utility and feasibility of science and engineering has generated an Division Contact: three-dimensional visualization and com- acute need for accurate and robust computer Paul T. Boggs puter graphic techniques to access, manipu- software to solve frequently occurring mathe- (301) 975-3800 late, and exchange complex information. matical and statistical problems. NIST email: [email protected] Information visualization is a process of mathematicians and computer scientists are fax: (301) 990-4127 transforming data and information that are actively involved in the development of algo- Room 365 NIST North not inherently spatial into a visual form al- rithms for the solution of such problems, as lowing the user to observe and understand well as in the reliable and maintainable im- the information. MATHEMATICAL MODELING plementation of these algorithms on modern high-performance computers. Division re- NIST is developing an interactive visual inter- Mathematical and computational problems searchers undertake specific projects in re- face to a statistical text retrieval system. The are becoming more elaborate as measure- sponse to both internal NIST needs and the objective is to demonstrate the utility of vis- ment techniques, physical understanding, needs of the computational science commu- ual interfaces for supporting access to large and computational capability improve. Solv- nity in industry and academia. Recent efforts collections of complex documents. Evalu- ing these problems requires innovative com- address such problem areas as the evaluation ation methodologies and test corpora for binations of the methods of modern applied of mathematical functions, the adaptive solu- measuring scalability and usability of visual and computational mathematics. With the tion of partial differential equations on dis- interfaces, which are being constructed to collaboration of other scientists and engi- tributed memory multiprocessors, and the support this endeavor, will be made available neers, mathematicians of the Applied and design of high-performance software for to the research community. In the manufac- Computational Mathematics Division de- large sparse linear systems. turing domain, NIST is collaborating with in- velop and analyze mathematical models of dustrial partners to investigate how the Such research has fostered associated efforts phenomena; design and analyze computa- application of three-dimensional visualiza- in improving the environment for mathe- tional methods and experiments; transform tion can speed up the manufacturing proc- matical software research, development, and these methods into efficient numerical algo- ess. This effort includes the use of use. Areas of concern include highly reliable rithms for modern, high-performance com- commercial off-the-shelf software to create arithmetic systems, object-oriented software puters; and validate and extend the models visualizations of factory floor assembly lines design, test and evaluation methodology, by comparing them with experiments. Major and support for parts design and assembly. automated distribution mechanisms, and research interest areas include crystal NIST researchers are analyzing usability and expert advisory systems. Examples of these ef- growth, fluid flow, electromagnetic waves, performance capabilities of a number of vir- forts include the Guide to Available Mathe- magnetic materials, molecular dynamics, tual environment and World Wide Web visu- matical Software— a virtual mathematical foams, and polymers. Frequently occurring alization tools for these and other related software repository—and the Matrix mathematical areas include partial differen- applications. More information is available Market— a source of test data for evaluating tial equations, random processes, and in- on http://speckle.ncsl.nist.gov/- sparse matrix algorithms. Both are operated verse problems. jacki/wrg.htm as publicly available network services. Contact: Contact: Contact: James L. Blue Sharon Laskowski Ronald F. Boisvert J. (301) 975-3809 (301) 975-4535 (301) 975-3812 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Room 365 NIST North A2 16 Technology Building Room 365 NIST North 152 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

OPTIMIZATION AND IMAGE COMPRESSION STATISTICAL ENGINEERING COMPUTATIONAL A recurring theme in information science is Division Contact: the need for efficient encoding of stored and GEOMETRY Lynne B. Hare transmitted information. Common informa- (301) 975-2839 The use of optimization techniques is in- tion encoding schemes are typically ill-suited email: [email protected] creasing in design, process modeling, and to computers and to data networks and, as a fax: broad areas of science and engineering, eco- (301) 990-4127 result, can be improved substantially. Image NIST North nomics, and management. Examples in- Room 353 compression is an important emerging con- clude the use of optimization models in cern because the infrastructure does not curve and surface fitting, parameter estima- meet the user demands for still images, se- tion, maximum entropy, minimum energy, INDUSTRIAL quences of still images (for example, in ex- maximum likelihood as well as in newer ploratory surgery), and video. More EXPERIMENTATION areas such as performance improvement in importantly, the trends indicate that the de- NIST's collaborations with industry and its production systems and advanced design and mand will increase while the systems of the projects to support industrial research and control. Improved algorithms and computa- future, by being highly mobile, will rely on development typically involve the conduct of tional power have led to the consideration of inherently limited communications and stor- experiments, generation of data, and analy- multidisciplinary optimization models that age technologies (for example, wireless com- sis of the results. NIST statisticians partici- pose significant new challenges in all areas munications and storage media of minimal pate in these collaborations by contributing of optimization. Division researchers design, weight). strategies for experimentation, graphical and analyze, and implement large-scale optimi- numerical data analysis, stochastic modeling Division scientists perform applied and refer- zation algorithms and use these methods to of empirical phenomena, uncertainty evalu- ence implementation research in areas in- develop and solve optimization models in ation, computationally intensive methods, cluding the development of efficient image many areas. Current concentration is on and reliability modeling. compression techniques with emphasis on large-scale algorithms for non-convex, non- wavelets, on adapting generic compression collaborative research projects linear programming problems using interior- Ongoing techniques for image compression, and on er- following: point methods and sequential quadratic include the programming. ror correction codes that are tuned to the • improving measurements of lithographic needs of image compression. The group also overlay on semiconductor wafers by using hy- Computational geometry is a rapidly emerg- develops reference software and data that fa- brid electrical-optical test structures; ing field with applications in robotics, statis- cilitate algorithm development and the test- tical mechanics, cartography, computer ing of such algorithms for performance and • developing certification and uncertainty graphics, materials science, and molecular correctness of output (for example, compli- analysis methodology for Charpy V-notch dynamics. NIST researchers are developing ance testing). Finally, metrics for quantify- measurement machines; robust and efficient computational schemes ing the quality of the images produced • developing a non-contact sensor for for large-scale terrain modeling, molecular by lossy compression schemes are being measuring the temperature of hot-rolled epitaxial simulations, and related prob- beam developed. aluminum; lems. Algorithms and software are in wide Contact: use other scientific at NIST and many and • working with an industry consortium to Tassos Nakassis commercial centers. compare various methods for machining (301) 975-3632 ceramic components; Contact: email: [email protected] Paul T. Boggs Room 365 NIST North • applying robust regression to optical fiber (301) 975-3800 dimensional quality control; email: [email protected] • developing a practical protocol for reliable Room 365 NIST North measurement of solderability using a wetting

balance; INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

• working with an industry consortium on procedures for the measurement technology graphics data sets between computers and

predicting the service life of metals coatings; of interest. graphics devices, and computational geome-

try algorithms and software for the analysis • error modeling and correction for improv- For example, statisticians have worked with of two- and three-dimensional data sets. ing metrology characteristics of coordinate other NIST scientists in cooperation with the Techniques also have been developed to measuring machines; and FBI to develop standards to assure the quality manipulate dynamic objects in automated of DNA measurements that are introduced as • evaluating the effects of various process- design and manufacturing systems; to dis- physical evidence in legal proceedings. ing methods and formulations on strength play quasicrystal structures with icosahedral

and durability of concrete. Statisticians are working with scientists from symmetries and scanning electron tunneling

NIST's Electronics and Electrical Engineer- microscopy data with polarization analysis; Contact: ing Laboratory on the development of arti- and to study models of turbulent combustion Keith Eberhardt fact standards for measuring the sheet showing the dependence of solutions on time (301) 975-2853 resistance of silicon wafers. In cooperation and fuel-oxidizer mixture parameters. email: [email protected] with the semiconductor industry, a new Room 353 NIST North Contact: measurement method was developed and in- Gordon E. Lyon teractions between probing instruments and (301) 975-5679 wafers were studied. MEASUREMENT PROCESS email: [email protected] EVALUATION Contact: B364 Materials Building Carroll Croarkin Measurement is the backbone for advancing (301) 975-2849 scientific research and creating new tech- email: [email protected] PERFORMANCE OF nologies. NIST statisticians collaborate with Room 353 NIST North MODERN-ARCHITECTURE subject experts in developing techniques for evaluating measurement processes, tying COMPUTERS measurement processes to accepted stand- NIST researchers in the area of computer- ards, and assuring the quality of measure- HIGH-PERFORMANCE systems performance are promoting the ments. Expertise in the design of SYSTEMS AND SERVICES effective evaluation and efficient use of experiments, modeling, estimation of compo- Division Contact: advanced computers by the federal govern- nents of variance, interlaboratory studies, Dean Collins ment. Their areas of interest include charac- quality control, and uncertainty analysis, (301) 975-4712 terization of new computer architectures to coupled with a strong research focus, brings email: [email protected] identify improved technology for applica- statisticians into contact with leading re- fax: (301) 963-9137 tions, exploration of economical program- searchers in measurement science, both at B122 Technology Building ming methods that standardize across NIST and elsewhere. This expertise also pro- classes of architecture, and design of coher- vides opportunities for contributing to the ent evaluations that economically and reli- measurement science base for emerging SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION ably characterize the machines. technologies. Researchers at NIST are developing and These NIST researchers also are involved in In the initial phases of such programs, ex- advanced methods for using state- applying the development of instrumentation and periments at NIST and with industrial part- computer-based scientific graph- of-the art, related management techniques for gigabit ners are conducted to evaluate the status of rendering complex experimental, ics for networks of workstations and computers used measurements in the user community. Prob- computational, and analytical results in for scientific calculation and visualization- lems are identified, and models for describ- chemistry. Researchers use a physics and based applications. ing the error structure of the measurements collection of vector and raster workstations, Contact: J are developed and validated. The initial char- photographic and video hardware, high- Gordon E. Lyon acterization, which may require several speed networking for transmitting large (301) 975-5679 rounds of experimentation and produce re- email: [email protected] finements to the measurement process, is B364 Materials Building followed by the development and dissemina-

tion of artifact standards, test methods, and —

154 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Test and evaluation capabilities range from

CONTINUAL UPGRADES RESEARCH specific functionality tests of cryptographic

modules to test The laboratory maintains a central scientific FACILITIES methodologies for network se-

computing environment for NIST staff at curity protocols to the specific criteria used to Gaithersburg and Boulder. It procures and evaluate the trustworthiness of systems operates computer and communications COMPUTER AND that handle unclassified, but sensitive, data. facilities and maintains them at state-of-the- A laboratory is available for research in risk art levels suited to the needs of a highly di- NETWORK SECURITY management techniques and methodologies verse scientific and engineering research and FACILITY and evaluation of risk management software development community. The continuing The NIST Computer and Network Security Fa- to determine applicability to environments at program of upgrading responds to cility is used to improve the current security different agencies. Several computers support advances in hardware, software, and commu- posture of federal computer and telecommu- the development of advanced computer ac- nications technologies as well as to changes nication systems and to provide security for cess control systems based on smart-token in the kinds of tools used in modern scien- these systems as they migrate toward open technology and the virus laboratory for re- tific research. system environments. Research performed in search in multiuser environments. A small

NIST specialists log and analyze the use of the facility is aimed at applying methods to systems security laboratory completes the

Computer and Network Security Facility. the components of the facilities—hardware, protect the secrecy and integrity of informa- software, operating systems, and networks tion in computer systems and data networks, APPLICATIONS to determine what changes or new equip- evaluating personal identification and The facility is used primarily to develop and ment will be most useful. They take steps to authentication techniques to control access test federal standards for computer and net- acquire them where possible or to develop to information resources, and developing work security. Support is provided to other them internally. They design interfaces computer and network security architectures as federal agencies and industry where the pro- needed for users to gain access to the re- to determine proper implementation of con- tection of unclassified data is required. sources best suited to their needs. This work trols for integrity and confidentiality of infor- AVAILABILITY proceeds with a broad view of the overall op- mation and authentication of users. Collaborative research programs can be eration of the computing environment and CAPABILITIES arranged. its interactions with external environments The facility is equipped with desktop comput- as well as detailed understanding of the ers and workstations, security devices, termi- Contact: progress of hardware and software capabili- nals, personal identification systems, and Stuart W. Katzke ties and of the roles of visualization and net- access to supercomputers through local- (301) 975-2934 working in the design and execution of area, national, and global networks. Several email: [email protected] scientific computing projects. communications technologies and applica- Room 426 NIST North

Contact: tions environments are available for research

Jack Newmeyer efforts for developing and testing security pro-

(301) 975-2966 tocol standards. email: [email protected] Operational capabilities include a computer B08 Technology Building emergency response team to facilitate identi-

fication and response to acute computer and

telecommunications security incidents in-

volving self-replicating computer viruses. —

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

• Digital Video Interoperability Testbed AVAILABILITY

ADVANCED NETWORK The testbed consists of facilities for testing Collaborative research programs with govern FACILITY the video-on-demand application conform- ment, industry, and academia can be ing to the Digital Audio/Visual Council speci- arranged. The facility is equipped with desktop comput- fication, including MPEG2 video source and ers, workstations, protocol analyzers and Contact: server, Digital Storage Management Com- simulators as well as ATM, ISDN, Internet, Craig Hunt mand and Control system, and set-top units. and satellite communications facilities and (301) 975-3600 Various network access mechanisms, in addi- switches. email: [email protected] tion to ATM networks, are being planned. Room 445 NIST North APPLICATIONS

Facilities are used to develop and assess de- sign alternatives, evaluate performance, and test standards for advanced communications and distributed multimedia systems, which include the following:

• ATM Network—The testbed consists of an ATM switch and several workstations. The testbed is connected to the NIST ATM net- work and a wide- area ATM testbed. INDEXES

FACILITIES INDEX Ultralow-Temperature Electronics applied and computational biosensors Facility, 71 mathematics, division, 151 automated sample preparation, 101 Advanced Insulation Facility, 145 Wafer Probing Laboratory, 68 applied economics, office, 142 self-assembled monolayers, 89 Advanced Network Facility, 155 artificial intelligence, selection of biosynthetic reactions, electrode-driven Calibrated Hot Box, 144 materials, 137 redox chemistry, 84 Cold Neutron Research Facility, 131 SUBJECT INDEX aspheres, measuring figure error, 73 biotechnology Computer and Network Security Asynchronous Transfer Mode Center for Advanced Research in, 85

Facility, 154 absolute cryogenic radiometer, vacuum high-speed network, 149 division, 84 Concentric Loop Antenna Systems, 69 chamber, 120 testing and evaluation, 155 blackbody Controlled Background Radiometric ac-dc voltage and current atmospheric cryogenic, 120

Facility, 120 measurements, advanced, 54 and chemometric research, 91 vacuum-operational sources, 120 Electromagnetic Anechoic Chamber, 69 acoustic techniques chemistry, thermodynamic data, 94 Bose-Einstein condensation, 117 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance resonators, 93 atomic breadboard heat pump, refrigerants and

Facility, 121 thermophysical properties of gases beam frequency standards, 115 refrigeration cycles, 139 EUV Optics Fabrication and and standards, 93 clocks, collisional phenomena, 109 bridges and other large structures,

Characterization Facility, 119 wave guides, 93 -force microscope technologies, 24

Fire Research Facilities, 145 ac voltage standards, precision calibrated, 73 Broadband Fluid Flow Measurement and Research waveforms, 54 capacitance-voltage profiling, 57 Integrated Services Digital Network,

Facilities, 103 adsorbed molecules, interaction with fountain concept, atomic frequency high-speed, 149 Ground Screen Antenna Range, 68 surfaces, 91 standards, 115 probes and sensors, calibration, 70

High-Resolution UV and Optical adsorbents, fundamental and applied physics, division, 108 Building(s)

Spectroscopy Facility, 119 properties, 92 -scale measuring machine, 74 and Fire Research Laboratory, 136 Integrated-Circuit Fabrication advanced spectroscopy, fundamental studies, 97 controls, 139 Laboratory, 71 network technologies, division, structure of matter, X-ray study, 109 environment, division, 138 Large Environmental Chamber, 144 149 atomization process, control of exhaust heat transfer, 139 Large-Scale Structures Testing Technology Program emissions, 86 indoor air quality, ventilation, 138

Facility, 143 competitions, 8 atom optics materials, division, 137

Line Heat-Source Guarded focused program descriptions, 8 development, 109 measurement and prediction of large

Hot Plate, 144 overview, 6 nanofabrication, 107 fires, 140

Liquid-Nitrogen Flow project listing, 17 Automated process, computer-integrated, 140

Measurements, 103 project sampler, 7 Computer Time Service, 123 resistance to seismic and wind loads, Low-Background Infrared Radiation proposal applications, 27 Electronics Manufacturing Program, 56 136

Facility, 120 aerospace alloys, casting, 42 production technology, division, 74 simulated environmental conditions, Magnetic Microstructure Measurement air conditioning, dynamic system, 139 sample preparation and sensing, 101 144

Facility, 119 air speed, proficiency testing, 42 automatic speech recognition, 150 burn room, fire research, 145, 146 Magnetic Thin-Film Fabrication and algorithms, quantum properties of automation burst mode operation, OTDM systems, 64

Imaging Facility, 71 complex systems, 109 improve accuracy of spectrochemical Materials Science X-Ray Beamlines, 134 alternative analysis, 98 calculations, electronic structure, 107 Medical-Industrial Radiation refrigerants, properties, 95 laboratory technology and standards, calibration

Facility, 120 solvents, environmental concerns, 93 101 process gas properties, 94 Mobile Transient Reception/ amalgams, dental, 125 automotive exhaust, detection of Program, 48

Transmission System, 70 amplitude-noise measurements, carrier oxygenated species, 89 X-ray, pre- and post-flight, 1 10 Mode-Stirred Chambers, 68 and Fourier frequency, 116 calorimeter(s)

Molecular-Beam Epitaxy Facility, 68 analog touch and capacitance probes, back-reflection standing wave heat release rate, 145 National Advanced Manufacturing 76 technique, crystal imperfections, 109 oxygen-bomb and fluorine-bomb, 94 Testbed, 82 analytes, polar and non-volatile, in BACnet interoperability testing, candela, detector-based, 110 Neutron Interferometer and Optics complex matrices, 98 building control systems, 42 capacitance, cryoelectronic counting

Facility, 122 analytical ball step gauge system, calibration device, 6l NIST Research Reactor, 132 chemistry, division, 97 prototype, 72 capacitance-voltage profiling, Powder Characterization and Processing infometrics, 101 beam stations, NSLS, 134 metalized AFM probe, 57 Laboratory, 135 mass spectrometry bidirectional characterization, optical capillary Radiopharmaceutical Standardization inorganics and elemental isotopic scatter, 112 electrochromatography, 99 Laboratory, 122 metrology, 97 biomimetic materials, characteristics, 85 electrophoresis Semiconductor Processing organics and biomolecules, 98 biomolecular materials, 85 automated sample preparation, 101 Laboratory, 67 separation science methodology, 99 biomolecules electromigration separation, 99 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering annealed fiber coil technology, stable analytical mass spectrometry, 98 optimization of separations, 98

Facility, 134 current sensors, 65 interactions and applications, 85 organics and biomolecules, 98

Standard Transient/Impulsive Field annealing, semiconductor wafers, 67 markers for health status, 98 gel electrophoresis, electromigration

Facility, 70 antenna three- and four-dimensional NMR separation, 99

Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation calibration, 69 techniques, 84 carbon monoxide, gas prediction, 141

Facility II, 118 concentric loop systems, 69 bioprocess engineering measurements, catalysis and biocatalysis technologies,

Transverse Electromagnetic Cell, 69 application experts, capability 84 12, 22

Tri-Directional Test Facility, 143 enhancement, 18 INDEX 157

cavity-ring-down spectroscopy coatings concrete, strength and durability, 153 databases

kinetics in gas and surfaces, 94 ATP general competition projects, 26 condensate formation, implications for adsorption compressors for cryocoolers,

measurement of water vapor, 90 service life prediction, 42 precision metrology, 117 97 cell membranes, quantification of cobalt atom beam, neutral, 117 condensed matter theory, 107 ceramics (phase diagrams, structural,

therapeutic agents, 85 cold atoms, near absolute zero, 108 conformance testing, 147 machinability), 127 cement and concrete, 137 cold-welding, oxide-free silver, 125 consortia, research, 42 crystal data center, 127 Center for Advanced Research in collaborative research, 40 constant-current coulometric data technologies program, 126 Biotechnology, 85 collision measurements, instrumentation, 100 dissemination over computer networks, ceramic(s) -induced dissociation, analytical construction 105 ATP general competition projects, 26 problems, 98 computer-integrated, 140 FIREDOC, 140

brittle materials, mechanical properties, processes, ion trap facility, 108 Materials Reference Laboratories, 138 fire testing, 145 125 colloidal contaminants kinetics program, 94 coatings, 129 solutions, dynamics, 96 low-level gaseous, 90 NACE/NIST corrosion performance, 127 components, machining methods, 152 suspensions, preparation, 135 particle nucleation and growth, 88 N1ST/EPA/NIH mass spectral, 95 division, 124 Commercialization Assistance Program, transport in building ventilation, 138 scientific and engineering data, 105

electronic and photonic, 125 50 continuous-wave radiation, laser spoken language, 150 fiber-reinforced matrix composites, 125 communication and representation radiometry, 64 STEP protocol, 127

machining, 42, 130 mechanisms, product design, 78 controlled superconductivity, high critical prediction of lifetime, 126 compensation, machine tool errors, 75 potential coulometric measurements, transition temperature, 127 processing, 129 complex instrumentation, 100 dental Charpy V-notch measurement coupling, high-temperature reacting controller software, enhanced machine and medical materials, 125

machines, certification, 152 flows, 88 control, 76 restorative composites, phases, 125 chemical Form Metrology Laboratory, 73 control loops depth profiling instrument, cold

analysis with neutron beams, 101 physical and chemical processes, ISAM layered set of processing nodes, 77 neutron research, 132

and biomedical technology projects, finite-element modeling, 96 manufacturing program, 74 design ATP general competition, 22 systems, quantum properties, 109 Cooperative Research and Development engineering process, 78

information, timely and efficient, 101 compliant offshore structures, Agreements, 40 metals production process, 130

kinetics, 94 reliability, 137 coordinate detector systems, fire protection, 141

processes component-based software, 9, 18 measuring machines, improving deterministic manufacturing, machine finite-element modeling, 96 composites, polymer, 131 metrology characteristics, 153 tool evaluation, 75 real-time optimization, 112 compositional mapping, lateral measuring system, framework for diagnostics reaction dynamics, elementary, 113 distribution, 91 tolerance standards, 78 etching discharges in semiconductors,

reactions and emissions in sprav flames, computational metrology systems, 72 55 86 fluid dynamics, metering research, 86 corrosion, detection and control, 87 thermal and plasma reactors, 87 Science and Technology Laboratory, 83 geometry, optimization techniques, 152 corrosive gases, acoustic wave guides, 93 diamond deposition, ATP general Thermodynamics Data Center, 94 Mathematics Division, 151 coulometry, high-accuracy, 99 competition projects, 26 vapor deposition, materials processing, computer(s) crack bridging, fiber-reinforced dielectric(s) 87 -aided design systems, international composites, 126 materials and devices, measurement chemiluminescence, microcolumn standards, 79 cryocoolers, cryogenic temperatures, 97 methods, 66 separations, 99 -aided manufacturing engineering, cryoelectronics, nanoscale devices, 6l reliability, metrology, 59 Chemistry 42, 78 cryogenic research, 55, 57

and Life Sciences Office, 21 NAMT research, 82 blackbody, multiple apertures, 112 diffraction imaging, single crystals and

computational, applied, 88 voluntary consensus standards, 81 current comparators, precision powder compacts, 134 electroanalytical, 100 -controlled equipment, manufacturing, electrical measurements, 53 diffractometer chemometrics 75 radiometry, high-accuracy, 111, 120 high-performance multiaxis, 110 chemical knowledge with modem gigabit networks, 153 Cryptographic high-temperature X-ray, 135 measurement, 91 graphic techniques, three-dimensional, Module Validation Program, security diffusion, oxidation, and annealing, 67

to improve accuracy of spectrochemical 151 technology, 148 digital analysis, 98 image analysis, materials selection and security technology, R&D, 148 circuits, size and speed requirements, 60 chiral interactions, spectroscopic degradation, 137 crystal data storage, 15, 19

techniques, 99 -integrated construction, 140 diffraction, X-ray calibrations, 1 10 pattern generator, 71 chlorinated trace constituents, natural -integrated knowledge system, structure, thermal neutron diffraction, Signature Standard, security

gas, 92 construction materials and systems, 127 technology, 148 chromatographic retention indices, 138 crystallography video

analysis of natural gas, 92 modern-architecture, performance, 153 protein, 85 information networks, 10, 19 chromatography networks, distribution of databases, 105 X-ray, 85 Inoperability Testbed, testing and

and electromigration techniques, 98 scientific, 153 evaluation, 155

gas, 55, 84, 98, 100 security data processing, measurements, 56

liquid, 84, 98 division, 148 -analysis algorithms, 78 R&D, 149 micellar electrokinetic capillary, 99 Resource Clearinghouse, 148 electronic structure calculations, 107 tools, management capabilities, 19 supercritical fluid, 98 simulation, molecular-level, fluids, 95 Encryption Standard, security dilute-solution thermodynamics, 96 clays, properties, 96 software, mathematical, 151 technology, 148 dimensional clinical radiology, EPR, 121 systems and network, 149 estimation, computational chemistry, measurement methods, sampling closed loop manufacturing program, 74 systems, digital signals to set clocks 88 strategies and data-analysis

cluster ions, mobility, 118 automatically, 116 exchange protocols, PlantSTEP algorithms, 78 technology, 148 Consortium, 81 traceability, complex forms, 73 1 1

158 INDEX

diode lasers, high-performance, 117 electromigration techniques, 98 environment flexible members and structural displays and graphic image electron alternative solvents, 93 networks, dynamic response manipulation, electronics and accelerator, radiation processing, 114 durability of polymer composites, 131 characteristics, 137 photonics, 20 and optical physics, division, 106 exposure of building materials, 137 flow dissemination of databases over beam ion trap, plasma processes and identification and measurement of -injection technology, optimization, 98 computer networks, 105 atomic structure, 108 pollutants, 91 measurement research and standards, distributed and virtual manufacturing, capture, detection system, 99 impact of gaseous dielectrics, 55 86 NAMT research program, 82 electronic polymer flammability, 142 meters

distribution of time and frequency and photonic ceramics, 125 stable and radioisotopes, 97 control and optimization of industrial

signals, 116 commerce in scientific and engineering trace gases in air and from point processes, 86 DNA data, 105 sources, 100 high-precision laminar, 90

chemistry, 84 devices, immunity to transient EM enzyme-catalyzed biochemical installation effects, 42

damage, experimental measurement fields, 70 reactions, heat released, 85 low-range, 90 techniques, 84 marketplace enzyme, production of fine chemicals, thermal mass, 90

diagnostics, tools for, 11,21 infrastructure, 56 84 tube, mobility of cluster ions, 1 18

domain analysis and business process NIST efforts, 105 error map, geometric-thermal, 75 fluence rate level, neutron dosimetry, re-engineering, infrastructure structure etching, low-pressure plasma processes, 115

development technologies, 17 calculations, data, 107 87 fluid

dopant concentration, waveguides and gas phase and solid targets, 109 evaluation of fundamental constants, and fluid mixtures, properties, 95 spectroscopic properties, 66 systems measurement uncertainties, and /solid-particle systems, finite-element

dosimetry, electron paramagnetic noise, 116 SI, 105 modeling, 96

resonance, 121 testing, 54 exhaust emissions, combustion systems, fluorescence drug design and chemical modeling, 23 Electronics 86 gas-phase species concentration maps,

and Electrical Engineering Laboratory, experiment design, analysis, 152 87

earthquake engineering, National 51 EXPRESS, formal description language, laser-excited, 87, 99, 108, 113

Earthquake Hazards Reduction ATP general competition projects, 20, 21 80 fluorocarbons

Program, 136 high-temperature superconducting, 62 extreme ultraviolet optics, 106 low-pressure plasma etching processes, economic new materials and manufacturing, 21 87 evaluation, 142 packaging and interconnection, 126 facilities, use of, 43 refrigerant, novel applications, 139

returns, ATP, 16 testing systems, 54, 68 far-IR spectroscopy, 116 flux pinning, high critical transition

elastic scattering, 133 ultrasmall devices, 6l fast pulse and waveform acquisition temperature superconductivity, 127 electrical electrophoretic mobility, ceramic standards, research, 54 focused program (ATP)

characterization metrology, 57 powder, 135 fermentation broths, chromatographic catalysis and biocatalysis, 12

interconnect reliability, integrated electrospray, organics and separation of biomolecules, 85 component-based software, 18 circuits, 58 biomolecules, 98 fiber optic sensors, 65 descriptions, 8

substitution, cryogenic radiometers, 1 1 elemental analysis, 133 field effect transistors, high-mobility digital data storage, 19

systems elementary chemical reaction modulation-dopes, 68 digital video in information networks,

metrology and quality of power dynamics, 113 film 19 delivery, 55 ellipsometry, multiple wavelength, deposition, chemistry of precursors, 87 information infrastructure for new materials and manufacturing, 21 57,67 processing, dielectrics, 57 healthcare, 17

reliability and safety, 55 energy calibration, NASA equipment, thermal converter structures, new manufacturing composite structures, 13 transport, superconductor interfaces, 62 110 methods, 54 materials processing for heavy

electric commerce of component engineering finite-element modeling of complex manufacturing, 13 information, national information design research, 78 physical and chemical processes, 96 motor vehicle manufacturing

infrastructure, 56 measurements for hydrothermal fire(s) technology, 15

electricity, division, 52 processes, 87 -emulator/detector-evaluator, first technologies for integration of

electroanalytical chemistry process, STEP standards and generation, 141 manufacturing applications, 19

inorganic, 100 technology, 79 large, 140 tools for DNA diagnostics, 1 trace gas, 100 Enhanced Machine Controller Project, modeling and applications, 140 vapor compression refrigeration electrolytic conductimetry, aqueous and 75 research grants, 43 technology, 14 non-aqueous, 100 enterprise integration, infrastructure Research Information Service, 140 free

electromagnetic development technologies, 17 safety engineering, division, 140 neutron lifetime, beam measurement,

fields enthalpy of adsorption science, division, 141 115

division, 59 chlorinated trace constitutents of sensing, 141 radical (s), detection and electronic generation, 69 natural gas, 92 signatures, new generation of detectors, structure, 94 trapping cold atoms, 108 clay and carbon adsorbents, 92 141 -radical kinetics, studies, 94 immunity measurements, ground suppression, 141 frequency standards, 115 screen, 69 flame(s) fringe density, phase-measuring noise, stability and accuracy of chemistry-turbulence interactions, 141 interferometer systems, 73 Josephson quantized-voltage fundamental processes, 97

steps, 54 retardants

sensors, 42 environmentally friendly, 42 technology polymers, 142

division, 6l flammability, polymers, 142

microstructural analysis, 63 flat-panel displays, metrology, 56 waves, characterization, 60 6 6 1

INDEX 159

fundamental Henry's constants, dilute-solution industrial interface

and applied properties of adsorbents, 92 thermodynamics, 96 Partnerships Program, 47 non-linear optical measurements, 112

Constants Data Center, 105 heterostructures, fabrication by MBE, 68 radiation processing specifications, advanced manufacturing

constants, evaluation, 105 hexapod machine tool, prototype, 76 quality-control methods, 114 systems, 81 Physics Station high critical transition temperature inelastic scattering, 133 standards, system functionality, 77 end guide position, 132 superconductivity, 127 inertial sensors, semiconductors, 59 interference corrections, automated free neutron lifetime, 115 high -density information storage, information approaches, 98 studies of atomic spectroscopy, 97 magnetic recording, 63 access, transmission, storage, and interferometer

high-energy X-ray spectroscopy, 109 retrieval, user interface and displacement measurements, GaAs heterostructures, quantum Hall high-frequency diodes, 6l efficiency-enhancement high-accuracy, 74

effect, 53 High-Performance technologies, 18 He-Ne laser, 108 gamma-ray-emitting nuclides, activity Computing and Communications, SIMA capacity, transmission and phase-measuring, 73

measurements, 122 program, 81 distribution, 19 interim test artifacts, physical standard

gamma-ray source, radiation Construction Materials and Systems infrastructure for healthcare, 8, 17 for CMM performance, 72-73 processing, 114 Program, 138 Technology international

gas(es) diode lasers, 117 and Electronics Office, 17 standards, computer-aided design, 79 emitted from process streams, 100 systems and services, 153 automatic speech recognition, 150 System of Units, practical

flow, large building fires, 140 high-precision laser spectroscopy, 109 general competition projects (ATP), 20 representation, 105 isotopic-chemical characterization, 91 high-Q acoustic resonators, image compression, 152 internet

-phase synthesis, nanoparticles, 87 thermophysical properties of gases and Laboratory, 147 Computer Security Resource thermophysical properties from acoustic standards, 93 products, conformance testing, 147 Clearinghouse, 148 techniques, 93 high-resolution text search and retrieval, 150 conformance test services and test toxic, prediction, 141 studies, spectra of atoms and molecules, visualization, 151 metrics, 148

transport-property relationships, 116 infrared database and information source, 105,

membrane separations, 93 high-speed spectral radiometry, 1 1 106 used in semiconductor processing, measurements, optical sources and thermography system, insulation next generation, 149

thermophysical properties, 94 detectors, 64 panels, 145 time and frequency signals, 116

gear involute artifacts, 73 microelectronics, digital circuits, 60 infrastructure development technologies interoperability testing, 80 gel(s) networks, 149 domain analysis and business process ionization gauges, 90 formation dynamics and structure of high-temperature re-engineering, 17 ionizing radiation precursor, % superconductor enterprise integration, 17 division, 114 permeation chromatographs, standards, contacts and interfaces, 62 total quality management, 18 measurement quality, 114

129 electronics, 62 inorganic electroanalytical ion(s) properties, 96 thermocouple research, 89 chemistry, 100 beam etcher, semiconductor geographic information systems, 148 hollow cathode lamps, 108 inspection system, in-process and processing, 67

geometric-thermal characterization, Hubble Space Telescope, calibration of post-process, 76 beam sputtering, thin-film

machine tool, 75 spectrograph, 120 instrument control, automated production, 110

geometry, computational, 152 human-machine interface technologies, approaches, 98 cluster, mobility, 1 18 gigabit networks, workstations and division, 150 insulating materials implantation, reference artifacts, 58 computers, 153 human vision, radiometric instrument calibration, 139 lithography, ion trap facility, 108 Global measurement of response function, 110 prediction of failure, 55 /molecule reactions and clustering Positioning System Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial, high-speed SOI wafers, 58 processes, kinetics and GIS support, 148 network, 149 thermal performance, measurement, thermochemistry, 94 intelligent vehicle systems, 77 hydrocarbons, refrigerants, novel 139 storage research, 115

time transfer accuracy, 1 1 applications, 139 integrated circuit trap Standards Policy Program, 46 hydrofluorocarbons, computational electrical interconnect reliability, 58 facility for research on highly ionized warming, radiance measurements, 120 chemistry, 88 fabrication monitoring, 67 atoms, 108 GOES hydrothermal processes, engineering measurement of patterned layers, 74 technology, quantitative

geostationary satellites, time signals, 1 1 measurements, 87 test structures, manufacturing spectroscopy, 98

time code service, 123 characterization, 58 irradiation facilities, 133 graphics identity profiling, DNA characterization, ultrasensitive measurement system, 71 isotopic labeling, NMR studies, 84, 97

computer-based, scientific, 153 84 integrated optics, metrology, 65

testing, subjectivity, 148 image integration testbed for mobility, 77 Josephson array guest researcher agreements, 40 compression, 152 intelligent development, 6l guided wave microwave standards and -measurement techniques, magnetic processing of materials, 130 niobium trilayer technology, 71

measurements, 59 recording technology, 64 systems Josephson-effect voltage standards,

Guide to Available Mathematical processing, visual, 150 Architecture for Manufacturing, 76 voltage-standard systems, 53 Software, 151 immunity testing, electronic equipment, building mechanical systems, 139 Josephson junctions, voltage standards, 69 division, 75 62

halon fire suppressants, building immunoassay-based techniques, Integration Testbed for Large-Scale Journal of Research of the National

protection, 141 automated sample preparation, 101 Manufacturing and Construction, Institute of Standards and hardness implants, wear resistance, 42 RoboCrane, 77 Technology, 4 measurement, 73 impulse response, evaluation, 70 vehicles, 77

standard test techniques, 126 indoor interactive graphics, automated kinetic-energy-enhanced epitaxy,

heating, dynamic building system, 139 air quality and ventilation, 138 mechanism generation, 88 microscopic basis, 117 heat transfer, buildings, 139 environment, testbed for mobility, 77 interconnect reliability, metrology, 58 160 INDEX

liquid manufacturing mathematical laboratory composite molding, polymers, 131 applications definitions, dimensions and tolerances, accreditation program, NVLAP, 45 lithography compound semiconductor growth 78 automation technology and standards, laboratory-scale electron-beam, 71 and nanometrology, 56 modeling, 151 101 projection X-ray, 73 focused program (ATP), 19 software, 151 programs, 40 loop antenna systems, 69 IC processes, 58 Matrix Market, sparse matrix projects, examples, 41 low-flow measurement, standards, 90 ISAM, 76 algorithms, 151 laser(s) low-frequency broadcast, 123 composite structures, 13, 23 measurement Ar ion-pumped dye, 108 low-temperature engineering comparison, VNA users, 60 arrayed surface-emitting, 66 plasmas, characterization, 108 computer-aided, 42 dimensional methods, CMS, 78 Bragg-reflector, 66 refrigeration, advanced, 96 Laboratory, 72 dynamic conditions, 130 calcium-stabilized diode, 117 lumen, measurement accuracy, 110 Tool Kit, integrated, 79 process components and systems, 21 luminescence execution systems, electronics, 56 evaluation, 153 cooling and trapping, 108 phenomena, standards and Extension Partnership examination, 101 cw dye, 108 measurement procedures, 110 centers listing, 31 quality assurance, 114 cw ion, 87, 88 spectral radiometry, 110 overview, 28 uncertainties, evaluation, 105 deposition of thin films, 1 17 success stories, 29 Media Access Protocol, HFC systems, 149 diode, 117, 118 machine controller, enhanced, 42, 75 general competition projects, ATP, membrane separations, fundamental Doppler velocimetry, validation of machine tool(s) 26 properties, 93 flow meters, 86 ATP general competition projects, 26 processes, three-dimensional MEP Centers, listing, 31 excimer, 88 performance evaluation and accuracy visualization, 151 mercury manometer, high-accuracy, 90 femtosecond, 112, 113 enhancement, 75 program, closed loop, 74 Metallurgy, division, 124 focusing of atom beams, structures, advanced, 76 standards, implementation, 81 metals nanostructures, 107 thermal behavior analysis, 75 systems integration, division, 78 coatings, prediction of service life, 153 heterodyne technology, machining of advanced materials, 130 mass flow controllers, process gases data and characterization, 127 optical density, 112 macromolecules, potential components used in industry, 94 processing, 130 high-precision spectroscopy, 109 of devices, 85 mass spectral database, 95 meter bar, thermal insulation industry, interferometry, 75 magnetic mass spectroscopy 139 lead salt, 112 instruments, materials analytical, 98 Metric Program, 44 Nd:YAG high-resolution dye, 88, 108 characterization, 63 enhanced ionization, 97 micelles, properties, 96 plasmas, 108 levitation solubility instrument, phase gas isotope ratio, 91 microbeam analysis, 91 power/energy meters, 64 equilibria of mixtures, 93 inductively coupled plasma, 97 microcalorimeter, microwave power probes, flame and plasma analysis, 97 materials, ion trap, 98 measurements, 60 pulsed deposition system, 71 structural and spectroscopic studies, isotope dilution, 97 microcoulometry, high-accuracy pulsed excimer measurements, 65 134 laser resonance ionization, 97 program, 100 radiation metrology, applications, 63 magnetic, 98 microeconomic analysis, 142 interaction with surfaces, 92 microstructure, 107 mass- assisted laser desorption microelectricalmechanical systems, ion cooling, 115 recording technology ionization, 128 semiconductor industry, 59 radiometry, measurement methods and ATP projects, 20 microcolumn separations, 99 microelectronic components, modeling standards, 64 nanoprobe imaging, 64 molecular beam, 87 of design tools, 87 range-imaging camera, 77 scanning micromagnetic recording photo ionization, 113 microelectronics ring dye, 108 system, 63 thermal ionization, 97 high-speed, 60 scattering, 87, 108, 117 magnetometer, SQUID and vibrating triple quadrupole, 98 Si-O-H and Si-P-H system data, 88 semiconductor, 108 sample, 71 materials microflow injection analysis, automated solid-state, 100, 108 magneto-optical and Manufacturing Office, 23 sample preparation, 101 stabilized, 118 imaging facility, flux pinning, 127 brittle, mechanical properties, 125 microhotplate arrays, solid-state target designators, requirements, 65 microscope, 64 building, organic, 137 chemical sensors, 89 thermal CVD chemistry, 88 traps, cold atoms, 108 characterization, magnetic microscopy triangulation probe, 76 magneto-resistive sensors, instruments, 63 atomic force, 57, 64, 73 tunable dye, 88 micromagnetic models, 63 construction, 138 electron, 63 ultrashort pulses, condensed phase, 113 magnet, superconducting, 57, 62, 108 data, evaluated, 126 extreme ultraviolet, 106, 119 law enforcement standards, research, 52 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality dental and medical, 125 Fourier-transform infrared, 91 lead-free plumbing solders, Award, 38 intelligent processing, 130 magnetic force, 64, 71, 107 mechanical behavior, 127 mammalian cells, measurement of DNA machining, 130 magneto-optic Kerr, 71, 107 licenses, 42 damage, 84 nanostructured, 128 near-field, 113 light-scattering studies manometer, mercury, high-accuracy, 90 processing optical, 67, 74 biomacromolecular solutions, 85 chemistry, 87 scanning capacitance, 57 material properties and surface contaminant nucleation and scanning electron, 58, 73, 74, 91, 107, topography, 112 growth, 88 119, 137

heavy manufacturing, 13, 24 scanning optical, 58, 113

reliability, division, 124 scanning probe, 63, 64, 73 science scanning tunneling, 106, 117, 64

and engineering grants, 43 transmission electron, 66, 91 and Engineering Laboratory, 124 theory and modeling, 124 6 6 1

INDEX 161

microstructural analysis, modeling (cont.) National North American Integrated Services

electromagnetic technology, 63 protein structure/function relationships, Earthquake Hazards Reduction Digital Network Users' Forum, 42 microstructu re 85 Program, 136 nuclear magnetic resonance atomic measurement techniques, 91 reduced-scale models, fire Industrial Information Infrastructure spectroscopy, 84

evolution during processing, model, 130 configurations, 146 Protocols Consortium, 79 nuclides, depth distribution, 102 magnetic, 107, 119 regenerative cryocoolers, 97 Quality Program, 38 metals, NDE program, 128 semiconductor devices and packages, 58 Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation octahedral-hexapod Stewart platform

relationship to properties, 63 soot formation, 141 Program, 45 machine tool, prototype, 76

surfaces, 73 stresses on structures, 143 ionizing radiation measurement, odorants, measurement in natural gas, microthermography, semiconductor supercritical water oxidation, 87 quality assurance, 114 92

devices, 58 thermal-barrier coatings, 129 natural gas, properties of trace Office of microwave thermodynamics of biotechnological components, 92 Applied Economics, 142

-digestion technology, optimization, 98 processes, 85 navigation Electronic Commerce in Scientific and guided wave standards and thermophysical properties of fluids and Global Positioning System, 77 Engineering Data, 105 measurements, 59 fluid mixtures, 95 inertial, 77 Information Services, 50

integrated circuits, 60 viscoelasticity of polymers, 129 near-field scanning optical microscopy, Law Enforcement Standards, 52 monolithic integrated circuits, 42 modulator materials, ceramics, 125 113 Measurement Services, 47 transmission, ceramics, 125 moisture, quantitative optical near ultraviolet radiometry, 111 Microelectronics Programs, 52 traps for cold atoms, 108 measurements, 90 networks, high-speed, 149 Standards Services, 45 miniaturization, automated sample molecular neutron Technology Innovation, 49

preparation, 101 beam epitaxy, in-situ metrology, 57 absorption, detection limit, 102 Technology Partnerships, 47

mirror systems, projection X-ray drag gauges, 90 activation analysis, 102 off-shore oil production, technologies, lithography, 73 dynamics beams 24

mixtures in sealed containers, particle nucleation and growth, 87 chemical analysis, 101 on-wafer metrology, microelectronics

identification and quantitation, 101 simulations, 126 laser polarization, 114 manufacture, 60 mobility of cluster ions, 118 measuring machine, 74 cold open-systems architecture standards,

modeling recognition, occurrence and focusing for analytical measurements, intelligent vehicle systems, 77 air and contaminant transport in characteristics, 89 102 optical

buildings, 138 momentum transfer gauges, 90 guide hall, research, 114 characterization metrology, aqueous two-phase separation monolayers reflectometer, 132 non-destructive, 57

techniques, 85 self-assembled, 89 coupling coefficients, 114 character recognition, image-based ATM network, 149 solid-phase biological processes and cross-section standards, development systems, 150 BEES, decision support system, 142 planar structures, 89 and evaluation, 115 communications behavior and properties of materials, motor vehicle manufacturing depth profiling, chemical analysis, 101 fiber and discrete components, 66

126 technology, 15, 25 dosimetry, 115, 134 passive components, 65 building envelope, energy transfer, 139 multiangle scattering reference interferometry, 114, 122 constants, multilayer materials, 119

cement and concrete structures, 137 instrument, development, 113 optical bench, 132 detector calibrations, 1 1

CONTAM, air contamination, 138 multicomponent gas mixtures, physics, 114 diagnostics, synthesis of nanoparticles, design tools for process equipment, 87 real-time sensing of species, 89 radiography, 134 87

eddy simulation, large fires, 141 multilayer materials scattering studies /electro-optical components and

finite-element, 96 general competition projects (ATP), 26 shearing cell, 95 systems, 21 fire hazard and risk prediction, 140 synthetic, production and small-angle, 85 fiber

HVAC control system, 139 characterization, 109 spin filters, 114 dimensional quality control, 152 intelligent multimedia standards and dosimetry, 133 high-performance systems, 64

processing of materials, 130 and digital video, 149 thermal, diffraction, 127 power meters, 64

Systems Architecture for information, user interface and tomography, 114, 122 sensors, 65 Manufacturing, 76 efficiency-enhancement Next Generation Fourier-transform Raman microprobe,

machine tools, 75 technologies, 18 Inspection System, 76 91 mathematical, 151 Internet, 149 materials, non-linear, 63 microstructure nanoelectronics, metrology, 56 NIST-7, atomic frequency standards, 115 measurements

cement pastes, 137 nanofabrication noble metal thermocouples, 90 non-linear, at interfaces, 112 ceramic coatings, 129 ion trap facility, 108 noise partial pressures and moisture, 90

metals, 128 with atom optics, 107 in electronic and optical systems, 116 microscopy, near-field scanning, 113

MOIST, prediction of moisture transfer nanometer-level accuracy over processes, high-performance clocks and radiation, measurement, 111

within building, 139 mm-scale dimensions, M-cubed, 74 oscillators, 1 1 recording technology, 19 numerical, 66 nanoparticles temperature measurements, retardance, Standard Reference optimization, computational geometry, cluster-cluster growth kinetics, 88 radiometer, 60 Material, 65 152 vapor-phase synthesis, 87 non-destructive scattering measurements, 112

organic building materials, nanoprobe imaging, magnetic characterization, optical spectroscopy, systems, noise, 1 1 degradation, 137 recording technology, 64 57 systems, space-based applications, 73 particle formation, 88 nanoscale cryoelectronics, devices, 6l evaluation, 128 techniques for trace gas analysis, 100 plasmas, 108 nanostructured materials, 128 non-invasive optical measurements, technology, division, 110 polymer flammability measurement, 142 NSOM, 113 waveguide

predictive approach to solvent behavior, non-linear optical measurements at analysis, 114 93 interfaces, 112 planar geometries, 65 PRISE, prototype retrieval system, 150 non-Newtonian fluid, dynamics, 96 optics, extreme ultraviolet, 106, 119 1 1

162 INDEX

optimization and computational photolithography precision radio-frequency

geometry, 152 extreme ultraviolet, 106, 119 electrical measurements, discharges, plasma processing, 55

optoelectronic(s) facile patterning of biological species, 89 superconductors, 53 radiation, biological effects, 69 devices, commercial success, 66 film thermal converter structures, 54 engineering, division, 72 radiography

division, 64 photoluminescence, high-resolution, 57 measurement grants, 43 luminescence spectral, 110 sources and detectors, characterization, photometers, broadband, 106 Piston Turning Project, 75 microfocus, 127

64 photometry, 1 10 pressure radiometry

optogalvanic methods, characterization photonics, ATP general competition gauges, mechanical, 90 high-accuracy cryogenic, 1 1 of plasma discharges, 108 projects, 20, 21 sensors, 59 infrared, 120

organic physical vacuum, and low-flow standards, 90 infrared spectral, 1 1

building materials, 137 and chemical properties, division, 92 primary gas standards, 100 luminescence spectral, 110

compounds processes, finite-element modeling, 96 Princeton Engine, real-time video near ultraviolet, 111

analytical mass spectrometry, 98 properties measurement, ceramics processing, 56 noise, 60

Henry's constants, 96 powder, 135 process photodiode detectors for, 106

interaction of pollutants with clay, 96 Physics Laboratory, 104 and tool control, metrology, 58 spectral, 111 separation of trace amounts, 99 pilot furnaces, fire endurance of wall -intermittent control loops, thermal, 111 spectral "fingerprints," 95 assemblies, 146 manufacturing, 74 visible, 120 organometallic piston measurements radionuclide production, 121

compounds, trace analysis, 99 gauges, oil and gas, 90 division, 86 Rapid Response Manufacturing vapor-phase epitaxy, finite-element -turning machine, geometric-thermal reliability problems, 89 Project, 80 modeling, 96 characterization, 75 Product Data Representation and rare-earth-doped solid-state waveguide orifice pulse tube refrigerator, pixels, compositional distribution, 91 Exchange standards for lasers and amplifiers, 66 cryocooling, 97 plasma(s) manufacturing, 79 reacting flow simulation, 88 oxidation, semiconductor wafers, 67 etching, low-pressure, 87 production reactor radiation division, 124

oxides, reliability in thin films, 59 fundamental processes, 97 and characterization of synthetic real-time control

oxygenated species, detection in low-temperature, characterization, 108 multilayers, 109 loops, manufacturing, 74

automotive exhaust, 89 parameters, characterization, 88 System Engineering Tool Kit, designing System, 77 ozone layer processing and chemistry and modeling production lines, 79 reflectometry atmospheric reaction chemistry, 112 diagnostic research, 55 prompt-gamma-ray activation analysis thin film, 67 CFC and HCFC, 95 materials processing, 87 chemical analysis, 101 time-domain, 58 halons, 141 reactors, diagnostics, 87 cold neutron research, 132 refrigerants spray, ceramic coatings, 129 protein(s) advanced low-temperature, 97

parallel-actuated machine tools, plug and play compatability electrochromatographic separation of alternative, 95, 112, 139 multiaxis machining, 76 laboratory automation, 101 DNA and viral particles, 85 characterization to improve cycle paramagnetic centers, action of standard interfaces, 77 structure/function relationships, 85 efficiency, 139 radiation on materials, 121 polarization-dependent loss and gain, pulse thermodynamic properties, 93 parity-non-conserving neutron spin optical communications, 66 radiolysis, radiation processing, 114 thermophysical properties, 93

rotation, measurement, 115 pollutant(s) supersonic jet sampling of gases, 1 13 refrigeration machinery, 139 partial pressures, quantitative optical emissions, combustion systems, 86 reliability

measurement, 90 identification and measurement, 91 quality award program winners, 38 dielectrics in thin films, 59 particle(s) pollution control quantitative optical measurements of electrical interconnect, 58

formation, modeling effort, 88 measurement procedures, 138 partial pressures and moisture, 90 remote location, NAMT research, 82 isotopic-chemical characterization, 91 on-line monitoring, 112 quantum research

nucleation and growth, molecular polymer(s) Hall devices, MEB facility, 68 and development contracts, 40

dynamics, 87 blends and processing, 131 Hall effect, national unit of resistance, and Technology Applications patents, 43 characterization, 128 53 Program, 47

patterned layers, measurement on combustion research, 142 physics, division, 117 resistance standards and materials

integrated circuits, 74 composites, 131 processes, 109 quantum Hall effect, 53 performance specifications, flat-panel dental restorative composites, 125 wave function, BEC phase transition, research programs, 52

displays, 56 division, 124 117 reverberating chambers, 68 phase vapor transport-property relationships, -well devices, optical metrology and RoboCrane, 77 composition, ceramic powders, 135 93 sensing, 66 robots

contrast imaging, NIOF, 1 14 viscoelasticity, 129 measuring manufactured parts, 72

equilibria, high critical transition position-sensitive detector, ceramic radiant background noise levels, RoboCrane, 77 temperature superconductivity, 127 powder, 135 measurement, 120 Rockwell C hardness indenters, -measuring interferometer systems, post-process control loops, radiated electromagnetic interference, measurement, 73

resolution and accuracy, 73, 122 manufacturing, 74 testing, 69 roofing membrane, bonding seams, 42 -noise measurements, carrier and potentiometry, scanning, 64 radiation rotating disk reactor, thermal CVD Fourier frequency, 116 powder accident dosimetry, EPR, 121 chemistry, 88

separation, techniques, 98 relationships between characteristics damage, vacuum ultraviolet studies, 108 photodiode detectors for radiometry, 106 and processing environment, 130 facility, medical-industrial, 120 samples, automated preparation, 101

photo-induced synthesis, ceramic powder, 135 processing, 1 14 sampling Bragg gratings, optical fiber, 66 power systems, electrical, 55 radioactivity measurements, diagnostic and digitizing systems, time and ionization spectroscopy, gaseous pre- and post-flight X-ray and therapeutic nuclear medicine, frequency domain performance, 54

contaminants, 90 calibrations, 110 122 strategies, 78 precise signals, synthesis, 54 16 1 6

INDEX 163

satellite-based separations technology solvents spectroscopy (cont.)

\r _ A'CC i. J f f 1 A (1 1 f\C\ 11A navigation, GPS, 77 analytical methodology, 99 dilute-solution, 96 X-ray diffraction, 66, 108, 109, 110, time transfer, urb, no antibody/antigen associations, 99 environmental and health risks, 93 128, 137 scanned probe microscopies, layered Air projects, 22 soot formation, prediction, 141 see also mass spectroscopy magnetic thin films, 71 chiral, 99 spark-discharge light sources, 108 spin polarization, secondary electrons, scanning micellar and liposomal phases, 99 spectral 107

capacitance probes, 42 multidimensional, on-line and irradiance standards, use at field sites, splitters, optical communications, 65 micromagnetic recording system, off-line, 99 110 spoken language technology, 150 ultra-high-density, 63 orthogonal methodology, 99 radiometric quantitation, light spray

optical microscopy, near-field, 113 size-selective networks, 99 emission, 1 10 combustion facility, 86 tunneling microscopy. 106, 117 supercritical fluid mixtures, 93 radiometry, 111 flames, chemical reactions and scattering techniques for trace organic analysis, 99 spectra, Nlbl/hPA/NlH database, 95 emissions, 86 optical, measurements, 112 trace organic analysis, 99 spectrochemical analysis, automation stabilized lasers, 118 porosity and microcracks in shearing cell, neutron scattering and chemometrics, 98 standard ceramics, 129 studies, 95 spectrophotometers, standardization, interfaces, system compatability, 77 Raman, 57 shear strength, masonry walls, 137 100 reference small angle X-ray, 134 shielding effectiveness spectrophotometry, 114 data grants, 43 scientific visualization, 153 electromagnetic fields, 69 spectroradiometer, transportable Data Program, 48

Secure Hash Standard, security structures and walls, 70 reference, 1 1 Materials Program, 48 technology, 148 shortwave broadcasts, 123 spectroscopic standards security technology, 148 signal processing algorithms, species applications, 112 and process analytical applications foi computer and network, 154 detection, 89 ellipsometry, 87 spectroscopy, 100 systems and network, 149 silicon spectroscopy Information Program, 46 seismic loading, evaluation of LMUS technology, 52 array detector, 98 performance, future development, 52

structural response, 137 detector radiometry, 110 atomic, 97, 98, 99 Training and Support Program, 47 self-assembly dioxide films, precursors used in Auger electron, 109 statistical

biomimetic materials, 85 deposition, 87 back-scattering, 132 analysis of time-series data, 1 1

monolayers for biosensing, 89 films, scanning tunneling cavity-ring-down, 90, 94 engineering, division, 152 semiconductor(s) microscope, 117 deep-level transient, 57 text retrieval system, interactive visual control of etching discharges, 55 -on-insulator metrology, semiconductor electron capture, 99 interface, 151 devices fabrication, 58 electron paramagnetic resonance, 121 STEP and packages, metrology, 58 wafer processing, microelectro- electron spin resonance, 114 Conformance Testing Project, 80

materials, and fabrication, 20, 66 mechanical system fabrication, 71 far-infrared, 1 1 Data Access Interface, 79 dielectric reliability, 59 Small Business Innovation Research femtosecond laser, 92 implementation, 79 electrical Program, 43, 45 flame photometric, 99 storage-media materials, ceramics, 125 characterization metrology, 57 smoke Fourier transform infrared, 100, 101, strength and ductility, precast concrete

interconnect reliability, 58 abatement equipment, 145 135, 137 structures, 137

electronics, division, 56 and toxic gas prediction, 141 Fourier transform Raman, 101 stresses, crack bridging, 126

layer deposition, monitoring and plumes, large open-air fires, 141 grazing incidence, 108 structural, earthquake, and wind

i ?/ control, 66 software high-energy X-ray, 109 engineering, 13o

low-level gaseous contaminants, 90 development high-precision laser, 109 structures, division, 136 microelectromechanical systems, 59 automating the process, 18 high-resolution time-of-flight, 132 sum frequency generation, non-linear

t , l An 1A1 11? no processing paradigms, 18 infrared, 99, 101, 113, 128 measurements at interfaces, 112 properties of gases used, 94 diagnostics and conformance laser magnetic resonance, 116 superconducting quantum interference research programs, 52 testing, division, 147 medium resolution time-of-flight, 132 devices, 62

_f L"_ 1 i ri wafers, lithographic overlay, 152 future standards, 148 microRaman, 135 superconductivity, high critical sensors manufacturing process multiphoton ionization, 94 transition temperature, 127

tiber optic, 101 visualizations, 151 neutron Fourier, 122 superconductor(s) high-performance, 6l mathematical, 151 neutron scattering, 131 interfaces, electrical transport, 62

intelligent vehicle systems, 77 quality, 147 nuclear magnetic resonance, 84, 85, 135 magnetic loading, 62

, „t;^ ,1 r~7 i AO i i pi large-scale tasks, 77 system, evaluation, 80 optical, 57, 108, 1 19 precision electrical measurements, 53

materials for radiation processing, 1 14 solar energy generation, IR detectors, 6l optogalvanic, 109 standards and technology, 62

optical fiber, 65 solderability, measurement of, 152 photoluminescence, 66 systems and devices, 2

planar, 101 solid-state photon correlation, 135 wire and magnet applications, 127

real-time data processing, 76 chemical sensor arrays, 89 photon-induced ionization, 90 supercritical solid-state chemical arrays, 89 imaging, ceramic powder, 135 polarization, 100 fluid extraction iotariflifinc /if inilutoc inn temperature of hot-rolled aluminum, infrared detectors, radiometry, 112 Kaman, o/, iui liueracuoiis oi anaiyies auu

152 solubility, solids in vapors and rapid scanning, 98 matrices, 99

see also biosensors supercritical fluids, 96 reflectance, 66 optimization of separations, 98

solute retention, chromatography and solid-state NMR, 128 fluid mixtures, thermophysical electromigration systems, 98 spin-echo, 132 properties, 93 solution atomizer, polydisperse aerosols, triple-axis, 132 water oxidation, destruction of 135 tunable diode laser adsorption, 100 hazardous materials, 87

ultraviolet Fourier transform, 97, 119

UV-visible diode array, 99, 108 1 1 6

164 INDEX

surface thermionic diode detectors, transverse electromagnetic cells, 69 wavelength

and interface chemistry measurements, low-concentration species, 109 tri-directional test facility, 143 calibration, Standard Reference

ceramics powder, 135 thermoacoustic driver, OPTR triple-axis spectrometer, 133 Material, 66

and microanalysis science, division, 91 development, 97 tunneling microscopy, 106 standards, optical fiber characterization, gas-phase thermocouple, high-temperature two-dimensional NMR methods, 84 communications, 66

concentration maps and research, 89 wave propagation studies, ground suspensions, structure and thermodynamics ultrapure materials, low-level range, 69

properties of particles, 96 chemical, 94 contaminant gases, 100 wavemeter dynamical processes, 91 dilute-solution, 96 uncertainty, measurement, 105 Fabry-Perot, 109 -induced dissociation, analytical thermophysical properties user interface and efficiency- Fizeau, 108 problems, 98 gases and standards from acoustic enhancement technologies Weights and Measures Program, 49 magnetism, 119 techniques, 93 information access, transmission, wind engineering, National Earthquake properties, reproducible preparation gases used in semiconductor processing, storage and retrieval, 18 Hazards Reduction Program, 136 and custom tuning, 89 94 multimedia information, 18 windows, measurement of thermal reactions, biomolecular processes, 85 supercritical fluid mixtures, 93 performance, 139 temperature thinfilm(s), 117 vacuum wire high-speed measurement, 89 deposition chamber, reflectometry and pressure equipment, 90 superconductor, 62

thin-film thermocouples, 90 facility, 106, 119 chamber, internal cryoshields, 120 thermocouple as reference texture measurement, 73 deposition of HTS materials, 62 deposition, layered magnetic thin films, thermometer, 90 surfactant(s) fabrication process, metrology, 57 71 World Wide Web

micelles, interaction with clay platelets, insulator deposition and etching measurements, standards, 90 Computer Security Resource 96 systems, 71 sputtering, metals and dielectrics, 67 Clearinghouse, 148

surface modifications of adsorbents, 92 laser deposition, 117 ultrahigh systems, 90 conformance test services and test

synchronization, network nodes, 116 production facility, 110 ultraviolet radiometry, 108 metrics, 148

synchrotron radiation, interaction with reliability of oxides, 59 vapor database and information source, surfaces, 92 thermocouple as reference compression refrigeration technology, 105, 106 synthetic multilayers, production and thermometer, 90 14, 26 manufacturing process visualizations, characterization, 109 vacuum deposition, 71 -phase synthesis of nanoparticles, 87 151

system components, interoperable, 19 three-dimensional visualization, 151 pressure, chlorinated trace constituents NIST site, 5 systems time of natural gas, 92 time and frequency signals, 116

and network security, 149 and frequency transport-property relationships,

Integration for Manufacturing division, 115 membrane separations, 93 X-ray

Applications Program, 81 services, 123 vector network analyzers, six-port, 60 beamlines, materials science, 134

signal distribution, 1 1 vehicles beams, collimated and monochromatic, Technical Standards Activities Program, -resolved infrared spectroscopy, 113 intelligent systems, 77 110

45 -reversal asymmetry in neutron beta technologies, 23 calibrations, NASA, pre- and post-flight, technology decay, 115 ventilation 110

at a Glance, 4 -series data, statistical analysis, 116 buildings, 138 crystallography, 85

Evaluation Services Program, 49 transfer and network synchronization, intelligent controls, 139 detector integration of manufacturing 116 video microanalysis, 6l

applications, 10, 19 tissue engineering, 23 display terminals, emission ultrasensitive measurement system, 71 services, 44 tolerancing and metrology research, 78 measurements, 70 diffraction, 91

specifications, software, 148 tools for DNA diagnostics, 11,21 multimedia and digital, 149 fluorescence probe, in-situ metrology, 57

telecommunications topography, X-ray diffraction imaging, processing, digital, 56 reflectivity, 57

satellites, GPS, 116 134 virtual manufacturing, 82 study of atomic structure of matter, 109

system, computer security, 154 total quality management, viscoelasticity of polymers, 129

terrestrial solar irradiance, infrastructure development viscosity of gases, acoustic resonators, 93

measurement at UV wavelengths, 1 1 technologies, 18 visual image processing, 150

testbed for engineering design, 78 toughness, standard test techniques, 126 visualization

infrastructure needs of SIMA toxic gas, prediction, 14 scientific, 153

projects, 81 traceability three-dimensional, 151 text search and retrieval, 150 complex form measurement, 73 VLSI test structures, 68 theory and modeling, 126 flow measurement, 86 voltage thermal national physical standards, 114 acceptance tests at high voltage, 55

analysis, materials selection and trace components standards degradation, 137 gas analysis, 100 Josephson array, 53, 6l conductivity of gases, acoustic microbeam analysis, 91 precision ac waveforms, 54 resonators, 93 natural gas, 92 vortices and viscosity, phonon-like

lens absorbance, microcolumn organic compounds, 98, 99 excitations, 117 separations, 99 trace gas analysis, optical techniques, voxels, giga-scale electronics and perfonnance, walls, 144 100 MEMS, 91

radiation, large building fires, 140 tracer gas methods, indoor pollutant radiometry, 111 concentrations, 138 waste destruction, reactors, 87 reactors, diagnostics, 87 transfer standards, 86 waveform acquisition standards, time

resistance, insulation panels, 145 transport properties, molecular-level and frequency domain performance, voltage and current converters, 54 prediction, 93 54 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Michael Kantor, Secretary-

Mary L. Good. Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-0001 (301) 975-2000 Boulder, Colo. 80303-3328 (303) 497-3000

NIST Special Publication 858 September 1996 edition

Prepared by Public and Business Affairs A903 Administration Building

National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-0001 (301) 975-2762

Any mention of commercial products is for information only; it does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply that the products mentioned are necessarily the best available for the purpose.