第17回廃棄物学会研究発表会講演論文集 2006 poster2 Ｆ４－１ Waste-to-Energy Development in Metro , : The Case of Landfill Gas Recovery Project o Kevin Roy B. Serrona and Prof. Jeong-Soo Yu* Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

Background Waste-to-energy (WTE) development is a pioneering area in harnessing renewable energy in the Philippines. One of its triggers was the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which is under the tutelage of the Kyoto Protocol. Said mechanism allows developed countries to invest in renewable energy projects in developing countries and be able to buy carbon credits which will meet their greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. In , methane emission is a growing concern as it contributes to the worsening air pollution. By national figure, methane emission in the country is sourced from among the following:

Table 1. Sources of Methane Emission Source Emission (Gg) Percentage Agriculture 904 61 Waste 324 22 - solid waste 173 12 - wastewater 151 10 Energy 228 15 Land Use and Forestry 18 1 Total 1,474 100 Source: Philippine Environment Monitor 2001

Currently, several CDM projects in the Philippines are in the pipeline in areas such as geothermal, hydro, wind, solar and waste-to-energy. The latter poses a strong endorsement for implementation in the case of Metro Manila where garbage problem is a worsening, air pollution is endangering the health of urban dwellers and disposal sites are lacking and in dire need of proper management.

Purpose of Research Generally, this research aims to present and assess the Payatas Landfill Gas Recovery Project in Metro Manila, Philippines. Specifically, the following will be achieved: 1. Assess the social, economic and environmental impact of having or not having the project; 2. Assess the project from the perspective of an Integrated Solid Waste Management (e.g. waste management with energy recovery and reduction of waste volume, etc.); 3. Present various scenarios showing the pros and cons of implementing sound waste management in Payatas; and 4. Provide recommendations for the longer-term WTE initiatives in Metro Manila.

Situation Metro Manila serves as the National Capital Region (NCR) of the entire Philippines. Approximate population as of year 2005 is 12,000,000 people. It is also the economic, social and political hub of the country. It comprises 17 local government units (LGUs) with 14 cities and

* Prof. Jeong-Soo Yu, Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan 980-8576 Tel /FAX No. 022-7957618 Email: [email protected] Key Words: methane emission, social acceptability, Clean Development Mechanism, waste-to-energy

－67－ municipalities. The daily garbage generation in Metro Manila is 6,600 tons with a per capita waste generation of 0.56 kg/person/day. NCR, currently, has 10 active dumpsites which receive the garbage generated. Payatas in was the first site to be considered for WTE implementation. At present, methane is being captured in the said site and converted into electricity supplying a number of households living within the vicinity of the dumpsite.

Payatas Controlled Dumpsite Quezon City is the largest City in Metro Manila with a population of 2,173,831 inhabitants as of the latest. Average waste generation per capita per day is 0.67 kilograms. It accounts for 20-25% of the waste generation in Metro Manila. The table below shows the characteristics of raw waste thrown in Payatas:

Table 2. Payatas Raw Waste Components % Composition % Moisture % Volatile % ash Combustible Matter Hard Plastic 10.7 1.11 94.87 0.07 Styrofoam 0.72 2.76 95.88 0.04 Paper 6.83 25.18 56.54 0.39 Foam 2.16 1.02 89.11 0.07 Textile 11.69 61.36 0.31 Yard Waste 52.88 56.58 31.50 0.65 Organic (food) 58.95 30.57 0.74 Film plastic 15.11 36.07 57.93 0.26 Metal 2.16 0.07 - - Glass & 6.47 - - - ceramics Diaper 3.60 - - - Source: Project Design Document, Payatas Landfill Gas to Energy Project in the Philippines

The above table shows that in terms of composition, yard and food wastes comprise more than 50% of the waste stored in . Percentage of moisture content, volatile combustible matter and ash were likewise determined as basis for assessing the feasibility of generating energy from waste materials.

The City is host to the 20-hectare Payatas Controlled Dumpsite which has been operating for decades. There are actually two adjacent areas for the dumpsite. One was opened in 1973 and closed in 2000. An additional site was identified and opened in 1984 which lasted until 2000. A tragedy forced the closure of the new site. However, it was opened again the same year due to the unavailability of alternative dumpsite. Currently, it receives 1,470 tons/day (7,000 cubic meters) of MSW. By estimation, there are around 6,000 waste pickers who make living by collecting and selling recyclable materials from the dumpsite. The dumpsite is scheduled to be closed in 2007 with an estimated 52.3 millions cubic meters of potential LFG.

Payatas Landfill Gas to Energy Project Payatas Landfill Gas Recovery Project

The project is a partnership of the national and Plant Size 1.0 MW local government with the support of the Clean Total Plant Cost USD 2,250,000 Electricity Price USD0.04/k/kWH Energy Finance Committee of Mitsubishi Project Life 10 years Securities Co. Ltd which serves as the CDM Plant Efficiency 25-30% Heating value of Gas 500 BTU/standard feet3 adviser to the Project. The project was Operating Hours 8000 hours/year conceived primarily to address problems such as No. of beneficiaries 2,000 Source: Mitsubishi Securities, Japan uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases, leaching into groundwater, and fires as a result of combustion. It is also consistent with the

－68－ Country’s Energy Plan which encourages the use of renewable energy and reduction in reliance from imported oil. The estimated reduction in CO2 emission within the 10 year operation is 427,314 tons. The project commenced operation in March 2004.

Methodology This poster presentation will utilize various methods in achieving the desired objectives. Mainly, the following will be explored: 1. Review of pertinent documents about the Payatas Landfill Gas Recovery Project; 2. Analysis of the project through environmental load, CDM, etc.; and 3. Scenario-setting showing various options for landfill management.

Recommendations/Alternatives Recommendations to be identified will focus on the social, environmental and economic impact that the project will create at the national, regional and international spheres. As a preliminary analysis, the following table shows the framework within which recommendations will be made:

Impact National Regional International Merit Demerit Merit Demerit Merit Demerit Environmental Will WTE prolong the life of the - Better landfill - Recycling - Better sharing - WTE - Prevention of - Sluggish dumpsite? management aspect may be of best practices development global warming economic Will it lessen the burden of - Enhanced overlooked in landfill may vary per effects growth assimilating waste into the protection of the - Other management & country so - Reduction of - Acquisition of environment? environment dumpsites may WTE applicability is hazardous waste CO2 emission - Availability of not be feasible development country-specific (cross-border rights renewable for WTE shipment) - Project may be energy supply development - Compliance cited as a “bad with the Kyoto case” if not Protocol properly - Compliance sustained with International Standards Economic Will WTE contribute to local - More job - WTE may - Improved - WTE projects - More - Imbalanced economic development? opportunities have poor return economic may not be investments in industrial Will it stimulate land market in - Active land on investment outlook for the economically WTE projects development the vicinity of the dumpsite as a market (ROI) region sustainable - Economic - Tendency for result of improved waste -Formalization profit as a result emission trading disposal? of waste of emission to be profit- collection and trading or CDM oriented recycling - Enhanced - High - Less reliance international aid expectation for on imported oil and cooperation international aid & cooperation Social Will WTE promote human - Improved - NIMBY - Improved - Migration of - Best practices - Possibility of security in terms of providing living condition attitude plight of inhabitants in WTE one-sided people with access to basic needs - Active - Landfill sites scavengers in - Limited energy development technological & e.g. electricity? people’s as magnet for the Region supply and public economic Will communities within the participation scavengers participation assistance dumpsite create “social fence” to - Irrelevant discourage others from further communication encroachment?

References: Asian Development Bank, March 2004. The Garbage Book. City, Metro Manila, Philippines. Gonzales, Eugenio M., 2003. From Wastes to Assets: The Scavengers of Payatas. Proceedings from the International Conference on Natural Assets, January 8-11, 2003, Tagaytay City, Philippines. Mitsubishi Securities, March 2004. Project Document for the Payatas Landfill Gas to Energy Project in the Philippines. World Bank. December 2001. Philippine Environment Monitor 2001: Solid Waste. The World Bank Group, City, Philippines. Asian Development Bank. September 2003. Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Project. TA 3848-PHI, ADB Philippines.

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