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Translators As Agents of Lexical Transfer: Evidence from the Standardization of Curaçaoan Papiamentu

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Translators As Agents of Lexical Transfer: Evidence from the Standardization of Curaçaoan Papiamentu TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER: EVIDENCE FROM THE STANDARDIZATION OF CURAÇAOAN PAPIAMENTU Courtney Garfield Parkins Ferrón Dipòsit Legal: T 980-2015 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 COURTNEY G. PARKINS-FERRÓN TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER: Evidence from the standardization of Curaçaoan Papiamentu DOCTORAL THESIS UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Tarragona 2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 COURTNEY G. PARKINS-FERRÓN TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER: Evidence from the standardization of Curaçaoan Papiamentu DOCTORAL THESIS Supervised by Prof. Anthony Pym Intercultural Studies Group UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI Department of English and German Studies Tarragona 2014 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 Abstract The standardization of a creole language selects, codifies, elaborates and facilitates the acceptance of one creole variety as the standard. But what the process does not have the power to do is prevent its speakers from using, in their creole, lexical items from other languages. For a creole in the process of standardization, there are two kinds of transfer of lexical items. One kind involves the creole generating lexical forms from its historical resources. The other involves transferring lexical forms from languages to which the creole is not related. This double process is the focus of this research. The creole under study is Curaçaoan Papiamentu, which is the Caribbean creole that is the furthest promoted in terms of its standardization, fully official status and use in all domains in its society. It also co-exists with two other official languages, English and Dutch, to which it is not linguistically related. This research investigates whether professional Papiamentu translators act as agents of lexical transfer into Papiamentu and, if so, also whether they do it in a subservient manner. The research adopts a mixed-methods, multilevel-model approach and is triangulated. The quantitative aspect is based on a questionnaire sample of 205 subjects, that is, 100 Papiamentu translators (51 exclusive translators and 49 translators- and-writers) and 105 Papiamentu non-translators. These were drawn from a total of 275 potential subjects, that is, 125 translators and 150 non-translators, which I assumed to be more or less the entire population of professional Curaçaoan Papiamentu translators and writers in the country. The sample is analyzed through a set of significance tests. The qualitative aspect develops from an open-ended question in the questionnaire and an interview sample of selected language planning personnel. It also builds on an analysis of selected Papiamentu translated and non-translated texts. The quantitative results show that in general the translators make more lexical transfers than do the non-translators, and that language prestige, text sensitivity, employment stability, professional experience and formal training play important roles in this. The qualitative results show that it is ultimately the official language-planning authorities who carry out, by consensus and not by fiat, the formal admission of all lexical items into Papiamentu. But in the grand scheme of things, what we find is an overlooked involvement of the translators rather than translator subservience, particularly given that this is a process in which the translators are on the “frontline”, UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 Abstract where they pre-empt whatever the language planners ultimately decide. Finally, the fact that some of the language planners themselves are also translators suggests a further connection between translation and the lexical-transfer process, and hence a confirmation of the translators as agents of lexical transfer. Keywords agency, creole translation, lexical transfer, Papiamentu, Papiamentu translation, sociology of translation ii UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 Certificate of supervision Professor Anthony Pym Intercultural Studies Group URV. Avda. Catalunya 35 43002 Tarragona, Spain http://isg.urv.es/ October 14, 2014 I hereby certify that the present study TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER: EVIDENCE FROM THE STANDARDIZATION OF CURAÇAOAN PAPIAMENTU, presented by Courtney PARKINS-FERRÓN for the award of the degree of Doctor, has been carried out under the supervision of myself at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili. The research and the thesis fulfill all the conditions for the award of an INTERNATIONAL DOCTORATE, in accordance with current Spanish legislation. Professor Anthony Pym President Intercultural Studies Group European Society for Translation Universitat Rovira i Virgili Studies Tarragona, Spain UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI TRANSLATORS AS AGENTS OF LEXICAL TRANSFER Courtney G. Parkins-Ferrón DL: T 980-2015 Acknowledgements First, I give thanks, praise and honor to God who makes all things possible. I owe profound thanks to Prof. Anthony Pym, first of all, for negotiating this dissertation topic with me, and secondly, for his wise, patient and kind supervision thus sparing me the agony of the wild goose chase that I was initially well bent on undertaking. Thanks to my URV colleagues for all their encouragement and support: Drs. Esther Torres Simón, Liu Christy Fung-Ming, Snježana Veselica Majhut, Hui Maggie Ting Ting and Özlem Temizöz. Thanks to Prof. Ezra Engling, for his spirited and guiding discussions relevant to my research, which simultaneously echoed the past when I was a student of his at the University of the West Indies and later a colleague at Lincoln University. Thanks to Daphne Adams, Annette Insanally, Enrique Sabogal and Prof. Mervyn Alleyne who were instrumental in my early formal training in translation in Jamaica. Thanks to my cousin and informal mentor, Prof. Winston James, who has never stopped enquiring about my academic progress and offering his thoughtful advice. It has kept my feet in an even place. Thanks to Dr. Marta Dijkhoff, former minister of education for the Netherlands Antilles, who was always willing to discuss my research with me long-distance, to point me to resources that proved vital to the development of the research, and invited me to Curaçao to carry out my research fieldwork there.
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