Volume XXXVIII, Issue 1 January 2013 ACJS Today Academy of Criminal Sciences

INSIDE Routine Activities Theory Page 1 Inmate Gambling Reconsidered: The Case of Inmate Page 2 President’s Message Gambling Alan McEvoy* Page 6 Annual Conference Northern Michigan University Page 10 Synopsis of ANZSOC Conference The panoply of theories that address the causes, correlates, and control of crime and deviance is vast. Some theories emphasize Page 12 Exploring the History structural conditions associated with crime trends, others the of the cognitions and motivations of criminals, and still others the risk factors associated with criminal acts. Despite these variations in Page 16 Around the World theoretical analysis, one common denominator is present in all criminal events: each crime unfolds within a particular context Page 21 Solicitation Season at which deviant actors take into account. Thus, the micro-situational NIJ contours of criminal events can usefully guide the articulation and Page 23 Historian’s Corner application of general theoretical frameworks. Social control and opportunity theories offer certain explanatory advantages in their Page 27 ACJS National Office situational emphasis. Cognitive and background characteristics of Information individuals are deemphasized in favor of exploring the context in which crime and occurs. Routine activities theory in particular has emerged as the most prominent version of a situation-specific Continued on Page 5

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President’s Message rooms near the Exhibit Hall. We have not forgotten our environs; discount coupons will be available for those who want to tour the Sixth Floor Museum (2013 sadly also marks the 50th Anniversary of the assassination, by persons unknown, of President John F. Kennedy).

The 2013 meeting will mark the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the Academy of Sciences. To commemorate this special occasion, every person who registers for the conference will be given both a book on the history of ACJS (written by ACJS Historian Will Craig Hemmens, President, ACJS* Oliver), and a t-shirt noting the 50th Anniversary. We will order enough t-shirts for everyone, but as it is impossible to predict exactly the precise Greetings fellow ACJS members! It is my quantity of each size, I do encourage you to stop privilege to serve as your President during 2012- by the registration desk sooner rather than later— 2013. I hope you all had a wonderful semester it is “first come, first served” on the t-shirts! Other break and are adjusting to the work routine for the events commemorating the Anniversary include a Spring semester. I am not sure where 2012 went, display highlighting all of the past presidents, as but it is behind us now, and 2013 awaits. I hope it well as a Past Presidents panel and reception, both is a great year for each and every one of you. First on Wednesday—so arrive early! and foremost on my agenda, and I hope yours, is the next annual ACJS meeting. It will take place The 2013 Annual Meeting will be the first March 19-23, in , at the Sheraton Hotel in ACJS meeting without a printed program. We are downtown Dallas. My Program Chair, Lorenzo “going green” and providing the program in a Boyd, and the members of the Program variety of electronic formats. It will be available Committee have put together an outstanding slate on the ACJS website, as one document and, just of panels, roundtables, and events. The prior to the conference, as multiple, smaller conference theme is “The Politics of Crime and documents with each day existing as a stand- Criminal Justice,” and we will have a number of alone document. This should make it easy for panels that highlight this theme. We have several people to download the program to their featured speakers (including Dallas District computers, netbooks, and/or smartphone. I Attorney Craig Watkins, capital appeals realize that going paperless for the conference litigator David Dow, and Chronicle of Higher program is a significant (and potentially Education writing columnist Rachel Toor). In unsettling) change, but I believe it is the right addition to these speakers, we will be featuring thing to do, both for ACJS and the environment, some panels in each topic area by placing them in and hope you will bear with us as we work

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through the kinks that invariably accompany a provides support for the Junior Faculty major change in procedure. Professional Development Workshop, which has become an annual event at ACJS and that this In other ACJS news, I am pleased to report year had a record number of applicants for the that we are in the process of selecting conference award(s). sites for 2018, 2019, and 2020. We have signed a for Baltimore in 2019, and are hopeful By the time you read this, the elections for that we will have in place very shortly ACJS Board officers will have been for New Orleans in 2018 and San Antonio in completed and the new members of the Board 2020. I know it is hard to think that far ahead, but announced. I’d like to thank all of the folks who each of these cities should provide a great venue ran for office for their willingness to put their for the conference. name forward and serve the Academy, and I’d like to congratulate and welcome the winners to We are also in the process of renewing our the Executive Board. contract with Taylor & Francis, the publisher of Justice Quarterly and the Journal of Criminal Justice My time on the Board grows short—my Education. Both of our journals are doing very term as President ends during the Dallas well—Justice Quarterly has moved to six issues a meeting—but I know the Academy is and will year and the Journal of Criminal Justice Education remain in good hands. Every member of the has moved to four issues per year, and JQ’s Executive Board that I have worked with, current impact factor score continues to improve (kudos and former, has done great work and always to JQ Editor Cassia Spohn and her Editorial operated with the best interests of the Academy in Board for their excellent work in this regard). The mind. Cathy Barth, our long-time Association revenues from these journals provide a Manager, and Mary Stohr, our new Executive tremendous boost to the ACJS coffers, and help Director (and former Treasurer and Trustee) us to offer our members a myriad of benefits and provide outstanding assistance to the Board and conference-related amenities without having to ensure that while the membership of the Board raise the membership and conference registration changes every year, nothing is overlooked and we fees. I recently attended the Australian and New all stay on task. It has truly been a privilege to Zealand Society of Criminology (ANZSOC) serve with all of these good people on the meeting, and was shocked to discover the Executive Board and to have the opportunity to conference registration fee was in excess of $750! give something back to ACJS, an organization that has meant so much to me, both professionally Speaking of financial support for our and personally. I encourage all of you to take conference, I would be remiss if I did not thank all advantage of the opportunities to serve ACJS that of the conference sponsors for their generous exist at a variety of levels—on the Executive support of the Dallas conference. In particular, I Board, the Program Committee or other ACJS would like to thank Cengage (who provides Standing Committees, in one of the sections, or in support for the wireless service in the Exhibit one of the regions. I do believe that being part of Hall), Taylor & Francis (who provide support for something larger provides far greater reward than our individual strivings. On that note, I will once the Past Presidents reception), and Sage, who again use my vast presidential power to inflict

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upon you another quotation from Bruce Springsteen that reflects the value of belonging, of community, of membership in something beyond ourselves:

Now I was young and pretty on the mean streets of the city And I fought to make 'em my home

With just the shirt on my back I left and swore I'd never look back And man I was gone, gone, gone But there's things that'll knock you down you don't even see coming And send you crawling like a baby back home You're gonna find out that day, sugar

When you're alone you're alone When you're alone you ain’t nothing but alone

Bruce Springsteen, “When You’re Alone” on Tunnel of Love (1987)

*Craig Hemmens is the President of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. He is

also Department Head and Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Missouri State University.

Upcoming ACJS Meetings

March 19-23, 2013 Dallas, TX . February 18-22, 2014 Philadelphia, PA March 3-7, 2015 Orlando, Florida March 29-April 2, 2016 Denver, Colorado

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Continued from Page 1 monitoring a situation affects the commission of explanation of crime (Collins 2008). deviant conduct. The likelihood of a deviant event increases in circumstances where there is Routine activities theory suggests that the no guardian available to intervene. Conversely, presence of “capable guardians” deters potential the presence of a guardian functions as a offenders from engaging in deviant conduct. This deterrent. Broadly considered, a guardian could paper offers a modification of the theory to be a formal agent of control such as a account for high rates of inmate gambling during officer, or it could be anyone in a position to incarceration, despite surveillance from observe and report deviant acts. At its core, corrections staff. Norms of noninterference routine activities theory emphasizes the absence of among corrections professionals, coupled with the guardianship as conducive to the commission of perception among inmates that such guardians are deviant behavior. For the sake of conceptual indifferent to gambling activity, together function clarity, Felson (1986) further differentiated the as intervening variables that affect patterns of rule concept of a capable guardian to include a violation. The explanatory power of routine “handler” who is more than a mere observer or activities theory is enhanced by considering the passerby. This is someone who has formal interactional complexities between potential responsibility to monitor and exert control over deviant actors and the control agents who monitor potential offenders. Probation or parole officers, them. corrections officials, teachers, case workers, and The central tenets of routine activities parents conform to the definition of handlers theory, first advanced by Cohen and Felson (i.e., “capable” guardians) whose role (1979), enjoy considerable support in responsibilities include oversight. Lack of criminological analysis. The coincidental oversight in the presence of motivated offenders combination of three variables – motivated and suitable targets would constitute a failure of offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of guardianship duty. capable guardians – together offer an opportune situation for criminal conduct to occur. These suggests there are situational latter two variables, availability of suitable targets complexities associated with certain deviant and the absence of social control agents or capable patterns that routine activities theory, in its guardians, are especially important in explaining present form, does not adequately address. The the situational nature of crime patterns phenomenon of gambling among prison inmates independent of personal motivations. Osgood et – a common form of rule violation – is a case in al. (1996: 639) argue that the motivation for point. Recent research on inmate gambling deviance is inherent in “situations in which a (McEvoy and Spirgen 2012; Williams 2009; deviant act is possible and rewarding.” Hence, in Williams and Walker 2009) offers an opportunity any population, one is likely to find individuals to expand the explanatory scope of routine inclined to engage in deviant behavior if the activities theory in a manner that fosters a deeper circumstances are conducive. Implicit in routine understanding of deviance within a prison activities theory is the concept of surveillance: the culture. Prisons in the and Canada presence or absence of a “guardian” capable of are consistent in their strict prohibition of Continued on Page 7

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ACJS 2013 Annual Conference

“The Politics of Crime and Criminal Justice”

March 19-23, 2013 Sheraton Dallas Hotel Dallas, Texas

Program Chair: Lorenzo M. Boyd, Fayetteville State University, [email protected]

Host Hotel:

Sheraton Dallas Hotel 400 N. Olive Street Dallas, TX 75201 214-922-8000

The ACJS General Business Meeting will be held at the 2013 Annual Meeting in Dallas on Friday, March 22, 2013, at 9:30 AM in the Lone Star A4 Ballroom on the 2nd Floor of the Sheraton Dallas Downtown Hotel.

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Continued from Page 5 gambling among prisoners. Yet gambling seems When asked what happens when an inmate to flourish in this “controlled” environment. In a fails to pay gambling debts, one prisoner aptly recent study, McEvoy and Spirgen (2012) found stated he could “end up in the infirmary or that a very high percentage of inmates routinely dead.” gamble with one another during their incarceration. Fifty-five inmates were randomly Routine activities theory clearly selected and interviewed about gambling activities suggests that the presence of so many “capable among prisoners. In addition, 159 corrections guardians,” with professional responsibility for officers/staff at those same two institutions rule enforcement, should result in a high degree completed a self-administered survey regarding of conformity to prison rules. Quite simply, prisoner gambling and staff responses. The study the theory suggests that their presence should found that 50% of corrections staff, and 51% of constitute an effective deterrent to prisoner inmates interviewed, believed that half or more of gambling. Yet contrary to theory, gambling is the prisoners gambled regularly (daily or several pervasive. Why? What could account for a times per week), and many others gambled finding which departs dramatically from that “occasionally.” Sports betting organized by a few predicted by the theory? inmates, followed by card games, were the most prevalent gambling activities. In this study, no The inmate gambling study by McEvoy respondents claimed that inmate gambling did not and Spirgen (2012) offers an insight regarding occur. situational variables not considered in routine activities theory. The shared belief among Furthermore, inmates gamble not in the inmates that corrections staff were indifferent absence of control agents, but surrounded by them to inmate gambling is instructive. Formal rules and by sophisticated surveillance systems make little difference in controlling behavior if designed to deter rule infractions. If anything, the questionable behavior usually is ignored. gambling appeared to permeate prison culture and The view among corrections officers that function as a significant element within the gambling is an innocuous way for inmates to underground economy of the prison. Even when pass time may contribute to the lack of corrections staff suspected prisoners were enforcement. Rarely did incidents of inmate gambling, the inmates stated that officials would gambling result in meaningful disciplinary “look the other way” or simply “give a warning” consequences. The inmates acknowledged this without consequences. The staff concurred; 50% reality and so did the staff. said that the most common response was to ignore the behavior. Despite the risks associated In light of these findings, routine with accruing gambling debts owed to other activities theory can enhance its explanatory inmates (e.g., risk of beatings), or the and predictive power by including two related consequences of breaking prison rules (e.g., intervening variables. First, it may not be the solitary confinement; denial of early release), absence of a capable guardian alone that corrections staff and inmates alike emphasized a increases the likelihood of deviant acts. lack of enforcement. Yet the risks remain real. Rather, if the condition of perceived indifference

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by guardians is shared by motivated offenders, potentially “motivated offenders” may embrace then there is a significantly higher probability that norms of noninterference? Is an ethic of rule violations will occur. Second, if the noninterference more likely if the guardians do guardians themselves embrace norms of not feel they possess the training, ability, or means noninterference relative to selected deviant to effectively intervene? Are the perceived costs behaviors, then such behaviors will flourish. of deviance intervention viewed as greater than Thus, even in total institutions, if offenders the benefits accrued by its ? What are believe the guardians do not care about certain the indicators that an organization is reaching a conduct, and if the operational norm of dangerous tipping point where social controls on noninterference is held by guardians, then deviance are ineffective or absent? How can an external social controls will be weak. organization reverse a situation where deviance is an accepted aspect of daily routine? What are the There is practical significance to this consequences of noninterference? To the extent observation. The decision to hire more agents of that motivations to deviate are rooted in control to regulate deviant conduct, by itself, will situations, the shifting norms and perceptions of not necessarily reduce rates of deviance. Neither actors within those situations are a dynamic part will enhanced punishments alone. Rather, of the mix. The case of inmate gambling offers a altering the operational norms of control agents simple conclusion: routine activities theory can toward consistent and effective regulation of benefit from a deeper consideration of the deviant conduct is essential. Attempts to mitigate interactional complexities between potential the perception among potential offenders that few deviant actors and the control agents who monitor guardians care what they do also will have them. benefits. Thus, the climate of perception embedded in the situation, reinforced by a pattern References of interaction between capable guardians and potential offenders, has predictive value relative to Cohen, L. E. & Felson, M. (1979). Social change rates of offending. and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach.” American Sociological Review 44, The combination of perceived indifference 588-608. and norms of noninterference may explain high rates of deviance in arenas other than prison. For Collins, R. (2008). Violence: A micro-sociological example, the persistence of gang activity and high theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton levels of academic and social failure in highly stressed and low performing schools mirrors the University Press. problem of inmate gambling. Binge drinking on Felson, M. (1986). Linking criminal choices, college campuses also is illustrative. The shared expectation that school officials do not care or routine activities, informal control, and will not intervene in deviant student conduct criminal outcomes. In The Reasoning enables problems to persist. Further research may Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on help answer basic questions. What are the Offending. Cornish, D.B. & Clarke, R.V. reasons why those responsible for controlling Eds. New York: Springer-Verlag.

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McEvoy, A. & Spirgen, N. (2012). Gambling

among prison inmates: Patterns and implications. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28 (1), 69-76. DOI 10.1007/s10899-011- 9245-1.

Osgood, D., Wilson, W., O’Malley, J.K., Bachman, P.M., Jerald, G., &Johnston, L. D. (1996). Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review 61, 635-655.

Williams, DJ. (2009). New research on prisoner gambling: Correctional considerations and implications for re-entry. Exclusive article written for Prison Legal News, 20 (10).

Williams, DJ, and Walker, G. J. (2009). Does offender gambling on the inside continue on the outside? Insights from correctional professionals on gambling and re-entry. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 48, 402- Advertising Costs 441. *Alan McEvoy is a Professor of Sociology and Full Page - Educational $300.00 Department Head at Northern Michigan University. McEvoy grew up in Grand Rapids where he attended school and explored the natural wonders of Michigan. Full Page - Commercial $400.00 His research focuses on problems of violence and injustice. McEvoy has published books and articles on rape, child abuse, youth suicide, domestic violence, bullying, gambling, and violence in schools and is For more information, please especially concerned with helping victims of violence contact: heal, as well as supporting community organizations in preventing violence. McEvoy earned his Ph.D. in [email protected] Sociology from Western Michigan University. He has appeared on ABC’s Nightline, 20/20, Oprah, and many other national broadcasts.

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Stohr and Hemmens Attend ANZSOC

Conference

The keynote speaker for Tuesday morning was by Dr. Moana Jackson, an expert on Maori culture as it affects and is affected by justice related institutions in New Zealand. The keynote speakers for Wednesday and Thursday were Dr. Meda Chesney-Lind who presented on the need for public criminology around the issues of race and gender, and Dr. John Braithwaite who presented on violence and global criminology. Both of the latter Mary Stohr, ACJS Executive Director* presentations were attended by well over a hundred people. Dr. Chesney-Lind’s presentation was also featured in subsequent th The ANZSOC Conference was the 25 local newspaper articles on crime by girls, th and marked the 40 Anniversary of the media misrepresentations of girls and crime formation of the Australian and New Zealand and injustices girls experience when they Society of Criminology. The three day encounter the criminal justice system in the conference (Tuesday through Thursday) was states. held in a well-appointed business building on the campus of the University of Auckland. The Following these morning presentations conference began with a Maori-themed there were seven panels operating welcome ceremony presented in part in simultaneously under the appellation of a traditional language and song. This had the number of criminal justice/criminological effect of orienting attendees to the place and topics, from intimate partner issues to public time of the conference. We then broke for a criminology, to police, to prisons, to traditional tea which included tea, coffee, fruit victimology, to state crimes, to new and those delightful English style cucumber technologies and many others. After lunch, sandwiches among other nibbles (a New which was provided as part of the conference Zealand term). It turns out that there were fee, there were two more sets of presentations morning and afternoon teas of this kind each scheduled, punctuated by afternoon tea. There day of the conference, along with lunches and were social events or meals at the end of the other social events. The Academy of Criminal day. Justice Sciences sponsored the Cocktail Hour (only the nibbles for this hour) on the first While the exchange rate for the New evening of the conference. The Cocktail Hour Zealand dollar was about .82 for each U.S. was well attended and well received. dollar, the cost of attending the New Zealand

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conferencesuggested by was Dr. quite Rosemary high by Gido. comparison to

ACJS. Registration was $950 for nonmember, international attendees at the ANZSOC conference ($779 in U.S. dollars). There was a $100 discount for members of ANZSOC (as measured in New Zealand dollars). Registration did cover all of the teas and lunches and social events.

We (ACJS President Craig Hemmens and I) did find that the exposure to international scholars, in addition to the attendees from New

Zealand and Australia, and their work was very beneficial! We learned a great deal about the Downtown Auckland. Photo taken by politics and cultural issues facing both countries – Mary Stohr but particularly New Zealand -- as they shaped crime and its control. We were exposed directly to differing crime and justice paradigms from what is common in the United States. Finally, on a more personal note, we travelled to New Zealand early in the Thanksgiving week, or a week before the ANZSOC conference, and so were able to travel a bit around the beautiful New Zealand countryside, an opportunity which we would not otherwise have had.

*Mary K. Stohr, Ph.D., is Executive Director of ACJS and a Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Missouri State University, as well as Past President and Regional Trustee of the Western Association of Criminal Justice and a past two term Treasurer of ACJS. She is a Co-Founder of the Corrections Section of ACJS. Professor Stohr holds a doctorate in from Washington State University and has published six books and over 80 other publications in journals, practitioner magazines and other media. Back in the day, she worked as a correctional officer and then a counselor in an adult male prison for almost three years. Her term as Executive Director began in July 2012.

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Exploring the History of the Judiciary: A Conversation with Justin Crowe

that there might be a broader story about how the judiciary acquired power that didn’t rely so much upon—and, indeed, contested the centrality of— judicial decisions and case .

RW: And, what was your research strategy?

JC: Well, I started looking into the various ways in which the has been empowered, and it pretty quickly became clear to me that the Court specifically and the federal judiciary generally was empowered in no small part through congressional Justin Crowe, Author of Building the Judiciary* . After that, I tried—as systematically as possible using keyword searches of databases—to The federal judiciary has quite a rich and colorful locate and read the thousands and thousands history and is intriguing to many scholars of criminal (literally) of in which Congress, given justice. Recently, I caught up with Justin Crowe, control over what I call the “institutional author of Building the Judiciary. Though he was judiciary” by Article III of the , enjoying his holiday break, Crowe graciously agreed to legislated judicial structure, organization, or answer a few questions and shed light on this very power. I supplemented that with broad secondary important topic. reading to identify statutes and decisions that may not have been explicitly about but RW: First, let me just say that I loved your book. influenced their power nonetheless. From there, it Last semester, I assigned it to graduate students was a matter of isolating the most consequential who enrolled in my course, The American moments and reconstructing, through newspaper Judiciary. The book proved to be quite useful. articles and memoirs and legislative debates and other primary sources, the politics of the time such JC: Thanks – and thanks for the opportunity to that I could explain how and why they occurred. talk about it here. The book all started with a small piece about William Howard Taft’s tenure RW: Interesting. as Chief Justice and his success in convincing JC: Yes, indeed. I had some suspicions about a Congress to create what would become the broader theoretical argument after the Taft case, Judicial Conference, to give the Chief Justice but I modified and adapted as I read, ultimately expanded administrative powers, and (most identifying three reasons for judicial institution- importantly) to give the Court greater control over building (policy, politics, and performance) and its docket. As I wrote that up, it occurred to me

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outlining two different processes (critical elections constituents. And, of course, it allowed the

and careful entrepreneurship) by which attempts at to serve the role of “republican empowerment overcame the gridlock surrounding schoolmaster” and educate the citizens about it. In the end, it obviously became a much larger certain matters. But it was also surely not the best story than Taft—his piece is now about one-third use of judicial resources or the most efficient of one chapter—that I was able to tell over the system overall. course of American political development. RW: It seemed to me that, in your book, you RW: I particularly liked the beginning of the book insinuated that historians have overestimated the and appreciated your discussion of circuit riding. importance of Marbury v. Madison.

JC: Yes. Circuit riding was a function of the fact JC: There’s been a lot of great work done by Mark that, as Felix Frankfurter once observed, the First Graber (among others) about how the meaning of Congress had created a federal judiciary (in the Marbury is misunderstood and its importance Judiciary Act of 1789) with three tiers of courts but overstated. My point, I guess, is somewhat only two sets of . There were district () different—though by no means contradictory. For courts, circuit (appeals) courts, and the Supreme me, there’s entirely too much emphasis placed on Court, but only district judges and Supreme Court Supreme Court decisions generally—not just justices. So Congress mandated that the two Marbury specifically—in narratives about the rise of groups collaborated to staff the circuit courts. For judicial power. The conventional wisdom in both Supreme Court justices, this meant riding out into academic and political circles has long been that the country, spending long-stretches away from judicial power derives from written opinions by families, living in boarding houses and taverns to judges. So, for example, Marbury is decided, and issue appellate rulings that they might be forced to exists. Or McCulloch v. Maryland is review again at the Supreme Court at a later date. decided, and federal supremacy over the states In addition to the practical and logistical troubles exist. Those “facts” just aren’t true—at least not in (which were not insubstantial), most justices any meaningful sense. From my vantage point, viewed the practice as beneath them. They judicial power grows not simply from judges repeatedly petitioned Congress to do away with it grabbing power in surreptitious ways or when but usually only received piecemeal modifications. others aren’t looking; it also—and more It was a major source of early frustration. fundamentally—grows (and has historically grown) from a political process culminating in RW: Do you think circuit riding was really legislative action. necessary to build the judiciary or was it mainly a symbolic gesture? RW: In your book, you contend that even after the infamous U.S. Supreme Court decision, Dred It did serve a useful function, but I don’t think JC: Scott v. Sanford (1857), most Republican leaders, it was necessary for the Court to earn legitimacy including soon-to-be Senate candidate Abraham and prestige. Advocates liked the idea of Lincoln agreed that the U.S. Supreme Court was providing citizens easy access to the levers of the proper body to determine the status of slavery. justice, and many legislators were attached to the I was a bit surprised by this. Why do you suppose idea of “judicial representation” for their Republicans were willing to accept the legitimacy

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of the Court's ruling, even though it explicitly merely about policy; they were also about endorsed slavery? constitutionalism—about what powers the national government possessed, about the nature JC: Well, this idea was by no means universal. of the federal system, about the flexibility of the Some radical Republicans, for example, called for Constitution in times of crisis. These were no the abolition of the Court and the establishment of small matters, so it’s hardly surprising there was a new one. But for a strategic thinker like stalemate over them. Lincoln, there was seemingly some recognition that as easily as a powerful opposition Court serve RW: I see. I also found it interesting that you interests you dislike so too could a powerful allied had fairly little to say about the landmark case, Court serve interests you like. Lincoln could Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which racially have, I presume, been a more aggressive “court- integrated public schools. I was curious as to why curber” and sought to unravel judicial power, but you did not provide much discussion of this case, he didn’t, largely because he saw the potential as it certainly seems relevant to the topic of your value of the judiciary as a regime partner. So, book. Do you feel as though historians have instead of trying to destroy the Southern given this case too much credit for increasing the slaveholding Court, he and his Republican allies authority of the federal judiciary? in Congress systematically remade it in his own image. JC: In a word, yes. Obviously, Brown was tremendously important on a number of levels, RW: I particularly appreciated your analysis of not least of them the way in which it endowed the the Supreme Court and President Franklin D. Court with a moral legitimacy that set the tone for Roosevelt. In your opinion, why was the U.S. much of the Warren Court era. But on the Supreme Court initially so resistant to question of judicial power—in terms of what implementing FDR’s New Deal legislation? courts and judges could actually do, how they could actually intervene in the political JC: It’s a combination of FDR pushing new, environment—Brown seems somewhat less innovative, and at times constitutionally dubious important to me. In my account, cases like Brown programs and the justices of the Court—some of are less agents for the accretion of judicial power whom were known as the Four Horsemen during than they are markers of power already attained. that period—holding a very different (some might say “outmoded”) view of constitutional power. I RW: Many spectators were surprised when Chief always describe it in class as a genuine clash of the Justice Roberts sided with liberal Justices in titans. On the one side, Roosevelt saw economic upholding the Patient Protection and Affordable despair, had the backing of the American people, Healthcare Act, also known as Obamacare. Why possessed strong congressional majorities, and do you suppose Chief Justice Roberts voted the sought to facilitate economic and social way he did? betterment in any reasonable way he could. On the other side, the Four Horsemen saw the New JC: There’s been a ton of chatter about that, and Deal as a direct path to a centrally-managed it’s a really fascinating question. Some have economy. These differences, however, weren’t

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suggested Roberts was scared about possible JC: Very exciting cases. Before the Court reaches backlash and upheld the Act to forestall criticism of the merits, there’s a distinct possibility it chooses to the Court. Others see it as consonant with punt on jurisdictional grounds, especially in the Roberts’s stated desire to avoid ideologically- Prop 8 case. Assuming the Court does reach the predictable five-four splits. Still others wonder if it merits, though, I find it hard to see how, given its may have been a strategic maneuver to bank some past , the Court couldn’t strike down political capital for future cases down the line. the statutes. I wouldn’t expect a broad ruling Unfortunately, it’s really impossible to know. For announcing a fundamental right to marry someone my own part, I’m not surprised he voted to uphold of the same sex or establishing sexual orientation it, but I am surprised that he voted to do so when as a protected class subject to strict scrutiny, but a Justice Kennedy voted to strike it down. I had long decision holding that discrimination based on imagined a six-three ruling with Roberts and sexual orientation fails to satisfy even the rational Kennedy both in the majority, and Roberts joining basis test seems totally plausible. Even so, that strategically to keep the opinion for himself. I would probably be a five-four opinion with Justice never thought he would join the liberal wing Kennedy, who has disappointed conservatives without cover, but he did, and he’s certainly taken before on homosexuality, providing the key vote to his fair degree of flak for it. strike down the . But, as I always tell my students, I’m far better at explaining the past than RW: Apparently, the U.S. Supreme Court will predicting the future! soon be hearing two key same-sex marriages cases. The first case is a challenge to the 1996 of *Justin Crowe is an Assistant Professor of Political Marriage Act, or DOMA, which denies federal Science at Williams College in Williamstown, MA. His recognition and benefits to same-sex couples book, Building the Judiciary: Law, Courts, and the married under state law. The other case is a Politics of Institutional Development (Princeton challenge to California's ban on same-sex marriage, University Press, 2012), examines the causes and known as Proposition 8, which voters narrowly consequences of the institutional development of the approved in 2008. What do you think the Court federal judiciary--especially, but not exclusively, the will do in both of the above cases? Will this be a Supreme Court--from the founding to the present. He close decision? received a Ph.D. from Princeton University.

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Cross-National Collaboration by Chance and Design

AROUND THE WORLD Professor Andrzej Rzepliński’s letter came from the University of Warsaw at a time when I was increasingly interested in comparative studies—especially the socialist legal tradition—so I replied with an article reprint but also asked if he might be interested in collaborating on a project I had been considering. Professor Rzepliński (now President of Poland’s Constitutional ) was kind enough to agree, and the result was our coauthored article—and my first cross-national collaboration—published in the International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice (Reichel & Rzepliński, 1989). A few years later, Professor Rzepliński and his colleagues at the Philip Reichel* University of Warsaw were kind enough to host me while I was on sabbatical leave. Networking, and relationship building among people with similar interests and goals, is As I started to prepare this column, I sought as essential for those working in academia as it is anecdotes from colleagues who have been active for those in business. A variety of internet sites, cross-national collaborators. I wondered, in part, alumni offices, career centers, and self-help books whether most had become involved in cross- provide specifics on the importance of—and ways national collaboration by design or chance. As it to accomplish—networking. Many of those turns out, my story of serendipity was not unique. sources highlight the hard work and dedication The following stories suggest that chance is a required for effective networking. I have no common characteristic, but that necessity is often a intention of disagreeing with that assessment; but propellant (see also the stories related by noted I am struck by the number of comparative comparative scholars in Winterdyk & Cao, 2004). scholars and practitioners whose cross-national contacts and collaborations resulted more from Mag. Maximilian Edelbacher (former Chief serendipity than design. So I would like to begin of the Austrian Police Major Crime Bureau in this column noting the more accidental nature of Vienna) explains that in 1991 he was asked to host networking in the sense of developing cross- Professor Dilip Das, an American who was national contacts that result in a variety of studying and comparing the police systems collaborative endeavors. My first such contact throughout Europe. When Professor Das visited occurred in the mid-1980s when I received a police headquarters in Vienna the administrators request for a reprint of one of my articles. were not quite sure what to do with him so they

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sent him to Hofrat Mag. Edelbacher’s office. law develops in China he and his police colleagues

Edelbacher explains: are increasingly interested in such topics as police legitimacy, citizen satisfaction, and procedural “He stayed about a week and was asking justice. As a result of Xu’s English skills, he began hundreds of questions. It was nice weather in reading and translating English documents on Vienna and I wanted to play tennis instead of effective policing strategies. Then, as he puts it; answering all these questions. But after three days “One thing leads to another, I attempt to contact I learned to understand what he was doing and those leading authorities in criminal justice and became interested. At this time we had no idea of criminology for help when I have problems and policing and the goals of it—the American way to puzzles. According to my experience, usually look at it.” (M. Edelbacher, personal those scholars are very kind and willing to help communication, December 17, 2012) and share their expertise” (T. Xu, personal communication, December 7, 2012). Gary Hill is Edelbacher’s new found interest in other a board member of the International Corrections approaches to policing led him to attend the FBI and Prisons Association and president of Contact Academy in 1994 and to become a frequent Center, Inc., a private, nonprofit, international attender at ACJS annual meetings. Today he has a information and referral clearinghouse working in long list of collaborative endeavors resulting in criminal justice and other areas. Hill writes that in articles, books, and lectures. Importantly, the the early l970s he was in charge of a national serendipity of Professor Das being sent to Mag. assistance referral service that inmates about to Edelbacher’s office and Edelbacher’s eventual leave a correctional institution could contact for (and continued) involvement in cross-national help in finding housing, employment, drug and collaboration must be considered in the context of alcohol programs. global changes occurring after the 1989 fall of the Iron Curtain. International cooperation among “Several of the requests came from foreign police agencies was becoming increasingly inmates who wished to return to their home important and to the serendipity of Das’s visit one nations upon release. This was before Google and must add the growing necessity for cross-national internet searches were common. Our small group interaction at the time. began by writing to police departments, prison administrations, social welfare organizations, Just as social and political changes during universities and city administrations in the nations the last few decades of the twentieth century and cities where the inmate wished to go. When encouraged many European police agencies to be possible we had volunteers help us send the letters more actively involved in cross-national in the language of the nation, but most often we cooperation, social transitions in the first few wrote in English. Though the responses were not decades of the twenty-first century have overwhelming—after all we were not a well- encouraged police agencies in China to seek out known entity and our communication was not collaborative endeavors. Tao (Tom) Xu, Professor expected—we did receive responses from about of Law and Vice Dean at Zhejiang (China) Police 20% of those we wrote and were able to provide College and Director of the Center for Policing good information to our inmate clients. As time Theory, provides an example of collaboration by went on and we became better known, the necessity. Xu writes that as democracy and rule of

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Volume XXXVIII, Issue 1 January 2013 percentage of responses increased and we began others with requests for their assistance and/or receiving inquiries from other nations for collaboration, do your best to assure that the information about U.S. corrections and several request is reasonable. Matti Joutsen is Director of requests for us to collaborate in joint research the European Institute for Crime Prevention and projects” (G. Hill, personal communication, Control, affiliated with the United Nations, and December 11, 2012). Docent in criminal policy at the University of Helsinki, where he teaches comparative crime and As these stories point out, it is important to criminal justice. He recalls a letter he received not overemphasize the role of serendipity in several years ago asking—and this, he explains, directing one’s career opportunities. In addition to was more or less the full text of the letter; "Please answering the knocked-upon door, one must also send me a picture of the criminal justice system of be proactive. For example, when planning my Finland." Joutsen wondered what he was expected sabbatical to Poland in 1991, I wanted to use to do—pose in front of the court house and have Vienna, Austria as my home base. Reasons for that his photo taken with a stupid grin on his face (M. were both personal (Vienna is my wife’s Joutsen, personal communication, December 11, “hometown”) and professional (Vienna is home to 2012)? the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime—as it is now called). But, other than my wife’s Tante Joutsen also reminds us that we should not Eva I had no contacts in Vienna. A quick look at be asking others to do our work for us. He the phone book found an Austrian Consulate a explains; “Now and then I get requests that, mere 60 miles away in Denver. My phone call essentially, want me to collect and package query asking if anyone at the consulate happened to information that (I strongly suspect) the recipient know any law or criminology professors at Austrian would then use pretty much as such as his or her universities resulted in a “hit” and the phone undergraduate paper (and probably without number for a professor at the University of acknowledgement). No thanks. I've got enough to Innsbruck. My German-speaking wife was kind do at the office, I don't need more work.” On the enough to make the call to Professor Frank Höpfel other hand, he continues, “I would be quite (now at the University of Vienna) who graciously willing to read and (up to a limit) comment on agreed to arrange a guest lecture opportunity for me someone's draft article that makes reference to the at the University of Innsbruck. Since then, Finnish criminal justice system or to other areas Professor Höpfel has been instrumental in with which I’m familiar” (M. Joutsen, personal introducing me to a wide array of scholars and communication, December 11, 2012). The point practitioners throughout Europe. We have is, as Tom Xu also noted, people are generally collaborated on several projects, and I am pleased happy to be of assistance; but those of us to have him as both a friend and professional requesting that assistance must do so politely, colleague. All of that was the result of me making a appropriately, and with the understanding that “cold call” to the Austrian Consulate. Initiative, some requests simply cannot be fulfilled. So, what certainly; but a touch of serendipity as well. But might one do while waiting for that serendipitous being proactive must include an appreciation for encounter or a directive from the department chair what is appropriate. That is, when contacting or work supervisor?

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Fortunately, there are several ways the interested  Join and attend the annual meetings student/scholar/practitioner can find opportunities of criminology and criminal justice for cross-national collaboration. organizations for countries and world  Become an active member of the ACJS regions where you have research International Section interests. Examples include the Asian (www.acjs.org/international_section.cfm) Criminological Society and the ASC Division of International (http://www.ntpu.edu.tw/college/e4 Criminology /acs/home.php), the Australian and (www.internationalcriminology.com/) and New Zealand Society of Criminology interact with others who share your (www.anzsoc.org/), the British comparative studies interest and, Society of Criminology importantly, who may be able to put you in (www.britsoccrim.org/), the touch with specific people in your country of Canadian Criminal Justice interest. Association (www.ccja-acjp.ca/en/),  Use the ASC membership directory by the European Society of country Criminology (www.esc- (www.asc41.com/director/frame.htm) to eurocrim.org/), and the Law and identify and contact ASC members from Society Association your country of interest. (www.lawandsociety.org/). Find  Join the Criminology_CriminalJustice_News more associations and other listserv by contacting Professor Hans-Juergen international links at Kerner at hans-juergen.kerner@uni- www.acjs.org/pubs/167_2105_13933 tuebingen.de. Professor Kerner coordinates .cfm and information for a number of European www.internationalcriminology.com/l groups. inks_of_international_interest.  Check the International Criminal Justice  Check the Social Science Research Events Calendar Network (www.ssrn.com/) to identify (http://www.crimeday.net/month.php) for authors writing on your topics of information on meetings, webinars, interest. This is a good way to conferences, and so on throughout the world. become more cross-disciplinary in I think you will be amazed at how much is your literature reviews and to increase going on worldwide. the possibility that you will stumble across a person from both another country and another discipline doing research in your interest area.

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 Be on the lookout for international engaging in joint efforts with colleagues in

organizations holding their annual other countries. The possibilities for research meeting in your country. For example, topics are endless, and the potential rewards from October 27-November 1, 2013, the for science and for our students are second International Corrections and Prisons only to the potential for increased Association (ICPA) will hold its annual international understanding” (Reichel & meeting in Colorado Springs, CO (see Rzepliński, 1989, p. 80). www.icpa.ca/news/1489). Gary Hill (personal communication, December 11, References 2012) notes one of the interesting panels Reichel, P. L., & Rzepliński, A. (1989). will include persons in Russia and the Student views of crime and criminal U.S. giving short presentations, reacting justice in Poland and the United States. International Journal of to each other and participating in Comparative and Applied Criminal audience questions and comments. Justice, 13(1), 65-81. During the session, members of the audience will be invited to contact panel Winterdyk, J., & Cao, L. (Eds.). (2004). members with suggested joint research or Lessons from international/comparative practical projects. criminology/criminal justice.  Make use of Internet sites designed to Willowdale, ON: de Sitter.

encourage collaboration, such as *Philip Reichel is Professor of Criminal Justice at Academia.edu the University of Northern Colorado and ACJS (www.academia.edu/about) and Trustee-At-Large. He has authored numerous Mendeley scholarly works and has lectured at universities in (www.mendeley.com/features/collaborat Austria, Germany, and Poland. Professor Reichel e/). has also presented papers in Brazil and Vienna and was an invited speaker at Zhejiang Police

College in Hangzhou, China. Whether by chance or design I hope that

you take or make the opportunity to engage

in cross-national collaboration. It is

remarkably rewarding and enjoyable. With that in mind, it seems appropriate for me to close with the words used to end that first collaborative article back in 1989. They seem rather quaint now, but still relevant: “Finally, we would like to encourage other teacher/researchers to consider

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Solicitation Season at the National Institute of Justice

justice system. What kinds of projects deliver the greatest results for the fewest dollars? Which show the most long-term promise? Which issues deserve more attention than they have received? Along the way toward developing answers, we must heed the input of practitioners, cultivate the next generation of criminal justice scholars, and maintain fair and transparent procedures. Our Technical Working Groups (or TWGs), composed of representatives from the forensic, industrial, Greg Ridgeway, Acting Director, National commercial and academic communities (and, Institute of Justice* in some cases, international participants), assist us in understanding the needs of their fields and help us focus on the key issues in The onset of the new year marks the their respective disciplines. start of NIJ’s solicitation season for fiscal year

2013. Our goal, as always, is to provide resources for the most precise, thorough, and Each fiscal year, we issue solicitations innovative ideas for criminal justice research. in our three bedrock research areas: forensic We list upcoming funding opportunities on sciences, social sciences, and physical NIJ.gov. (Keyword: Forthcoming Funding). sciences and technology. DNA testing plays a Subscribe to get an e-mail notice when key role in our funding opportunities this solicitations are officially released. year, as it does in the modern criminal justice sphere. As in prior years, NIJ will seek to Solicitations for 2013 will be issued fund both basic and applied research and through approximately April, with peer development in forensic science for criminal review panels held March through May. Final justice purposes. decisions are made throughout the summer with successful applicants announced in In the social science realm, several August and September. The entire process topics we have been working on for several will conclude, and all awards will be made, by months have recently surfaced in the news as October 1. critical areas in need of research: the presence of police officers and crime control NIJ’s research agenda is built around technologies in the nation’s schools and challenging questions relating to how NIJ can research about firearms and children’s best affect and improve our nation’s criminal exposure to violence. Other social science

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research and evaluation solicitations will address pervade all that we do and will be a major geospatial predictive policing strategies; violence aspect of funding decisions. With NIJ’s new against women (specifically teen dating violence, Office of Research Partnerships in place, we sexual violence and intimate partner violence and, are making deeper and stronger connections separately, violence committed against Indian with our researcher and practitioner women in tribal communities); abuse, neglect and partnering networks. exploitation of the elderly; white collar crime; and – another timely subject matter – the impact of social As always, peer review panels will media on policing. score all proposals. Generally, only about 20 percent of applications make it completely Postdoctoral fellowships will be offered in through the process. Ensure that yours is one the areas of Native American crime and of them by proposing creative and rigorous victimization, and teen dating violence in projects, following instructions exactly, and understudied populations, as well as through NIJ’s demonstrating how your planned research is Graduate Research Fellowship Program FY 2013 in step with NIJ’s priorities. and the W.E.B. Du Bois Fellowship for Research on Race, Gender, Culture, and Crime FY 2013. Finally, NIJ invites you to keep up with solicitations as they are released by Solicitation titles in the area of physical subscribing to our alert service. To sign up, sciences and technology include “The Impact of visit our Funding home page Safety Equipment Modalities on Reducing (http://www.nij.gov/nij/funding/welcome. Correctional Officer Injuries”; “Establishing a htm), look for “Find a Funding National Criminal Justice Technology Research, Opportunity,” and click on “Sign up for an Test, and Evaluation Center”; “Evaluating the e-mail update whenever we release a new Efficacy of Lighting, Marking, and Paint Schemes solicitation.” in Reducing the Incidence of Vehicle Crashes”; and (timely again) “Applied We are excited to see the depth and Technology Research and Development to breadth of ideas that will emanate from our Optimize Criminal Justice Use of Social Media in valued colleagues in criminal justice research the ‘Web 3.0’ Environment.” this year. We hope many of you will apply. Research proposed to and funded by NIJ must be rigorous in its scientific methods. This *Greg Ridgeway joined the National Institute of point cannot be underscored enough. NIJ’s Justice in July 2012 as a Deputy Director. He commitment to stringent research and evaluation in became NIJ's Acting Director in January 2013 all sciences, social and physical, will continue to be when Director John Laub left NIJ to resume his emphasized this year. professorship at the University of Maryland. Partnerships are another important facet of Ridgeway came to NIJ from the RAND NIJ’s mission in 2013. Although “Building Corporation in Santa Monica, California. He Criminal Justice Partnerships” will be the specific received his Ph.D. in Statistics from the University of Washington. title of just one solicitation this year, the theme will

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GREETINGS! Craig looked at me, and with that kind of auspicious look he gets when he wants something, A year ago when I was he asked me if it would be possible to have all of going through the them done by the Annual Meeting in Dallas, Texas, archives of ACJS in in March of 2013 – our 50th Anniversary Greenbelt, Maryland, two Celebration. I looked at him like he was crazy, but, things struck me after enticing me with the offer of beer, I relented immediately upon and agreed. Thus began a year of trying to gather

entering the National information on the past 50 presidents of ACJS. Willard M. Oliver* Office. The first was that there was no memorabilia, plaques, pictures, etc. In some cases it has been relatively easy. I hanging on the walls. The second was the surfed the web, found biographies on the past deplorable condition of the carpets – apparently an president’s institutional website, or located books earlier contractor has used cheap carpets and really and articles they had written, thus collecting scraps toxic glue which penetrated the carpet’s surface of information to put together the biography. In leaving a really ugly series of stains. The latter was other cases, it was not so easy. Often sources used fixed by the installation of new carpet, while the the same biographical sketch, thus I had what former I resolved to begin addressing over the next amounted to about three sentences of information three-plus years. Then I made the mistake of talking and no more. I ultimately found myself drawing to our current ACJS President, Craig Hemmens. upon the assistance of an untold number of people to provide me with additional background and sources I explained to Craig that one of my goals was over the past year. I have, unfortunately, lost track to capture a picture of every past president of ACJS, of everyone who has helped me, but please know if and to write a one-page biography for each. These you were someone I contacted for help, it is greatly could then be displayed in the National Office, appreciated. stretching down the hallway, as a means of preserving our institutional heritage. In addition, the Photos also proved difficult at times. The one page biographies could be placed on the ACJS goal was to find a photo from the time each of the 50 website, under the Past Presidents list with a link to scholars had served as President of ACJS. Again, in their respective PDF file. I figured I could some cases that was relatively easy, in others, I was potentially write maybe five or six a year, and hunting through institutional libraries, university eventually myself, or someone else would have all of yearbooks, and any other source from which I could the biographies on the wall and available on the capture the likeness of the past president. As a website. Then it would only be a matter of adding result, I had to rethink how to present the photos due one per year. to low quality for some.

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Initially the search was very slow, as outside of the ballroom (Exhibit Hall). I hope you many of the early presidents are now deceased. find the biographies as interesting as I have, and Obituaries proved most helpful in these that you see this as a means of preserving our instances, at least where I could find them. As organization’s history. I moved forward, the pace has picked up, for those past presidents that are still active in In closing, for this month’s Historian’s teaching, all I merely had to do was download Corner, I wanted to include an example of the their vitae, write the draft, send it to them to biographies I am writing for each of the Past proof, and I had their one-page biography Presidents of ACJS. I have decided to include the completed. My thanks also go out to all of the biography of Felix Fabian, both our 2nd and 12th past presidents for their fast turn around and President. Enjoy! correcting all of my mistakes.

I must say, over the past year, I have learned a lot about our history and I have come into contact with a lot of really interesting people. For instance, I never knew that the inventor of the Breathalyzer, a machine I used frequently as a police officer, was invented by one of our past presidents (Robert F. Borkenstein, 6th President), or that two individuals served as president twice (Felix Fabian, 2nd and 12th ACJS President; Gordon Misner, 9th and 14th ACJS President)! I even Felix Monroe Fabian, Sr. was born in got to correspond and speak with the son of one Anderson, Texas on March 3, 1915. He of the past presidents, Dr. John Fabian, who graduated from Lamar High School in Houston, served on several early Space Shuttle Missions Texas, in 1933. In his early adult life, during the with NASA. It was really a pleasure talking Great Depression, he worked as a movie theater with him. usher and in the oil fields of northeast Texas. While working the oil fields he met Amy The results of the one year’s worth of Blanchard Seip and they married on April 6, 1936 research and writing the biographies is about to in Marshall, Texas. come to fruition. At the Annual Meeting in Dallas in March of 2013, the plan is to present Felix Fabian became a police officer with each conference pre-registrant with a the Houston Police Department, just prior to the commemorative book that will have not only start of World War II. After the war, he enrolled the History of ACJS (see the last issue of ACJS at the University of Houston to earn a Bachelor’s Today regarding this project), but will feature degree in police science while still working full all 50 one-page biographies. In addition, we time with the police department. Upon graduation will be displaying the biographies as posters set in 1950, Felix was offered an instructorship at Washington State University. There, he joined on easels in the large main reception area

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the police science program under the leadership of renamed organization, in the years 1974-1975.

Dr. V.A. Leonard, who advised him to quickly earn According to his son, Astronaut Dr. John a doctorate in order to give this new and growing Fabian, his father “was very proud of his discipline some academic legitimacy. So, while involvement with the Academy of Criminal teaching, he began work on his Masters of Science Justice Sciences.” degree in police science, graduating in 1953. He then went on to earn his Ph.D. in public Felix Fabian’s son also noted that his administration at the University of Idaho in 1965 at father “loved teaching and was very popular the age of 50. with his students.” This sentiment is echoed by Dr. Robert Keppel, a professor of Criminal After having taught at Washington State Justice at the University of New Haven and University for twenty years, he moved to Lincoln, author of the book The Riverman: Ted Bundy Nebraska, in 1971, taking a teaching position at the and I Hunt for the Green River Killer, who University of Nebraska. Staying only a short time was a student of Dr. Fabian’s in the late period, he moved back home to Texas in 1974, 1960s. “Felix was my favorite Police Science specifically to Corpus Christi, where he accepted a and Administration Professor,” noted Dr. position in what was then known as Texas A&I, Keppel, “I took fingerprinting and today Texas A&M – Corpus Christi. He was given identification techniques from him.” Dr. the opportunity to become the first and founding Keppel fondly remembers that Felix was “tall, faculty member of the criminal justice program at all the time cracking jokes, and was an avid Corpus Christi and he relished the role. sports follower.”

In the early 1960s, a number of criminal Dr. Felix Fabian retired from Texas justice professors wanted to take a different A&M Corpus Christi in 1982. He and his direction from that of the American Society of wife spent their golden years in Longview, Criminology (ASC). ASC was moving away from Texas. Dr. Fabian died on December 18, the police science perspective of its founder, August 1990, and was followed by his wife Amy in Vollmer, the Chief of Berkeley Police Department 1998. and a former Professor at the University of California at Berkeley. A number of police science *Willard M. Oliver, Ph.D., is a Professor of professors, including John P. Kenney, Edward Criminal Justice at Sam Houston State Ferris, and Felix Fabian met in May of 1963 in University, as well as Past President and Pullman, Washington, and created a new Regional Trustee of the Southwestern organization: The International Association of Association of Criminal Justice. Professor Police Professors (IAPP). Dr. Fabian was Oliver holds a doctorate in Political Science instrumental in moving this organization forward from West Virginia University and has and served as the second President in the 1964-1965 published in journals, such as, Criminal academic year. Dr. Fabian also took part in Justice Review, Journal of Criminal Justice promoting the name change at the 1969 Annual Education, Police Quarterly, and the Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, becoming the American Journal of Criminal Justice, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS). He among others. He presently serves as the

would serve as President once again, of the newly ACJS Historian.

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ACJS Today

Editor: Robert M. Worley, Ph.D. ACJS Today Department of Criminal Justice Publication Dates Texas A&M University January Central Texas March 1901 S. Clear Creek Road May Killeen, Texas 76549 September Phone: 254.519.5706 November [email protected] Copyright © 2000 by the Academy of Criminal Historian: Willard Oliver, Ph.D. Justice Sciences. All rights reserved. Distributed Sam Houston State University to all current members of ACJS. College of Criminal Justice P.O. Box 2296 Submission Deadlines Huntsville, TX 77341 December 15th Phone: 936.294.4173 February 15th [email protected] April 15th August 15th ACJS National Office October 15th Mary K. Stohr: Executive Director The editor will use his discretion to accept, reject or [email protected] postpone manuscripts.

Mittie D. Southerland: Executive Article Guidelines Director Emeritus [email protected] Articles may vary in writing style (i.e. tone) and length. Articles should be relevant to the field of Cathy L. Barth: Association Manager criminal justice, criminology, law, sociology or related [email protected] curriculum and interesting to our readership. Please include your name, affiliation and email address,

which will be used as your biographical information. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Submission of an article to implies that P. O. Box 960 ACJS Today Greenbelt, Maryland 20770 the article has not been published elsewhere nor is it currently under submission to another publication. Office Location: Minimum length: 700 words 7339 Hanover Parkway, Suite A Maximum length: 2000 words Greenbelt, MD 20768-0960 Photos: jpeg or gif Tel.: (301) 446-6300; (800) 757-ACJS (2257) Text format: Microsoft Word, RTF, TXT, or ASCII Fax: (301) 446-2819 Citation Style: APA 5th Edition Website: http://www.acjs.org

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ACJS 2012 – 2013 Executive Board

President Regional Trustees Craig Hemmens Missouri State University Region 1—Northeast Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice L. Edward Day 901 S. National Avenue Associate Professor Springfield, MO 65897 Criminal Justice and Sociology 417-836-6290 Penn State Altoona [email protected] 3000 Ivyside Park President Elect Altoona, PA 16601-3760 James Frank 814-949-5780 University of Cincinnati [email protected] School of Criminal Justice Region 2—Southern P.O. Box 210389 Alexis J. Miller Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389 Department of Political Science & Criminal Justice 513-556-5832 Northern Kentucky University [email protected] 859-572-1320 Second Vice President [email protected] Brian Payne Region 3—Midwest Georgia State University Brad Smith Department of Criminal Justice Wayne State University P.O. Box 4018 Department of Criminal Justice Atlanta, GA 30302 3291 Faculty/Administration Building 404-413-1020 Detroit, MI [email protected] 313-577-0975 Immediate Past President [email protected] Melissa Barlow Region 4—Southwest Fayetteville State University David Montague Department of Criminal Justice University of Arkansas at Little Rock 1200 Murchison Road Department of Criminal Justice Fayetteville, NC 28301 2801 South University Avenue 910-672-1972 RH-539 [email protected] Little Rock, AR 72204 Treasurer 501-683-7509 David F. Owens [email protected] Chairperson, Criminal Justice Department Region 5—Western/Pacific Onondaga Community College David Mueller 4585 West Seneca Turnpike Boise State University Syracuse, NY 13215-4585 Department of Criminal Justice 315-498-2670 1910 University Drive [email protected] Boise, ID 83725 Secretary In Memoriam Roslyn Muraskin Professor Executive Director CW Post Campus of Long Island University Mary K. Stohr Department of Criminal Justice Missouri State University 720 Northern Boulevard 901 South National Avenue Riggs 103 Springfield, MO Brookville, NY 11548 417-836-5814 In Memoriam [email protected] Executive Director Emeritus Trustees-at-Large Mittie D. Southerland Jill A. Gordon 1525 State Route 2151 Associate Professor Melber, KY 42069 Virginia Commonwealth University 270-674-5697 L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs 270-674-6097 (fax) 923 W. Franklin Street, Room 319 [email protected] Richmond, VA 23284-2028 Association Manager—Ex Officio 804-827-0901 Cathy L. Barth [email protected] P.O. Box 960 Philip L. Reichel Greenbelt, MD 20768-0960 University of Northern Colorado 301-446-6300 2506 57th Avenue 800-757-2257 Greeley, CO 80634 301-446-2819 (fax) 970-351-2107 [email protected] [email protected] Nicole Leeper Piquero Professor University of Texas at Dallas Program in Criminology Richardson, Texas 75080 972-883-2485 [email protected]

Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences ACJS Today P.O. Box 960 Greenbelt, Maryland 20768-0960