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Economic Analysis of Artificial Recharge and Recovery of Water in Butler Valley, Arizona

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Economic Analysis of Artificial Recharge and Recovery of Water in Butler Valley, Arizona Economic analysis of artificial recharge and recovery of water in Butler Valley, Arizona Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Abe, Joseph M. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 15:39:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191885 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND RECOVERY OF WATER IN BUTLER VALLEY, ARIZONA by Joseph Michael Abe A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN WATER RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1986 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: 77/k6/4-dA Michael D. Bradley /96 Professor of Hydrology and Water Resources ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express sincere thanks to Dr. Michael D. Bradley, Dr. Bonnie C. Saliba, Dr. Daniel D. Evans, and Floyd L. Marsh for their comments and guidance during the preparation of this thesis. Significant technical contributions were received from Dr. L. G. Wilson and Michael D. Osborn of the Water Resources Research Center, the University of Arizona and Dr. D. N. Contractor of the Department of Civil Engineering, the University of Arizona. I also wish to thank Jessie Fryer for her outstanding job of typing the document and Ann Cotgageorge and Marie Engle for their excellent graphics work. My greatest thanks are extended to my family and close friends whose love and support made this achievement possible. The work upon which this thesis is based was supported in part by funds provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., under the Federal Water Resources Research Institute Program. Contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES viii NOMENCLATURE ix ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose and Scope 1 Physical Setting 4 Institutional Setting 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Artificial Recharge Methods 9 Surface Spreading 10 Recharge Wells 17 Comparing Methods 21 Economic Assessment of Artificial Recharge 24 Defining the Economic Problem 25 Benefits of Artificial Recharge. • • • 35 Costs of Artificial Recharge 38 Comparing Alternatives 39 Summary 41 3. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 43 Selection 43 Technical Constraints 44 Description of Project Alternatives 47 Design 56 Conveyance System 58 Recharge Facilities 67 Estimating Engineering Costs 69 Capital Costs 70 Annual costs, Maintenance and Energy Costs 75 Computing Unit Costs 79 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page 4. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 82 Comparing Project Alternatives 82 Recharge Schemes 83 Recharge vs. No Recharge 85 Sensitivity Analysis 91 Benefits 97 Seasonal and Long-Term Storage . 97 Existing Ground-Water Resources. 99 Option Value 101 Opportunity Costs 103 Water, Energy and Land 103 Other Resources 105 Social Impact Analysis 105 Distributional Effects 106 Environmental Effects 108 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 110 APPENDIX A: DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR CONVEYANCE SYSTEM 116 APPENDIX B: DESIGN OF RECHARGE AND RECOVERY FACILITIES 126 APPENDIX C: COST ESTIMATES AND COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES 132 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 164 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1.1 Map showing physical boundaries of Butler Valley; inset map showing location in Arizona. 5 2.1. Map view of interconnected spreading basins and supply ditch (modified from Ansano, 1985) 11 2.2 Series of recharge ponds along section of stream channel (modified from Ansano, 1985). 15 2.3 Diagram of recharge well showing cone of impression and recharge conduits 18 2.4 Conceptual plan of dual-purpose well field and treatment facilities 20 3.1 Hydrologic continuity between stream sediments and aquifer (after Herndon, 1985). 45 3.2 Basin hydrogeology of similar alluvial basins in the region; recharge areas shown along basin margins (after Pool, 1984) 46 3.3 Plan A--spreading basins/recovery wells . • • 49 3.4 Plan B--recharge/recovery wells 51 3.5 Plan C--spreading basins and in-channel recharge/recovery wells (route Y) 53 3.6 Plan D--spreading basins and in-channel recharge/recovery wells (route z) 55 3.7 Map showing selected transmission routes into Valley 60 3.8 Transmission route profile showing total delivery head and components 63 vi vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Figure Page 4.1 Comparison of Project unit costs with agricultural, municipal and industrial average unit costs in Arizona 89 4.2 Unit cost versus discount rate for Plans A-D 93 4.3 Unit Cost versus design period for Plans A-D 94 4.4 Unit cost versus power rate for Plans A-D 96 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of Plans A-D. 86 viii NOMENCLATURE Abbreviation Meaning AF acre-foot (acre-feet) AF/yr acre-feet per year BHP brake horsepower cost (dollars) $/AF cost per acre-foot $/cy cost per cubic yard $/hp cost per unit horsepower $/kwh cost per kilowatt-hour $/lf cost per linear foot cfs cubic feet per second cy cubic yard ft foot (feet) ft/sec feet per second fqyr feet per year ft feet squared gpd gallons per day gpm gallons per minute H total delivery head in inch kw kilowatt(s) kwh kilowatt-hour(s) mg million gallons mgd million gallons per day mi mile O&M operation and maintenance OM&E operation, maintenance and energy ppm parts per million volumetric flow rate sec second WHP water horsepower ix ABSTRACT Costs per acre-foot of water artificially recharged and recovered are estimated for selected plans in assessing the economic viability of conjunctive management of Butler Valley, Arizona and imported surface water delivered by the Central Arizona Project (CAP) aqueduct. Proposed artificial recharge methods which are consistent with previous technical studies in the Valley include spreading basins, channel modification and recharge wells. Calculated recharge/recovery costs for selected plans range from $94 to $488, depending on discount rate, design period and power rate. Identified benefits of the Butler Valley Project include seasonal and long-term storage, development of existing ground-water resources and value of assuring access to future water supplies under uncertain physical and socioeconomic conditions. With the implementation of proper water-management strategies, preliminary results indicate that conjunctive management of Butler Valley and CAP water might offer potential benefits to municipalities, industry and agriculture in Arizona. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overdraft of existing ground-water resources in Southern Arizona has directed attention toward measures that might secure future water supplies. Conjunctive management of imported surface water and ground-water basins is one of the alternatives being investigated. Several alluvial basins located along the construction route of the Central Arizona Project (CAP) aqueduct are being examined to determine their conjunctive-use potential (Marsh, 1984; Herndon, 1985). By storing excess surface water in the alluvial basins during wet periods, reduced water deliveries during seasonal and long-term shortages could be supplemented by ground-water withdrawals. Artificial recharge in the context of this investigation is the process by which surface water is placed into the alluvial basins. Assessment of the desirability of a particular recharge project requires examination of technical, institutional and economic factors. Purpose and Scope Butler Valley, an alluvial basin adjacent to the CAP aqueduct in west-central Arizona, is a potential site for 1 2 conjunctive-management operations. The purpose of this study is to assess the economic viability of artificial recharge and recovery of water using the Valley aquifer. To accomplish this goal, the following tasks are undertaken: 1. literature review of artificial recharge methods with particular emphasis on economic analysis, 2. selection, design and cost estimation of feasible Project alternatives, 3. cost-benefit analysis of Project alternatives, 4. summarize results, draw conclusions and recommend future investigations. Review of literature on artificial recharge aids in problem formulation and provides insight into methods of project appraisal. Technical studies describe artificial recharge methods used for specific sites. Reported physical characteristics affecting project design include basin hydrogeology,
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