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Indiana Historian Clark’S Letter (November 19, Information Around the Time of December 1997 ISSN 1071-3301 1779) to His Friend George Mason Was Clark’S March

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Indiana Historian Clark’S Letter (November 19, Information Around the Time of December 1997 ISSN 1071-3301 1779) to His Friend George Mason Was Clark’S March A Magazine Exploring Indiana History IndianaThe Historian The Fall of Fort Sackville Indiana celebrates February 25 diate comments about the hardships annually as George Rogers Clark Day. and triumphs often provide a compel- Focus The day commemorates the defeat of ling picture of events for the reader. British troops at Fort Sackville, The Journal of Henry Hamilton, On the Cover: The Fall of Fort Sackville Vincennes by Clark and his men in lieutenant governor of Detroit and by Frederick C. Yohn was donated to the February 1779. commander of the British force at Fort Indiana Historical Bureau by the Youth’s Material below and on page 3 Sackville, is very briefly excerpted. It Companion; a reproduction of the oil provides information about the people provides a British point of view, with painting appeared on the cover of the involved, documents used, and histo- the Americans often called rebels. October, 1923 issue. Yohn, an Indianapolis native, was best-known for rical events that led up to and set the Throughout, ellipses—several his highly-regarded book illustrations. See stage for Clark’s achievements. spaced dots—are used to indicate the Indiana History Bulletin, June 1997 for The heart of the issue is excerpts when Bureau editors eliminated text. more about the painting. from Clark’s Memoir, written around Square brackets—[ ]—have been used Yohn has included the Wabash River 1791. Clark apparently was requested to indicate material added by Bureau behind the fort; is the relationship between the fort and the river accurate? See the to write the account by Thomas editors. In the Clark Memoir, italic diagram on p. 13. Evidence indicates that Jefferson and James Madison. It is type in parentheses indicates prior Clark used a red and green striped flag; printed here on the inside column of editorial additions. why might Yohn include the red, white, each page, starting on page 5. Por- All illustrative material is from and blue flag in the left center of the tions of the Memoir have been selected later time periods. Several images painting? to convey events and Clark’s leader- demonstrate what these artists ship, ending with the capture of Fort thought about Clark’s march and Sackville in February 1779. Clark and victory. Some captions suggest ways his men were part of the Virginia militia. of looking at the images. In the outside column starting Maps and diagrams have been on page 5, there are additional textual provided to clarify the geographical items and accounts, which expand on location, context, and events of the Clark’s Memoir. Three sources quoted march. The 1770 map on the back throughout are coded with color bars cover provides a description of the for easier reference. Other documents North American British Empire. The are set off with a background color. map on page 4 demonstrates relevant The Indiana Historian Clark’s letter (November 19, information around the time of December 1997 ISSN 1071-3301 1779) to his friend George Mason was Clark’s march. Editor written closer to the events and The timeline at the bottom of Pamela J. Bennett Lead Researcher contains more of Clark’s personal pages 5-12 provides historical back- Paula A. Bongen feelings than his Memoir. ground about Clark, Hamilton, and Designer Dani B. Pfaff The Journal of Clark’s officer the American Revolution. Contributing Editors Captain (later Major) Joseph Bowman Explore the resources on page Carole M. Allen, Janine Beckley, Alan Conant, Dani B. Pfaff, is the best day-to-day account of the 15 and the Indiana Historical Bureau Virginia Terpening march to Vincennes. His brief, imme- website for more information. The Indiana Historian provides re- sources and models for the study of local history to encourage Indiana’s citizens of all ages to become engaged with the his- tory of their communities and the state of Indiana. A note about the sources The Indiana Historian (formerly The Indiana Junior Historian) is issued quar- In preparing this issue of The Indiana The shorter items in the outside margins terly from September through June. Historian, we made the decision to provide have been quoted from James Alton James It is a membership benefit of the Indi- ana Junior Historical Society. One compli- more words than usual. In part, we felt to provide more authentic representations mentary subscription is provided to Indi- strongly that more of Clark’s story needed to of writing at Clark’s time. ana libraries, school media centers, and cultural and historical organizations. be available to students and other readers. It is important to remember that docu- Annual subscriptions are available for Because the text here is only a fraction of the ments in Clark’s time were reproduced by $5.00 plus tax. Back issues are available material available, we are adding complete at individual and bulk pricing. hand copying—often in a hurry. There can, This material is available to visually texts of documents to our website (see p. therefore, be differences between versions impaired patrons in audio format, cour- 15). of the same item that have survived. Note tesy of the Indiana History Project of the Indiana Historical Society. Tapes are avail- Selecting the versions of material to the document reproduced on page 3. able through the Talking Books Program of excerpt was another major decision. The James is particularly good at de- the Indiana State Library; contact the Talk- ing Books Program, 317-232-3702. Clark Memoir on the inside columns is scribing the history of documents that he The Indiana Historian is copyrighted. quoted from William Hayden English be- prints. Versions of many American docu- Educators may reproduce items for class use, but no part of the publication may be cause it is more readable. The documents ments are in British and Canadian reposi- reproduced in any way for profit without used in English (1896, 1897) had been tories because they were captured and for- written permission of the Indiana Histori- cal Bureau. changed to more standard English language. warded to British authorities. 2 The Indiana Historian, December 1997 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1997 Why did Clark attack the Illinois country? Since the mid-1700s, at least, American colonists under British rule settled land west of the Appalachian Mountains. European control of these lands was claimed first by France. Native American tribes had occupied the lands for generations. France and Great Britain fought the French and Indian War (1754- 1763) for control of land and power in State Historical Society of Wisconsin. North America. The Treaty of Paris— February 10, 1763—gave the victori- ous British control of Canada and most land east of the Mississippi River. Over the following years, there was continuing conflict. The British tried to restrict the freedoms of American colonists. American settlers on the western frontier and Indians fought to occupy the land. American settlers and Indians committed atrocities against each other. Conflicts with the British resulted in the Declaration of Inde- pendence on July 4, 1776 and the American Revolution. The Native American tribes were caught in the Clark’s answer to Hamilton regarding surrender of Fort middle, and both sides sought their Sackville on February 24, 1779. See p. 13 [2]. Photocopy of allegiance. American officials gener- an original manuscript letter in the Draper Manuscript ally wanted Indian neutrality. After Collection. Why are there differences in the two versions of mid-1777, many Indians fought this document printed in this issue? against the Americans to help Great Britain gain control of the frontier. Indians worked for the British for weapons, food, and other supplies. The British government in the west ruled from Detroit. In 1775 Henry Hamilton became the lieuten- ant governor of Detroit. He directed authorized to attack British forts in down the Ohio River. At the Falls of Indian raids against American frontier the west—called the Illinois country. the Ohio River, he established his settlements, and Americans generally The goal was to protect the camp in May 1778, beginning the expressed hatred of him. settlements by gaining control of the campaign described in this issue. In late 1777, George Rogers area north of the Ohio River. The plan Historians generally believe that Clark went from Kentucky County, required winning the loyalty of mainly Clark’s successful campaign assured Virginia to Williamsburg with a plan. French settlers in the region, gaining United States possession of the Governor Patrick Henry and the the neutrality of Native American territory north of the Ohio River and Virginia Council agreed publicly to tribes, and removing British troops. east of the Mississippi River in the provide money and men to protect the Clark also wanted to attack Detroit. peace treaty with Great Britain in Kentucky settlements from the In early 1778, Clark went from 1783. The area was formed into the Indians. Privately—in the secret Williamsburg to Fort Pitt to recruit Northwest Territory in 1787. orders of January 2, 1778—Clark was men and supplies. He then travelled © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1997 The Indiana Historian, December 1997 3 Eastern North America, circa 1779 Quebec Montreal Ft. Michilimackinac NEW HAMPSHIRE Boston NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS CONNECTICUT RHODE ISLAND New York Ft. Detroit PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY Ft. Miami Ft. Pitt Philadelphia Ft. Ouiatenon Wheeling Baltimore MARYLAND DELAWARE Charlottesville Cahokia Ft. Sackville St. Louis Falls of the Ohio Williamsburg Ft. Chartres Boonesborough Kaskaskia VIRGINIA Bardstown Harrodsburg Ft. Massac NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston GEORGIA 100 200 miles town, city North Kentucky settlements British fort American fort original thirteen colonies territory held by Spain Proclamation Line of 1763 Wilderness Road Hamilton route to Vincennes New Orleans Clark route to Vincennes ©Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1997 4 The Indiana Historian, December 1997 © Copyright Indiana Historical Bureau 1997 George Rogers Clark: Winning the Old Northwest Clark’s Memoir, circa 1791 Quoted from English, 470-550.
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