Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences UDC 632.79(560) Original scientific paper ______

THE ALTERNATİVE HOSTS OF TRİSSOLCUS , EGG PARASİTOİDS OF SUNN PEST AND HOST-PARAZİTOİD İNTERACTİONS İN SOUTH EASTERN ANATOLİA REGİON, TURKEY

C. Gözüaçık1*, A. Yiğit2*

1 Igdir University Faculty of Agriculture Deparment of Plant Protection, Iğdır-Turkey 2 Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Deparment of Plant Protection, Hatay-Turkey

*corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Trissolcus species (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) are important egg parasitoids of Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (, Scutelleridae). They need alternative host eggs to survive in the nature, at the end of the wheat growing season. This study was carried out to determine the alternative hosts of Trissolcus species and host-parasitoid interactions in laboratory and different ecosystems in Adıyaman, Diyarbakır and Şanlıurfa provinces during 2007-2009. The parasitoid adults were reared from Scutelleridae and (Heteroptera) eggs, collected from wild plants and kept in tubes in the laboratory at 25±1ºC and 65±5% r.h. In this study, it was determined that 23 species belonging to Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae are alternative egg-hosts of Trissolcus spp. 13 species of which have been identified as the first time for alternative hosts of Trissolcus species. Key words: Trissolcus species, alternative hosts, Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey.

Introduction Öncüer & Kıvan, 1995; Koçak and Kılınçer One of the factors limiting the wheat 2002). Common and dominant ones of these production which is an essential source for species are T. semistriatus, T. grandisandT. human nutrition is phytophagous . Vassilievi (Yüksel, 1968; Kıvan, 1992; Şimşek Among these insects Sunn pest, Eurygaster et al.,1994; Melan, 1994; Memişoğlu et al., spp. (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) is the most 1994; Tarla, 1997; Doğanlar, 1999; Koçak and injurious crop pest in Turkey. Considerable Kılınçer 2001; Kodan, 2007; Gözüaçık and yield losses occur every year in case of this Yiğit, 2011). It has been reported that T. pest is not controlled. Egg parasitoids from semistriatus reproduces approximately 3 times Scelionidae (Hymenoptera), adult and nymph during oviposition of Sunn pest in wheat fields parasitoids belonging to Tachinidae (Diptera), (Lodos, 1961). In Thrace Region, the and numerous polyphagous predators are parasitoid coming from winter quarters to reported within the natural enemy complex of wheat fields reproduces 9 times during the Sunn pest (Waage, 1998). The egg parasitoids, oviposition period of Sunn pest in the field Trissolcus species, are the most effective ones conditions and laboratory (Kıvan, 1998). among the natural enemies of the pest(Brown, Lazarov et al., (1969) stated that the parasitoid 1962; Safavi, 1968; Yüksel, 1968; Barbulescu, reproduced 7 times in nature and 8 times in 1971; Popov and Paulian, 1971; Semyanov et. laboratory during summer season. Alternative al., 1981; Lodos, 1982; Novozhilov and hosts of Trissolcus have a quite significant Dzyuba, 1983). T. anitus, T. basalis, T. place in maintaining their life-span in nature choaspes, T. culturatus, T. festivae, T. grandis, during the period when eggs of Sunn pest do T. histani, T. rufiventris, T. pseudoturesis, T. not exist in nature. Numerous Scutelleridae rungsi, T. reticulatus, T. scutellaris, T. and Pentatomidae () species of are semistriatus, T. simoni, and T. vassilievi are known to be alternative hosts for T. identified as egg parasitoids of the pest in semistriatus (Kılıç et al., 1980; Kıvan 1998; Turkey (Brown,1962; Yüksel, 1968; Kılıç et Tarla & Doğanlar 1999; Kodan et al., 2007; al., 1980; Dikyar, 1981; Şimşek & Sezer, Çetin et al., 2009; Gözüaçık & Yiğit, 2011). 1985; Akıncı and Soysal, 1992; Melan, 1994; This study was conducted at different Memişoğlu & Özer, 1994; Şimşek et al., 1994; ecosystems and laboratories in order to

JAFES, Vol 67, (2016) 69 C. Gözüaçık, A. Yiğit ______determine Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae the incubator adjusted to 25±1ºC and %65±5 (Heteroptera) species, which are the alternative RH. Emergedadult parasitoids were kept in hosts of Trissolcus, in terms of contributing absolute alcohol (96%) for identification. the egg parasitoids of Sunn pest, T. Trissolcus species were identified according to semistriatus, T. grandis and T. vassilievi to Doğanlar (2001) and Koçak & Kılınçer maintain their existence in nature during the (2003). seasons after wheat harvesting in Adıyaman, Scutelleridae and Pentatomidae adults, Diyarbakır, and Şanlıurfa provinces of collected from field and/or reared from Southeastern Anatolia Region during the years nymphs were killed with ethyl acetate for of 2007-2009. identification. The samples were identified by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Meral Fent (Trakya Material and methods University, Faculty of Science, Department of Field studies Biology, Edirne, Turkey). Adult individuals, nymphs, and eggs of Laboratory studies Scutelleridae and Pentatomidae species were In order to determine the alternative hosts of collected from weed/wild plants, trees, and Trissolcus species, Scutelleridae and cultivated plants present in lands neighboring Pentatomidae adults collected from different to wheat fields in the provinces of Adıyaman, ecosystems were cultured with their native host Diyarbakır, and Şanlıurfaat intervals of 4-7 plants in plastic culture containers (23x23x30 days during May-November in 2007-2009. cm) in the laboratory (Table1). Foods in plates The eggs were cultured in the glass tubes were changed daily. (2x10cm) reserved with cotton and labeled, in

Table1. Some Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae species to be alternative hosts for Trissolcus and their host plants in laboratory Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae Host Plants species Centaurea solstitialis L. Anchyrosoma leucogrammes Daucus carota L. Eurydema ornate Sinapis arvensisL.+Brassica oleracea L. Dolycoris baccarum S. arvensis + B. oleracea Piezedorus lituratus Lens culinaris M.+Trifolium spp. Holcostethus vernalis Helianthus annuus + Trifolium spp. varia Centaurea calcitrapa L.+ Carduus pycnocephalus L. semipunctatum D. carota + Conium maculatum L. Acrosternumbreviceps Capparis spp. Bagrada abeillei S. arvensis + Sysmbrium sp. Odontotarsus obseletus C. calcitrapa + C. pycnocephalus Pasias martini Morus spp. C. pycnocephalus

Egg packs obtained daily from cultures were Trissolcus semistriatus Nees, T. vassilievi attached to cardboards (1x5 cm) and put in test Mayr and T. grandis Thomson (Hymenoptera: glass tubes (2x10 cm). Females of T. Scelionidae), the egg parasitoids of Sunn pest, semistriatus, T. grandis, and T. vassilievi were Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera: confined with Sunn pest egg packs within the Scutelleridae)in laboratory and in non- tubes separately for parasitization. They also agricultural lands of Adıyaman, Diyarbakır are provided as food with honey droplets on a and Şanlıurfa during the years of 2007-2009 small strip of wax paper. Studies were (Table 2 and 3). conducted as two repeats in an incubator In order to determine the alternative hosts of adjusted to 25±1ºCand %65±5 R.H. Trissolcus semistriatus, T. grandisand T. vassilievi, a total of 1019 eggs belonging to C. Results and discussion pudicus (n=48), A. leucogrammes (n=60), E. Twenty three species belonging to ornata (n=232), D. baccarum (n=97), P. Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae (Heteroptera) lituratus (n=60), H. vernalis (n=60), C. varia were identified as alternative hosts of (n=100), G. semipunctatum (n=107), A.

JAFES, Vol 62, (2016)

70 C. Gözüaçık, A. Yiğit ______breviceps (n=120), B. abeillei (n=24), O. C. purpureipennis, C. pudicus, Aelia rostrata, obseletus (n=42), P. martini (n=57), and S. Eurydema ornata, E. blandum, E. festivum, E. lunata (n=12) from Pentatomidae and oleracearum, E. ventrale, D. baccarum, N. Scutelleridae were used in the laboratory. As a viridula, R. nebulosa, P. lituratus, N. viridula, result of experiments, T. semistriatus and T. Codophila pusia, , G. grandis females parasitized the eggs belonging stali, G. semipunctatum and H.vernalis were to 12 species, and T. vassilievi parasitized the reported as alternative host of egg parasitoids eggs belonging to 11 species from of Sunn pest in Turkey (Memişoğlu and Melan Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae(Table 2). T. 1998; Tarla and Doğanlar 1999; Kıvan and semistriatus parasitized the eggs of all the Kılıç 2002, 2003; Kodan, 2007; Çetin et al., species except for C. iranus, A. lunata and R. 2014). nebulosa;T. grandis parasitized the eggs of all In the studies conducted in nature, totally the species except for C. pudicus,C. iranus,E. 20838 eggs from C. pudicus (n=28),C. ornata, D. flavoguttata, A. lunata, H. vernalis, fuscispinus (n=14), C. iranus (n=14), A. A.heegeri, B. amoenula,R. nebulosa, O. leucogrammes (n=7680), E. ornata (n=2112), plicatulus, O. robustus, S. lunata and V. Derula flavoguttata (n=12), D. baccarum horvathi; and T. vassilievi parasitized the eggs (n=2200), P. lituratus (n=66), A. lunata of all the speciesexcept for C. fuscispinus, E. (n=96), H. vernalis (n=60), C. varia (n=240), ornata, D. flavoguttata, A. lunata,H. vernalis, G. semipunctatum (n=588), A. breviceps G. semipunctatum, B. abeillei, B. amoenula, R. (n=5796), A.heegeri(n=240), B. abeillei nebulosa, O. obseletus, O. plicatulus, O. (n=1056), B. amoenula (n=60), R. nebulosa robustus, S. lunata, and V. horvathi (Table 3). (n=14),O. obseletus (n=224), O. plicatulus The reason behind why Trissolcusspecies did (n=56), O. robustus (n=42), P. martini not parasitize some Pentatomidae and (n=168), S. lunata (n=12), and V. horvathi Scutelleridae eggs were thought to be the eggs (n=60) were found on host plants belonging to was not suitable for development of parasitoid Poaceae, , Brassicaceae, and the number of eggs collected failed to Scrophulariaceae, , Caryopyllaceae, satisfy. In related studies conducted in Ranunculaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, different countries, Troilus luridus (Fabricius), Euphorbiaceae, and Boraginaceae (Table 4). T. A. acuminata (Linnaeus), A. cognata Fieber, semistriatus, T. grandis and T. vassilievi were A. furcula Fieber, A. germari Küster, A. reared from eggs of 20, 11 and 9 Pentatomidae rostrata Boheman, A. virgata (Herrich- and Scutelleridae species, respectively. Schäffer), Carpocoris pudicus (Poda), Regarding the combined results of field and Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus), Holcostethus laboratory A. breviceps, A.heegeri, A.millerei, strictus vernalis (Wolff), Palomena prasina A. lunulata, A. leucogrammes, B. abeillei, B. (Linnaeus), Eurydema ornata (Linnaeus), E. amoenula, C. varia, C. pudicus,C. fuscispinus, ventralis Kolenati, Graphosoma lineatum C. iranus, D. baccarum, E. ornatatum, H. (Linnaeus), Ventocoris fischeri (Herrich- strictus vernalis, S. lunata,P. martini, P. Schäffer) and Odontotarsus impictus Jakovlev lituratus, R. nebulosa,D. flavoguttata, and V. were reported as hosts of T. semistriatus Aelia horvathi from Pentatomidae and O. plicatulus, cognata Fieber, A. germari, C. pudicus, D. O. robustus, and O. obsoletus from baccarum, D. indicus Stål, Chlorochroa Scutelleridae were found to be as alternative pinicola (Mulsant and Rey), Palomena prasina hosts of T. semistriatus, T. grandis and T. (Linnaeus), A. acuminata, E. ornata, E. vassilievi. Among these species A. breviceps, ventralis, G. lineatumas hosts of T. grandis; A.heegeri, A. lunulata, B. abeillei,C. varia, S. and A. acuminata, A. furcula, A. rostrata, C. lunata, P. martini,A. leucogrammes, D. pudicus and D. baccarum as hosts of T. flavoguttata, V. horvathi O. plicatulus, O. vassilievi (NDSU, 2015). Furthermore, A. robustus and O. obsoletus weredetermined as acuminata, C. fuscispinus, C. mediterraneus, new alternative hosts for Trissolcus species.

JAFES, Vol 62, (2016)

71 C. Gözüaçık, A. Yiğit ______

Table2.Parasitization status of Trissolcus semistriatus, T. grandis andT. Vassilievi on eggs of some Scutelleridae and Pentatomidae species under laboratory conditions Family Species T. semistriatus T. grandis T. vassilievi Pentatomidae Acrosternumbreviceps + + + Anchyrosoma leucogrammes + + + Bagrada abeillei - + Ω Carpocoris pudicus + + + Codophila varia + + + Dolycoris baccarum + + + Eurydema ornata + + + Graphosoma semipunctatum + + + Holcostethus strictus vernalis + + + Pausias martini + + + Piezedorus lituratus + + + Staria lunata + Ω Ω Scutelleridae Odontotarsusobseletus + + + +: Parasitizing, -: Not parasitizing, Ω: No given eggs

Table 3.Parasitizing status of Trissolcus semistriatus, T. grandis andT. vassilievi species on eggs of some Scutelleridae and Pentatomidae species in non-agricultural lands of Adıyaman, Diyarbakır and Şanlıurfa during the years of 2007-2009 Family Species T. semistriatus T. grandis T. vassilievi Acrosternumbreviceps + + + A.heegeri + - + Anchyrosoma leucogrammes + + + Antheminia lunulata - - - Bagrada abeillei + + - B. amoenula + - - Carpocoris pudicus + - + C. fuscispinus + + - C. iranus - - + Codophila varia + + + Pentatomidae Derula flavoguttata + - - Dolycoris baccarum + + + Eurydema ornata + - - Graphosoma semipunctatum + + - Holcostethus strictus vernalis + - - Pausias martini + + + Piezedorus lituratus + + + Raphigaster nebulosa - + - Staria lunata + - - Venthocoris horvathi + - - Scutelleridae Odontotarsusobseletus + + - O. plicatulus + - - O. robustus + - - +: Parasitizing, -: Not parasitizing

JAFES, Vol 62, (2016)

72 C. Gözüaçık, A. Yiğit ______

Table 4. Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae species, alternative hosts of Trissolcus spp. and their host plants found in Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, and Şanlıurfa Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae species Host plants Punica granatum L., Rosa canina L., Lycoperscium esculentum L., Morus sp., Acrosternum breviceps Phaseolus vulgaris L., Capparis spinosa L., Medicago sp. P. granatum, R. canina, Lycoperscium esculentum L., Morus sp., P. vulgaris,C. Acrosternumheegeri spinosa, Medicago sp. Acrosternummilleri P. granatum, R. canina, L. esculentum, Morus sp., P. vulgaris, C. spinosa Bagrada abeillei Brassica napus var. Oleifera D.C., Sysmbrium officinale L. C.Spinosa,EryngiumcampestreL., Sinapis arvensis L. Bagrada amoenula B. napus., S. officinale, C. spinosa, E. campestre, S. arvensis Helianthus annuus L.,E. creticum, E. campestre, Centaurea calcitrapa L., Carpocoris pudicus Echinops microcephalus Sibth and Sm., Trever ex Sprengel, C. solstitialis L., Carduus pycnocephalus L., Trifolium spp. H. annuus, E. creticum, E. campestre, C. calcitrapa, E. microcephalus, C. iberica, Carpocoris fuscippinus C. solstitialis, C. pycnocephalus, Trifolium spp. Helianthus annuus L., Sesamum indicum L., E. creticum, E. campestre, Echinops Codophila varia ritro L., Scolymus sp. C. iberica, C. solstitialis,C. pycnocephalus Antheminia lunulata Euphorbia helioscopia L. Lens culinaris Medik., B. napus, S. indicum, Ervum ervilia L., Silene colorata Dolycoris baccarum Poir., Onopordum acanthium L., Onopordum carduchorum, thapsus L., S. arvensis,S. officinale,Gundelia sp. Piezedorus lituratus L. culinaris, M. sativa, E. ervilia, Trifolium spp. Eurydema ornate B. napus, S. arvensis, Lepidum sativum L.,Cardaria draba (l.) Desv., Crambe orientalis L., S. officinale Holcostethus vernalis Morus sp., M. sativa, Trifolium sp. Anchyrosoma leucogrammes Daucus carota L.,E. creticum, E. campestre Derula flavoguttata Verbena officinalis L. Graphosoma semipunctatum E. creticum, E. campestre,D. carota, Conium maculatum L. Staria lunata C. pycnocephalus Pausias martini Morus spp. Ventocoris horvathi Chondrilla sp. Odontotarsus plicatulus C. calcitrapa, C. iberica, C. pycnocephalus, E. creticum, E. campestre Odontotarsus robustus C. calcitrapa, C. iberica, C. pycnocephalus, E. creticum, E. campestre Odontotarsus obsoletus S. indicum, C. calcitrapa, C. iberica, C. pycnocephalus, E.creticum,E. campestre

Conclusions alternative host species for Trissolcus spp. As a result of three-year studies, 23 species belong to Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae and belong to Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae were their host plants which they feed from and found in Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, and Şanlıurfa shelter on. as alternative hosts for T. semistriatus, T. It is considered that taking precautions grandis, and T. vassilievi, egg parasitoids of regarding to form a green zone is necessary by Sunn pest. Thirteen of these species were composed of the host plants above determined determined as newhosts of Trissolcus spp. species, afforest and protect the wild plants As a result of the prohibition of aerial pesticide around the wheat fields for the mentioned applications for Sunn pest control in recent parasitoid species to over winter, shelter, feed, years in Turkey, biological control approach is and find their alternative hosts to realize the emphasized for control of the pest. In order to natural biological control of Sunn pest increase the efficiency of egg parasitoids in throughout the year. nature bio-diversity attempts came into prominence to support the surviving and References increasing the efficacy of the egg parasitoids, Akıncı, A. R. & Soysal, A.(1992).Trakya Trissolcus spp. throughout the year under field Bölgesi’nde Süne (Eurygaster spp.)'nin conditions. Due to these reasons it has become yumurta parazitoitleri ve etkinlikleri üzerinde gradually more important to determine the araştırmalar. Uluslararası Entegre Zirai

JAFES, Vol 62, (2016)

73 C. Gözüaçık, A. Yiğit ______

Mücadele Sempozyumu Bildirileri (15-17 araştırılması.Diyarbakır Bölge Zirai Mücadele Ekim 1992, İzmir/Türkiye), Gen Matb. ve Araştırma Enstitüsü.14 s. Rek. Tic. Ltd. Şti.,Ankara, 258 pp. Kıvan, M.(1992).Tekirdağ ve çevresinde Barbulescu, A. (1971). The role of egg Eurygaster spp. (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) parasites in the populationdynamics of cereal türleri, tanınmaları ve yayılışları ile bunlardan bugs (Eurygaster sp.). Analee-Instutului-de- Eurygaster integriceps Put.‘in biyolojisi ve Cercetari-pentru-Protectia-Plantelor, 7: 159- doğal düşmanları üzerinde araştırmalar. Ege 164 (CAB, 1971). Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Bitki Koruma Brown, E., S. (1962).Notes on parasites of Anabilim dalı, (Ph.D. thesis, Unpublished). Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae (Hemiptera- İzmir,106pp. Heteroptera) in Middle East Countries, with Kıvan, M.(1998).Eurygaster integriceps Put. observations on biological control. Bulletin of (Heterotera, Scutellerdae)’nin yumurta Entomology Research, 53: 241–256. parazitoiti Trissolcus semistriatus Nees Çetin, G., Koçak E.& Hantaş C. (2009).Güney (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)’un biyolojisi Marmara Bölgesi Hububat Ekosistemindeki üzerinde araştırmalar. Türk.entomol.derg., 22 Hemipterler ve Yumurta Parazitoitleri Üzerine (4): 243-257. Bir Çalışma. Türkiye III. Bitki Koruma Kıvan M. & Kılıç, N.(2002).Host preference: Kongresi (15-18 Temmuz 2009, Van)p. 323 parasitism, emergence and development of Çetin,G., KoçakE.&Hantaş C.(2014). Bursa ve Trissolcus semistriatus (Hym., Scelonidae) in Yalova illeri buğday tarlaları ve ağaçlık various host eggs. J. Appl. Ent. 126: 395–399. alanlardaki süne yumurta parazitoit Kıvan, M. & Kılıç, N. (2003). Influence of (Hymenoptera: Scelonidae) türleri, bulunma host species and their ages on host oranları ve popülasyon takibi. Derim, 31(1): repreference of Trissolcus semistriatus. 35-49. BioControl, 49 (5): 1-10. Doğanlar, F.(1999). Hatay ilinde bulunan Koçak, E., &Kılınçer N. (2001). Türkiye Süne Proctotrupoidea üst familyasına bağlı [Eurygaster spp. (Het.:Scutelleridae)] yumurta Scelionidae familyasına giren türler ve parazitoidi Trissolcus (Hym.:Scelionidae) kısa biyolojileri (Insecta: Hymenoptera). türleri. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 41 (3-4): 167 Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri 181. Enstitüsü, MSc Thesis, Antakya, 58 pp. Koçak, E. & Kılınçer, N. (2002). The Doğanlar, M.(2001). Parasitic Hymenoptera: and morphology of Trissolcus spp. Taxonomy and biological control International (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitoids on the Symposium (14-17 May 2001, Kőszeg, eggs of Sunn pest (Eurygaster spp., ).p. (?) Scutelleridae, Hemiptera), across Turkey.Eggs Gözüaçık, C. & Yiğit A. (2011).Süne, Parasitoids 6th International Symposium, 15 Eurygaster integriceps Put.yumurta 18 September, p 38, Perugia, . parazitoitleri, Trissolcus spp.’nin iki Koçak, E. & Kılınçer, N.(2003). Taxonomic ekosistemde etkilerinin karşılaştırılması. on studies on Trissolcus sp. (Hym.: Türkiye IV. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri Scelionidae) egg parasitoids of Sunn Pest (28–30 Haziran 2011, Kahramanmaraş, (Hem.; Scutelleridae, Eurygaster sp.), in Türkiye),p.118 Turkey.Turk. J. Zool. 27: 301-317. Gözüaçık, C. (2011). Güneydoğu Anadolu Kodan, M., Koçak, E., Candan, S. & Yıldırım, Bölgesi’nde Süne, Eurygaster integriceps Put. A.(2007).Orta Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yabancı (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)’in Yumurta otlarda bulunan Pentatomidae türleri ve Parazitoitleri, Trissolcus spp. (Hymenoptera: yumurta parazitoitleri.VII.Ulusal Ekoloji ve Scelionidae)’nin Pentatomid ve Scutellerid Çevre Kongresi (10-13 Eylül 2007, Malatya). konukçuları, doğada parazitoit/konukçu Lazarov, A., Grigorov, S., Popov, V., ilişkileri ve bunun Süne populasyonları ve Bogradov, V., Abaciev, D., Kontev, H., zararı üzerine etkileri.Mustafa Kemal Kayzatov, H., Gospodinov, H., Fitanov, H.& Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, PhD Duçevski, D. (1969). Bulgaristan'da Thesis, Antakya (Türkiye), 255 pp. buğdaygillerde zarar yapan Scutelleridae ve Kılıç, A. U., Çatalpınar, A.& Adıgüzel, N. Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) familyalarına bağlı 1980. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde türlerin biyo-ekolojisi ve mücadelesi üzerine Süne(Eurygaster integriceps Put.) üzerinde çalışmalar (Çeviri: Musa Altay),144 pp. entegre mücadele imkanlarının

JAFES, Vol 62, (2016)

74 C. Gözüaçık, A. Yiğit ______

Lodos, N., (1961).Türkiye, Irak, İran ve Noveishiedostizheniya- Suriye’de Süne ( Eurygaster integriceps Put ) sel'skokhozyaistvennoi-entomologii-po- problemi üzerinde incelemeler. Ege materialam-Ush-sezda-VEO-Vilnyus,9-13- Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No:51, oktyabrya-1979-g, 184-186 115 pp. Şimşek, N. & Sezer A.C.(1985).Hatay ilinde Lodos, N.(1982). Türkiye Entomolojisi II buğdayda Süne (Eurygaster (Genel, Uygulamalı ve Faunistik) E.Ü. Ziraat integricepsPut.)'nin yumurta ve nimf Fak.Yay., No: 429, 591 pp. popülasyonu ile zararı üzerinde ön çalışmalar. Melan, K.(1994). Trakya Bölgesi’nde Süne Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 25(1-2): 30-48. türleri ve Süne yumurta parazitoitleri, Türkiye Şimşek, Z., Yılmaz, T.& Yaşarakıncı, N. III. Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi (25-28 Ocak (1994). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Süne 1994, İzmir), Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, pp. (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) ile yumurta 147-154. parazitoiti (Trissolcus semistriatus Nees)’nin Memişoğlu, H., Özer, M. (1994). Ankara populasyon gelişmeleri üzerinde araştırmalar. İlinde Avrupa Sünesi (Eurygaster maura L., Türkiye III. Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi (25- (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)'nin doğal 28 Ocak 1994, İzmir),Ege Üniversitesi düşmanları ve etkinlikleri. Türkiye III. Basımevi, pp. 165-175. Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi(25-28 Ocak Tarla, Ş.(1997).Antakya ve çevresinde Süne, 1994, İzmir), Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, pp. (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) yumurta 175-186. parazitoitlerinin tespiti ve bunların kitle üretim Memişoğlu, H.&Melan K. (1998). Türkiye’de olanakları üzerinde araştırmalar.Mustafa Kemal Süne’nin doğal düşmanları.I. Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,Bitki WorkshopRaporu, (6-9 Ocak 1998, Ankara). Koruma Anabilim Dalı, (M.Sc. thesis), 57 pp. Zirai Mücadele Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, Tarla, Ş. & Doğanlar, M.(1999). Hatay ilinde pp. 85-92. Süne, Eurygaster integriceps Put.(Heteroptera: Novozhilov, K.V. &Dzyuba Scutelleridae) yumurta parazitoitleri, bunlara Z.A.(1983).Effectiveness of field populations alternatif konukçu olan pentatomid türleri ve bu of natural enemies of the Sunn pest türlerin konukçu bitkileri. Türkiye IV. (Eurygaster integriceps Put) in the steppe zone Biyolojik Mücadele Kongresi Bildirileri, (26- of the Krasnodar region. Biotsenoticheskoe 29 Ocak 1999, Adana) Ç. Ü. Zir.Fak. Bitki obosnovanie kriteriev effektivnosti prirodnykh Koruma Böl. Ç. Ü. Basımevi, pp. 97-106. Entomofagov, 51-55 Waage, J.K. (1998). Prospects for NDSU, (2015). Augmentation of Egg Parasitoids for http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentato Management of Sunn Pest, Eurygaster moidea/Natural_Enemies/parasitoid_Hymen_P integriceps and related species.Integrated Sunn ent.htm Pest Control. Ankara Plant Protection Central (Access to: 20.6.2015) Research Institute (6-9 January 1998, Ankara). Öncüer, C. &Kıvan, M. (1995). Tekirdağ ve Yüksel, M.(l968). Güney ve Güneydoğu çevresinde Eurygaster (Het.: Scutelleridae) Anadoluda Süne(Eurygaster integriceps türleri, tanımları, yayılışları ve bunlardan Put.)'nin yayılışı, biyolojisi, ekolojisi, Eurygaster integriceps Put.’in biyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi ve zararı üzerinde doğal düşmanları üzerinde araştırmalar. araştırmalar. T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı, Zir. Türkiye Tarım ve Orman Dergisi, 19(4): 223- Müc.ve Zir. Kar. Gn. Md. yayınları No: 46, 230. Teknik Bülten, Ankara, 255 pp. Popov, C.& Papulian, F. (1971). Present possibilities of using parasites in the control of cereal bugs. Probleme-Agricole, 23: 53-61. Safavi, M. (1968). Etude biologique et ecologique des hymenopteres parasites des eufs des punasies des cereals.Entomophaga,13 (5): 381-495. Semyanov, V.P., Tilmenbaev A.T., Beksultanov S.Z. & Sarbaev, A.T. (1981).The main elements of integrated control of the Sunn pest in Kazakhstan.

JAFES, Vol 62, (2016)