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Europe After the NATO and EU Enlargements The New Security Dimensions Europe after the NATO and EU Enlargements Report of the Frösunda Conference, organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in cooperation with the Swedish National Defence College and the Warsaw Centre for International Relations, Frösunda, 20–21 April 2001 Edited by Adam Daniel Rotfeld June 2001 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden’s 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body. The Governing Board is not responsible for the views expressed in the publications of the Institute. Governing Board Ambassador Rolf Ekéus, Chairman (Sweden) Dr Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia) Dr Willem F. van Eekelen (Netherlands) Dr Nabil Elaraby (Egypt) Sir Marrack Goulding (United Kingdom) Professor Helga Haftendorn (Germany) Dr Catherine Kelleher (United States) Professor Ronald G. Sutherland (Canada) The Director Director Dr Adam Daniel Rotfeld (Poland) Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Signalistgatan 9, SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden Cable: SIPRI Telephone: 46 8/655 97 00 Telefax: 46 8/655 97 33 Email: [email protected] Internet URL: http://www.sipri.se The New Security Dimensions Europe after the NATO and EU Enlargements Report of the Frösunda Conference, organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in cooperation with the Swedish National Defence College and the Warsaw Centre for International Relations, Frösunda, 20–21 April 2001 Edited by Adam Daniel Rotfeld Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Stockholm, June 2001 © SIPRI, 2001 Photographs by Alexander Vetsko Printed and bound by Ingeniörskopia, Solna, Sweden Contents Preface v Foreword vii Anna Lindh, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden, and Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland The SIPRI Frösunda Report on the New Security Dimensions 1 Opening session New security dimensions: building security in cooperation 11 Sven-Olof Petersson, Director-General for Political Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden First session European security: consequences of NATO and EU enlargements Adam Daniel Rotfeld (SIPRI) 21 John Roper (UK) 27 Walther Stützle (Germany) 32 Alexei G. Arbatov (Russia) 37 Janusz Reiter (Poland) 42 Bo Huldt (Sweden) 45 Second session ESDP beyond the EU borders: conflict prevention and crisis management Renata Dwan (SIPRI–Ireland) 53 Jan Zielonka (Italy) 60 Vladimir Baranovsky (Russia) 68 Vyachaslau E. Paznyak (Belarus) 72 Marc Otte (EU–Belgium) 76 Lars-Erik Lundin (EU–Sweden) 79 iv THE NEW SECURITY DIMENSIONS Third session Redefinition of the transatlantic partnership: in search of a new grand strategy Ian Anthony (SIPRI–UK) 85 Steven E. Miller (USA) 93 Thérèse Delpech (France) 105 Charles A. Kupchan (USA) 112 Raimo Väyrynen (Finland) 119 Summary of the discussions of the Frösunda Conference Shannon N. Kile (SIPRI–USA) and 129 Zdzislaw Lachowski (SIPRI–Poland) Appendices 1. European Integration: An American Perspective 141 Keynote speech by former US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott 2. Programme of the Frösunda Conference on The New Security 149 Dimensions 3. List of the participants of the Frösunda Conference on 150 The New Security Dimensions Preface This report summarizes the discussions and main findings of an inter- national conference on The New Security Dimensions: Europe after the NATO and EU Enlargements, which was held at Frösundavik, Sweden, on 20–21 April 2001. The Frösunda Conference was organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in cooperation with the Swedish National Defence College and the Warsaw Centre for International Relations. It was co-sponsored by the Ministries for Foreign Affairs of Sweden and Poland. The conference brought together security analysts from more than a dozen countries. Among the participants were academics and practitioners from governments, European Union (EU) institutions and a number of other international organizations; the programme and the list of participants are presented in appendices 2 and 3. The background papers and more than 20 panel presentations facilitated the discussion in the three working ses- sions of the conference. The position of the Swedish EU Presidency is reflected in the opening address delivered by Sven-Olof Petersson in his capacity as Director-General for Political Affairs at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The working sessions were supplemented by a keynote speech by former US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott. The main task of the conference was to draw attention to the significance and consequences for European security of the processes of enlargement of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the EU, especially for the states which remain outside these security structures (session one). Important contributions were therefore made to the discussions by represen- tatives of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus as well as Estonia, Lithuania, other European states and the United States. In the context of enlargement, two critical issues were addressed: the present and prospective impact of the developing European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) on conflict pre- vention and crisis management beyond the EU borders (session two) and the redefinition of the transatlantic partnership (session three). The papers pro- vided by the panellists are reproduced in this publication. They are preceded by three sets of questions which were submitted by the organizers of the conference with the aim of focusing the discussion on specific issues. The ‘Summary of the discussions of the Frösunda Conference’, prepared by SIPRI researchers Shannon Kile and Zdzislaw Lachowski, follows the papers of the panellists. The Chairman of the SIPRI Governing Board, Ambassador Rolf Ekéus, chaired the first session, devoted to ‘European security: consequences of vi THE NEW SECURITY DIMENSIONS NATO and EU enlargements’; the second session, on ‘ESDP beyond the EU borders: conflict prevention and crisis management’, was chaired by Professor Bo Huldt, Director of the Institute for National Defence and Security Studies at the Swedish National Defence College; and the third ses- sion, on ‘Redefinition of the transatlantic partnership: in search of a new grand strategy’, was chaired by Joseph Fitchett, columnist for The International Herald Tribune, Paris. The findings of the Frösunda Conference reflected in this report and in other background materials were presented to the Swedish Presidency with a request to disseminate them to all the EU states and other interested gov- ernments. * * * There are many people whose collective efforts should be acknowledged. I would like to thank all those who took part in the Frösunda Conference and contributed significantly to its success. My special thanks go to the authors of the papers and to the group of SIPRI researchers—Ian Anthony, Renata Dwan, Shannon N. Kile and Zdzislaw Lachowski—whose assistance at all stages of the work was invaluable. I wish to thank all the other members of the SIPRI staff for their significant support—especially Carol Barta, my secretary, and Marie Alani, Bibbi Henson, Alexander Vetsko and Sten Wiksten—for their assistance in organizing the Frösunda Conference. I am also indebted to editor Jetta Gilligan Borg, editorial assistant Anna Lundeborg and Head of the SIPRI Editorial and Publications Department Connie Wall for producing this report so quickly. Last, but not least, I wish to thank both the Ministries for Foreign Affairs of Sweden and Poland and the Swedish National Defence College, whose generous support made both the Frösunda Conference and the publication of this report possible. Adam Daniel Rotfeld Director of SIPRI June 2001 Foreword This publication is the result of a conference organized by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in cooperation with the Swedish National Defence College and the Warsaw Centre for International Relations. The meeting on the New Security Dimensions: Europe after the EU and NATO Enlargements, held in Stockholm (Frösunda) on 20–21 April 2001, gathered prominent politicians, academicians and international experts who are interested in security policy. It provided a valuable forum for intensive and fruitful discussions. Such meetings help to redefine the traditional concept of international security, which is no longer adequate to the new range of threats and challenges we face at the start of the 21st century. These are the reasons why the Ministries for Foreign Affairs of Sweden and Poland decided to co-sponsor this event. We would also like to thank SIPRI and its Director, Dr Adam Daniel Rotfeld, for the work of preparing the conference and all the participants for their competent and creative contributions. Anna Lindh Wladyslaw Bartoszewski Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden of Poland viii THE NEW S EC UR ITY DIMENS IONS The SIPRI Frösunda Report on the New Security Dimensions Introduction One decade after the end of the cold war and the fall of the bipolar system, the enlargements of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) reflect the fundamental changes that have taken place in Europe’s
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