Enabling Investments Enabling European Governance of the Energy Transition European Governance of the Energy Transition Enabling Investments
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of energy transition investments in Europe and Italy and in Europe investments transition energy of deployment the from deriving benefits Expected transition projects and opportunities for companies transition and opportunities projects and institutions and energy Plan: Resilience and Recovery National The and operational mechanisms operational and The Next Generation EU Plan: guiding principles EU guiding Plan: Generation Next The The investment opportunity: European and national investment opportunity: The recovery and energy transition and plans energy recovery the energy transitionthe energy achieve to 2030 by needed actions of Assessment the energy transitionthe energy Assessment of the investments needed for needed investments the of Assessment transition targets transition Assessment with respect to 2030 energy 2030 to respect with Assessment to activate the levers of the energy transition energy the of levers the activate to of current trendsAssessment and required investments and decarbonisation of carbon intensive ofand carbon decarbonisation sectors and distribution grids, energy efficiency efficiency energy grids, distribution and energy sources, electricity transmission transmission electricity sources, energy The main levers of the energy transition: renewable renewable transition: energy the of levers main The to the energy transition energy the to The commitment of European and Italian institutions institutions Italian and European of commitment The in Europe and Italy and Europe in The energy transition reference context context reference transition energy The The Study’s Key Study’s The Findings Remarks by the Scientific Committee Committee Scientific by the Remarks Preface
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Table of Figures Table Figures of Bibliography Bibliography of the energy transition of the energy Proposals for an effective governance governance effective an for Proposals Industry Transport Buildings Renewable sources energy at facilitating the governance transition of energy International examples of actions aimed aimed actions of examples International and their impact on the sectors considered in Italy considered sectors the on impact their and governance transition energy to related issues The process of the energy transition in Italy transition energy the of process of theGovernance decision-making and implementation and their impact on the sectors considered in Europe considered sectors the on impact their and governance transition energy to related issues The transport and industry and transport buildings, sources, renewable energy European governance of the sectors considered: considered: sectors the of governance European process of the energy transition in Europe transition energy the of process Governance of the decision-making and implementation implementation and of the decision-making Governance of improvement in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas areas and key elements Italy: in and Europe in The current governance of the energy transition transition energy the of governance current The
220 100 160 183 166 135 155 216 126 177 174 114 141 95
5 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 6 Colophon Managing Partner and Chief Executive Officer, Officer, Executive Chief and Partner Managing Molli De Valerio Director, Enel Foundation International Agency Energy Division, Energy Renewable the of Head Frankl Paolo Executive Director, International Agency Energy Birol Fatih to: thanks Special –ECA Africa for Commission Economic Secretary, United Nations; Executive Under-Secretary-General, Songwe Vera European Commission General for international and cooperation development, Paris for School International Affairs; Former Director- – Po Sciences Action, Climate Creative on Task Force andProfessor Member of the International Independent Stefano Manservisi European Commission KU Leuven; former Director-General for Climate Action, European Institute University – EUI; Visiting Professor Governance, Transnational of School Chair, EIB Climate Delbeke Jos by: composed is Committee Scientific The –Ambrosetti House European The Carlo Papa Enel Europe, of Head Simone Mori Enel Manager, General and Officer Executive Chief Francesco Starace by: composed is Board Advisory The study. the of development the of charge in Team aResearch of and study, the for direction and Committee a Scientific responsible for the strategic steering of the research, Advisory Board Advisory an of composed is team project The
, who provided scientific advice advice scientific provided , who
, , Head of Energy and Environmental Policies, Enel Policies, Environmental and Energy of Head Manuela Terrana –Ambrosetti House European The Department, &Intelligence Scenarios of Head and Partner Lorenzo Tavazzi –Ambrosetti House European The Analyst, Nicolò Serpella Senior Researcher, Enel Foundation Sartori Nicolò Director,Deputy Enel Foundation Carlo Napoli Director,Deputy Enel Foundation Giuseppe Montesano –Ambrosetti House European The Assistant, Ines Lundra Intern, Enel Foundation Maria Lelli Coordinator Project –Ambrosetti, House European The Consultant, Arianna Landi Director,Deputy Enel Foundation GiovanniniLaura Ambrosetti – House European The Office, Brussels of Head Francesco Di Lodovico –Ambrosetti House European The Analyst, Federica Dalponte Enel Aid, State and Antitrust of Head Paolo Chiricozzi –Ambrosetti House European The Consultant, Senior Brioschi Benedetta –Ambrosetti House European The Analyst, Bracchi Alessandra Senior Researcher, Enel Foundation Mirko Armiento Enel Affairs, European Policies, Climate and Energy of Head Daniele Maria Agostini order): (alphabetic by Team composed is Research The
Regulation For Renewable Development Iberia, Endesa V. Javier Rodriguez Dominguez Italy Enel Legislative, of Head Maria Paola Quaglia Enel Head of Business Development Italy, Power Generation, Eleonora Petrarca Enel Stakeholders, and EU Associations of Head LusardiRoberta Enel Italy, Regulatory Networks, and Infrastructure Specialist, Senior Giulio Lenaz X Enel Marketing, -Strategic Competitors and Analysis Market Analyst, Paolo Lieb Karpel Italy Enel Affairs, Institutional and Sustainability of Head Iaccarino Fabrizio Development Italy, Enel Head of Business Development Wind - Business Rasha Ghazy Enel Italy, Regulatory Networks, and -Infrastructure Rete eCommerciale Unbundling of Head Simona Franci X Enel Marketing, -Strategic Competitors and Analysis Market Alejandro Falkner Falgueras Enel Italy, Regulatory Networks, and Infrastructure - eConnessioni Servizio del Qualità of Head Dota Mariacristina Enel Italy, Regulatory Networks, and Infrastructure of Head Mariangela Di Napoli Unit, Enel Stakeholders Communication manager – European Associations and Niccolò Della Bianca X Enel Marketing, Strategic of Head Chiara Dalla Chiesa Enel Italy, Regulatory Networks, and -Infrastructure Innovativa eRegolazione Misura of Head Valentina Alagna order): (alphabetical to thanks Special
Business Development Solar, Power Generation Italy, Enel Marco Zaccaria Regulation Endesa Portugal, Ricardo Antonio Torcato Ferrao X Enel Marketing, Strategic - Competitors and Analysis Market Analyst, Market Valeria Sergi X Enel Marketing, -Strategic Competitors and Analysis Market of Head Sartori Emanuela
7 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 8 Colophon Energy, European Commission Head of Cabinet, Cabinet of Commissioner Kadri Simson - Stefano Grassi Laboratory, ENEA Technologies Storage Electric and Mobility of Head Antonino Genovese Energy Save to Alliance European The Chairman, Monica Frassoni Programme Leader, E3G Lisa Fischer Kyoto Club Chairman, Vice Francesco Ferrante Head of Energy, Legambiente Katiuscia Eroe Mobility and Infrastructure Sustainable of Ministry Italian Minister, the with collaboration direct of Head Giuseppe Pasquale Roberto Catalano University Luigi Bocconi of Economics;Professor Energy Director of Africa Lab, Director of the Master in Green Management; Di CastelnuovoMatteo Legambiente Chairman, Stefano Ciafani ofUniversity Rome Sapienza La Full of Professor International and European Union Law, Enzo Cannizzaro Piedmont Full of Professor Administrative Law, of University Eastern Liberati Bruti Eugenio ofUniversity Oslo Law, Maritime of Institute Scandinavian Law, Resources and Energy of Department the of Head and Professor Bjørnebye Henrik University Carli Guido Luiss Economics, Energy of Professor Bollino Andrea Carlo -ARERA e Ambiente Reti Energia per Regolazione di Autorità Chairman, Stefano Besseghini Stefano Full of Professor of Economics, University Tor Vergata Leonardo Becchetti Milan of University Regulation, Market of Professor Full Ammannati Laura suggestions: and contributions valuable their for people following the thank to like We would Acknowledgements
COO and Member of the Board, Mobi.e Board, the of Member and COO Videira Alexandre Commission Development and Auctioning, DG Clima – European Policy ETS trading, - Emissions Officer Policy Ruben Vermeeren ofProfessor Administrative Law, of University Pavia Bruno Tonoletti Senior Advisor, AGICI Raffaele Tiscar University Carli Guido Luiss Organization, Industrial and Markets Energy of Professor Emanuele TarantinoEmanuele of Traders Energy Federation -European EFET Chair, Vice Executive Styles Peter Mobility and Infrastructure Sustainable of Ministry Italian Cabinet, of Head Stancanelli Alberto Director of Environment and Area, Confagricoltura Energy Donato Rotundo Donato Futura Elettricità Chairman, Agostino ReAgostino Rebaudengo Florence of School Regulation Executive Deputy Director,Executive Deputy World of Practice, Pototschnig Alberto Adviser to the President, Government of Latvia Professor, European Institute; University Andris Piebalgs -VUB Studies European of Institute forProfessor Environment and Sustainable Development, Obertur Sebastian Municipalities Italian of Association National General, Secretary Veronica Nicotra Executive Director, ERCST Andrei Marcu Ministers of Council the of Presidency Italian Italia”, “Benessere Room Control Chairman, Filomena Maggino ofProfessor Environmental Law, of University Bergamo Angelo Maestroni Milano di Politecnico Department, Energy the of Director Giovanni Lozza Education Coordinator, WindEurope Yamina Guidoum
in the initiative. the in involved and interviewed individuals the of viewpoints and opinions the with coincide not may which opinion their andHouse – Enel Ambrosetti Foundation and represent European The by out carried research and analysis the to exclusively refer study this of contents The and Coordination, - DG Energy European Commission Strategy Policy, Energy Officer Policy Senior Zannier Leonardo Fellow,Senior Bruegel Zachmann Georg Elettrici eSistemi Energia per Director, ENSIEL Interuniversitario - Consorzio Nazionale Domenico Villacci
9 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 10 Preface Preface Chief Executive Officer Officer Executive Chief and Manager, General Francesco Starace Enel The European Union is leading this challenge with its climate and en and climate its with challenge this leading is Union European The “normal”.turn to re post-pandemic the of component ing green the unanimously stressed the importance of enhanc recovery plans adopted all around the world have tive, but also fair and inclusive. Consequently, the an energy transition process that is fast and effec ing the way we live all confirm the importance of value chains essential reshap that are of agement in social relations, consumption patterns and man together with the abrupt acceleration of changes ident than ever. The need to tackle climate change cy with which they need to addressed be more ev lenges and the COVID-19 crisis has made the urgen The world is facing aset of unprecedented chal Last year, “ the Last in Italy). 173,000 to (98,000 million1.4 jobs 997,000 and approximately between range could employment tional 113 billion billion (from 14 Euros in 23 to Euros Italy), while addi 145 to from in Europe grow could sector electricity the of value economic the system, energy adecarbonized towards transition the to thanks 2030, “ Two study the ago, years level. economic and social environmental, an at economy green to a transition of the benefits the investigating been have we Lately, history. in recent had has Europe that portunity op biggest the time, same the at and, achallenge course, of is, This Europe. Future the of construction in the center and front tion decarboniza putting is Europe that confirms 55” package, for “Fit the of release recent the by levels), accompanied 1990 to (compared 55% to 40% from target reduction GHG 2030 the boost to EU decision The Europe’sof recovery. transformation and policies decarbonization green atputting the core EU, the by devised ever plan ambitious EU, most the Generation Next by the confirmed as approach, this to emphasis added has threat, climate global the of worsening the with along crisis, COVID-19 The future. the for vision European the of pillars the of one as unveiled was Deal Green the when mandate, its of outset very the from mission Com Leyen’s der von European by set was target realistic yet bitious am This 2050. by full at decarbonization aimed action, transition ergy Circular Europe Circular Just E-volution 2030 E-volution Just ” study showed that the Circular Econ Circular the that showed ” study ” underlined how by by how ” underlined ------Governance inefficiency leads to very concrete negative consequenc negative concrete very to leads inefficiency Governance come. to years in the make to need we that effort the of magnitude the and transition in the has Europe opportunity the and ambition the fit not do processes) and relations duties, responsibilities, institutional of (in terms system ance govern current the of frameworks the that underlines research The with stakeholders. confronting) local often (and too interacting institutions, local and regional national, by run largely is policies transition energy and climate the of implementation the since ones, local and national the at essential absolutely also is but at the level, EU important course of is inefficiencies such Fixing these issues. EU the at agreed decarbonization towards efforts the of effectiveness limiting the potentially bottlenecks of anumber highlights study The done. be must more Nevertheless, Brussels. by set trajectories domain climate and energy the with align them to and actions States’ Member guide to processes institutional clearer defining at aimed tive direc “governance” first its released –it targets 2030 (then)the new in implementing and initiative, Union Energy the of part –as when 2018, in back Commission European the to clear already was necessity This order to a promote timely effort. and decarbonization smooth in local, to national from and European to global from levels, different at improved be to –needs domain complex –avery policies climate and energy European the of governance the that shows study The transition. energy effective and afast suring en and investments in enabling factor acentral is Governance triad. (ESG) Governance and Social Environmental, pillar the of neglected most the on attention our focused have we why reason the is This opportunity. this reap to want we if up dramatically step to needs investments necessary the implementing of Europe’sthat capability clear is It late. too be would It 2043. by 55” only for “Fit the by set tive objec energy renewable 2030 new the meet would Europe pace, rent cur the at that, underlines it hand, other billion the in Euros Italy). On 8,126 of GDP on billion (424 Euros impact a cumulative have aly) could billion (186 in Euros It in Europe target 2030 the reach to needed gap billion investment Euros 3,564 the closing that hand, one on timates, This year’s study “ year’s study This in Italy). 220,000 and (190,000 million jobs 2.5 and 2.4 between creating and GDP) current of 1-2% to equivalent billion Euros, 29 and 27 GDP, billion 376 of Euros and 296 between (in Italy tween be amount an for in 2018 accounting impact, economic tremendous EU the to a brought already infancy, has in still its though model, omy and national level and proposes a list of suggestions to overcome overcome to suggestions of alist proposes and level national and European Governance of the Energy Transition Energy of the Governance European ” es ------
11 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 12 Preface of authorized projects that can bid in renewables auctions. As an ex an As auctions. in renewables bid can that projects authorized of pipeline available the stifles in Italy plants renewable for procedure authorization the of uncertainty and pace slow the example, For es. globally position in aleading certainly and stronger out Italy,cially will come espe and Europe, time. our – of opportunity greatest the seize – and challenge biggest the with cope will us goal this help achieve to Aiming reality. into ambitions European the transform to condition essential an is It industry. and buildings transport to from grids, to renewables from involved, all sectors for the process decarbonization in the step afundamental therefore is bottlenecks governance the Addressing billion Euros. 1.8 and 1.4 between valued investment potential a lost Italy auction, in asingle that means This allocated. not – was 1,500MW than more – chunk biggest while the allocated, successfully 74MW just of was a capacity in 2021, in Italy bid energy renewable in asingle projects, authorized of alack of because essentially ample, � - - and CEO, The European European CEO,and The House — Ambrosetti House Managing Partner Valerio De Molli Valerio De associated with the energy transition. The European Union needs to de to needs Union European The transition. energy the with associated investments of deployment in linked the agap to be can delays These in Europe. 19 to years compared emerges average on years 29 of adelay targets, these in achieving performance current Italy's assessing 37.9% However,improvements. efficiency renewables energy and +46.4% emissions, GHG -43% 55” package: for “Fit the in linewith be to 2030 for set should Italy that targets new the estimated have teams working dation and Enel ambitiousmore Foun European vision.The House-Ambrosetti and new Commission's European the with it aligning Plan, Climate and Energy National its of targets 2030 the upwards will revise to have Italy months coming In the worse. even is in scenario this performance Italy’s in 2053. only target +36% 2030 estimated the will reach Europe of improvement, level current at the efficiency, energy sidering Con in 2043. only it reaching target, 40% 2030 new the to compared points 13 than percentage more by will Europe fall short newables, later. re for As years in 2051, 21 only GHG on target -55% 2030 new the reach would Europe rate, current the at continuing Indeed, frame. time set in the targets the reach to able be will it not pace current the at since change, this implement to efforts greater needs Europe above. quote in the outlined as path, ambitious very a on transition Europe’s energy setting 55” package, for “Fit recent by the boosted further and confirmed been has effort European The potential. this acknowledged firmly have institutions European ture. fu the for vision a grand develop to driver the become to potential the has It managed. and perceived is sector energy entire the how change to opportunity an moment: transition Europe’s is This energy models. sustainable more to transition the to ented ori system, economic aresilient build to need the underlined further have scenario, reference our of foundations the shaken have years two last in the which changes The recovery. and reconstruction jor ama undergoing now are States Member its and Union European The towards acircular economy”. innovation, that has clean energy, that is moving move on to anew model –one that is powered by reached its limits. And we know that we have to We know that our current fossil fuel economy has want to go and what we need to do to get there. a shared sense of direction. We know where we “We now have ashared sense of purpose. We have Ursula von der Leyen der von Ursula ------
13 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 14 Preface deploy the amount corresponding to the gap, it would be able to acti to able be would it gap, the to corresponding amount the deploy to were Europe if that means This 2.28. to multiplier, equal is which investment electricity the calculated have We benefits. all related the reap and investments these realize to crucial therefore is transition energy the of Europe’s governance the of Italy’s and optimisation The Resilience. and Recovery for Plan National EU Italy’s and Generation Next by the represented is which gap, fillto investment this opportunity in ageneration” a“once have Italy and Europe framework). 55” for pre-“Fit the to (referred investments billion in Euros additional 186 requires transition In energy Italy, the objectives. 2030 the reach to chain value the along investments billion in Euros additional 3,564 ploy Executive Secretary, Economic Commission for Africa ECA) – and the the ECA) –and Africa for Commission Economic Secretary, Executive Nations; United General, Secretary (Under Vera Songwe and mission) for former Climate DirectorLeuven; General Action, European Com Institute European EUI;ernance, University KU Visiting Professor (EIB Transnational of Gov Chair, Delbeke Climate sion), School Jose for European International and Development, Commis Cooperation Director-General Former Affairs; International for School –Paris Po Sciences Action, Climate Task Creative on Force Independent tional Interna the of Member and (Professor Manservisi –Stefano mittee Com Scientific the of contribution invaluable the today, without and debate of forefront the at issue an in exploring teams, their with er togeth Mori, Simone and Papa Carlo Starace, Francesco with starting Foundation, Enel and Enel of management top the of efforts certed con the without possible been have not would study ambitious This future. asustainable and transition energy towards path accelerated a more on continent the put to and sion, dimen international and external their also in Italy, considering and transition governancecurrent of in the shortcomings energy Europe the overcome to 7key proposals elaborated has study the Therefore, for value creation and employment. opportunity seize this important to also but sustainability earth’s the preserve to only not a prerequisite is therefore efficient more it making and transition energy the Governing in 2030. units 173,000 reach could sector technologies electric in the in gain employment net In Italy,forecast the million jobs. 1.4 of gain 2017, over employment anet with increase a30% in 2030, million jobs EU27+UK in the 6.8 reach sector could technologies tric elec in the employment that estimated been has It employment. on impact positive a has electrification by about brought transition energy the Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The by 2019 Moreover, according to “ the study billion in Euros Italy. while 424 10 years, next in the 8trillion GDP than of Euros more vate Just E-volution 2030 E-volution Just ”, in published ------and Ines Lundra Lundra Ines and Dalponte, Federica Bracchi, Alessandra Nicolò Serpella, Brioschi, etta Bened Lodovico, Di Francesco Landi, Tavazzi, Arianna Lorenzo team: –Ambrosetti House European go The to thanks myheartfelt Lastly, thanks. deepest go my whom –to Division) Energy Renewable of (Head Frankl Paolo and Director) (Executive –Fatih Birol Agency Energy International � -
15 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 16 Remarks by the Scientific Committee Remarks by the ScientificCommittee Executive Director, Director, Executive Energy Agency Energy International Fatih Birol Fatih in CO in decrease 5.8% in unprecedented an resulting economy, world the to shock amajor delivered pandemic COVID-19 The goals. emissions to reach long-termcooperation net-zero gas (GHG) greenhouse → are set to have their second largest ever annual increase in 2021, ac in 2021, increase annual ever largest second their have to set are and growth economic renewed with along rebounded have emissions EU Directives. Directives. EU the in implementing States Member of role decisive the highlighting also demand, and supply, infrastructure on impact their and ernance gov to related issues main the into delves It interactions. their and involved the stakeholders Europe, examining processes, legislative in transition energy the of governance current the at look in-depth an takes study The goal. this reach to needed still efforts the lights “ study, This individuals. or households consumers, cities, or companies investors, or innovators all, to whether open that’s action collective needs It legislation. just than more needs transition sustainable and afair attaining But 2050. by zero net reach to industry and society ing Europe’s the across transformational changes needed economy, deliver at aimed measures policy medium-term offers package The by thetive presented European proposals in Commission July 2021. legisla of 55” package for “Fit the Iwelcome why precisely is This pledges. decarbonisation up theirto live to needed actions and steps concrete the identify governments help to sector, energy global the for roadmap 2050” by Zero “Net our In May, published IEA the transition. energy clean hind be momentum global the highlighted countries 40 than more from leaders climate and energy top where 2021, in March Sharma Alok President with Summit Zero Net IEA-COP26 the co-host to delighted Iwas needs. world the success the it make and Presidency COP26 UK government’s the support to hard working been has IEA The action. policy concrete and rhetoric between gap abig still is There transition. energy clean to gone has date to spending covery re government of 2% Tracker only that shows Recovery Sustainable by. us recent Our passing is peak their reached emissions global in which year the 2019 make to opportunity unique Sadly, that path. downward asteady on emissions global place to efforts recovery ic econom their of centre the at sustainability and investments energy clean put must governments that argued IEA the 2020, in March Back cording to from data the (IEA). International Agency Energy There is an undeniable need for urgent action and extraordinary extraordinary and action urgent for need undeniable an is There 2 emissions in 2020. But, since then, global energy-related CO energy-related global then, since But, in 2020. emissions European Governance of the Energy Transition Energy of the Governance European ”, high ------2
University Institute –EUI; Institute University former Director-General former Director-General School of Transnational European Commission Governance, European Governance, for Climate Action, Action, Climate for EIB Climate Chair, Chair, EIB Climate Visiting Professor Visiting Professor Jos Delbeke KU Leuven; KU Leuven;
energy transitions � energy clean much-needed accelerate to decisively in acting lose to time no have Institutions areality. to possibility outside an from 2050 by Zero Net of notion the transform to challenge ahuge faces world The level. Italian and European the both at proposals, policy seven identifies study the transition, the by offered opportunities the of full advantage take and lenges chal existing tackle To benefits. environmental and social nomic, eco numerous delivers transition energy that stresses report The of the Paris Agreement goals the in linewith brings, future climate-neutral the opportunities economic major the seize and leadership global and aEuropean sume as to able will be Italy study, this of proposals policy the realising By fuels. heating and transport on also shortly and sectors, industry and energy in the applied being currently prices carbon of levels significant the and in cars engine combustion internal the of out phasing the as such changes, regulatory important EU introduce will The also through. going is large, at world the EU, the soon that and transition energy low-carbon major the from benefit and contribute to will allow Italy This industry. and buildings, infrastructure, transport, energy, of fields in the triggered will be investments sustainable and low-carbon New procedures. permitting of area in the i.e. changes, regulatory required of arange with connected and well planned are investments provided latter, the of -recipient gest big the not -if amajor be to expected is Italy EU facility. Generation Next new the and budget its with States Member of governance mate cli and energy the EU connects The them. seize to prepared are who those for opportunities fulleconomic of programme, investment huge a represents package The funding. of sources major new to access of context historical the into put be to needs it that is reason major One achieve. to possible nevertheless but combination challenging a is indeed all2030, by 36%, by ficiency ef energy improving and 40%, to energy renewable increasing 1990, to compared 55% by emissions gas greenhouse Reducing standards. pollution and energy pricing, carbon targets, of acombination sents repre which 55” package, for “Fit its proposed EUthe Commission → This study could not have come at a better moment. In June 2021 2021 In June moment. abetter at come have not could study This � ------
17 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 18 Remarks by the Scientific Committee Sciences Po – Paris School School –Paris Po Sciences Action, Climate Creative on Development, EuropeanDevelopment, Former Director General Director General Former Independent Task Force for International Affairs; Professor and Member and Member Professor Stefano Manservisi of the International Cooperation and Cooperation for international Commission
→ package which targets a 55% reduction in net greenhouse gas emis gas greenhouse in net reduction a55% targets which package With the new “Fit for 55” package, but also with the unique historical historical unique the with also but 55” package, for “Fit new the With transfer. technology the and cooperation foster and technologies energy to respect with countries of petences com the enhance to in order importance primary of is States) United the and Africa (in particular partners non-EU and Union European the between relations strengthening In scenario, this sector. industrial in the particularly agreements, international foster to opportunity an as rather measure, aprotectionist as seen be not should Mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon The world. the around partners portant im other by supported not are they if enough be not would efforts its mover, but afirst as acting is Union European the concerned, is topic this as far As products. and sectors intensive carbon to spect re with relations international of equilibrium the changes it as topic important aparticularly is Mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon The mechanisms. pricing carbon of introduction the and ETS the of extension the are measures ambitious and innovative most the Among initiatives. new represent which 5of proposals, 13 of policy consists 55” package for “Fit The 2050. by neutrality climate achieving to path EU the abalanced on put to aims decade next the for ambition Such ambitious. more transition energy and decarbonisation to mitment Europe's com making and renewing levels, 1990 to compared sions On 14 On improvements. efficiency energy and consumption energy in final sources renewable of share the emissions, gas greenhouse of reduction the regarding jectives ob ambitious highly defining and policies adopting 1990s, the since change climate against fight in the role international a leading played has Union European the In context, this States. Member all its and Europe world, whole the facing challenge ambitious an is transition gy Ener superseded. be must fuels fossil on based usage and production energy of paradigm traditional the decarbonisation, achieve to In order society. and economy our rethink to us forcing system, our of vulnerability the highlighted pandemic has increased awareness about ongoing trends and further COVID the evidence, well known very but unfortunate this to tion In addi 1.5°C. below increase temperature the keep to enough doing not is world the 10 years, past the over improvement aslight been has increase in global temperatures Indeed, even of years. recent if there rapid in the reflected is activities human by caused emissions GHG in global increase The all lives. our impacts and borders national yond be goes that challenge aglobal time, our of key challenge the sents The worldThe is facing Climate major transformations. change repre th July 2021 the European Commission announced the “Fit for 55” for “Fit the announced Commission European the 2021 July -19 -19 ------will have to address will address to have States Member its and Union European the challenges the well as as transition, energy the of full potential the of advantage take to in order overcome be must that obstacles the identify to opportunity an offers therefore study The balance. new a find to required are involved tors ac of plurality the and interests economic competences, institutional multilayer where ecosystem acomplex assessing for contribution nal origi an represents it view, of point this From context. in agiven tice in prac realised be can targets ambitious important how of analysis acritical offering chain, value entire the along process transition ergy en in the involved sectors the of Europe's governance understand to aims It it. implement to designed system complex the of credibility the tion “ the is only not such, As future. asustainable for point turning be a can truly era this so that way efficient and dinated in acoor work transition energy the of governance national and pean Euro international, in the involved all actors that importance amount par of is it At stage this before. ever than disposal their at resources more have and years coming in the challenges ambitious more even face States Member its and Union European The before. than evant rel more even Transition becomes Energy the of EU, governance the by Generation the for Next represented decarbonisation opportunity ” study perfectly timed, it also has the unique merit of addressing addressing of merit unique the has also it timed, perfectly ” study � European Governance of the Energy Transi Energy of the Governance European ------
19 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 20 Remarks by the Scientific Committee Under-Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary, Secretary, Executive and Economic Commission United Nations Nations United Vera Songwe for Africa → Morocco, and Rwanda. and Morocco, Ghana, Angola, as such in countries governance sector energy with progress good seeing already are we where reviews, country our tinue con we as report this from We will insights take distribution. and sion in transmis well as as in generation, investments sector private to riers key bar address and identify to in countries landscape regulatory and policy the assess to Foundation RES4Africa and States Member our of some with working be to pleased pillar, very are we governance the On effort. in this countries African support to aims - finance and ance, govern sustainability, of pillars three on –based Initiative SDG7 Our change. climate to respond and deficit access energy huge continent’s the close quickly to 1.7 well over trillion 2050 by and Euros 2030, by 425 billion of Euros order in the investments sector power will require EU the of –which partner energy and economic –key,Africa political, for so particularly is This Europe. beyond relevant are work important ofthis findings The transition. energy the for governance efficient an manage to recommendations policy provides also It in Europe. ments transition that the promotes ergy deployment of transformative invest en sustainable a for model governance effective an defines and sation decarboni for focus ascritical a electrification identifies research The Transition Energy “ on report and research important this on embarked –Ambrosetti House European The and Foundation Enel the that timely therefore is It investments. targeted and governance sound requires This control. under change climate keep to are we if critical is just, but right, transition energy clean global the getting energy, to related are emissions gas all of greenhouse so or two-thirds that Given prosperity. and jobs for resilience climate and recovery in green vest in to ability their limits in turn which challenges, liquidity severe ating cre and space fiscal –reducing countries our for worse matters made has pandemic COVID-19 the of compounding the And education. and health as such in key sectors spending planned from diverted being are that resources are These events. weather extreme to respond to unplanned, budgets, their of 9percent 2and between spending are and – percent 5 on average – GDP of their amounts significant losing are countries African change, climate of impacts economic the of In terms world. the around events weather extreme recent the by dicated in as environment the and economies, communities, on havoc wreak to –duced are emissions for responsible climate change, which continues human-in –i.e., anthropogenic that unequivocally states report The humanity”. for red “code as (IPCC) Change Climate on Panel ernmental Intergov the of Report Assessment Sixth the of report basis science ical The United Nations Secretary-General has rightly described the phys the described rightly has Secretary-General Nations United The ”. European Governance of the of the Governance European ------so while recognizing the special circumstances of African countries countries African of circumstances special the while recognizing so do must we And action. climate for transition energy aglobal for works frame investment and governance right the in place put and up action step to framework multilateral in astrong together work to call clarion last our probably is crises climate the and pandemic COVID-19 the of confluence devastating the that remember us let go COP26, to we As research. the on worked that team the late to congratu I take EuropeanThe this – Ambrosetti. House opportunity and Foundation Enel by project research important very this for ber mem board advisory an as serve to me for pleasure agreat been has It package. action 55” climate for “Fit and Deal EU’sthe Green of implementation the to regard with particularly needs, transition ergy take must intocooperation consideration Africa’s development and en This in Africa. been having decade past the over energy in clean ments invest global of 2percent globally, only with investments energy clean transformative for bastion last the remains Africa that fact that and resources energy clean Africa’s given abundant huge, is action mate cli and transition energy the on cooperation for potential The SDGs. the of attainment and security global promoting and change, climate in tackling well as as trade, in boosting interests common having gions re both and Europe, to being Africa’s 31% of over with exports ners, part trading biggest and neighbours Africa’s of EU one nearest is The � ------
21 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 22 The Study’s Key Findings → The Study’s Key Findings 1 Climate change EU) Generation (Next technologies green on with astrong push to relaunch the economy based ambitious goals (such as the “Fit for 55” package) the global leader of the energy transition, meeting warming below 1.5 degrees, and Europe aims to be The 10 next years will crucial be to keeping global newed and confirmed by the “Fit for 55” package announced on 14 announced 55”package for “Fit by the confirmed and newed re been has commitment The 2050. by neutrality climate achieving to path EU the abalanced on put to aims decade next the for ambition an Such target. 40% set previously the boosting 2030, by levels 1990 to compared 55% least at of reduction emissions gas greenhouse net to 21 EU on Generation Next the Council’s approved European the emergency, COVID-19 the to In response purpose. this for investments appropriate the unprecedented an opportunity has Europe transition, energy the for ambition of level the raised has Commission European the Since transition. energy in the involved all to sectors the approach acomprehensive represent targets, new setting besides that, 13 of policies consists package The 2021. July on 17 on address Union of the State During the efficiency. energy improving and consumption energy in final resources renewable of share the creasing in gases, greenhouse reducing for goals ambitious very defining and ternational level in at role aleading played has Union European the ’90s, the Since years. 30 last in the as in 2034 threshold critical the will reach change temperature global Service, Change Climate Copernicus the by estimates to according Indeed, heating. of 1.5°C exceed or reach to expected is temperature global years, 20 next the over averaged that finds and period, 1850-1900 to compared 1.1°C warming of proximately ap for responsible today are activities human from gases greenhouse of emissions that shows document The ahead. millennia to centuries for ‘irreversible’ already –are rise level sea continued as -such some now, while in motion are shifts the of some and unprecedented, are system Earth’s climate of whole the across changes the any of 2021, in August published report UN-IPCC in the stated As us. of each of life the impacts directly and borders national beyond goes that deavour st July 2020, just four months after the declaration of global pandemic pandemic global of declaration the after months four just 2020, July th September 2020, the European Commission revised its target target its revised Commission European the 2020, September represents the key challenge of our time, a global en aglobal time, our of key challenge the represents in the fight against climate change, adopting policies policies adopting change, climate against fight in the if the warming trend continues to deploy to deploy th - - - - -
→ 2 identified. Mission 2, the “ 2, the Mission identified. key sectors in the investments support to opportunities important provide lion Euros Plan Resilience and Recovery to the submitted version European in Commission April 2021, the Italian Italy Euros billion 500 (around budget long-term 2021-2027 EU the and Generation Next around 30% Indeed, Europe. silient re and sustainable connected, amore create to aims that plan multi-year Next is EU Generation recovery for strategy ropean by the World Health Organization on 11 on Organization Health World the by est amount of financing, equal to about 59 billion Euros, billion59 Euros, to about equal financing, of amount est (+141.7%). The scenario GHG -55% in the 2021-2030 period in the average on Euros billion 2011-2020 58 to period in the 24 average billion on Euros from going investments, 2021-2030 annual in average increase percentage highest the receiving is sector grid power The emissions. GHG -55% of target ambitious more the reach to 2030 and 2020 between ments EuropeanThe significantadditional estimated has Commission invest in the EU and over billion 400 in Italy 10 years, acumulated GDP of over 8trillion Euros reach the 2030 goals could activate, over the next ros in the EU, 186 billion Euros in Italy) needed to Filling the energy investment gap (3,564 billion Eu 3,500 billion Euros billion 3,500 exceeds awhole as system energy the across 2030 by scenario GHG -55% 2011-2020) the (average and scenario tial iner the between gap investment the Overall, scenario. GHG -55% the to according 10 years next +26.4% in of the investment in annual crease in an billion Euros), needs 2011-2020 still (492 but period the over year is the main beneficiary of Next Generation EU. According to the to the EU. According Generation Next of beneficiary main the is . As far as energy transition is concerned, the PNRR resources PNRR the resources concerned, is transition energy as far . As ) is geared towards climate-related projects. projects. climate-related towards geared ) is transport sector transport green revolution green
( PNRR has on average invested the most each each most the invested average on has of the total allocated resources from from resources allocated total the of 235 bil 235 about of atotal to ) amounts th March 2020. The core of the Eu the of core The 2020. March ” is the one receiving the larg the receiving one the ” is 750 billion Euros billion , a 750 30% of the total the of 30% ------. .
23 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 24 The Study’s Key Findings Source →The European and House – Enel Ambrosetti Source Foundation, prepared using European Commission data, 2021. I � FIG Average 2021-2030 in -55% GHG scenario GHG -55% in 2021-2030 Average scenario inertial in 2011-2020 Average 492 Transport 611 +26.4% 622 → 125 Buildings 224 +122.4% decarbonisation in EU27, in (billion 2011-2030 Euros) decarbonisation in investments scenario GHG -55% and investments scenario GHG -40% investments, historical annual Average In Italy, the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC) Plan Climate and esti Energy National In Italy, Integrated the ros Eu billion 424 and Euros to 8,126 equal billion economies to their efit ben induced and indirect a direct, generate could they gap, investment the in unlocking succeed to were Italy and Union European the if Thus, 1.09). of effect induced and 1.19 of indirect and sector electricity in the impact (with GDP adirect of Euros 2.28 is economy the on impact total the sector, electricity in the Euro invested each for that reveals ducted con analysis The in 2016. published Europe’s Investability” powering “Em Enel’s and study –Ambrosetti’s House European in The sented pre results the on leveraging calculated, been has sector electricity of the multiplier GDP the benefit, economic the evaluate to In order Italy.in and in both Europe benefits of anumber generate PNRR, would Italian EU the and Generation Next the by provided resources to also thanks analysed, process transition energy in the involved sectors in the investments of deployment The billion respectively. Euros 38 and 99 targets, PNIEC 2030 policy the reach to investments additional requiring sectors greater renewables and buildings the with 2030, 2017- period the over scenario policy current the to respect with tion mates 278 respectively. in energy transi in energy investments additional of Euros billion 186 Average 2021-2030 in -40% GHG scenario GHG -40% in 2021-2030 Average Renewables 33 44 +87.9% 62 24 Power grid Power 51 +141.7% 58 9 Industry 17 +122.2% 20 ------→ Eurostat and PNIEC, 2021. PNIEC, and Eurostat 1.5% Source holds. trend 2015-2019 same the that assumed been has it onwards, 2021 For account. into taken been have ENEA from estimates 2020, For products. renewable of maturity market the account into take to order in analysis, renewables the in 2019 to 2015 from considered: indicator the to according spans time different of Rate) Growth Annual (Compound CAGR projecting by calculated been have trends Inertial level. European at estimated increase percentage same the projecting by estimated been has Italy for targets updated *The 1990 Trend needed to reach the estimated policy target related to the -55% GHG target at 2030 at target GHG -55% the to related target policy estimated the reach to Trend needed trend* Inertial trend Historical II � FIG 3 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation on European Environment Agency, Environment European on Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → In Italy, the 2030 PNIEC still needs to be revised be to PNIECIn needs 2030 Italy,still the 2043 in them willit achieve pace current at the delay: asignificant shows efficiency(+36%), energy and also (40%) Europe renewables for gets tar other the of achievement the to regard With years. 21 of a delay GHG -55% 2030 new the reach would rope Eu trend, current the at EU vision, ambitious increasingly the Despite transition energy the full environmental, social and economic benefits of tively, and missing aunique opportunity to reap the ging behind on average by 19 and 29 years respec ing to meet the 2030 decarbonisation targets, lag At the current pace, Europe and Italy will risk fail 1 24 years for RES for years 24 of adelay with in Europe, 19 to years compared emerges average on years 29 however, of a delay targets, these in achieving performance current Italy’s Assessing improvements. efficiency energy of 46.4% and ables 37.9% renew of emissions, GHG -43% country: the for considered be can targets PNIEC, the following of the version new in the set could Italy that targets new the estimating By 55” package. for “Fit proposed (% values) (% 1990-2030 Italy, in consumption energy final in (RES) renewables of Share At the moment of writing this report (August 2021). (August report this writing of moment At the and 2053 and respectively. . 20.2% Today 2020 At the current pace, current At the the target in 2054 2054 in target the Italy will reach will Italy target only in 2051 only target 1 according to the new new the to according 37.9% 22.0% Target 2030 , with , with 15.9 p.p. ------
25 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 26 The Study’s Key Findings → III � FIG Source and related projects related and investments of realization and Design policies local and regional Plans, National of Design definition) their to contribution (and mechanisms supporting of Design directives the of Issuing EU targets of Definition support Financial recomendations and solutions policy data, analysis, of Provision principles guiding and objectives general of Definition Member states Europe World 4 Implementation of the directives the of Implementation
The European House — Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and —Ambrosetti House European The 1 → Actors involved in energy transition governance transition energy in involved Actors operational targets: and strategic reaching at aims that transition energy the of agement islative, implementation and monitoring level) concerning the man leg (at tools and procedures rules, roles, of set as the defined been In the present study, the governance the study, transition of the energy present In the some areas) at an EU, Member State and local level tackledbe (as it has already to started done be in governance of the energy transition, which must The slow pace is due in to part shortcomings in the State regions conference regions State (UNFCCC and UNGA European Commission European Regulatory Authorities Development finance Development Council of Ministers European External European EuropeanCouncil United Nations Action Service Action institutions Ministers ) has has - - 3 1 6 (regions, provinces, municipalities, metropolitan cities) metropolitan municipalities, provinces, (regions, The focus of the study is on Italy. 2 Italy. on is study the of focus The European Investment Bank. 7 Bank. Investment European United Nations General Assembly. 4 Assembly. General Nations United Energy–related executive and regulatory agencies ENTSO and DSO Entity Internationalagencies Financing institutions Financing Territorialinstitutions European Parliament European Sovraintendenza (EIB (IEA G7 and G20 Parliament 6 , EBRD , IRENA , The The and local level with differentiated roles and assignments. and roles differentiated with level local and national European, global, the at actors several involving mechanism � � � � European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. and Reconstruction for Bank European 7 , ...) , actions are put in place and results achieved. results and in place put are actions countability, ensuring control provisions, and enforcement that Ensuring volved Maximising them. achieving efficiently and tively Setting sary investments sary neces the of deployment efficient and effective the Facilitating countries. ) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Change. Climate on Convention Framework Nations United governance transition of the energy International Energy Agency. 5 Agency. Energy International , including EU institutions and Member States and non-EU non-EU and States Member and EU, including institutions climate, and environmental energy targets smooth and processes procedures synergies between all the sectors and actors in actors and sectors all the between synergies . Energy—related agenciesEnergy—related 8 states Member 27 Metropolitan Cities 14 Regions 20 Parliament 1 Council states Member 193 International Renewable Energy Agency. Agency. Energy Renewable International is a highly intertwined intertwined a highly is Municipalities 7,904 Provinces 110 energy to related 11 with Commission 1 energy to related 2 Committee with Parliament 1 6 Ministers and setting up ac setting and and effec and DGs - - - -
27 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 28 The Study’s Key Findings 2. grids. transmission and in distribution investments of case in the as guidelines, and ulations leaves gapsmogeneity, often in shared responsibility reg for energy ho of lack the to In addition homogeneous. alwyas not are targets of achievement the for relevant and sector that to related standards the and targets of achievement the measure to mechanisms the sectors, specific of framework legal the that however, mean does, This acts. binding legally adopt and matter this on legislate can EU: the both and rect In In Plan. Recovery the of resources available the by offered opportunity the with aligned quickly be -must them attain to actions -and targets State Member unsatisfactory. and uneven very are results are targets EU aconsequence, As States. Member for binding directly also is sions emis GHG for target while the EU the awhole, of as level the at only but level, State Member at binding not are Framework” Energy and Climate “2030 the out in set targets efficiency energy RESand The ficiencies. inef some to led has which vision, Plan a pre-Recovery on based still is Plans National into transpositions and targets policy managing for targets policy for managing mechanism 3. rent system. cur of the inefficiency the addressing time same the while at actors, in history, assuring timely coordination of various public and private programmes investment biggest the of one implement and layto out States Member by action coordinated and urgent requires This sion. Commis the by provided resources huge the of use good making for responsible are States Member the where asystem to turning sively EU the progres Plan is Recovery the through system, enforcement indirect an with matched level) State Member at also binding duction, re GHG of (with exception the targets State Member non-binding and 1. issues main three by affected is governance transition energy European current The resulting in territo regulations, their apply which municipalities) and provinces cities, tan territorial actors different to assigned are tion 2. process. of the efficiency and effectiveness the limits strongly powers, negotiating and discretional of in general more RES or for plants) process authorisation the within Heritage Cultural of Ministry Italian the of (as case in the powers veto of existence the and responsibility, of area adifferent has involved actors the of municipalities). Each and provinces cities, ropolitan met (regions, institutions local and government central the between and governance of levels different at actors different between 1. transition. energy cessful
fragmentation of competences of competences fragmentation of degree ahigh is In Italy, there need to strengthen the new new the strengthen to need the to connected is issue last The need to implement a new “ anew implement to need the to related is issue second The Competences related to the various dimensions of energy transi energy of dimensions various the to related Competences Firstly, Firstly, Italy ” enforcement , energy governance is affected by five issues limiting a suc a limiting issues five by affected is governance , energy energy and their States by all Member addressed adequately not is ashared is competence . rial and non-uniform differences application of . From a system based on binding EU-wide targets targets EU-wide binding on based asystem . From . The current mechanism mechanism current . The between Member States (regions, metropoli indi ------
→ 5 nal and external dimension) and Italian. and dimension) external and nal (inter European action: of sphere the to according levels different two into grouped been have proposals The challenges. existing the tackle To 7 proposals end, this addressed. be must issues governance outstanding some transition, the by offered nities opportu of the fulltakeadvantage to Nevertheless, benefits. mental environ and social economic, several entails transition energy The seven proposals has been identified and address the governance outstanding issues, To accelerate the EU and Italian energy transition the issue of of issue the to lead also authorities local by transition energy the to commitment 3. authorities. competent the by behaviour discretionary potential to rise gives and procedures level local at laws national role in ensuring the the in ensuring role akey play bodies public Technical administrative attention. particular 4. munities. ments 5. operate. must they which within frameworks regulatory complicated the to and of appropriate figures professional for RES authorisation processes lack skillsrequirements, unmet understaffing, to due mainly ciencies Italian decarbonisation targets. targets. decarbonisation Italian the meet to enough not simply is projects renewable authorised of pipeline the aconsequence, plants). As renewable of installation the for authorisation the obtain to years two of amaximum for provides Package”, RED Energy II, EU that in the “Clean approved rule the spite (de process authorisation the of outcome timing and on uncertainty heavy and times authorisation long overly causes this and inefficient permitting for the procedures renewableple, sources energy exam For analysed. sector each for consequences practical entail level Italian at the of governance issues five the EU in the As case, ofopment charging infrastructure. Oper Point Charge and (DSO) Operators System Distribution and hand, one the on authorities local between in place mechanism cooperation fragmented in the well as as efficiency energy for targets long-term of absence the and framework legislative the of incoherence in the instance, for evident, is uation fragmentation in sectoral policy design policy sectoral in Finally, fragmentation is there Multi-level governance, regional differences and lack of effective effective of lack and differences regional governance, Multi-level also deserves bodies public administrative technical of role The needed for the energy transition. However, they present ineffi However, present they transition. energy the for needed social acceptability efficient and quick deployment of the invest the of deployment quick and efficient . This causes further uncertainty on the the on uncertainty further causes . This ators (CPO), devel other, the the on ators for and and poor involvementpoor have been identified to identified been have of local com local of . This sit . This are are ------
29 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 30 The Study’s Key Findings At National level At National At European Union level Union At European The European House – Prepared by Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, 2021. Foundation, Enel and Ambrosetti by –Prepared House European →The Source IV � FIG 6 3 5 4 2 7 1 are are that Promoting more effective mechanisms to ensure Mechanism Adjustment Encouraging internationally theBorder Carbon EU market integration Adopting approach aregional officially recognising its critical role in the governance of the energy transition, Implementinga of innovation of clusters of companies at local level, ecosystems Promoting afull integration of districts on the other System Operators and Charge Point Operators authorities on the one hand, and Distribution mechanism of interaction Creating ahomogeneous and standardized interventions efficiency forenergy RESfavouring plants and Simplifying the authorisation procedures of the ParisAgreement with the national distribution grid → consistent consistent NationallyContributions Determined (internal and external dimension) and Italian level Italian and dimension) external and (internal European at transition energy the foster to Proposals and with the objectives stronger form of cooperation energy communities energy (CBAM) between local to enhance to and
EU EU Internal dimension Internal Focus on Italy on Focus IT dimension External Proposal 1 Proposal Proposal 2 Proposal → → � � � � role. critical its recognising officially transition, energy the form astronger of cooperation Implementing INTERNAL – LEVEL DIMENSIONEUROPEAN � � � regional a approach Adopting high standards of ambition. of standards high a“ troducing in by legislation and treaties European of definition in the pation partici parliamentary national of mechanism Enrich current the spent. are EU funds Generation Next the that ensuring transition, in energy investments incentivises framework State Aid new upcoming the of enforcement the that Guarantee making. in policy sector private the of contribution and relevance the appraise Formally common interest. EU and benefits maximise that systems reward towards mechanisms enforcement for need the of evolution an to led has which Plans, Recovery and Resilience the of phase monitoring in the Commission EU the of role “new” the on leveraging institutions EU and States and cooperation coordination Member between closer Envisage transition policies. transition energy improve to EU action the take to ask up and step actively as a“ as intended is approach regional the that emphasise to important is It system. electricity in the renewables of integration the for products market new of deployment the for envisaged be could approaches while regional designs market new consider should hubs regional and States Member countries or regional hubs. neighbouring○ Institutionalising between forms of cooperation Commission. the to reporting direct and cities of role agreater ○ Favouring level. up European to scale cessive ensuring○ Creating coordination standards, common suc to ease Union) by: Energy the of Governance the on Regulation in the included cooperation regional of concept the with in accordance and Market Single the with in compliance Create building block among neighbouring Member States (still among neighbouring hubs States Member regional for the massive deployment of renewable energy sources, sources, energy renewable of deployment massive the for Green Card ” for broader European integration, aligned to to aligned integration, European broader ” for ” to national parliaments so they can pro can they so parliaments national ” to to enhance EU market integration. EU market enhance to in the governance of of governance in the - - - -
31 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 32 The Study’s Key Findings Proposal 5 Proposal 4 Proposal Proposal 3 Proposal → → → and favour plants RES for procedures authorisation the Simplifying NATIONAL ITALY) ON (FOCUS LEVEL termined Contributions De Nationally that ensure to mechanisms effective more Promoting � � � � nism Encouraging internationally the Carbon Border Adjustment Mecha DIMENSION EXTERNAL – LEVEL EUROPEAN � � interventions. efficiency ing energy � � � � is Agreement. emissions. emissions. technology carbon zero deployment of the through industry ETS the of carbonisation aEuropean financingIntroduce programme inequality. reduce to in order electricity on taxes ○ reasonably users ○ of: form in the pricing) carbon as (such revenues Redistribute innovation. ate technology Support solutions. industrial sustainable new and projects innovative of funding the ensure initially and Commission, European the by proposed cently re Mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon the with coordination safeguards competitiveness ETS EU current the Strengthen ○ accelerating permit issuance times. and deadlines binding legally respect to conditions the ○ Setting level. ○ Standardising and digitalising at national procedures and local by: efficient, RES for more procedures authorisation Make the powers veto rethink and renewables” of ment to the “develop interest public national of status the Recognize can continent. Afri the within and with interconnections from starting countries, in developing transition energy for transfer) and collaboration cal tools adequate of creation the Support public and private. Promote policies. transition and decarbonisation effective more and ambition of levels higher with and social benefits Introduce fields. transition in energy countries advanced most the among sharing knowledge and mentoring for mechanisms Foresee (CBAM). Reducing the number of entities involved to streamline the process. the streamline to involved entities of number the Reducing of cleaner energy carriers to end carriersto end of cleaner energy costs keep to support Economic Lump-sum transfers Lump-sum to acceler sectors industrial the in agreements global closer involvement of stakeholders mechanisms to highlight the economic, industrial industrial economic, the highlight to mechanisms also through a redistribution of the tax burden. tax the of a redistribution through also low - in addition to climate benefits - associated -associated benefits climate to -in addition are consistent with the objectives of the Par the of objectives the with consistent are generated by decarbonisation policies policies decarbonisation by generated on a per-head basis or rebates on VAT/ on rebates or basis aper-head on to accompany it on the path to net-zero to path the on it accompany to (focused on technologi to support the de the support to . at all levels, both both all at levels, , in ------Proposal 6 Proposal Proposal 7 Proposal → → � facilitate the development of the charging infrastructure. to other, the on in order Operators Point Charge and Operators System action inter of mechanism standardized and ahomogeneous Creating � � � � � the national distribution grid. level, local of companies clusters and Promoting a full integration of districts charging infrastructure. thePromote bodies. public and Ministries with starting transition, energy the on working personnel public of Increase the capital human targets. decarbonisation of achievement the and status permitting project of well as as interventions transition energy for incentives all of existing mapping detailed access to ers asingle and interface repository Create effective. in process the authorisation stakeholders of social involvement the make and bodies local of Increase the commitment level. at local status) permitting (e.g. key parameters some on transition energy of art the of state the monitor to observatory anational ○ Establishing of citizens in more efficient consumption patterns involvement active the and renewables from capacity generation distributed fostering and investment) lower costs, network lower resilience, and quality higher disconnections, fewer losses, fewer (e.g. externalities positive on leveraging mechanism), the of ance definition govern substations, of incentives, terion of secondary cri (current legislation current in the elements specific addressing communities energy of development integrated afully Support companies. different between cooperation fostering for innovation ecosystem an creating by also chain, value industrial whole the along transition energy foster to level local at companies of clusters and districts of thePromote creation between local authorities on the one hand, and Distribution Distribution and hand, one the on authorities local between ecosystems of innovation ecosystems for for standards interoperability of dissemination reskilling and upskilling ensure and and and energy communities energy for all Italian stakehold . with with and and at at - - - - ,
33 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 → → → → → in Europe and Italy reference context transition energy The of energy transition investments in Europe and Italy Expected benefits deriving from the deployment and national recovery and energy transition plans The investment opportunity: European transition energy the of investments to activate the levers Assessment of current trends and required and decarbonisation of carbon intensive sectors and distribution efficiency grids, energy transmission electricity sources, renewable energy The main levers of the energy transition: transition energy the to institutions The commitment of European and Italian Part 1 Part
35 36 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy → → → → Key messages 3 4 2 1 1 Climate change pared to 19 years in Europe, with a delay of 24 of adelay with in Europe, 19 to years pared 29 of years adelay targets, these in achieving ficiency However,improvements. Italy'sassessing current performance ef energy of 46.4% and 37.9% renewables of emissions, GHG of -43% country: the for considered be can targets PNIEC, the following of the version new in the set could Italy that targets new the estimating By age. percentage points, only reaching it in 2043 it reaching only points, percentage 12.2 than more by target 40% 2030 the to respect with will fall short 2051 in only emissions GHG -55% Europe trends, current on Based transi energy the address invest of in terms tunities from thus thetance policy shedding objectives, light on oppor great dis important an highlight assessment the of results The in area. this performing are Italy and Europe how understand to in order needed, ment an challenge, assess global inherently an is reduction GHG Although society. and environment the for quences global temperatures in increase rapid in the reflected is emissions GHG in global crease 2030 still needs to be revised be to needs still 2030 (PNIEC) Climate and Energy for Plan National In Italy,Integrated the current rate of improvement. in 2053 only target 2030 +36% the will reach ficiency, Europe At the time of writing this report (August 2021). (August report this writing of time At the has been performed on policy targets, investments and actions actions and investments targets, policy on performed been has represents the key challenge of our time. The in The time. our of key challenge the represents recorded in with recorded years, recent severe conse tion in Europe and Italy. and in Europe tion ments and actions needed to successfully successfully to needed actions and ments 1 according to the new “Fit for 55” pack for “Fit new the to according new 2030 target of of target 2030 new the will reach . As regards renewables, Europe Europe renewables, regards . As on average emerges com . Considering energy ef . Considering energy
years for RES for years . at the the at ------→ → → 6 5 7 gap with respect to the PNIEC targets will be will be PNIEC the to targets respect with gap in picture the Conversely, pace. current the at achieved be will not target revised new the 'old' the to targets, in Europe performances although target, duction the grid. grid. the to RES of power 35GW additional in Italy, will which allow connect to Euros billion 3.3 to corresponding EU27+UK 2020-2030, period in the in needed are generation emission-free for grids in distribution ments invest of Euros billion 95 and 85 between grids, to respect With case. latter in the by 2 and cases two first 5in by the today present installations of ber num the multiplying rate), means which current the at 2030 from ing start years more 20 (requiring plants size average 994,000 or plants scale utility 6,000 or plants, millionsize small 4.3 by installing filled be could gap photovoltaics The target. -55% updated the to respect and In up 2030. to investments scenario GHG -55% the and trend investment tional addi investing of opportunity an is there Overall, target. emissions GHG ambitious more the reach to 2030 and 2020 between vestments The Looking at the the at Looking scenario. policies 2030 current the to respect with investments Italy 2.3GW for wind power wind for 2.3GW European Commission in the energy system between the current current the between system energy in the Euros billion 3,564 of additional Euros billion energy 186 PNIEC, the estimates actions needed actions . These gaps will be even more severe with with severe more even will be gaps . These has envisaged significant additional in additional significant envisaged has to reach the 2030 RES electricity pro RES electricity 2030 the reach to Italy is different and the 2030 2030 the and different is 23GW for photovoltaics are good with regard regard with good are ------
37 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 38 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy → → → → 10 11 9 8 ciency target in Europe target ciency As far as buildings as far As The The stations. charging 9,709 current the to compared years ten next the ing stations 227 by cars electric of number million cars electric 9 estimate to reasonable is it in 2050, scenario decarbonisation zero in in transport to regards With sectors. tertiary and 2.1% residential in the least at to 0.8% from Italy for goes same The 2030. triple must savings) energy of the total the of 30% billion59 Euros, to about equal financing, of amount largest the Euros billion 235 about of atotal to (PNRR) Plan amounting Resilience and covery Re national EU, with the Generation Next of beneficiary main the is Euros billion 500 (around 2021-2027 budget EU multi-annual and Generation Next from Europe. resilient and sustainable connected, amore creating at aims that plan multi-year Next is EU Generation Recovery COVID-19 the for strategy of the European core The gaps. fill and these investments unprecedented an opportunity has Europe greater GHG emissions. generate which potential electrification higher with sectors for urgent duction minimal well as as improvements inconsumption final re energy sources ergy Europe industrial . The progressive shift to green energy sources is particularly particularly is sources energy green to shift progressive . The by 2030 ( 2030 by . would be needed in Italy, more than four fold increase in increase fold four than in Italy, more needed be would . Mission 2, the “ the 2, . Mission in the last 10 years, still strongly relying on fossil fuels, fuels, fossil on relying strongly still 10 years, last in the stable composition of a stable en shows in Europe sector ) will be focused on climate-related projects. Italy projects. climate-related on focused ) will be are concerned, to meet the current energy effi energy current the meet to concerned, are x30 in 2030, which means multiplying the current current the multiplying means which in 2030, Around 30% , the current renovation rate current , the the current level). In Italy, according to a net anet to In level). Italy, according current the , 30 million vehicles electric , rising from an annual 1.0% to 3.0% by by 3.0% to 1.0% annual an from , rising renovation rate must rise rise must rate renovation the , where over the next 10 years. 45,000 charg 10 years. next the over green revolution green of the total allocated resources resources allocated total the of to make the appropriate ” is the one receiving receiving one the ” is 750 billion Euros billion , a750 (and the related related (and the are expected expected are - - - - -
→ 12 rope and in Italy a number of benefits at economic benefits of anumber in Italy and rope in Eu both generate PNRR, would Italian EU the and Generation Next the by provided resources to thanks also process, transition energy in the involved sectors analysed in the investments of deployment The respectively. Euros billion 424 and Euros 8,126 billion to equal economies to their benefit induced and indirect adirect, erate gen could they gap, investment the in unlocking succeed to were Italy and Union European the if 1.09). of Thus, effect induced and indirect Euros 2.28 is economy the on impact total the Euro invested, each for that vironmental of GDP (with a direct impact in the electricity sector of 1.19 of and sector electricity in the impact (with GDP adirect of level. The GDP multiplier of the electricity sector reveals reveals sector electricity the of multiplier GDP The level. , societal and en and - - -
39 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 40 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy Source → CBAM). the of introduction the (with industry the and 2030) by renovated be should million (35 buildings the for targets introduced also has package The 2021. of end the by targets climate 2030 reaching for legislation of package adopt and negotiate will States Member and Parliament European definitive; yet not is package 55” for “Fit *The 1 � FIG 1.1 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2009 to the energy transition energy the to Institutions Italian and The commitment of European Package &Energy Climate 2020 by 2020 20% by 2020 20% 2020 by levels) 1990 (vs. 20% improvement in energy efficiency improvement efficiency in energy of from EU renewables energy emissions gas in greenhouse cut → European Climate and Energy targets Energy and Climate European rise – are already ‘irreversible’ for centuries to millennia ahead. The doc The ahead. millennia to centuries for ‘irreversible’ already –are rise level sea continued as -such now, while some in motion are shifts the of some and unprecedented, are system Earth’s climate of whole the across changes the any of 2021, in August published report UN-IPCC in the stated As period. previous the to compared years 20 last in the a+84% consequently, and, years recent of temperatures global in increase rapid by the reflected is activities human by caused emissions GHG in global increase The lives. all our on of impacts and borders national beyond goes that endeavour 1. al temperature is expected to reach or exceed 1.5°C of heating. of 1.5°C exceed or reach to expected is al temperature glob years, 20 next the over averaged that finds and period, 1850-1900 are today for responsible approximately 1.1°C of warming to compared activities human from gases greenhouse of emissions that shows ument
Climate change represents the key challenge of our time, a global aglobal time, our of key challenge the represents 2016 increase in environmental disaster events Framework &Energy Climate 2030 efficiency by 2030 efficiency 27% At least 2030 by energy 27% At least 2030 by levels) 1990 (vs. emissions 40% At least improvement in energy share for renewable cuts in greenhouse gas gas in greenhouse cuts - - emissions reduction emissions net greenhouse gas gas greenhouse net goal for 2030 for goal 55% 2018 Parliament and the Council the and Parliament European the Commission, EU between agreement Political upwards revision clause by 2023 clause upwards revision 32.5% of EU 2030 the for for target efficiency energy anew Sets 32% at renewables for target anew Sets by 2030 3. sector. energy global the of carbonisation de the way towards the paving policies, energy sustainable of opment global, European, and national institutionsthe are devel supporting superseded be must fuels fossil on based usage and tion 1 decarbonisation achieve to today. In order source energy main our represent still emissions, 2. 2034 in threshold critical the will reach change temperature global Service, Change Climate Copernicus the by estimates to according Indeed, 2030 of at least 55% compared to 1990 levels 1990 to compared 55% least at of 2030 anet greenhouse gas goal emissions reduction for setting target, its of the Union on 17 on Union the of State During the improvements. efficiency energy and consumption ergy en in final sources renewable of share the emissions, gas greenhouse of reduction the regarding objectives ambitious highly defining and policies leading international role in the fightagainst climate change,adopting This revision follows the European Commission's acknowledgment of follows of This revision the European Commission's acknowledgment 2050. by neutrality climate achieving to path EU right the the on put to aims decade next the for ambition an Such 40%. least at of target vious Fossil fuels, responsible for most human-induced climate-changing human-induced for responsible fuels, Fossil most European Union European the 1990s the since In context, this at reducing the so-called greenhouse effect. greenhouse so-called the reducing at aimed atmosphere, Earth's the into emissions gas greenhouse of reduction The if the warming trend continues as in the last 30 years. 30 last in the as continues trend warming the if , with an an , with th September 2020, the European Commission revised revised Commission European the 2020, September 1 energy produc energy of paradigm traditional , the 2021 package 55” for “Fit transport and residential sectors sectors residential and transport industry, electricity, in the 2050 by neutrality Europe's carbon achieve to targets and measures additional European introduced has Commission the upgrade, targets the with Along 2030 by efficiency in energy and 36% renewable energy 40% targets: new Sets 2030 by levels) 1990 (vs. emissions gas -55% of target anew Sets * , superseding the pre the , superseding share for greenhouse greenhouse has played a a played has improvement improvement . Indeed, . Indeed, - - - - -
41 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 42 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source � FIG 2 � FIG Third energy package for Gas (Q4 2021) (Q4 Gas for package energy Third Electricity Revision of the Emission Trading System (ETS) and creation of a self-standing ETS aself-standing of creation and (ETS) Trading System Emission the of Revision Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Mechanism Reducing Methane Emissions in Energy in Emissions Methane Reducing → Revision of the Renewable Energy Directive Energy Renewable the of Revision Revision of the Energy Efficiency Directive Efficiency Energy the of Revision Revision of the Energy Taxation Directive Taxation Energy the of Revision for buildings and road transport road and buildings for Industry compared to 1990 levels. Coherently with the -55% GHG target on 14 on target GHG -55% the with Coherently levels. 1990 to compared 60% about of 2050 by in emissions areduction to led have would which policies), (and consequent targets previous the of inconsistency the “Fit for 55” package) to revise the European targets for energy transi energy for targets European the revise to 55” package) for “Fit (the proposals of aset published Commission European the 2021, July (PNIEC) 2030 in Italy sets the following targets: a 30% share of renewable renewable of share a30% targets: following the (PNIEC) sets in Italy 2030 Climate and Energy for Plan National Integrated The objectives. ic specif of aseries into down broken and Plans in National implemented 4. covered). sectors the and measures on the details more for 2 figure (see sectors different in the challenge the tackilng and levels different at measures introduce that initiatives) 5new and legislation of pieces 13 of of pieces legislation consists 55”package for “Fit The improvement. efficiency energy of +36% and sources energy renewable of 40% are targets other the 2030, for goal reduction emissions gas greenhouse net -55% the Besides 2030. at tion The proposed “Fit for 55” package package 55” for “Fit proposed The In In Italy and all other Member States Member all other and Italy Revision of the Effort Sharing Regulation Sharing Effort the of Revision gas (Q4 2021) (Q4 gas Performance Third energy Third on buildings on package on package Buildings (Q4 2021) (Q4 Energy Social Climate Fund Climate Social (8 proposals of reviews of existing existing of reviews of (8 proposals , the European targets have been been have targets European , the Fuel Infrastructure Fuel Revision of the of Revision CO the Alternative Revision of Transport
Directive
2 standards Revision of the LULUCF Regulation LULUCF the of Revision th - -
The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Council data, 2021. data, Council European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source 3 � FIG and other sources data, 2021. data, sources other and Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source climate-neutrality. and sustainability of objectives the pursues it ensure to recovery, EU the of post-Covid centre the at Deal Green the put to is Union European the of objective the crisis, COVID-19 the In of light 2020. in March published Law Climate so-called the 2050, by neutrality carbon of goal the reaching upon States allfor Member law binding of a definition the for provides roadmap The agriculture. and mobility construction), (including industry energy, concern mainly and States Member the of petences com the on primarily focus that interventions of range awide through Union European the of ity eco-sustainabil the strengthening at aimed a roadmap of presentation the by accompanied was plan the of communication The technologies. clean and economy circular in the leader world a Europe make and 2050 by neutrality carbon achieve to plan investment 1,000-billion-Euros a represents Deal Green the Commission, European the by 2019 in December Launched Europe asustainable for plan investment the Deal, Green European The → 2021-2027 (billion Euros) Council, European by the 2020 July in approved budget EU nario. However, the PNIEC still needs to be revised be to However, PNIEC the nario. needs still sce PRIMES the to reference 2007 respect with 2030 by 43% of ment improve efficiency energy an and levels 1990 to compared emissions gas greenhouse in reduction 40% a consumption, final in gross energies 2 Generation EUGeneration funds Next the and investments planned the Indeed, transition. energy the of opportunities geopolitical and technological commercial, industrial, the losing and fuels fossil on based economy an into Europe locking of risk the avoiding warming, global and change climate of effects the planet, the of future the for key challenges the to responds that vision COVID-19 pandemic 5. European into targets ambitious more national objectives. sistent with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. Paris the of objectives the with sistent con spending make to in order projects, climate-related to devoted 30% around that agreed have leaders European in Europe. transition ergy The policy measures adopted to address the crisis caused by the the by caused crisis the address to adopted measures policy The At the time of writing this report (August 2021). (August report this writing of time At the 500 billion Euros billion 500 (about resources allocated total of must necessarily be combined with a broader a broader with combined be necessarily must represent an unrepeatable opportunity for en an represent unrepeatable opportunity 750 � 1,074.3 � Next Generation EU Generation Next 2021-2027 Multi-annual budget 2 to transpose the new new the transpose to ) should be be ) should ------
43 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 44 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy
� FIG 4 � FIG 100% natural gas substitution substitution gas natural 100% natural gas substitution 50% and substitution coal 50% 100% coal substitution coal 100% Source → 1.2 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, 2020. Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The
“Circular Europe: how to successfully manage the transition from a linear to a circular world”, acircular to alinear from transition the manage successfully to how Europe: “Circular of carbon intensive sectors intensive carbon of sectors decarbonisation and efficiency energy grids, distribution and transmission electricity sources, energy renewable The main levers of the energy transition: transition: energy levers main The the of → share of renewable by energies point 1 percentage the increasing by achievable reduction emission GHG the estimated have Foundation Enel and - Ambrosetti House European The which to respect with emissions, in GHG savings including numerous, are deriving benefits from thesources deployment of renewable energy The economy. aclimate-neutral achieve to essential is mix energy the renewable of sources share energy the increasing in Europe, sions 7. � three CO different scenarios, 2018 tonnes (million the share of renewable energies in in production primary energy in increase point a1percentage to due avoided emissions GHG vs. current GHG emissions of energy sector) energy of emissions GHG current vs. � � � namely: transition process, energy in role the pivotal play a as they priorities as identified been have vers 6. 3 As the energy sector is responsible for 53% of greenhouse gas emis gas greenhouse of 53% for responsible is sector energy the As To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, four main strategic le four main strategic To objectives, achieve the above-mentioned 2020. Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The world”, acircular to ear alin from transition the manage successfully to how Europe: “Circular Source: transport. Decarbonising carbon intensive sectors Improving Developing renewable of sources share energy the Increasing (-0.5%) -1.61 (-0.8%) -2.72 (-1.1%) -3.84 Italy Italy energy efficiency energy electricity transmission and distribution transmission electricity in consumption. energy (-1.0%) -32.49 (-1.7%) -55.07 (-2.4%) -77.64 EU27+UK , such as industry and and industry as , such 3 . 2 in the energy mix. energy in the e and % values %values e and
grids. in in - - -
� FIG 5 � FIG Eurostat 2021. data, Source → The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Environment Agency and and Agency Environment European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → (% values) EU27, in (% 2018 by sector emissions GHG perature processes. perature processes. 9. it. to connected be can RES of power amounts greater that ensure to system, energy in the sources energy renewable of penetration and tion integra the for factors enabling crucial represent grids distribution and 8. 10. consumption). energy bills reduced to due energy lower enabling (by savings budget public and household and savings sion emis GHG demand), overall reducing by imports energy on pendence de the (reducing security energy savings, energy including benefits, bringsseveral efficiency transition.lever of the Indeed, energy energy essential an therefore is and output same the provide to energy less dustries in in energy-intensive emissions the of Half transport). 25% industry, (9% in Europe emissions GHG total of 34% for account together which sation of carbon intensive sectors 4 Increasing efficiency energy The development and digitalization of the electricity transmission transmission digitalizationand of the electricity development The and paper and pulp. and paper and plaster, and lime fertilizer, petrochemicals, cement, refineries, steel, and Iron Another relevant lever for the energy transition is the decarboni the is transition energy the for lever relevant Another 4 are caused by the combustion of fossil fuels for high-tem for fuels fossil of combustion the by caused are 3% � 9% � 10% � 25% � 53% �
Waste management use product and processes Industrial Agriculture Transport fromemissions fuels fugitive and combustion Fuel in energy consumption means using using means consumption in energy , such as industry and transport, transport, and industry as , such ------
45 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 46 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy � business models new concerns what For � � � � regulatory the at Looking � � � buildings the concerns what For � � business models new concerns what For � � � � � � regulatory the concerns what For � � � � � � transport the for In particular sectors. industrial buildings and transport, the of carbonisation de the for models) business new and regulatory, (technology, factors enabling identified have ambition energy and climate “ Foundation’s Enel study the following focuses National industry and buildings trasport, of decarbonisation the for factors Enabling including advisory, engineering, financing, installations to deliver energy savings to their their to savings energy deliver to installations financing, engineering, advisory, including services efficiency energy offer to actors new well as as companies, energy allow historical would targets efficiency energy of achievement the for government the of support The poverty. alleviate energy to schemes owners, and tenants among split incentives fuels, fossil for bans progressive procurement, public green minimum RES and content, content carbon on standards passports, renovation building Certificates, Performance Energy extended buildings, energy tools the fostering New renovationnear zero regulatory market, including shops, one-stop targets. efficiency energy 110% achieve to Superbonus the as such programs incentives fiscal other and Certificates) White (Italian scheme Obligation Efficiency Energy etc.). grants, reduction, (tax pumps heat of uptake incentivise to Subsidies efficiency. energy for targets EU and policy national of part as rate renovation for targets Government systems. transport with integration and occupants, to services digitalized meters, smart capabilities, response demand active systems, management energy including buildings, Smart consumption. in (electrification, energy district sources Low heating) carbon bio energies, gains. efficiency associated with pumps, heat of deployment the through uses final of Electrification centres. in urban in particular modes, in transport shifts to thanks also kilometres, in passenger reduction the i.e. behaviour, in consumer Changes transportation. modal multi and pooling car Increased in 2035). vans and cars emitting carbon ban to proposal Commission European recent (e.g. 2030's in the bans sales engines combustion Internal etc.). tools, (free pooling car to Incentives standards. air quality and norms EU emissions Stricter centres. in city bans engines combustion Internal taxes. Fuel purchase. vehicles carbon low and engines combustion internal on Bonuses/maluses response. demand and refueling home driving, assisted or autonomous as such EVs to associated functionalities New effect. anxiety” “range the reducing and stations public at spent time shortening charging ultra-fast and fast including technology in charging Improvement manufacturing. mass-market to due volumes production high and (BEVs) models vehicles electric battery of availability Increasing engines. combustion internal to compared vehicles electric of savings fuel and improvement Efficiency in 2025. reached be to expected vehicles (EVs) traditional and vehicles electric between cost) (for purchase parity Cost price. in batteries decrease continued expected and recent The enablers: ”, carried out at the European level and published in October 2020, 2020, in October published and level European the at ”, out carried sector important technology sector, technology enablers: : : enablers that will represent a positive push are: push apositive will that represent enablers Sustainable paths for EU increased EU for increased paths Sustainable enablers to be considered are: considered be to enablers - Lexecon, Enerdata “Sustainable paths for EU increased climate and energy ambition” energy and climate EU increased for paths “Sustainable Enerdata Lexecon, Compass Foundation, Enel on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source studies, 2021. studies, � � � business models new for As � � � � � � � regulatory the concerns what For � � � the of decarbonisation the concerns what For aggregation and energy performance contracts. performance and energy aggregation response demand works, of costs upfront for financing including ESCOs by offers Integrated clients. contracting. performance demandincluding and side energy management response systems, energy services integrated of arange through firms industrial supporting companies services Energy gains. efficiency energy amplifying coupling sector and Recycling schemes. audit Mandatory policies. economy Circular schemes. efficiency Energy response. side Demand industry. in the hydrogen green of use the support to Schemes electrification. in particular efforts, in decarbonisation industry support to Aid) State and allowances (free measures compensation carbon and price Carbon emissions. reduce to techniques available best of implementation the and emissions industrials on EU directive 3D robotization, printing.mechanical vapor recompression, Electrification technologies/innovations deriving from other industries: induction heating, feedstock. as used hydrogen Green electrification. and improvements process to thanks gains efficiency Energy 5 https://www.enelfoundation.org/news/a/2020/09/sustainable-paths-for-eu-in creased-climate-and-energy-ambition. : enablers: enablers: industrial sector, technology 5 , October 2020 and other other and 2020 , October enablers identified are: -
47 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 48 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy 1.3
the levers of the energy transition energy levers the the of and required investments to activate current trends the of Assessment 6 car of decarbonisation and efficiency energy grids, distribution and transition transmission levers (renewable electricity sources, energy energy identified the of each for performed been has assessment an carbon-neutral, becoming and emissions GHG reducing effectively 11. � � target: -55% the to accordingly vised re efficiency, energy and energies renewable for targets the provides Commission the European Nevertheless, yet. definitive considered be to not are but proposals as announced been have two other while the the regarding one the is target revised consolidated only the Indeed, 55” package. for “Fit new the to 12. targets transition energy 2030 to respect with 1.3.1 Assessment � � � to sectors) withbon-intensive three dimensions: different respect To understand the challenge that Europe and Italy are facing to to facing are Italy and Europe that challenge the To understand In order to perform the assessment, consideration has been given given been has consideration assessment, the perform to In order Consumption as compared with the PRIMES 2007 scenario. 2007 PRIMES the with compared as Consumption Energy Final as to referred is level at European target The targets. efficiency energy 2030 and 2020 European the achieving towards progress monitor to used are Consumption Energy Primary and Consumption Energy Final indicators The A reduction in final energy consumption of 36% of consumption energy in final A reduction 2030. 40% trends. present with them comparing assessed, been have Required actions. analysed. been has level current the to respect with distance the and mapped been has targets Investments. analysed. been has trends current and targets between gap the targets. Policy of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption by by consumption energy in final sources energy renewable of The level of investment needed to achieve the 2030 2030 the achieve to needed investment of level The The 2030 policy targets have been mapped and and mapped been have targets policy 2030 The The actions required to reach the 2030 targets targets 2030 the reach to required actions The 55% net reduction of GHG emissions GHG of reduction net 55% 6 by 2030. - - , impacts on economic growth warrant stringent mitigation policy”, 2021. policy”, mitigation stringent warrant growth economic on impacts “Temperature Diaz and Moore on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source Euros by 2030. by Euros billion 235 of be would bridged not is gap the if entailed cost social the target, GHG the on gap mitigation policy stringent F. of (2016), “ eD. Diaz study B. Moore The C, environmental migration. and conflict of risk systems, energy of disruption disasters, natural risk, flood increased from damage property effects, health human productivity, agricultural to related costs social to leads target GHG the on gap a30% with 2030 reaching 55” framework, for “Fit the to reference With GHG of cost social The +36% target only in 2053 only target +36% in 2043 only it ing reach points, percentage 12.3 by 2030 for target estimated 40% the of in 2051 only target GHG new the will Europe reach rate, current the at Indeed, targets. new the 14. future. in the pace aconstant assuming therefore and data historical of a projection using calculated been have trends current future, the targets above-mentioned the achieve to required efforts the and trend current the between distance the highlighting of objective the with targets environmental and climate energy, 2030 the with trends rent 13 ” indicates a cost of €220/ton of GHG. So considering the existing existing the considering So GHG. of €220/ton of acost ” indicates . At the European and Italian level, the assessment compares cur compares assessment the level, Italian and . At European the Europe will need to work harder in all three dimensions to achieve achieve to dimensions in all three harder work to will Europe need . In the absence of elements suggesting a change of pace in pace of change a suggesting elements of absence . In the . As regards energy efficiency, Europe will reach the the will reach Europe efficiency, energy regards . As Temperature impacts on economic growth warrant warrant growth economic on Temperature impacts . For renewable energies, Europe will fall short will Europe fall short energies, renewable . For at the current rate of improvement. improvement. of rate current the at - -
49 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 50 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy 1990 1,088 Mtoe 1,088 5.7% Source aproxy. as used been has emergency, COVID-19 to due 2020 in reduction the after emissions, GHG in rebound the data, 2021 For Agency. Energy International to 2020 in according demand electricity the to respect with approximated been has data 2020 the efficiency, energy For account. into taken been has trend 2015-2019 the 2021, For data. Agency Energy International to refers data 2020 the RES, For CO 5,720 and Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat and N.B. analysis. efficiency energy the in 2019 to 2006 from products; renewable of maturity market the account into take to order in analysis, energy renewable the in 2019 to 2015 from country, each of evolution industrial the consider to order in analysis emissions GHG the in 2018 to 2005 from considered: indicator the to according spans time different of Rate) Growth Annual (Compound CAGR the projecting by calculated been have trends *Inertial 1990 1990 Historical trend Historical values) (% consumption energy final in (RES) renewables of Share FIG 6 FIG Energy efficiency (Mtoe) efficiency Energy CO (Mln tonnes emissions GHG 2 equivalent Mln tonnes
For GHG, the official 2020 data and 2021 projections both from International Energy Agency have been used. used. been have Agency Energy International from both projections 2021 and data 2020 official the GHG, For The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Environment Agency Agency Environment European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Inertial trend* Inertial
Europe, 1990-2030 2 Trend needed to reach policy targets related to the “ the to related targets policy reach to Trend needed equivalent, 1990=100) equivalent, 4,392 CO Mlntonnes 2 1,061 Mtoe 1,061 equivalent 20.5% Today 2020 2020 Today Today 2020 Fit for 55 for Fit 2,575 CO 3,518 Mlntonnes 3,518 CO Mlntonnes 2 equivalent ” 939 Mtoe 939 2 package at 2030 at package 1,046 Mtoe 1,046 equivalent 27.7% 40% Target Target Target 2030 2030 2030 **Compared to the PRIMES 2007 scenario. 2007 PRIMES the to **Compared � FIG 7 � FIG Eurostat 2021. data, Source → Efficiency Energy RES GHG *With respect to 1990 level. 1990 to respect *With Old targets Old The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Environment Agency and and Agency Environment European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 32.5%** “Fit for 55” targets 55” for “Fit -40%* 32% European Commission Targets at 2030 set by set 2030 at Targets → +3.5 p.p. +15 p.p. +8 p.p.+8 package targets highlights the great challenge ahead challenge great the highlights targets package 55” for “Fit the and targets old the between A comparison to fulfil the EU's new ambition. ambition. new fulfilto the EU's enough be –will not objective 2030 current the for track on be would re GHG of pace current the that shows analysis the instance, For realised. been has targets 2030 the meet to Italy by required effort greater the of estimate an box following In the 55” package. for “Fit Commission European the to according targets its update to has still Italy that highlight to important is it in 2081 only objective its will reach Italy trend, intertial the in 2042 it reaching only points, 8percentage by target sources energy renewable the of short will fall country the but objective 2030 the for track on is sectors ETS re GHG of pace current The analysis. the for sidered 16. ahead. challange increased the summarizes below table The performed. been has acomparison targets, previuos the to compared objectives, 15. In order to understand the increase in the gap to achieve the 2030 2030 the achieve to gap in the increase the understand to In order With regards to Italy to regards With 36%** -55%* 40% 5.7 p.p. Gap at 2030 compared 2030 at Gap 9% 6% to the inertial trend inertial the to + 20 p.p. . For what concerns the energy efficiency, at efficiency, energy the concerns what . For + 2p.p. +8 p.p.+8 PNIEC 2030 targets 2030 PNIEC , the 13.7 p.p. duction for non-ETS sectors – which –which sectors non-ETS for duction 26% 11% Year of target achievement Year target of 2049 2034 2037 with inertial trend inertial with have been con been have duction for non- for duction + 17yrs + 6yrs + 4yrs . However, 2043 2053 2051 -
51 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 52 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy � FIG 8 � FIG 2021. data, PNIEC and Eurostat Agency, Environment European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source RES for years 24 of adelay with in Europe, 19 to years compared emerges 29 of years adelay targets, these in achieving performance current Italy's assessing of GHG 37.9% emissions, However,improvements. efficiency of renewables of and energy 46.4% -43% country: the for considered be can targets following The analysed. been has trajectory 2030 2020- the on performance the and estimated, been have Italy for targets hypothetical new the maintained, is EU and target Italy between ratio the that Assuming EUPNIEC new targets. the to Italian the adapt to needed will that be update the considering if relevant particularly is this and a that clear is it “old” target, the of analysis the From consequently. gets tar other the will and revise -55% to emissions GHG for increase an set already has which Union, European the of revision the to according targets its update to has still Italy mentioned, already As package 55” for “Fit the to targets of update coherent the considering greater will be delay Italian 1990 Eurostat and PNIEC, 2021. PNIEC, and Eurostat Source holds. 2015-2019 trend same the that assumed been has it onwards, 2021 For account. into taken been have ENEA from estimates 2020, For products. renewable of maturity market the account into take to order in analysis, renewables the in 2019 to 2015 from considered: indicator the to according spans time different of Rate) Growth Annual (Compound CAGR projecting by calculated been have trends Inertial European at level. estimated increase percentage same the projecting by estimated been has Italy for targets updated **The “ the and PNIEC the on based Italy for target RES *Estimated 2030 at target GHG -55% the to related target policy estimated the reach to Trend needed trend** Inertial trend Historical 1.5% The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation on European Environment Agency, Environment European on Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → 1990-2030 consumption, energy final in (RES) renewables of Share (% values) (% Fit for 55 for Fit ” package. 20.2% Today 2020 At the current pace, current At the the target in 2054 2054 in target the greater effort is needed is effort greater Italy will reach will Italy . 37.9%* 22.0% on average average on Target 2030 - 15.9 p.p. , 2005 107.8 107.8 1.5% CO 331 Eurostat and PNIEC data, 2021. data, PNIEC and Eurostat Source aproxy. as used been has emergency, COVID-19 to due 2020 in reduction the after emissions, GHG in rebound the data, 2021 For Agency. Energy International to according demand 2020 in electricity the to respect with approximated been has data 2020 the efficiency, energy For holds. trend 2015-2019 same the that assumed been has it onwards, 2021 For account. into taken been have ENEA from estimates RES, For N.B. governance. transition energy Italian the to subject are they since used, been has sectors non-ETS the to linked target the emission, GHG the For analysis. efficiency energy the in 2019 to 2015 from products; renewable of maturity market the account into take to order in analysis, renewables the in 2019 to 2015 from country, each of evolution industrial the consider to order in analysis emissions GHG the in 2018 to 2005 from considered: indicator the to according spans time different of Rate) Growth Annual (Compound CAGR projecting by calculated been have trends **Inertial -43%. at set been has sectors ETS the for target the while defined, been has 2005 vs. 2030 at target a-30% PNIEC, In the sectors. non-ETS of those are emissions GHG *The 1990 1990 Historical trend Historical values) (% consumption energy final in (RES) renewables of Share FIG 9 FIG Energy efficiency (Mtoe) efficiency Energy CO (Mln tonnes emissions* GHG 2 equivalent Mln tonnes Mln tonnes
Mtoe
For GHG, the official 2020 data and 2021 projections both from International Energy Agency have been used. used. been have Agency Energy International from both projections 2021 and data 2020 official the GHG, For
The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Environment Agency, Environment European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Inertial trend** Inertial
Italy, 1990-2030 Italy, 2 equivalent, 1990=100) equivalent, Trend needed to reach policy targets at 2030 at targets policy reach to Trend needed 233 Mlntonnes 233 CO 2 equivalent Today 2020 108.6 108.6 20.2% Mtoe Today 2020 Today 2020 209 Mlntonnes 209 210 Mlntonnes 210 CO CO 2 2 103.8 Mtoe 103.8 109.2 Mtoe 109.2 equivalent equivalent 30% 22% Target Target Target 2030 2030 2030
53 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 54 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy � FIG 10 � FIG Source → Supply side Supply Renewable energy monia and PM and monia am the of while falling short compounds) organic volatile (non-methane NMVOC and Dioxide) and Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat and Agency Environment European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source Dioxide (respectively -79% and -71%), ammonia (respectively -19% and -16%), -19% and PM -71%), and (respectively -79% ammonia (respectively Dioxide Sulphur -65%), and -63% (respectively Oxides Nitrogen for level Italian and European at both set been have 2030 for targets at European indicators, and Italian air pollution level. regards As targets, environmental to respect with analysed also was gap the such, As air to quality. regards with especially terms, environmental in benefits multiple generate to able are sectors) tensive in carbon of decarbonisation the and efficiency (RES, energy transition energy the for levers identified the that noting worth study,is it of this focus specific the not are they though Even Italy and Europe in targets Environmental and SO and Europe is on track to meet the environmental targets for NO for targets environmental the meet to track on is Europe -46%). and -40% (respectively compounds organic volatile non-methane and -40%) and -49% sources The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration, 2021. elaboration, Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2 , as well as ammonia and NMVOC, while falling short of the PM the of while falling short NMVOC, and ammonia well as , as 2.5 and distribution and targets. For its part, Italy is on track to meet the environmental targets for NO for targets environmental the meet to track on is Italy part, its For targets. Transmission → Grids and needed actions investments to respect with assessment the of dimensions The 17. transition energy the for needed investments the of Assessment 1.3.2 mand side the sectors analysed are buildings, transport and industry. industry. and transport buildings, are analysed sectors the side mand de the while for side, supply the for considered been have sources gy sides demand and supply system’s energy the on focuses analysis the on, point this From pollution. noise of reduction and economy circular sation, stimulation of innovation and sustainability, promotion of the with digitali integration efficiency, energy of levels higher of motion system, including reduced CO reduced including system, carrier tric elec the on focused is study the economy, the decarbonise to vers In the context of the energy transition and among the different le different the among and transition energy the of context In the transmission and distribution and transmission on well as , as because of its importance for the decarbonisation of the the of decarbonisation the for importance its of because Buildings Sectors 2 Demand side Demand emissions, improved emissions, resilience, pro Transport x (Nitrogen Oxides), SO Oxides), (Nitrogen 2.5 target. target. . Renewable ener 2.5 (respectively Industry 2 (Sulphur (Sulphur ------x
data provided by the European Commission European by the provided data the on relies analysis the Union, European the For level. Italian and 19. � � � 8 7 � to: respect with performed been has assessment an and estimated been has targets 2030 the achieve 18. � � � eration three scenarios: different of +26.4% in the next 10 years according to the -55% GHG scenario. scenario. GHG -55% the to according 10 years next +26.4% inof the investment in annual increase an billion needs still Euros) but (492 riod 2011-2020 pe the over year each most the invested sector transport the average, On respectively. scenario GHG -55% and scenario GHG -40% in the period 2021-2030 in the average billion on Euros 58 and Euros 2011-2020 51 to billion period in the 24 average billion on Euros from increase ofpercentage average annual 2021-2030 going investments, highest the presents sector grid power The emissions. GHG for target ambitious more the to achieve 2030 and 2020 between investments 21. (-55%). increase EU the target account into take yet not do which force, in currently targets the to PNIEC Italian in refer the reported ments invest the that out point to important is it plan). Again, national the of launch the before trend historical the i.e. scenario, inertial the as PNIEC the of (considered implementation the before baseline as mated esti those with PNIEC the targets reach to needed trend investment PNIEC data on relying performed been has analysis 20. significant additional additional significant envisaged has Commission European The The assessment on investments has been performed at European European at performed been has investments on assessment The port policies. policies. port erately increasing the ambition efficiency, of renewable energy and trans energy mod and sectors buildings and transport the to pricing carbon expanding both reductions, GHG 55% around achieves and MIX as to referred is scenario The of our people”, European Commission, 2020. September benefit the for future aclimate-neutral in Investing ambition. climate 2030 rope’s Eu up Stepping Regions. the of Committee the and Committee Social and ic Econom European the Council, the Parliament, European the to Commission the from “Communication document the accompanying Assessment Impact Source: For each of the selected sectors, the level of investment needed to to needed investment of level the sectors, selected the of each For Due to the lack of historical data at Italian level, the investment investment the level, Italian at data historical of lack the to Due Industry infrastructures. Transport Buildings Renewable energy sources and sources energy Renewable officially developed by the European Commission developed officially ascenario consumption, energy in final -36% and consumption energy in primary -39.7% energies, renewable of share 40% the and 2030 for target reduction GHG ambitious more the (including scenario GHG -55% in the investments 2021-2030 Average GHG emissions. in reduction a-40% foresees which scenario), EUCO3232.5 the to (referring scenario in baseline investments 2021-2030 Average 2011-2020. Average annual investments, , with specific focus on the hard-to-abate sectors. sectors. hard-to-abate the on focus specific , with , with specific focus on the residential and tertiary sectors. tertiary and residential the on focus specific , with , with specific focus on electric vehicles and recharging recharging and vehicles electric on focus specific , with power grids power 7 and takes into consid into takes and . and compares the 8 ). ). ------
55 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 56 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy � FIG 11� FIG Source → Average 2021-2030 in -55% GHG scenario GHG -55% in 2021-2030 Average scenario inertial in 2011-2020 Average 492 Transport 611 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The +26.4% 622 → 125 Buildings 224 +122.4% decarbonisation in EU27, in (billion 2011-2030 Euros) decarbonisation in investments scenario GHG -55% and investments scenario GHG -40% investments, historical annual Average on top in the -55% GHG scenario. The additional cumulative invest cumulative additional The scenario. GHG -55% in the top on added billion be to Euros 162 with 2021-2030, period the over scenario able energies renew for 114 required billion are Euros additional an in Europe years, 22. lion Euros are required over the period 2021-2030 with respect to the the to respect with 2021-2030 period the over required are Euros lion buildings For total). the of (19.7% added value and total) the of (34.3% EU's to emissions GHG contributors major the of one is it if even sector, industrial in the transition energy the for planned is investment little that highlight to relevant is It 2020. and 2011 between investments cumulative total the 125% of than more of increase overall an represents which scenario, GHG -55% in the top on added billion be to Euros 34 with scenario, inertial the to respect with 2021-2030 period the over required billion are Euros 79 additional an For 2020. industry 2011 and between investments cumulative total the of 20% than more scenario GHG -55% in the top on added be to billion 102 Euros with scenario, inertial the to respect with 2021-2030 transport For 2020. 2011 and between investments cumulative total the of 140% than more of increase an representing scenario, GHG -55% in the top on added billion be to Euros 77 with 2021-2030, period the over nario sce inertial the to respect with billion required is Euros 265 additional grids power For 2020. 2011 and between investments cumulative total of 80% than more to equal are period 2021-2030 in the ments 278 Looking at the cumulative investments needed in the next 10 next in the needed investments cumulative the at Looking Average 2021-2030 in -40% GHG scenario GHG -40% in 2021-2030 Average , an additional 1,065 billion Euros is required over the period period the over billion required is Euros 1,065 additional , an in the -40% GHG scenario with respect to the inertial inertial the to respect with scenario GHG -40% in the Renewables 33 44 +87.9% 62 24 Power grid Power 51 +141.7% 58 , an additional 990 bil 990 additional , an 9 Industry 17 +122.2% 20 , an , an - - - - , � FIG 12 � FIG data, 2021. data, Source → Average 2011-2020 in inertial scenario inertial in The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Eurostat and European Commission Commission European and Eurostat on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 683.3 → in -40% GHG scenario GHG -40% in Average 2021-2030 scenarios in EU27, in 2011-2030 scenarios different in industry) and transport buildings, grids, power energies, (renewable investments system energy total Average policy targets. targets. policy PNIEC 2030 the reach to investments additional greater requiring tors sec energy 2017-2030, renewable buildings and the with period the over scenario policy current the to respect with in energy investments system total in energy the 2030 at investments scenario GHG -55% the and sectors varies widely among investments cumulative historical the to spect re with required effort additional the Also, effort. greater relatively a requires scenario GHG -55% the others, For scenario. policy in the incorporated already were investments necessary most them of some for as sectors various the from expected are effort of degrees ferent dif seen, As 2020. 2011 and between investments cumulative total the of 140% around increase overall an representing scenario, GHG -55% in the top on added billion be to Euros 755 with trend, inertial 23. In Italy In 946.5 in the period 2021-2030. period in the Euros billion 3,564 to equal is . Overall, the gap between the inertial scenario investments investments scenario inertial the between gap the . Overall, of of Euros billion 186 additional an PNIEC, the estimates in -55% GHG scenario GHG -55% in Average 2021-2030 1039.7 E (billion Euros) billion Euros billion 3,564 to equal billion Euros 356.4 Annual difference of in the period 2021-2030 2021-2030 period the in gap investment cumulative of - - -
57 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 58 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy Source → � FIG 13 � FIG Buildings 99 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on PNIEC data, 2021. data, PNIEC on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → generation Power 38 the pre-policy scenario before PNIEC, 2017-2030 to respect with targets PNIEC the reach to scenario PNIEC the by estimated Italy in by sector energy in investments Additional Investments would indeed have to be slightly higher, but overall ener overall higher, but slightly be to have indeed would Investments in Italy. costs system comparable imply would ambition increased the ambition energy and climate increased “ study its to afollowup as Foundation Enel the by undertaken deepdives to According in EU 2030. in the 55% by emissions GHG reducing of target the with compatible ambition an 24. overall levels of investments. comparable to leading thus hydrogen, in buildings and in investments increase the offset would costs in battery reduction the and etc.) pooling, car port, trans multi-modal ownership, in car (reduction in behaviours changes to due sector transport in the in investment decrease the investments, concerns what For electrification. and vehicles electric by unlocked gains efficiency energy achieve to and costs in battery reductions the capture to end-uses enables which electricity to switching fuel to thanks lower be would costs fact, of amatter As investment. parable com and costs system lower with achieved be can in 2050 bonisation decar complete perspective, In alonger-term projects. green towards investments public and private steering and investments green oritise pri to Plan EU the of Recovery objectives the with aligned be would no impact on have consumers would in ambition increase the that mean would This switching. fuel and gains efficiency energy to thanks PNIEC the to scenario, comparable be would costs system gy The PNIEC estimates are below what would be necessary to fulfilto necessary be would what below are PNIEC The estimates Transport 27 and storage and Power grids Power 16 ”, published in October 2020, 2020, ”, in October published Sustainable paths for EU for paths Sustainable E (billion Euros) Industry 6 and and - - - - - → ferentials, also exists for wind power, equal to 2.3GW to power, wind equal for exists also ferentials, 23GW will be PNIECthe target to respect with gap the in 2030 rate, same the at plants photovoltaic install to continues Italy if Indeed, 2015-2019). (4% period in the growth capacity installed wind of in terms Spain after slowest second the and 2015-2019) period in (3% the growth capacity installed solar of terms 27. rates. growth different very have Spain) and France dom, King Italy, United Germany, (namely capacity production electricity of in terms 5countries top the because uneven is power wind and solar for Europe in situation current the Moreover, pace. current the at achieved be will not assume reasonably can we which RES, by pacity ca production electricity and generation RES for in electricity targets the of upgrade an to lead would This accordingly. upwards revised be could generation in power energies renewable for target the such, as and, 40% to be increased would consumption in final energies newable re of share the for target the emissions, in GHG reduction a55% of objective new the achieve to Commission European the by developed officially scenario the to according that in mind bear to important is it However, trend. current the at 6gigawatts by exceeded be to pected ex 2030, by gigawatts 838 of atarget sets EUCO3232.5 the which for RES, by capacity production electricity for goes same The scenario. EUCO3232.5 the to according 55.8% to equal points, 2percentage by 2030 for objective generation RES in electricity current the exceed to expected is Europe rate, At current the targets. energy renewable 2030 the reach to needed actions the of assessment in the considered 26. � � � � � to: respect with assessed been have targets 2030 25. transition energy the achieve to by 2030 needed actions of Assessment 1.3.3 in in Big-5 the among country slowest the is Italy particular, In has been generation power in sources renewable of share The For each of the selected sectors, the actions needed to reach the the reach to needed actions the sectors, selected the of each For energy carrier for industrial processes. energy Industry infrastructure. Transport energy. save to required technologies the and stock building existing Buildings RES power. additional of connection Grids generation. power for systems scale utility or scale small for capacity Renewable sources energy , with specific focus on the investments needed to allow the allow to the needed investments the on focus specific , with , with specific focus on the switch to electricity as the the as electricity to switch the on focus specific , with , with specific focus on the energy renovation rate for for rate renovation energy the on focus specific , with , with specific focus on electric vehicles and charging charging and vehicles electric on focus specific , with . The same gap, albeit with smaller dif smaller with albeit gap, same . The , with specific focus on the installed installed the on focus specific , with in 2030. in - - - - -
59 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 60 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy 9.000 11.000 13.000 15.000 19.000 21.000 power Wind 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 Photovoltaics Source → 2019. in one actual the and 2017 in power installed actual the between used was CAGR the power, installed actual in trends annual For 2030. and 2025 for target PNIEC the to according power installed in trend annual the for exploited N.B. � FIG 14� FIG PNIEC target for installed power installed for target PNIEC → The CAGR (compound annual growth rate) between 2017 and 2025 and between 2025 and 2030 has been been has 2030 and 2025 between and 2025 and 2017 between rate) growth annual (compound CAGR The 19,682 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on PNIEC data, 2021. data, PNIEC on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 9,766 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 → 2020 2020 estimates a required capacity of of capacity a required estimates Futura Elettricità wind, For PNIEC the to expectations. respect with are estimated Futura in PNIEC. solar, For Elettricità expected one the to respect with capacity RES the installed of update an require estimates These 2030. in consumption energy in final RES of 40% and electricity of demand in net RES of 70% estimated been has it Specifically, target. emission GHG EU the of renewed in light Italy for 28. age size of plants considered for the additional installations. installations. additional the for considered plants of size age culated, considering three depending scenarios different on the aver be installed 29. PNIEC the to expectations. spect of capacity installed quired achieve 2017-2030 the 2030 target, to Italy in power wind and photovoltaics for gap power Installed number of plants to to plants of power, number wind the and photovoltaics both For Elettricità Futura has provided estimates of the updated targets targets updated the of estimates provided has Futura Elettricità 2021 2021 Estimated installed power installed Estimated 2022 2022 to achieve the 2030 installed power target has been cal been has target power installed 2030 the achieve to 2023 2023 2024 2024 2025 2025 70GW 2026 2026 24GW in 2030, around additional 18GW 18GW additional around in 2030, E (MW) 2027 2027 , around additional 5GW re 5GW additional , around 2028 2028 2030 PNIEC target PNIEC 2030 target PNIEC 2030 2029 2029 2030 2030 23,563 2,356 - - - - → → → � FIG 15 � FIG Source → Photovoltaics Wind The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration, 2021. elaboration, Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Small size size Small size: 5.5kW 2019 Average <20kW size: 0.1MWsize: 2019 Average <1MW → of renewable plants in Italy considered in the scenarios the in considered Italy in plants renewable of types different the of dimensions the of view Synoptic connect additional 35GW of RES power to the grid. the to RES of power 35GW additional connect will which allow to period, same the during needed are Euros billion In Italy, 3.3 2011-2019 to values. respect with 50-70% of increase an representing in EU27+UK 2020-2030, needed period in are the eration gen emission-free for grids in distribution investments of Euros billion 95 and 85 Between system. in sources of renewable the energy energy integration the enable to akey factor well represents as grids tribution 9 � 31. � � � either: installing by bridged be 30. � � could be connected to the grid the to connected be could RES of power 40GW additional an which through period, 2020-2030 the for planned are grid transmission electricity the of development the in In 14 investment billion Italy, of Euros over system. energy in the es sourc energy renewable of penetration and integration the for factor grid transmission electricity the 32. With regards to wind power, the gap could be bridged by installing: by bridged be power,could gap wind to the regards With Source: “Piano di Sviluppo 2020”, Terna, 2021. 2021. Terna, 2020”, Sviluppo di “Piano Source: In this context, it is important to highlight that the development the that highlight to of important is it In context, this The results of the analysis show that the photovoltaics gap could could gap photovoltaics the that show analysis the of results The 24,000 rate). current the at 2030 from starting years additional 20 (requiring present at 994,000 or; plants scale 6,000 size plants or; small of number current the 5 times plants, size small million 4.3 1,200 or; plants scale utility 103 size plants or; at the current rate). current the at 2030 from starting years 2additional (requiring plants of number utility scale plants, equal to to equal plants, scale utility average size plants, equal to to equal plants, size average the current number of utility utility of number current the 5times plants, scale utility small size plants, plants, size small average size plants, doubling plants, size average Utility scale Utility size: 3.9MW size: 2019 Average >1MW size: 22.9MW 2019 Average MW >1 9 4.6 times 4.6 . The development of the electricity dis electricity the of development . The represents a fundamental represents enabling 23% the current number of small small of number current the of the current number of of number current the of the total number of plants plants of number total the 22% of the current total total current the of Average size Average 23.7kW 1.9MW - - -
61 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 62 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy → � steps methodological following the on relied analysis Italy, the and Union European the both For renovated. is apartment abuilding/ when out carried usually is system based heat-pump tric, afull-elec to upgrade an that Italy, assuming and Union European the 10.9 Mtoe), while the tertiary sector must reduce it by more than than more by it reduce must sector Mtoe),10.9 tertiary while the Mtoe 109 around by consumption energy primary 35. from 387 Mtoe Mtoe 535.8 to 2000 in Mtoe 681 from consumption energy primary its reduce must sector 34. � Italy must reduce its primary energy consumption by around around by consumption energy primary its reduce must Italy in sector residential the 2030 and 2020 Between 2030. by required reduction consumption energy primary the of 61% the for account 37. 15 Mtoe 15 around of total a cumulative 7Mtoe than more by theirs reduce must sector tertiary while the 12 11 10 renovation rate 33. 11.5 Mtoe 11.5 to ing for both the sectors with current primary energy savings related to ren to related savings energy primary current with sectors the both for 1% around is rate renovation related energy 2012-2018 annual average The Mtoe. 171 of total Mtoe), acumulative for 6.2 of (annual reduction must must it Indeed, 2030. for target savings energy the achieve to enough not is 36. Mtoe 5.6 of ovations � � related energy savings. related energy and rate renovation the in gap agreater to leading amount, agreater by sumption con energy final and primary its reduce may sector residential the that agine im to plausible is it scenario, new the in sector buildings for 2030 at sumption Therefore, even without knowing and the primary con final expected energy ropean Commision the increased ambitiontarget. regarding efficiency energy Eu the package, 55” for “Fit proposed new the with that mentioning worth is It Observatory. Stock EU Building source: Data (Italy). data PNIEC (Europe); model PRIMES the from and scenario EUCO3232.5 the of note technical sources: Data The same goes for Italy where the residential and tertiary sectors sectors tertiary and residential the where Italy for goes same The Between 2020 and 2030, the EU residential sector must reduce its its reduce must sector EU the residential 2030, and 2020 Between However, the current renovation rate (and related energy savings) savings) energy (and related rate renovation However, current the As far as as far As At European level, to achieve the 2030 objectives, the residential residential the objectives, 2030 the achieve to level, At European residential and non-residential sector non-residential and residential in the savings consumption energy primary the of Calculation renovation rate needed to achieve the 2030 energy efficiency target. target. efficiency energy 2030 the achieve to needed rate renovation the of and buildings renovate to new of number the of Calculation same period in the savings energy primary related the and Italy and in Europe rate renovation energy 2012-2018 annual average the on based ratio, rate –renovation saving energy average the of Calculation sectors. non-residential and residential the both for savings energy annual of Calculation targets. efficiency 2030 energy triple from an annual rate of 1.0% of rate annual an from buildings 304 Mtoe 304 to of annual energy savings energy annual of 11 of residential and non-residential building stocks non-residential and of residential . (3.0 Mtoe for residential and 2.6 Mtoe for tertiary). for tertiary). Mtoe (3.0 2.6 and for residential Mtoe in 2030, while the tertiary sector must reduce it it reduce must sector tertiary while the in 2030, are concerned, the gap analysis focused on the the on focused analysis gap the concerned, are in the same period. period. same in the (1.5 Mtoe annually, 0.8 Mtoe for for annually, Mtoe Mtoe (1.5 0.8 to 3.0% to 12 . 10 needed to achieve the the achieve to needed in 2030, correspond (annual reduction of of (annual reduction : 62 Mtoe 62 8 Mtoe , for , for in in ------,
Commission data, 2021. data, Commission Source → Energy savings Energy � FIG 16 � FIG Historical primary Historical efficiency savings efficiency The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on PNIEC, Eurostat and European European and Eurostat PNIEC, on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The energy 0.5 x3 Required to reach to Required → efficiency target efficiency the energy the 1.5 38. tertiary). for Mtoe 0.24 and residential for Mtoe (0.28 Mtoe 0.52 of renovations to related savings energy primary current 0.8% around is rate renovation energy-related 2012-2018 annual average However, current the sectors. tertiary and 2.1% least at to equal rate renovation a result, this achieve to In order tertiary). for 0.7 Mtoe and residential in residential and tertiary sector in Italy 2020-2030 Italy in sector tertiary and residential in rate renovation and consumption energy primary Annual low deployment scenario a pumps), heat of 15% penetration around achieving installations, pump scenario inertial an siders con analysis if” “what The 2030. for estimated been have deployment buildings in efficiency 39. clear. very is sector the facing challenge the of magnitude the old, years over 97% around buildings will represent existing 2030, to through 2013-2019 od peri in the constructions new of rate the projecting and stock building buildingsin existing efficiency energy ing (100% installation of heat pumps) and a and pumps) heat of installation (100% scenario deployment full technologies able to support energy energy able to support technologies the at closely more Looking It is worth noting that efforts will have to largely focus on deploy on focus will largely to have efforts that noting worth is It of the building stock. Considering that 72% of building stock is is stock building of 72% that Considering stock. building the of 40 years old years 40 , while about 21% of homes are in buildings over 75 75 in buildings over are homes of 21% , while about heat pump pump heat by generated savings energy , the (20% penetration of the technology). the of penetration (20% (projecting the 2011-2019 CAGR of heat 2011-2019 CAGR the heat of (projecting Renovation rate renovation renovation rate Historical 0.8% is necessary in the residential residential in the necessary is x2.6 . Considering existing Italian for both sectors with with sectors both for Required to reach to Required efficiency target efficiency the energy the E (Mtoe) 2.1% - - -
63 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 64 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy Source → installed. pump aheat have already that buildings the for discounted been have scenarios the →All N.B. � FIG 17� FIG Fulldeployment deployment Low Inertial Scenarios The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on PNIEC and ENEA data, 2021. data, ENEA and PNIEC on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → � in Italy: stock building future and current and pumps 14 13 40. � � � efficiency scenarios efficiency energy different the in assumptions main the of view Synthetic (schools, offices and hotels) and offices (schools, hotels) and offices (schools, of heat pumps sales and installation and sales pumps heat of CAGR 2011-2019 the projecting 2030 at pumps heat of Hypotheses
Data source: ENEA, 2021. ENEA, source: Data ments. apart 16 than more with building and apartments 9-15 with building apartments, 5-8 with building apartments, 3-4 with building house, terraced house, Single preliminary steps calculation involved The preliminary existing residential buildings residential existing by type Analysis of existing housing in on stock information Italy based on each heat pump for savings consumption energy primary average the of Estimation 17. in Figure represented are scenarios main the of assumptions The (2013-2019). 5years last the of rate average the on based 2030 by built buildings be to new of number the of Estimation deployment in each scenario. in each deployment pump heat support to required investments the of Estimation all the tertiary sector buildings sector tertiary the all in pump aheat of Installation buildings sector tertiary the of 20% in pump aheat of Installation all the new buildings to be built until 2030 until built be to buildings new the all in pump aheat of Installation 2030 until built be to buildings new the all in pump aheat of Installation all the existing residential sector sector residential existing the all in pump aheat of Installation sector residential existing the of 20% in pump aheat of Installation This is the baseline scenario and considers the installation the considers and scenario baseline the is This 14 . 13 . concerning heat concerning heat - Commission data, 2021. data, Commission Source → 18 � FIG Inertial scenario Inertial The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on PNIEC, ENEA and European European and ENEA PNIEC, on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 23.6 → 2020-2030 Italy, in scenarios different three the in deployment pump heat for chain value the in investments required Cumulative 41. reduced to 10% to reduced is share This scenario. full in deployment the target, 2030 the reach to around generate could ings in Italy of transport. of case in the increase aslight even and emissions, in GHG reductions of levels historical lowest the show sectors 19, these in Figure shown as In fact, attention. particular deserve sectors transport and industrial 43. scenario. deployment low in the required amount the than less 10 billion Euros almost investments, of Euros billion 24 almost require would scenario inertial the comparison, of sake the For investments. requires scenario deployment low the while 2030, by required are chain value in the investments cumulative of required Euros billion 146 estimated an scenario, full deployment 42. objectives. efficiency energy the reach to sector residential in the ed need are interventions infrastructural and technological further nario, sce in afull deployment even that, indication an is This scenario. tial The full deployment of heat pumps in residential and tertiary build tertiary and in residential pumps heat of full deployment The The different scenarios imply scenarios The different level different of In investments. the As regards the decarbonisation of carbon of intensive sectors decarbonisation the regards As Low deployment scenario deployment Low E (billion Euros) in the low deployment scenario and to 7% to and scenario deployment low in the 33.4 45% of cumulative Euros billion 33.4 of the energy savings of the required energy Full deployment scenario deployment Full 146.1 in the iner the in , the , the - - - -
65 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 66 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy Source → � FIG 19 FIG � → for a description of the new new the of adescription for targets for transport stated stated transport for targets Energy transport in combustion Fuel 2009 in the “Fit for 55” package 55” for “Fit the in 100 2 Part to refer Please The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The
2010 2011 →
44. GHG emissions by sector in Europe (EU+UK), 2009-2018 (2009=100) (EU+UK), 2009-2018 Europe in by sector emissions GHG House – Ambrosetti, Enel Foundation and Enel X in the 2018 study “ study 2018 Xin the Enel and Foundation Enel –Ambrosetti, House European The by developed one intermediate the in is linewith scenario 42% over to cars registered newly of 11% to in Europe 0.2% current the from increase an mean would 30 at million vehicles cars electric for objective 2030 the sets Commission European the of egy” Strat Mobility Smart and “Sustainable the Europe, with Starting sessed. as been has infrastructure charging and vehicles electric of in terms 45. sectors. building and transport the both of electrification in the support important offer could directive the In regard, RES. this of deployment ininfrastructure buildings and thus enabling greater digitalisation and charging private of deployment the in supporting role important an have would report) present the 2of in Part in detail more described will be (that sector transport the of decarbonisation the for ambition increased announced the well as as 55” package, for “Fit in the revision under mentioning that Building the European Performance Directive, currently worth is it In regard this vehicles. of stock overall in the vehicles fuel alternative other and electric of deployment greater favouring by ample ex for emissions, reduce to fuels alternative of use the of promotion in the engaged is akey pillar. Commission as European The mobility Union'sropean long-term cleanvision for and 2050 establishes safe Waste management Waste processes Industrial 2012 In terms of European and Italian electric mobility scenarios, the gap gap the scenarios, mobility electric Italian and European of In terms transport sector transport the of decarbonisation the with Starting 2013 in 2030, equal to the change from the current 3.4% current the from change the to equal in 2030, 2014 ( x30 Total 2015 compared to the current level). This This level). current the to compared of stock upgraded by 2030. This This 2030. by upgraded stock of 2016 of the overall car stock stock car overall the of 2017 2018 , the Eu, the 78.4 88.4 90.7 98.8 100.6 Elec - - - - -
Source → 20 � FIG 2017 5,958 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on EAFO data, 2021. data, EAFO on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2018 19,718 2019 65,262 2020 → 216,000 E-cars sales in Italy, 2017-2030 Italy, in sales E-cars 15 2030 trify 46. 80%. by increase to has effort European the years few charging stations 82,000 in gathered in Europe points charging public are currently 164,000 there that Considering vehicles. electric of uptake the support to 2030 public charging stations 150,000 EU require the would that meaning station, charging per cars are estimated in 2030 in Italy. in 2030 estimated are cars electric 9million 2022, by electric be to production their of half declaring leaders business of declaration the on based scenario, accelerated In the vehicles. electric of ployment de the for 3scenarios envisaged Xalso Enel and Foundation Enel setti, –Ambro House European The by report 2030” “Electrify car. 2018 The per users of number in the trend the and 2030 for forecast evolution demographic the of basis the on in 2030 in Italy cars 10 million electric estimates report “E…muoviti” RSE The identified. been have scenarios deployment different which in Italy, from mobility electric on literature of the review by a confirmed is This will increase. 2030 by in circulation vehicles electric of number the regarding target the think to that sonable rea is it targets, Italian the of adaptation subsequent the and targets European the of revision upward the However, considering 2030. by cars 2021
on the population density. based differentiation and boxes wall private for specifications without structure, infra charging for ratio a 1:10 defined revised, be to destined and 2014 in acted en Directive, Infrastructure Fuel Alternative the that mention to important is It 292,880 With regard to Italy to regard With 2022 397,124 ”. That scenario takes into account a ratio of 200 electric 200 of aratio account into takes ”. scenario That 2023 538,471 2024 730,128 , the PNIEC sets a target of 5.9 million electric million electric 5.9 of atarget PNIEC, the sets by by wall-boxes private 15 over million and 2025 , to achieve the 2030 objective in the next next in the objective 2030 the achieve , to 990,000 2026 1,038,920 2027 1,090,258 2028 1,144,133 9 million 9 electric cars in 2030 in cars electric 2029 1,200,669 2030 1,260,000 15 - - - - -
67 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 68 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy → more substantial overhaul than just a fuel switch. afuel just than overhaul substantial more a need processes manufacturing and industrial some sources energy carbon low to converted be to that fact the to also but source energy alternative an of availability the to only not related being applications, industrial specific on depends approach decarbonisation the that is mentioningstill worth relying strongly on Another aspect fossil fuels. in sector industrial the 10 years last in the fact, of amatter As years. last in the registered improvements of lack the of because pressing 48. 60,000). only currently are (there wall-boxes private for 75 of factor amultiplication and stations, charging 9,709 current the to compared 460% of in Italy, increase an needed be would 45,000 scenario, accelerated in the station charging per vehicles 200 visages “ the with starting and cars electric only is of the charging diffusion and private wall-boxes. stations Considering mobility electric of deployment the for Finally, aspect enabling an 3%. around is quota the while currently electric, be to need would in 2030 80% almost vehicle objective, electric the 2030 reach to in order considerably: increase to needs vehicles electric of share market annual the that in 2019). means This road the on cars electric 16 227 by in Italy circulating cars electric 47. Europe Achieving this scenario means multiplying the current number of of number current the multiplying means scenario this Achieving out that the gap might be underestimated. be might gap the that out pointing worth it so (200,000), points charging of number higher amuch of ment deploy the forsee Futura, Elettricità which among references, literature Other Turning to 16 public charging stations composition of energy sources composition of energy astable maintained has industry , the decarbonisation challenge is particularly particularly is challenge decarbonisation , the and 4.5 million private wall-boxes wall-boxes million private 4.5 and Electrify 2030 Electrify over the next 10 years (59,875 (59,875 10 years next the over in the next ten years years ten next in the ” study, which en which ” study, of new cars sold sold cars new of - - , Source → 21 � FIG Natural gas Natural fuel fossils Solid 268,505 33.3% 12.3% 31.4% 6.0% 6.2% 7.5% 2011 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 0.1% 2.1% 1.1% Oil and petrolium products petrolium and Oil Manufactured gases → Final energy consumption (thousand tonnes of oil equivalent) oil of tonnes (thousand consumption energy Final 260,625 32.6% 33.1% 11.0% 6.6% 5.7% 7.7% 2013 49. 50. sector. the with associated emissions GHG of quantity stable in the ed reflect also is this above, mentioned As limited. very also is sector this in efficiency energy improving of process the that TOE in meaning 2019) million 260 to million TOE compared in 2010 (269 10 years last in the sumption ergy consumption can be electrified and thus more easily decarbonised. easily more thus and electrified be can consumption ergy en of shares high where sectors industrial some are there that consider for responsible are that in segments gent sions (% values) (% 2010-2019 Europe, in industry in type by fuel and TOE) of (thousands overall consumption energy Final final energy con final the energy mix, energy the of stability the to In addition The progressive shift to greener energy carriers is particularly ur particularly is carriers energy greener to shift progressive The 2.0% in the overall industrial sector. In addition to this, it is important to to important is it this, to In addition sector. industrial overall in the 1.2% 0.1% of the industrial sector has remained substantially constant constant substantially remained has sector industrial the of Peat and peat products peat and Peat Renewables and biofuels and Renewables 256,404 33.8% 11.2% 31.1% 8.5% 6.3% 5.7% 2015 1.3% 0.1% 2.1% 261,157 32.3% 34.1% 6.3% 5.5% 8.7% 9.7% 2017 Oil share and oil sands oil and share Oil Non renewable waste renewable Non the highest shares of emis of shares highest the 1.9% 0.1% 1.5% 260,166 32.3% 34.1% 6.3% 5.5% 8.7% 9.7% 2019 Electricy Heat 1.9% 0.1% 1.5% - - - - -
69 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 70 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy Source → 22 � FIG Low GHG emission High Low The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → industrial sectors in Italy, 2019 Italy, in sectors industrial main the in emissions GHG and potential Electrification Electrification potential Electrification Chemical Food Textile Ceramic Paper Glass Mechanics Steel High out with regard to Italy to regard with out carried been has analysis This industry. chemical the and paper, food ceramics, potential: electrification of degree ahigher with GDP) its of 5% and country in the emission GHG of 6% the about for account (that 4sectors identify to possible is it sectors, industrial different � � � � Looking more specifically at these sectors: 17 potential electrification the with sessment 51. 18
By cross-referencing the information cross-referencing By from the GHG emission as graphical perimeter. geo aspecific for only valid but general not is estimation this Therefore, sector. each in development technology of degree the and acountry of structure industrial the by influenced strongly are diagram the on positions the that noting worth is It literature. existing of review a through identified been have sectors industrial different in potential electrification the to related numbers The and the latter forand the higher latter temperature processes). processes temperature lower for (the first electrolyzers and pumps more than 50% is electrification for potential the sector, chemical the at Looking microwaves. fields and electric pulsed technologies) electric considering only (HPP; processing pressure high pumps, heat technologies: main four by enabled be can that process) pasteurisation in the a55% has sector food The drying). infra-red and for example microwave dryer are considered, technologies electric (only drying for technologies and pumps heat technologies: main two by supported be can that consumption energy final 88% of potential electrification an has sector paper The furnaces. microwave resistance and ovens technologies: main two by enabled be can that consumption energy final of 70% of potential electrification an has sector ceramic The and could be enabled by the deployment of heat heat of deployment the by enabled be could and 18 . electrification potential (especially potential electrification 17 of energy consumption in consumption energy of of of - -
71 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 72 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy studies, 2021. studies, other and 2020 October ambition”, energy and climate EU increased for paths “Sustainable Enerdata Lexecon, Compass Foundation, Enel on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source � gh electrification: throu emissions reduce to technologies mature most the of some has industry iron and steel The some electrification of industrialsectors. ambition energy and climate increased “ the to afollow-up as out carrying is Foundation Enel that dives Deep sectors industrial some of electrification the on A focus � � � � highlight: to aspects some are there but decarbonised further be could sector This mature. yet not are emissions process reduce to technologies the but emitters GHG large are minerals Non-metallic � � � � paths: diversified and sector-coupling for potential astrong has sector chemical The � � � (CSS) nor Carbon Capture Utilisation (CCU) would be needed as CO as needed be would (CCU) Utilisation Capture Carbon nor (CSS) Storage and Sequestration Carbon no (DRI) iron electrolysis: by reduced direct of Production Progress in CO Progress required. is product) and material (resource, measures circular on focus More needed. are cement in clinker of content reduction and biomethane and biogas to switching in fuel Progress processes. linked industrial to are Two emissions of thirds processes. for gas fossil of instead biogas of Use formic acid; heat), power-to-chemicals, power-to-fertilizers. methanol, kerosene, liquids-synthetic CH4; -H2, gases as (such fuels to power Power-to-X: ammonia. based hydrogen Green biomethanol). and bioethanol (e.g., feedstock biomass and hydrogen green by feedstock fossil-based Replacing RES. by powered (EAF) furnace arc in electric an metal scrap of use Increasing steelmaking. (recycled) secondary to primary from Shift technology. reduction smelting plasma hydrogen green New 2 -cured concrete products is needed. is products concrete -cured 19 CO through (e.g., externalities account into taking by enhanced be can technologies electric of competitiveness Moreover, techniques. manufacturing new and production mass to due fall to both expected 52. price of gas and the price of electricity the and gas of price the between field playing the leveling on work should policies ulatory reg In particular one. traditional the to compared technology of kind this promote that measures policy through investment of deployment the facilitate to work to fundamental is it however great, is potential The technologies. applicable and existing of use the to thanks rates electrification high demonstrate sectors industrial some In summary, solutions. green to granted incentives by and taxation) willingness of business leaders to adopt new technologies, which in which technologies, new adopt to leaders business of willingness to the related strictly is electrification the of pace the that is aspect important 4.1. to equal Another 2.0), is in Finland while in Italy 5.2, is ratio price the in Belgium (i.e. States Member among heterogeneity great with in Europe, average on 3.8 is carrier energy two the tween
Prices considered for and natural electrcity gas are for consumers. non-household For some technologies, in particular for heat pumps, prices are are prices pumps, heat for in particular technologies, some For ” study, published in October 2020, address the potential potential the address 2020, in October published ” study, . In 2019 the price ratio price the . In 2019 Sustainable paths for EU for paths Sustainable 2 is avoided. 19 be - - - 2
related to the energy taxation taxation energy the to related for the details of the issues issues the of details the for Part 2 Part to refer Please addressed in the new new the in addressed “Fit for 55” package 55” for “Fit (please see Part 2 for further details). further 2for Part see (please urgency and relevance its highlithing 55” package, for “Fit new in the addressed been has taxation energy the to related issue This burdens. unproper from them discharging bills and electricity within items cost 50% about was price tricity of taxes andimpact the 2019 In leviesones. efficient most and cleanest the penalizing without and carriers energy different among competition market-based afair promote to in order itself, vice ser electric the to related not costs by affected be not should level retail the at carrier electric the of competitiveness economic the light, sector. Inthis specific in a electrification of deployment the not or in favoring determinants important are (TCO) ownership of cost total all, above and, etc.) obligations, (bans, regulation readiness, structure infra and market example For constraints. external to related is turn in Italy, so efforts are needed to revising revising to needed are efforts in Italy, so on the elec the on - - -
73 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 74 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy 1.4
transition plans plans transition energy and recovery national and European opportunity: investment The three channels three through States Member to ble availa resources new made has Europe emergency, socio-economic 55. Health Organization on 11 World the by pandemic global the of declaration the after months four part of the chapter analyses the possible energy transition invest transition energy possible the analyses chapter the of part following The in regard. this opportunities important PNRR represent Italian EU the and Generation Next The targets. 2030 the achieve to required investments of in terms behind fallen have Italy and Union 53. pean Council approved the Next Generation EU 21 on Generation Next the approved Council pean Euro the full into swing, went emergency COVID-19 the As EU history. unprecedented with resources reacted EU the institutions nitude, mag such of asituation with Faced 8.9%. by Italy's and 6.2% by GDP Europe's overall 3.3%, fell by GDP global impacts: economic huge with 54. operational mechanisms EU Generation Next 1.4.1. The made. be could that ments ture, fully implementing the Green New Deal. Its reach extends until until extends reach Its Deal. New Green the implementing fully ture, architec Europe's economic transform to aims which instrument policy industrial major a and in Europe leverage fiscal of use ambitious most EU the is Generation Next Europe. resilient and sustainable connected, amore create to aims 2021/2027 EU the and Budget, planning economic EU 56. form of with experimentation debt. common initial an therefore, is, This issuance. bond social European of rounds several through raised billion Euros, 90.3 worth loans soft of form the in States Member to resources providing by Europe in post-pandemic unemployment against fight the support to is ambition Its approach. Commission European the of in terms innovation important an sented (EIB). companies SURE European of crisis liquidity the aging man to (ESM) and sense strictest in the emergency health the tering coun to outset the from dedicated were and COVID-19 before place (SURE) programme. The ESM in Emergency an Risks Unemployment mitigate to Support Temporary (EIB) Bank the and Investment (ESM), European the Mechanism ity multi-year plan that, in synergy with European European with in synergy that, plan multi-year Euros billion , a750 Regarding the measures to immediately counter the health and and health the counter immediately to measures the Regarding The core of the European strategy, however, Next is Generation strategy, European the of core The As outlined in the first part of the chapter, both the European the both European chapter, of the part first in the outlined As The COVID-19 The pandemic th th March 2020. 2020. March triggered an economic and social crisis crisis social and economic an triggered and EIB and Plan: guiding principles and and principles guiding Plan: mechanisms were already in already were mechanisms : the European Stabil European : the st st July 2020, just just 2020, July repre in in ------23 � FIG Source → projects Pan-european for Resources Euros billion 77.5 The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The States Member for Resources 672.5 billion Euros billion → Structure and funding of Next Generation EU Generation Next of funding and Structure 20 (RRF) Facility Resilience and billion Recovery Euros 672.5 57. investments. the of effect leverage the to due longer last to expected are plan the of effects indirect and direct the but 2026 � � � by: is completed EU package GDP. Generation Together Next RFF the the with facility, their of 6.9% of up amaximum to request may country each which ros, billion 360 Eu of loan maximum a and State) Member beneficiary the of in favour transfers non-repayable (i.e. billion grants Euros 312.5 into fulcrum of the Next Generation EU's programmatic action. EU's programmatic Generation Next the of fulcrum the constitutes (RRF) therefore Facility Resilience and Recovery The � billion Euros billion 47.5 EU React This component is erroneously known in the press as the Recovery Fund. Recovery the as press the in known erroneously is component This The most important component of the Next Generation EU the is Generation Next the of component important most The (1.9 billion Euros) and Horizon Europe (5 billion Euros). Additional resources 10 to billion Euros. amounting and 2019 in December Rural for Funds Development 47.5 billion Euros. of Europe), a for programme territorial of with cohesion resources REACT-EU The The Recovery and Resilience Facility Resilience and Recovery Euros billion 360 Loans Just TransitionJust Fund (Recovery Assistance for Cohesion and for the Cohesion Territories Assistance (Recovery billion Euros billion 5.6 EU Invest 30% 70% billion Euros billion 312.5 Transfers in 2020/2021 from 2023 from from InvestEU (5.6 billion (5.6 Euros), InvestEU from RescEU , launched with the European Green Deal Deal Green European the with , launched ecE EU Resc Fund Transition Just Rural Development Horizon Europe Euros billion 24.4 Other projects Other (7.5 billion Euros). 7.5 1.9 10 Euros 5 billion billion Euros billion billion Euros billion billion Euros billion EU Next Generation Euros billion 750 20 , divided , divided -
75 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 76 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy Source → 24 � FIG Italy 65.5
Spain 59.2
The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The France 37.4
Poland 23.1
Germany 22.7
Greece 16.2
Romania 13.8 →
Portugal 13.2 (billion Euros, current prices) Facility Resilience and Recovery the of State by Member Grants sistent with: with: sistent con be must plan each In addition, digitalisation. to allocated be must 20% while aminimum of transition, green the to allocated be must 22 21 billion Euros) (65.5 total 58. reference to its contents. In particular, at least 37% least at In particular, contents. its to reference with and Plan the of structure the of in terms both conform, to quired re was country each which to Plans the of drafting the for guidelines prepared has in fact, Commission, The EU period. Generation Next the over resources of allocation the detail must which Plan, Resilience and Recovery up draw to aNational upon called been has State Member 59. Spain. and Italy as such economies to compared lower EU therefore are Generation Next from received resources – the Germany as –such countries European large billion Euros). some (16.2 For Greece billion Euros), Poland (23.1 billion Euros), (22.7 Germany billion Euros) and billion Euros),(37.4 Spain (59.2 by France followed is it below, figure the Czech Rep. 6.7 line with European indications. European with line in is investments of amount total the therefore and transition energy the on pact im an have also will "digitalisation") (e.g. missions other in planned investments that considered be must it mission, revolution" "green the to budget total RR's PN the of 30% allocates Italy report, the in elsewhere mentioned as Although, period. 2020-21 the during experienced decline GDP real on based later distributed 30% remaining the with 2021-2022, in distributed be will funds of 70% proposal current the to According These resources will be allocated based on strict conditions strict on based allocated will be resources These In terms of funds allocation, allocation, funds of In terms Hungary 6.3
Bulgaria 6.0
Croatia 6.0
Slovakia 5.8
Netherlands 5.6 21
Belgium 5.1 leading the –is recipient country
Sweden 3.7
Austria 3.0 Italy
Lithuania 2.4 – with a share of around 21% of the the of 21% around of a share – with Finland 2.3
Latvia 1.9
Slovenia 1.6
Denmark 1.6 22
of the resources Ireland 1.3
Estonia 1.0 in shown . As
Cyprus 1.0
: each : each Malta 0.2
Luxembourg 0.1 - - - - located are earmarked for sustainable and digital transition. digital and sustainable for earmarked are located al resources the of half than more guidelines: European with pliance com towards orientation aclear shows investments of allocation The M6. M5. M4. M3. M2. M1. missions: six into divided projects, of years six over PNRR the distributed of is Euros 62. 60. 24 23 � � sources of the Complementary Fund Complementary the of sources re the are there (REACT-EU) In 13 to addition, billion Euros. amounting Package and for European Cohesion Territories Assistance Recovery the of resources the to in addition RRF’s of resources), 30% total (about Facility Resilience and Recovery the billion from Euros 191.5 absorb Euros 235.12 billion of atotal to amounts ( Plan Resilience and Recovery National Italian the 2021, April 61. institutions for andtransition opportunities companies projects and energy Plan: Resilience and Recovery National The 1.4.2. According to to the the submitted version European in Commission cates to projects that are not covered by European funds. European by covered not are that projects to cates allo government Italian the that resources of consists Fund Complementary The stability. macroeconomic and fairness productivity, ity, sustainabil environmental dimensions: four around structured is it on, cycle ter Semes 2020 the From months. 18 12to coming the EU for the for priorities policy employment and economic the outlines Strategy Growth Sustainable Annual The With the aim of restoring growth, the approximately 235 billion 235 approximately the growth, restoring aim of the With Moreover, approved, once the plan is to subject continuous Digitisation and innovation Commission's on the recommendations Budget Law. The EU Annual Sustainable Growth Strategy Growth EUSustainable Annual The adopted. be to policies and reforms macroeconomic on States Member to recommendations contains which package, Semester European The on the Functioning of the European Union. Union. European the of Functioning the on of the 126 Article to Treaty pursuant targets, sustainability financial the with non-compliance of event in the well as as objectives, Plan's the from adeviation of event in the payments suspend may which Council, the and Commission the by scrutiny and evaluation Inclusion and Inclusion cohesion Education and research and Education Health Sustainable infrastructures Green revolution Green ...... 24 , amounting to 30.62 billion Euros. billion Euros. 30.62 to , amounting . More specifically, Italy will Italy specifically, . More 23 as well as the the well as as PNRR ------)
77 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 78 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy data, 2021. data, Source → EU. React and Fund Supplementary the from allocations financial the →Excludes N.B. 25 FIG � Composition ofComposition thePNRRby mission ofComposition thePNRRby funding billion Euros billion revolution Green 59.47 30% The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on National Recovery and Resilience Plan Plan Resilience and Recovery National on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The
billion Euros 235.12 %values Digitalisation 40.32 → 21%
Graphic at the bottom: composition of the PNRR by Mission by PNRR Mission the of composition bottom: the at Graphic %values) (billion and Euros 2021 by PNRR funding, the of composition top: the at Graphic (billion Euros and %values) (billion and Euros and education and Research 30.88 14% Infrastructure 25.4 13%
6% React EU Fund Complementary RRF 13% 81% and cohesion and Inclusion 19.81 13% Health 15.63 9%
Source → 26 � FIG 2021. Commission, European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source 30 by drafts of submission the PNRR the envisaged approving for procedure The Plans Resilience and Recovery National approving of process The Italian PNRR was approved on 22 on PNRR approved Italian was The concerned. State Member the and Commission the between agreement a prior of event the in extended only be could which assessment, an provide to months two had Commission The � � � � defined: been have Plans the of evaluation the for criteria four In process, this project. the of requirements general the and Plan the of provisions the with consistency the verify to months two afurther has Commission the which for reached, been have milestones certain once projects individual the of reimbursement the for applications the Commission the send may State Member each remainder, the For provided. resources the of 13% disburse immediately to proceeds audit, a positive of event in the and, Commission the by provided opinion the on weeks four within decides which Council, European the to submitted 30 2021 other. Coherence Efficiency governance. Effectiveness EU. Generation Next the of objectives digitisation and climate overall the and countries to made Relevance th April Resilience Plan Resilience and Recovery National the of submission for Deadline The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration, 2021. elaboration, Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The : consistency with the: consistency Union's planning, macroeconomic the recommendations : reasonableness of costs against certain expected benefits. expected certain against costs of : reasonableness : the plan must contain measures that are harmonious and synergistic with each each with synergistic and harmonious are that measures contain must plan : the : ability of the Plan to generate structural changes in the economy and and economy in the changes structural generate to Plan the of : ability Within two Within months → submitted plans submitted of assessment Commission for Deadline The timeline of National Recovery and Resilience Plans Resilience and Recovery National of timeline The nd nd June 2021. Once evaluated by the Commission, the Plan is is Plan the Commission, the by evaluated Once 2021. June 4 weeks Within European Council European the by approval for Deadline approval Post in the plans the in listed projects for claims of Submission Within two Within months Commission the by requirements Verification of th th April 2021.
79 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 80 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy data, 2021. data, Source → 27 � FIG 2021 23 The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on National Recovery and Resilience Plan Plan Resilience and Recovery National on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The 2022 → 56 64. year. next by plan the finalise to also summer, the by but resources the mobilise to quickly act to only not necessary be willIt therefore financed. be to projects of the cycle life of the basis on the defined a maturity with 2023, ber 2026. Loans, on the other hand, can be applied for until 31 for applied be can hand, other the on Loans, 2026. 2024- period three-year the over deployed be to rest the with 2023, by 63. (billion Euros) EU, 2021-2026 Generation by Next generated GDP Additional 65. used actually is funding all GDP, that additional potential billion of Euros assuming 580 than more EU activate to able will be Generation Next 2021-2026, period the over Cumulatively, scenario. baseline the to compared nario) range, sce (high p.p. +3.6 to +2.7 (medium scenario) in the p.p. be to pected ex is in 2026 growth GDP assessments, impact macroeconomic the nificant bureaucratic procedures for accessing funds and to implement pro implement to and funds accessing for procedures bureaucratic the follow to both administration public skills in of the scarcity the literature, the to according to, due budget 51% to total the of equal currently is spent actually share the and available resources total the of 87% only allocated Italy Funds, Investment and Structural European the of period programming 2014-2020 In the channel. European the from derive that resources the use to capacity limited its by acterised char been has Italy historically, that, noted be should it regard, this investments execute and plan to ability the on primarily pends The actual possibility of implementing the planned projects de projects planned the implementing of possibility actual The At least 70% of transfers must be deployed by 2022 and disbursed disbursed and 2022 by deployed be must transfers of 70% At least Over the next five years, Next Generation EU can generate a sig a can generate EU Generation Next years, five next the Over impact on the growth of European countries European of growth the on impact 2023 88 . 2024 111 2025 143 . According to 2026 167 st st Decem . In ------carry out further work on efficient governance mechanisms governance efficient on work further out carry to necessary is it results, desired the produce and effectively used are funds To third. billion the to Euros these that 15.36 ensure component, second the to devoted billion are Euros 23.78 study. this of subject the for relevant buildingrenovation”,most and the are efficiency “Energy third component, the and mobility”, sustainable and grid hydrogen, gy, ener “Renewable component, second the 2, Mission Within total. the 25 Euros billion 59.47 to equal resources, of share largest the receiving is - revolution” 2- the “green Mission seen, As identified. tors key sec in the investments support to opportunities important provide 66. programming cycle. the of end the of years three within used not is spent and allocated resources the between difference the if increase could which Euros, billion 9.4 least at to amounting resources of aloss is result The jects. ond component, “ ond component, 67. � � � � � allocated): resources of amount aspecific with one (each objectives following the has component second the particular, In Strategy). EU the (in linewith Hydrogen solutions hydrogen-based of adoption the initiating including segments, industrial some of sation decarboni the and mobility sustainable more on focus particular with sectors, in allother uses end decarbonise to and flexibility, centralised de and resources renewable new synchronise and accommodate to resilient) more and (smarter grids of strengthening the and solutions) offshore and configurations, and structures plant and technologies both of in terms solutions, innovative (including solutions utility-scale and decentralised through renewables of penetration the increase able mobility support the achievement of these targets. these of achievement the support to order in processes authorisation of efficiency the increase and streamline to measures introduce to urgent extremely becomes -it renewables of penetration and authorisation of rate current the to -compared 2030 by realised be must that capacity renewable new of volumes the of light in Therefore, PNIEC. the in those than ambitious more already are PNRR Italian the in targets renewable The To ensure the progressive decarbonisation of all sectors, the sec the all of sectors, decarbonisation To progressive the ensure energy transition energy the as far As Euros). billion (2.00 sectors transition main in the leadership development & research and industrial international an developing M2C2.5: Euros). billion (8.58 transport local sustainable more developing M2C2.4: (3.19uses billion Euros). promoting hydrogenM2C2.3: distribution production, and end (4.11 events climate billion Euros). extreme to resilience increase and in RES production increase the accommodate to infrastructures grid digitalising and upgrading M2C2.2: billion Euros). (5.90 system in the sources energy renewable from produced energy of share the M2C2.1: increasing ”, foresees measures – investments and reforms – to –to reforms and –investments measures ”, foresees Renewable energy, hydrogen, grid and sustain and grid hydrogen, energy, Renewable is concerned, the PNRR resources 25 . , 30% of of ------
81 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 82 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy data, 2021. data, Source → 28 � FIG Transport Local 8.58 The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on National Recovery and Resilience Plan Plan Resilience and Recovery National on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The → 5.90 RES of Mission 2 of the PNRR, 2021 (billion 2021 PNRR, Euros) the 2of Mission of component second the of intervention of area per Resources which first and foremost require the reform of authorisation mech authorisation of reform the require foremost and first which plants, utility-scale of potential the unlocking energies, renewable of 68. � � � � � measures: specific following the of RES to consists related objective The biomethane. of development the strengthening and solutions, offshore and grated inte including solutions, innovative of development the encouraging systems, distributed small-scale and communities energy of opment the devel accelerating opportunities, of agro-voltaic development the enhancing full potential, their reach to rules market and anisms The line of investment related to RES to related investment lineof The and offshore renewable installations, new legal framework to to framework legal new installations, renewable offshore and Reform 1.1: Simplification of authorisation for onshore procedures billionapproximately 2.3-2.5 cubic (1.92 metres billion Euros). by network gas the of greening the for used be to waste agricultural from biomethane of capacity the increase to possible will which it make development, Biomethane 1.4: Investment billion (0.68 Euros). years RES coming in MW from the 200 of capacity installed a total with plants building aiming at offshore), Investment 1.3: Promotion of innovative installations (including billion Euros). (2.20 jointly acting energy renewable of self-consumers and communities energy renewable by configuration in adistributed capacity generation electricity new of 2,000MW approximately install to needed resources the secure to aims which self-consumption, and communities energy for renewables of Promotion 1.2: Investment (1.10 year per billion Euros). 1,300GWh about produce would which 1.04GW, of capacity production agro-voltaic an installing aim of the with development, 1.1: Agro-voltaic Investment Grids 4.11 Hydrogen 3.19 aims at increasing the share share the increasing at aims R&D leadership Industrial and Industrial 2.00 - - - use, transport and distribution of hydrogen. of distribution and transport use, the enable to regulations and reforms all necessary completing and development and research supporting railway lines, non-electrifiable selected and transport in heavy hydrogen of use –the stations ing recharg –through enabling sites, industrial disused with areas on in particular leveraging valleys” “hydrogen of creation the favouring industry), steel the with (starting sectors industrial in hard-to-abate deployment its for projects flagship developing by use and duction 70. � � measures: specific following the of sists con grids to related objective The infrastructure. grid the digitalise grids to related action lineof the phenomena, er weath extreme frequent increasingly to resilience increase to also but 69. market. electricity internal the for rules common on 2019/944 (EU) Directive transposing decree legislative in the as systems, storage in investments for facilitation regulatory envisages Finally, reform the access. competitive of principles the maintaining period, auction the of extension the and technologies non-mature for also mechanism port RES the sup of completion the foresees also reform The objectives. the PNIEC, for the achievement of the development renewable energy by identified that to equal least at power total with plants energy able renew of installation the for suitable not and suitable areas of fication identi the for criteria the defining at aimed concerned, administrations state other the and regions the with shared adiscipline, of issuance the for provides also reform The Semplificazioni”. “Decreto the of sions provi the with in continuity RES for plants, framework regulatory ble including actions, regulatory the creation of a simplified accessi and the development plants. The reform of renewable envisages energy and sector energy renewable in the investment public-private anisms, andvestment encouraging storage the mech development of energy in private boosting sources, energy renewable for suitable areas of development and identification the for plan aregional of sharing the eration the plants, simplification ofenvironmental procedures, impact gen energy renewable off-shore of construction the for procedures throughout theprocedures national territory, the simplification of 1.1 Reform of objectives The � The objective related to hydrogen to related objective The To accommodate the increase in renewable energy production, production, energy in renewable increase the To accommodate Euros). Euros). billion (0.50 networks of km 4,000 approximately of resilience the aiming improve to networks, of resilience Climate 2.2: Investment billion Euros). MW (3.61 4,000 by sources renewable from generation distributed additional integrate and accommodate to grid the of capacity the increase to aims which grid, smart the 2.1: Strengthening Investment andproduction consumption. gas renewable of promotion the for legislation New 1.2: Reform scheme. support existing of eligibility and timeframe the of extension and generation renewable support are the standardisation of authorisation intends to pro its promote aims to upgrade and and upgrade to aims ------
83 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 84 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy ing emissions in Italy, characterised by its old public and private build private and public old its by in Italy, characterised emissions ing reduc for lever important an extremely buildings, of efficiency of level tion 73. sector. transport the for batteries and buses) electric (e.g. bility mo sustainable of means electrolysers, of production the for nologies tech storage, electrochemical for and turbines) wind medium-large and new-generation modules, PV innovative (e.g. generation newable re for technologies to devoted are investments In particular, growth. and employment of engine an them make to indeed, and, technologies imported on dependence reduce to will possible it that make growth greatest of areas in the chains supply competitive of in Italy velopment de the promote to intended are in objective this contained vestments in the Indeed, transition. energy the for relevance its to due out ing point worth is sectors”, transition main in the leadership development 72. administration. same the within evaluation in project competences of duplication the eliminating and rationalising responsibilities and transport, rapidlic mass transport pub in local projects evaluating for procedures the simplifying at and 4.1 Reform � � � � � measures: specific following the of consists sector transport the to related objective The trains. green and tions, solu low/zero towards emission fleet bus obsolete the for programme arenewal with transport, public local green of spread the celerating ac network, infrastructure recharging electric public adequate an developing transport, public and bicycles of use the and ter-modality in promoting mobility, in “soft” investing transport, local sustainable 71. transport sector transport the to related objective The The third component, “ third component, The Objective 5, “developing an international industrial and research & research and industrial international an “developing 5, Objective field of rapid mass transport. transport. mass rapid of field in the and installations fixed with systems transport public local of field in the assessment project for procedures 4.1:Reform Faster billion Euros). (3.64 fleet service fire in the introduced be to vehicles gas-powered and electric 3,600 about and 2026, by units old of number equivalent an replace to purchased be to trains 53 2026, by purchased be to buses low-emission 3,360 around with trains, green and fleets bus of Renewal 4.4: Investment (0.74 technologies billion Euros). storage energy with stations charging experimental 100 well as as centres, in urban 13,755 and motorways on points 7,500 fast-charging develop aiming to infrastructure, charging electric of Development 4.3: Investment billion Euros). (3.60 cableways and trolleybuses trams, metro, into divided infrastructures transport mass rapid for networks equipped of km 240 of construction the for providing transport, mass rapid of Development 4.2: Investment billion (0.60 Euros). paths cycle tourist of km 1,250 around and paths cycle metropolitan and urban of km 570 around of Investment 4.1: cycling, Strengthening providing for the construction ”, is aimed at strengthening energy efficiency by increasing the the by increasing efficiency energy ”, strengthening at aimed is aims at speeding up the implementation of interventions interventions of implementation up the speeding at aims Energy efficiency and building renova building and efficiency Energy is to develop more more develop to is ------29 � FIG data, 2021. data, Source → The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on National Recovery and Resilience Plan Plan Resilience and Recovery National on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The Residential buildings 13.95 → of Mission 2 of the PNRR, 2021 (billion 2021 PNRR, Euros) the 2of Mission of component third the of intervention of area per Resources � � � allocated): resources of amount aspecific with (each one objectives following the has ticular, third component the In par energies. renewable of integration the and resilience social of promotion the creation, job investment, local while stimulating stock building private publicand of efficiency energy the increase to aim is overall The old. years 45 over is which of 60% than more stock, ing � � � measures: specific following the of consists 74. tance of combining economic measures with measures to overcome overcome to measures with measures economic combining of tance impor the recognises reform the aim, this achieve to In order stock. building national of upgrading energy the for strategy the in line with buildings” (nZEB), energy zero “nearly buildings into of transformation the and renovations major encouraging stock, building of conversion 1.1 Reform buildings public in efficiency energy to related objective The M2C3.3: district heating systems (0.20 billion Euros). (0.20 systems heating district M2C3.3: buildingsresidential billion (13.95 Euros). public and private of upgrading seismic and energy M2C3.2: billion Euros). buildings in (1.21 public efficiency M2C3.1: energy energy efficiency measures. measures. efficiency energy Reform 1.1: Simplification and for of acceleration procedures (0.41 mid-2026 buildings by billion Euros). 48 on intervening aim of the with buildings, court of upgrading Efficiency 1.2: Investment Euros). billion buildings (0.80 school 195 some on work to aims which plan, Investment 1.1: building School renovation replacement and energy stems from the necessity to promote the rapid energy energy rapid the promote to necessity the from stems buildings Public 1.21 heating District 0.20 - -
85 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 86 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy safety of buildings, which is intended to extend the recently intro recently the extend to intended is which buildings, of safety and efficiency energy up the 110%to for Sismabonus and Ecobonus 2.1: Investment of consists buildings residential public and private 75. � � � � action: of lines four of consists reform the particular, In works. of execution the down slow buildings or of refurbishment energy in the choices investment reduce that barriers non-economic component, the objective “P.A. digitalisation” contains Investment Investment contains “P.A. digitalisation” objective the component, same the within Still administration. public effective and modern for skills needed managerial the and transition, green PNRR, including the of priorities the on will focus courses These available. capital human of upskilling and reskilling the for courses online of range awide make to aims it because relevant is investment This sector”. public in the novation” “Digitisation,component of theinnovation first security and 2.3: Investment tourism”, and culture containing competitiveness, vation, 78. all to citizens. messages relevant most the of dissemination the maximise to leaders thought and encers influ involve and issues, environmental on material educational evant rel most the contains all to that accessible platform open an provide forms), long documentaries, schools, for videos (podcasts, issues tion transi ecological on content omni-channel develop to is objective the To level. this, do community at also behaviour, virtuous of adoption the promote to and level, community and family individual, at sumption con and lifestyles sustainable more adopting for available options the on educate to consequences, their and scenarios change climate of and challenges issues environmental of awareness and Culture 3.3: Investment includes agriculture”. related to objective The “Developing integrated projects” sustainable and economy “Circular to devoted mission, second the of component first the is these of One in general. transition energy the of themes linked the to are they because mentioning worth are that but focused, is study the which on sectors to the related specifically not 77. MW. 360 for recovery heat waste for connections or plants of struction con the and networks heating district efficient of km 330 of velopment de the concerning systems, heating district of 3.1:ment Development Invest of consists systems heating district to related objective The 76. 2023. to 2021 Rilancio) from Decreto called 119 so the of (Article measure 110% Superbonus duced There are other missions and components of the PNRR that are PNRR are the that of components and missions other are There energy and seismic upgrading of of upgrading seismic and energy the to related objective The It is also worth pointing out the first mission, “Digitisation, inno “Digitisation, mission, first the out pointing worth also is It the PREPAC programme. by financed projects of phase implementation the Accelerating Fund. Efficiency Energy National the strengthening and Updating sector. civil the for Training and Information Plan the of activities the Strengthening Buildings. of Efficiency Energy the for Portal National the Activating Skills and administrative capacity administrative and Skills , which aims to raise the level of awareness awareness of level the raise to aims , which , within the objective “P.A. In objective the , within ------1.4: 1.4: standing of the possible incentives of which they can benefit. benefit. can they which of incentives possible the of standing under and picture aclear provide to in order transition, energy the to related incentives all of existing mapping adetailed including citizens, for interface and repository a single of creation the include also could investment lineof This standards. quality common towards trations all adminis of public practices the harmonising services, digital of experience user the improve to planned also is intervention organic an Finally, systems. transport of urban efficiency the improve to Service) a as (Mobility mobility of area in the developed being also are iments Exper channels. digital to shifted is possible as interaction much as that ensure to platform, notification digital single the as such duced, intro are services new Secondly, reinforced. is platforms service ital dig national of take-up the First, citizens. to offered services digital Digital services and digital citizenship and services Digital , aimed at improving the the improving at , aimed - - - - -
87 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 88 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy 1.5 investments in Europe and Italy transition deployment energy the of Expected benefits deriving from production processes, creates jobs creates and, consequently, additional processes, production in its optimises invests, that system economic an GDP: of formation the 80. in Italy. and Europe in both generate PNRR, would Italian EU the and Generation Next the by provided resources of amount massive the to thanks also process, transition energy in the involved sectors analysed in the investments 79. same goes for the EU27. the for goes same the rates, growth and volumes different with if Even consumption. in private drop the 3times around and spending in public drop the Euros billion 86 around fell by investment 2019, and 2007 in crisis financial and economic the of start the Between growth. of lack Italy's of causes main the among is 13 years last the of 82. necessity. urgent an but option, an not is This growth. revive to possible not is it public, and private both in investments, recovery bust ro without but action, afundamental represents This consumption. of recovery the for alever as power purchasing household of revival the towards oriented been have policies in 2020, crisis economic-health recent the during witnessed As growth. national foster to recipe best the be could what on theories various elaborating need, this on focused has emergency, health COVID-19 by the triggered crisis subsequent the and 2007 in economy global the hit that crisis economic and financial the since especially years, in recent debate technical-economic The 81. 17.8%and economy. Italian the of lion Euros bil 321.2 and in Europe Euros billion 2,881 totaled investment fixed gross crisis, COVID-19 the despite In 2020, consumption. and come Economic growth is a priority for governments isEconomic around a priority the growth world. The following section presents the benefits that the deployment of deployment the that benefits the presents section following The The reduction in investment as a result of the economic shocks shocks economic the of a result as in investment reduction The Investments represent one of the most important components in components important most the of one represent Investments in Italy, equivalent to 21.6% of the cumulative EU27 GDP EU27 GDP cumulative the of 21.6% to in Italy, equivalent 7times than , more - - - Source → 30 � FIG 2007 1,811 GDP The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel foundation on Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat on foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The consumption Private → -30 84. 2019. and 2000 between GDP of 1.9% to 3.4% fell from investment public of weight Similarly, billion Euros. the 488 around by fallen have investments cumulative 2007 since and in 2019 18.3% to in 2000 GDP of 20.4% on GDP.capital fixed formation Gross bycompanies private fell from impact their of in terms and value in absolute both reduced gradually have investments private and public 2000, Since past. in the roots 83. billion 2010, Euros)(chain linked volumes 2019 and 2007 components, its and Italy in variation GDP investments at 2030. at investments (GDP) benefits economic total the define to expanded been has in Italy and rope 85. pivotal. so been never has sector energy green in the by investing created benefits vironmental en and social economic, the of comprehension the level, European at emissions GHG for target ambitious more the achieve to Commission European the by envisaged 2030 and 2020 between al investments In this sense, the analysis of the investment stock and gap in Eu gap and stock investment the of analysis the In sense, this The reduction of investment in Italy is a phenomenon that has its its has that aphenomenon is in Italy investment of reduction The Moving on from this to premise, the consider significantaddition Investments -86 linked to the effective deployment of green energy energy green of deployment effective linked the to buildings Public -11 Net commercial balance +42 1,725 2019 GDP - - -
89 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 90 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy study and Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat and study Source → 31 � FIG
Electricity 1.19
The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on “Empowering Europe’s Investability” Investability” Europe’s “Empowering on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Agriculture, forestry and fishing 0.02
Mining and quarrying 0.01
Manufacturing 0.52
Water supply, → sewerage and waste 0.01 (absolute value) (absolute EU27+UK the in sector electricity the of multiplier GDP 27 ysis anal input-output using calculated was multiplier the in 2016, lished and Enel “ study Ambrosetti – House European in The presented results the on Leveraging used. 26 86. tor 87. analysing interindustrial relations. and intersectoral Constructions 0.08 � � Euro GDP. of In particular: 2.28 is economy the on impact total the sector, energy in the erated
27 the entire sector. energy of aproxy as considered been has sector” “electricity Eurostat’s the case, this In plementation of economic incentives by the government or local administrations. im the following system economic the of reactivity the post ex evaluate and ante ex assess sector; that in demand in increase an following activity of field or sector specific of a production the in changes to respect with activities supply of fields sectors/ the on units work and terms monetary in impact the estimate changes; ex of economy an in families and institutions sectors, economic among flows put out and input of a diagram construct to: possible it makes analysis Input-output The analysis conducted on the contribution of the electricity sec electricity the of contribution the on conducted analysis The
Wholesale and retail been has multiplier GDP the benefit, To economic the estimate interdependencies) is equal to 1.09 to equal is interdependencies) cross-sectoral by (activated effect induced and indirect The and/or sector. the within uses consumption to attributable and process production in the activated 0.19 and GDP effect GDP the is in increase direct 1.19 to the 1is equal is , where effect direct The (or the analysis of sectoral interdependence sectoral of (or analysis the rade services 0.11 gen Euro GDP of each for that reveals development industrial to Transportation and storage 0.06 Accommodation and food services 0.03
ICT 0.04
Finance and insurance 0.02
Real estate 0.03 Empowering Europe’s Investability Europe’s Empowering Scientific and professional activities 0.05 Administrative activities 0.02 PA and defence . services 0.02
Education Services 0.01 Human health and social work 0.03 26 ) with the aim of aim of the ) with Arts, entertainments and recreation 0.01 Other service activities 0.01 ”, pub ”, Total 2.28 ------
� � � evaluated: be can system economic the on impacts of types different Three specific sector. in that in demand increment an after in production, changes to reference with sectors, economic the on activities supply of impact monetary the estimating and economy in exchange an sectors economic among flows outward and inward representing system, economic the across activity of in any sector variation demand of impact the estimate accurately to allows analysis Input-output economy the on impacts different The “Empowering Europe’s Investability - 2016”, 2021. -2016”, Investability Europe’s →“Empowering Source indirect impact. indirect and direct the by induced consumption and expenses through generated impact, Induced chain. sector selected the for however, inputs are, outputs whose sector, considered the to external services and goods of suppliers the of consisting process production the through system economic the by generated impact, Indirect perimeter. its within produced effect the and analysed sector the to refers which impact, Direct technologies sector could reach 173,000 in 2030. 173,000 reach could sector technologies million 1.4 dation “ study 28 91. social the to extended be could and dimension economic the to linked exclusively not are 90. Euros billion 424 be would investment additional of level this to tor sec energy the of multiplier GDP the applying by calculated economy to the benefits induced and indirect 2017-2030. direct, The period the over scenario policy current the to respect with investments ergy 89. Euros of 8,126 billion economy to the benefits induced and indirect direct, generate could gap investment the bridging that estimated be lion Euros bil 3,564 to equal is system energy total in the in 2030 investments scenario GHG -55% the and investments scenario inertial the between 88. a 30% increase with respect to 2017, with a net employment gain 2017, to employment anet with respect with increase a 30% million in 2030, EU27+UK in the 6.8 reach sector could technologies electric in the employment that estimated been has It employment. on impact positive a has electrification by about brought transition
According to The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foun Enel and – Ambrosetti House European The to According Considering the employment due lost to the reduction in thermal technologies. of additional Euros billion en 186 In PNIEC Italy, the estimates According to the European Commission estimate, the overall gap gap overall the estimate, Commission European the to According However, the benefits related to bridging the gap in investment gap in investment the bridging to related However, benefits the . By applying the GDP multiplier of the energy sector, it can can it sector, energy the of multiplier GDP the applying . By . In Italy, the forecast net gain in employment in the electric electric in the in gain employment net . In forecast Italy, the Just E-volution 2030 E-volution Just and environmental and ”, published in 2019, the energy energy ”, the in 2019, published dimensions. 28 of of . . - - - -
91 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 92 The energy transition reference context in Europe and Italy lower income households financially benefiting more than other in other than more benefiting financially households income lower regressive impacts of the transition to decarbonisation. to transition the of impacts regressive core the form often polices sation raised revenues by the decarboni of redistribution the that shows world, the around jurisdictions and governments various of perience ex the from taken finding, This progressiveness. increases and cies tenden regressive policies’ the reverses in away that redistributed be can taxes energy and pricing carbon by raised revenues correctly, If implemented inequality. reduce to households income lower benefit financially and goals climate necessary achieve help both to policies progressive is fect ef net the that so policies decarbonisation the of effects regressive 94. progressive. most the be to found are measures efficiency energy as such consumption energy or costs reduce that while policies effects, regressive most the have taxes energy as such costs increase directly which policies Decarbonisation effect). sive (regres by burdened costs being disproportionately households come in in lower will result while others effect), (progressive groups come quality has been assessed for the European Union and Italy by consid by Italy and Union European the for assessed been has quality ty quali air in improvement an and emissions pollutant of reduction the 92. of of will a mix goals have climate its achieve to Europe for needed policies key decarbonisation the Eurelectric, and Foundation Enel of bution contr scientific the with Econometrics, Cambridge and Guidehouse positive social impacts 93. by 2030. Euros billion 2.9 of amaximum and Euros billion 1 aminimum of between from reduced be could Union European in the air to pollution related costs the Moreover, 2030. by respectively 1,000 and 5,000 by Italy and Union European in the deaths premature reduce pumps) (e.g. heat could vehicles)(e.g. sectors electric residential and in transport technologies electric with technologies thermal of stitution sub the In particular, EU emissions. total of 50% than more for account which and residential together ering sectors, from emissions transport , in particular in urban areas. The impact of the energy transition on air air on transition energy the of impact The areas. in urban , in particular progressive and regressive effects Moreover, according to the study, same the carrier electric enables However, the energy transition and decarbonisation can also have have also can decarbonisation and transition However, energy the A number of policy options exist that could effectively reverse the the reverse effectively could that exist options policy of Anumber . In other words, it is possible for decarbonisation decarbonisation for possible is it words, . In other . According to the “Equality” study (2020) by by (2020) study “Equality” the to . According of measures seeking to mitigate the the mitigate to seeking measures of . Some policies will result in will result policies . Some ------
93 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 2.2 2.1 → → of improvementof key elements and areas in Europe and in Italy: of the energy transition currentThe governance 2 Part of the energy transition in Italy implementationand process Governance of the decision-making of the energy transition in Europe implementationand process Governance of the decision-making
95 96 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement → Key messages 1 � � issues main three by affected is in Europe governance transition energy current The � There is the the is There among States. Member schemes regulatory and frameworks policy common effective challenge the to of consolidating leads this process: making policy- in the institutions European and States Member the of topic ashared competence is Energy Recovery Plan. Recovery the of resources available the by offered opportunity the with aligned quickly be -must them achieve to actions -and targets State Member unsatisfactory. and uneven very are results their and States by all Member addressed adequately not are targets EU aconsequence, As States. Member for binding directly also is emissions GHG for target while the EU the awhole, of as level the at only but level, State Member at binding not are Framework” Energy and Climate “2030 in the out set targets efficiency energy RES and The inefficiencies. some to led has which vision, Plan Recovery apre- on based still is Plans National into transpositions and targets policy managing for mechanism new the strengthen to need is There current system. the of inefficiency the addressing time same the while at actors, history, assuring timely coordination of various public and private in programmes investment biggest the of one implement and out lay to States Member by action coordinated and urgent requires This Commission. the by provided resources huge the of use good making for responsible are States Member the where asystem to turning EU the progressively Plan is Recovery the through system, enforcement indirect an with matched level) State Member at also binding reduction, GHG of (with exception the targets State Member non-binding and targets EU-wide binding on based asystem From need to implement a new “ anew implement to need . The current mechanism for managing policy targets targets policy managing for mechanism current . The : implying a constant dialogue dialogue aconstant implying indirect ” enforcement . → 2 � � � � industry). and transport buildings, grids, power impacts have issues These energy efficiency measures. efficiency energy out carry to incentivize not does that prices carrier energy of components para-fiscal and fiscal the of harmonization of lack leakage carbon sector industrial In the targets infrastructure charging coherent and clear no are there and information user and systems payment harmonized for requirements minimum no are EU the there across but challenge, atrans-national is infrastructure fuels alternative the that fact sector transport the concerns As label scales. energy different well as as Certificates Performance Energy the for methods variety ahuge is there and States, adequately addressed concerns As prevents investments. interconnectors on uncertainty regulatory of presence the and Operators System Distribution of role the of importance future and current the recognise not does Package” Energy Clean “European States by all Member addressed adequately not are they States, Member individual for binding not are targets policy the since concerned, is energy renewable as far As energy efficiency energy and the free allowances scheme, as well as the the well as as scheme, allowances free the and with policies and measures by all Member all by Member measures and policies with risk of of risk the to related are issues main , the on the analysed sectors (renewables, (renewables, sectors analysed the on objectives are not not are objectives related , the . With regards to grids, instead, the the instead, grids, to regards . With , several issues derive from the the from derive issues , several of metrics, design calculation calculation design metrics, of .
97 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 98 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement → 3 � � � � � governance: transition energy the are there case, Italian the to comes it When infrastructure. recharging of development the for hand other the on Operators System Distribution and Operators Point Charge and hand, one the on institutions local between in place mechanism cooperation fragmented in the well as as efficiency, energy for targets term long- of absence the and framework legislative the of incoherence policy design inFragmentation sectoral investment. of deployment in the inefficiency to leading processes) authorisation (including bodies appropriate figures for professional public RES administrative skills in technical the and staffing Insufficient and communities by authorities local transition involvement and commitment to the energy effective of lack The level. local at laws of application non-uniform of issue an with together municipalities, even or regions in different work processes the how to related discrepancies and Territorial differences municipalities). and provinces cities, metropolitan (regions, institutions local and levelsdifferent central of governance government and between The The fragmentation of competences fragmentation among different actors at at actors different among affecting affecting issues main five which emerges in the in the emerges which . → 4 � � tors considered. sec in the transition energy the for inefficiencies create issues These � � Therefore, grids and distribution transmission electricity national in the Moreover, full deployment of renewables relevant needs investments authorised. been already has plant a when even stakeholders, local by disputes of number ahigh is there and schemes, in bidding in participation decline progressive a causes also that Heritage) Cultural of Ministry the of power veto level, local at laws of application of non-uniformity competences, national permitting procedures of inefficiency an is there concerned, is energy renewable as far As PNire needed to respond to the recent evolution of the market. the of evolution recent the to respond to PNire needed of revision in the delay the and needs, charging and sites point recharging identify to other the on Operators) (Charge Points CPOs and Operators) System (Distribution DSOs and hand, one the on mechanism the face to has sector transport in the transition Finally, energy the ESCOs the of full deployment the for improved be should framework legislative the Moreover, investments. the support who those of expense the at certification denied of risk the leave bonus”) Super “110% the (like instruments current that is result The bureaucracy. of excess an and institutions financial by resources obtaining for procedures lengthy and onerous by characterised framework, financial the of incentive in the mechanism inefficiency With regard to energy transition. the facilitate to addressed be must investments grid to related authorizations absence of a standardized and homogeneous collaboration collaboration homogeneous and astandardized of absence bureaucratic delays in permits bureaucratic local between local authorities (municipalities and regions) regions) and (municipalities authorities local between . there is is there industry and buildings in efficiency (territorial different differences, of Certificati Bianchi and and Bianchi Certificati of or environmental - .
99 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 100 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement →
1 →United Nations Framework on Convention Climate Change. 2 2.1 various sources, 2021. Source → 7→European Bank Bank. for Reconstructionand Development. Investment 6→European Countries. Exporting Agency. 4→International Renewable 5 Energy Agency. Energy 3 →International � FIG 1 � FIG Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Organization of American States, The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data and and data Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The OPEC of the energy transition in Europe transition energy the of and implementation process implementation and Governance of the decision-making 5 Worldwide International Agencies (IEA G7 andG20 Development FinanceInstitutions United Nations UNFCCC , African Union,Unionof SouthAmerican Nations, Bilateral eMultilateral relations → Pacific IslandsForum � that aims at reaching and strategic operational objectives: monitoring level) concerning the transition management of the energy and (at implementation legislative, tools and procedures rules, roles, of set as the identified been has transition energy the of governance the study, present In the side. demand the on sectors industrial and transport buildings, and distribution and transmission for grids side, supply the on sources energy renewable sectors, considered the to respect with level European at framework governance the to related the into delves chapter, analysis the the of part second of the energy transition of the energy governance the in involved actors European and International � � islative process transition the energy 1. ACTORS THE EU OF ENERGY TRANSITION � governance of of governance current the analyses chapter this part, first In the Setting Setting Maximizing Maximizing achieving efficiently and effectively effective and efficient deployment and efficient effective the Facilitating countries. non-EU and States Member and EUincluding Institutions actions are put in place and results achieved. results and in place put are actions accountability, ensuring control provisions, and enforcement that Ensuring investments.necessary 1 and UNGA 3 , IRENA climate, and environmental energy targets smooth and processes procedures 4 2 ) synergies , the actors , the in Europe, examining the energy transition leg transition energy the examining in Europe, →United Nations General Assembly. between all the sectors and actors involved, involved, actors and all sectors the between involved and their interactions their and involved Europe ENTSO andDSO Entity and regulatory agencies Energy-related Executive European Parliament European External Action Service Financing institutions (EIB Council of European Union European Commission European Council Organization of the Petroleum Petroleum the of →Organization them.
and setting up setting and
issues main 6 , EBRD of the the of . In the . In the and and 7 , …) - � � � � � � supervisoryIn role its � � � � legislative role In its roles 3main EP the has work, frame legislative (ENVI). European the Within Safety Food and Health Public Environment, the on and (ITRE) Energy and Research Industry, on Committees the through in particular and governance, transition 5. EU of life of citizens. quality the preserve and protection environmental ensure to policies implements and proposes which DG Environment, and efficiency; energy to regard with ticularly par EU for enterprises, growth economic the for context a favourable promotes which Industry, and Enterprise DG policies; innovation and research on focuses which Innovation, and Research DG governance: 4. 1 3. above. scheme actors The them. among levels ferent dif at interacting and powers legislative and executive their exercising 2. impact on energy issues in a broader sense in abroader issues energy on impact an have DGs others many that note to important is it CLIMA),(DG but ENER) Action (DG Climate DG and Energy DG are governance energy in EU involved DGs directly The with. deal they field policy specific the to (DGs), according Directorates-General several into divided is Commission The EU the budget. and policies implement and lation legis enforce legislation, new propose can EU. Institution the of The The The The governance of the energy transition in Europe involves actors actors involves in Europe transition energy the of governance The The European Commission The In particular, the following DGs have a significant impact on energy energy on impact a significant have DGs following the In particular, cial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union. Markets Capital and Services Financial Stability, cial Finan DG Competition, DG Trade, DG Customs, and Taxation DG Innovation, and Research DG Affairs, Financial and Economic DG technologies, communications & information of innovation and research supporting for and services and goods digital to access public and of use the promoting for responsible & Technology, Content Networks, Communications DG Transport, and Mobility DG SMEs, and Entrepreneurship Industry, Market, Internal DG Action, Climate DG Energy, DG Questioning Commission and Commission Council.Questioning Bank. Central European the with policy monetary Discussing up inquiries. setting and petitions citizens' Examining been spent. have way EU the budgets approving namely discharge, Granting resign. to Commission the obliging censure, of amotion vote to power the has Parliament European The abody. as Electing the President and Commission approving the Commission Scrutinising other EU institutions. asking legislation. it to propose Reviewing the European Commission’s work and programme enlargements. on Deciding Deciding on international agreements. EC). the by EU of proposed laws content the on co-decides it Council, the with EU (together laws approving and Discussing European Parliament European , the European Parliament has responsibilities for: responsibilities has Parliament European , the , the European Parliament has responsibilities for: responsibilities has Parliament European , the (EP) plays a relevant role in the energy energy in the role (EP) arelevant plays : legislative, supervisory and budgetary. budgetary. and supervisory : legislative, (EC) principal the is executive body involved are summarised in the in the summarised are involved 1 . - - - - -
101 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 102 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement the EU to deal with. EU with. the deal to of Council the to on it pass and it address to aproposal make to sion Commis European the ask can Council European the issue, each On � � � for: responsible is Council European The state/government. of head by the only voted used, is also majority qualified or unanimity which in cases some are there but consensus, by issues decides generally It issues. urgent address to meetings additional convene can President however, the ayear; 4times meets usually Council European The sion. Commis European the of President the and Council, European the of President the countries, all of European government or state of heads the of composed is Council European The ones. climate-related and energy the including Union, European the of direction political eral gen the and priorities the in setting a role has also Council European 8. decision. for its argumentation official provide to has it but Council, the and Parliament the by vised ad as legislation for proposals submit to obliged not is Commission The so. do to Commission European the invite can but legislation, new 7. contexts. and preferences policies, energy in national ences differ major are there as controversial, often are views national these policies, energy For EU an at level. directly most views national their express can States Member where place the is Council the put, Simply � � � � are: Council the of responsibilities main The energy. to related ters mat on discussion the lead to power has strategically (ENV), Climate on and (TTE) on Energy configuration with Council, The meeting. Council a to minister national corresponding their delegate States Member the discussed, be to policy the on Depending States. Member individual the 6. � � budgetary role budgetary In its � The Council of European Union and the Parliament cannot propose propose cannot Parliament the and Union European of Council The The The Together with the Parliament and the European Commission, the the Commission, European the and Together Parliament the with such as the European Central Bank (ECB) Commission. Bank the and Central European the as such positions, EU-level profile high certain to candidates appointing and nominating implications; defence and interests EU strategic account into policy, taking &security foreign EU's the common Setting at lower levels of intergovernmental cooperation. resolved be cannot that issues sensitive or complex with Dealing laws. pass not does it but priorities political and EU's direction the on overall Deciding Developing European foreign policies. EP). the with (a decision EU joint annual budget the Approving Coordinating EU countries' policies. by thelaws Commission. proposed European Parliament) the with (together approving and Discussing Framework”. Approving the EU's long-term the budget, “Multiannual Financial Council. the with together EU the budget, Establishing Observing elections. Observing represents the represents governments of Union European the of Council , the European Parliament has responsibilities for: responsibilities has Parliament European , the ------Union Regulation, finally adopted on 4 adopted finally Regulation, Union Energy the of Governance the Under policies. energy in European ties 9. 4 3 2 6 5 12. networks. to distribution related regulations and policy the defining in ainterlocutor be to meant is entity DSO the Commission; the of impetus the under level, European at Operators System Distribution all electricity between cooperation fosters entity DSO The market. ty of harmonisation, integrationthe and efficiency European electrici the favour to codes network of the definition in the role fundamental a has also It objectives. policy climate and Europe’sachieve energy and policy EU of energy implementation the support to rope’s TSOs from 35 European Eu across countries) cooperation closer promotes Operators Transmission System 40 than more (representing ENTSO-E tity EBRD must be balanced with the need to maintain European industrial and and industrial European maintain to need the with balanced be must leadership transition energy European and decarbonisation of goals the in which relations political and diplomatic of global network complex in a embedded is energy on governance European Overall essential. fore is there countries partner with Cooperation own. its on it fight cannot Europe and threat aglobal is change climate that considered be must 13. transition. energy the for factor enabling an ing pecially with regard to the implementation of represent investments, 10. Agreement. Paris the of goals the meet to egies and national years develop long-term two consistent strat every port mate plans cli and energy national integrated 10-year establish must States 11. Europe’s of consumers. interest in the gas and in electricity market grid European integrated an establish to necessary framework ulatory reg the namely policies, of the implementation and definition of cess (CEER), pro in the Regulators relevant is Energy European of Council the by (ACER), supported Regulators Energy of Cooperation the for cy Agen the of role the policy. In particular, EU the of energy pillars three in the specialised are and issues energy on research and activities
also have important responsibili (MS) also have important States Member EU 27 The Together with the formal institutions, ENTSO-E institutions, Together formal the with Finally, European and financial non-European institutions When describing European governance of the energy transition, it it transition, energy the of governance European describing When www.entsoe.eu/. https:// Electricity for Operators System Transmission of Network European Regulators. ofCooperation energy the for Agency Technology, and Innovation of Institute European Agency, ment Environ European Enterprises, Medium-Sized and Small for Agency Executive Agency, Executive Research Centre, Research Joint Agency, Executive works Net and Innovation Agency, ERC Executive &the Council Research European European Bank for Reconstruction and Development https://www.ebrd.com/home. Bank. Investment European European https://www.eudsoentity.eu/. Distribution entity Operators System
4 8 energy-related agencies8 energy-related have a pivotal role in the European energy context for electricity. electricity. for context energy European in the role apivotal have 6 , etc.) are an essential element in the governance process, es process, governance in the element essential an are , etc.) (NECPs) for the 2021–2030 period, submit a progress re aprogress submit period, (NECPs) 2021–2030 the for 2 have a technical role in carrying out out in carrying role atechnical have th December 2019, the Member Member the 2019, December 3 EU DSO en DSO EU and (EIB 5 ------,
103 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 104 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement → 7 econ net-zero a GHG towards working in afirm interest EU declared The world. the of rest the to respect with competitiveness manufacturing dimension, a role is also played by the the by played also is a role dimension, energy external In the challenges. related the and change climate with deal to necessary vision long-term the world the all around from tries coun with discussed have Union European the and States Member framework, its Within Agreement. Paris the is shaped is dimension gy ener external the in which contexts the of One same. the do to mies econo other will which encourage Union, the of prosperity and growth guaranteeing and maintaining by so do to is effort the Now 2050. by omy States, but also has a close relationship with the United Nations and oth and Nations United the with relationship aclose has also but States, all Member of the ministers defence and foreign the with closely works The EEAS diplomacy. climate and energy of field in the also awhole as vice 15. GOVERNANCE THE EU OF ENERGY TRANSITION world. the around countries with issues energy-related on interact and meet to States Member individual its and IEA the as such agencies, energy International issues. energy cluding in agreements on deliberate and meet to countries leading world's G20 G7 the include transition energy European the of relations ternal 14. decarbonisation. in achieving collaborate to need the with energy on sovereignty their balancing and interests own their in defending role acrucial play institution State Member single every and EU institutions energy, of relevance strategic the Given Organisations. International er � level. implementation the and support the legislative, the strategic, the namely levels, four into divided be can The general governance The energy scheme Other international institutions and agencies involved in the ex in the involved agencies and institutions international Other an individual company, and directly applicable). directly and company, individual an or EU an country as such addressed, are they whom to those on binding are that acts (legislative decisions and goals) these reach to how on laws own their draft to free countries individual with achieve, must EU all countries that agoal out set that acts (legislative EU), directives the across entirety their in applied be must that acts legislative (binding regulations into divided are instruments Legislative adequate for the policy objectives in place. objectives policy the for adequate deemed requirements of aset with consistent frame time a defined in policies of implementation the and actions enforce that laws of creation the for a framework shape 55” package, for “Fit launched recently the and Strategy” Long-term “2050 Framework”, the Energy and Climate Package”, “2030 the Energy and Climate “2020 the namely strategies, high-level The strategies. these for mechanisms supporting as designed be to actions support well as as regulations, and directives new enable and objectives and targets long-term and medium- set action, for aframework create that communications level At strategic the (EEAS), which represents the diplomatic body of the European Union Union European the of body diplomatic the (EEAS), represents which IRENA . They represent important opportunities for the heads of the the of heads the for opportunities important represent . They , provide numerous occasions for, the provide European numerous occasions Union and , the EU defines a range of policy roadmaps and and roadmaps policy of arange EU, the defines European External Action Ser of the European Union Union European the of and and ------
� FIG 2 � FIG Source → package. 55” for “Fit new the to refer parenthesis in targets →The N.B. 5 →Renewable Directive. Sources Energy 6 Directive. Efficiency 4→Energy Efficiency. 3→Energy Sources. Energy 2 →Renewable gases. 1 →Greenhouse climate. and energy to related directives the all include not does it therefore scheme, illustrative an is This level Implementation level Support Legislative level Strategic level legislation Product legislation Sectoral The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on various sources, 2021. sources, various on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The -40% GHG -40% Energy Performance Building Directive Directive Building Labelling and Ecodesign and Labelling → EU key Energy and Climate Directives (EED Directives Climate and Energy EU key 1 (-55%) European energy and climate development actions development climate and energy European (supporting financing, awareness, education, etc.) education, awareness, financing, (supporting Independent decisions on national energy policy energy national on decisions Independent Illustrative scheme of the European Union energy governance energy Union European the of scheme Illustrative � � � Transposition of EU legislation in National Plans National in EU legislation of Transposition independent decisions on energy policy taken at national level. level. national at taken policy energy on decisions independent the and plans national States’ in Member EU of rules application The programme). 2020 Horizon EU the (e.g., across technologies and practices on evolution necessary the of reach abroader enabling information sharing, trainingboost and financial activities, support to designed initiatives and all EU the programmes includes level This objectives. energy planned of delivery the support and barriers level place. The support in roadmaps policy the of parts specific more for actions joint and in programmes consist that actions support of a range EU develops the mentioned, actions strategic and legislative the to In addition etc.). Ecodesign, (Labelling, products specific to referred regulations and directives containing legislation, product etc.), and specific sectors (EPBD, CO sectors specific to referred regulations and directives containing legislation, sectoral into divided be can level legislative The Directive). Energy Renewable the and Directive Efficiency Energy the example, (for roadmaps and policies energy and climate the transposing The The EU Climate Action & Green Deal &Green Action EU Climate Light Commercial Vehicles. →Light Commercial legislative level legislative implementation 32% RES 32% standards for cars and LCVs and cars for standards Regulation CO Regulation 2 (40%) refers to all the key legislative instruments all to key legislative the refers level refers to the transposition and and transposition the to refers level 2 consists of the efforts to remove market market remove to efforts the of consists emission 2 emission standards for cars and LCVs, and cars for standards emission 4 , REDII +32.5% EE +32.5% ... 6 5 ,…) 3 (36%) ... 2050 2030 2020 7
105 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 106 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement � � accountability assuring at andaimed transparency tools of a set adopted has Union European the scheme, governance 17. � � below: levels described as 16. � 8 In the definition of legal acts included in the energy transition transition energy in the included acts legal of definition In the Each level of European energy governance interacts governance energy European of level Each Per OveEikeland, 2008. OveEikeland, Per crucial role in internal energy market policy development policy market energy in internal role crucial a played historically has governments national and institutions EU with interaction group Interest organisations. of range broad a from in Brussels EU lobbying in the well as as ministers energy policy-making Informal too. initiative own their on opinions issue can committees two the Furthermore, topics. of range a wide on legislation regarding CoR the EESC and the consult to required are Council and Parliament, European Commission, European The (CoR). Regions the of (EESC) Committee the and Committee Social and Economic European the namely process, policy-making the in role advisory official an have institutions stakeholder two and EU the of treaties the by provided is involvement Stakeholder etc. (TSOs), National Authorities Operators Regulatory (NRAs),System Transmission companies, environmental organisations, energy organisations, involved include consumer industry, stakeholders Typical used. also are documents specific on consultation and by of means public bilateral workshops, but consultations, meetings, engagement Formal stakeholder level. at legislative directives energy provide programmes insights to improve,support amend, or repeal of implementation and development while the Programme), STAR EU Energy (e.g., law the with comply to States Member for byactions ensuring communication, collaboration, and structures support from benefit climate and energy on acts legislative Strategic EU. in the future energy asustainable for contributions States’ Member necessary the and strategies term long- and medium- of accomplishment the both supports climate and energy on laws of implementation while the implementation, correct and delivery their support to acts legislative of development the requires frameworks and targets energy and climate of Strategic Legislative through the insights realities. from States’ Member system, energy the for strategies existing and new of fine-tuning or definition the to contribute initiatives level while support Program), 2020 Horizon (e.g., reached are measures and targets that ensure to results expected the boost to actions support outline the ten priorities for his term. of one policy-making informal of transparency the improving made Juncker President that fact the by confirmed been has relevance and support and legislative and and support and levels interaction: strategic roadmaps roadmaps strategic interaction: levels , which includes informal meetings of of meetings informal includes , which levels interaction: existing or new new or existing interaction: levels levels interaction: the definition levels interaction: , which is commonly carried out out carried commonly is , which . These tools are: tools . These with the other other the with 8 and its its and � FIG 3 � FIG Source → The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The the common fisheries policy fisheries common the Common Commercial Policy Commercial Common Establishing of competition of Establishing Conclusion of international biological resources under resources biological Conservation of marine of Conservation Competences of the internal market internal the of Monetary policy for policy Monetary Euro area countries area Euro for the functioning the for certain conditionscertain agreements agreements under rules necessary Exclusive Customs union → Competences in the European Union European the in Competences � type of competence on the specific subject matter subject specific the on competence of type the on depending coordination and autonomy of levels different have 18. 9 in the policy-making process. policy-making in the institutions European and States Member between dialogue constant belongs to energy the 3, sharedure competence EU acts must not require the harmonisation of EU countries’ laws or regulations. regulations. or laws EU countries’ of harmonisation the require not must EU acts binding Legally EU countries. of action the complement or coordinate support, own European competence: supporting competence; Union can only to intervene its exercise, to not decided has or exercise, not EU does the where competence own their exercise countries European acts. binding legally adopt and legislate can States Member and Union European both competence: shared acts; binding adopt and legislate can only Institutions European the competence: Exclusive In the legislative context, European Union and Member States States Member and Union European context, Inlegislative the Reporting Member State, European and Commission State, agencyMember level. , which is set by regulation at different levels, namely namely levels, different at regulation by set is , which Development cooperation Trans-European networks Trans-European Agriculture and fisheries and Agriculture in public health matters, health public in Research, technological Research, Shared safety concerns safety Shared and territorial cohesion territorial and for aspects specifically aspects for Competences Social policy, but only but policy, Social limited to the aspects the to limited and humanitarian aid and humanitarian Consumer protection defined in the Treaty the in defined development, space defined in the TFEU the in defined security and justice and security Economic, social Economic, Area of freedom, of Area Internal market Internal Environment Shared Energy Protection and improvement Administrative cooperation Administrative Competences vocational training, vocational Supporting of human health human of youth and sport and youth Civil protection Civil 9 topics, implying a implying topics, . 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107 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 108 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 19. � � � targets. on enforcement and actions corrective on suggestions and of European binding targets, monitoring, national enforcement targets, governance level State ber
Figure 4 provides a 4 provides Figure It refers to article 15 of European Governance Regulation. Governance European 15of article to refers It Regulation. Governance European of 26 article to refers It Regulation. Governance European of 18 article to refers It Regulation. Governance European 17, of 20–25 articles to refers It Regulation. Governance European of 14 9and 3, articles to refers It industry. and buildings for established been have targets new package 55” for “Fit the In details. further for below box the See buildings. for targets transition energy posed pro has definitive) yet (not package 55” for “Fit new the that out pointing worth is It years 30 least at of horizon atime with energy and climate for strategies long-term update regularly and submit, prepare, also must States five years five every them update to obligation the with measures, and policies planned and existing related well as as targets, efficiency energy and RES EU-wide the to contributions national include to have States Member (NECP). Plan plans, Climate and In these Energy National integrated an thereafter, years ten every and in 2019, submit to State Member each required Regulation Governance The framework. monitoring for framework integrated an establishes Regulation Governance The Existence of an EU monitoring mechanism for Member States Member for mechanism monitoring EU an of Existence and control even relevant. more coordination, supervision of role Commission’s European the makes anymore, binding not are framework, energy 2030 renewed the within targets, policy the that fact The levels. both at binding is target emission GHG while the awhole, as Union European the of level the at only but level, State Member at binding not are targets efficiency energy and RES In particular, Union. European at only it maintaining target), policy emission GHG the of (with exception the level national at targets the of nature binding the eliminated framework progress efficiency and GHG emission targets emission GHG and efficiency “ States Member for targets policy binding of Existence sector. industrial the for true is same the GHG emission target GHG emission their implement to measures and policies on years two every report specific national policy targets for 2030 have been specified been have 2030 for targets policy national specific no sector, building the modernise to EU’s the on commitment signal political astrong send and elements new EU) introduce (2018/844/ Buildings of Directive Performance Energy amended the and target efficiency energy overall the Despite transport. and RES for target (RED) the sets Directive Energy while Renewable GHG the for only 2030 for targets for provides framework policy targets policy European of Existence 2030 2030 16 . Climate and Energy Framework” provides RES, energy energy RES, provides Framework” Energy and Climate reports on the implementation of their NECPs their of implementation the on reports 12 two-year two-year submit to required also are States . Member , planning, reporting, and reviewing related to the 2030 2030 the to related reviewing and reporting, , planning, synthetic view of the relation of EU and Mem and EU of relation the of view synthetic 14 and every year on GHG emissions GHG on year every and with respect to five key aspects: setting setting aspects: key five to respect with 11 . However, the new 2030 2030 . However, new the . The European energy energy European . The 15 . Member . Member 13 , and to to , and 10 . The . The and and - - . ,
� 22 21 20 19 18 17 � Climate and Energy Policy Framework for 2030”. for Framework Policy Energy and Climate EU’s The Governance? Soft or “Hard (2019), Oberthür S. Source: place. take to yet has assessment two-year first the as occurred yet not has mechanism This Regulation. Governance European of 32 and 31 articles to refers It Regulation. Governance European 5of Chapter 13, 9and Articles to refers It Regulation. Governance European of 42 article to refers It Regulation. Governance European 5 of Chapter 13, 9and articles to refers It icy Framework for 2030”. Pol Energy and EU’s Climate The Governance? Soft or “Hard (2019), Oberthür S. Commission to monitor progress and take any remedial actions any remedial take and progress monitor to Commission Regulation the Governance Furthermore, the mandates European on correctiveSuggestions foractions Member States actions to reach the climate and energy targets energy and climate the reach to actions European to Commission monitor implementation and take remedial the mandates and States, Member by reporting and planning through transparency enhances Regulation Governance the Indeed, powers at Union level” Union at powers “its exercising and legislation) (e.g., measures other proposing as well as and/or individual to States all Member recommendations includes This in response. action targeted take to power the holds it insufficient, be to targets climate and energy relevant the towards progress overall or plans of ambition overall the finds Commission anymore, anymore, binding not are targets efficiency energy RES and 2030 the if Even Enforcement on for targets Member States system) (penalty target for renewable energy, however this does not apply in practice. in practice. apply not does this however energy, renewable for target Union's the of 2030 achievement the ensure to in order level Union at power its exercise and measures propose shall Commission European the EU awhole, for as targets the reach to chance the undermining measures, national insufficient of case in the Indeed, targets. national enforce to employed be still can cooperation sincere mutual on (TFEU) Union European the of Functioning the on corrective actions of implementation the on focuses it rather but Regulation, Governance Energy new the before was it – as anymore targets on oriented not is Enforcement articles. same the to according procedures infringement to lead in principle can action effective take to failure State, Member each to left are actions corrective such of content and form the though Even gap. the up for make to year one within measures additional implement to required are assisted by the European Environment Agency Environment European the by assisted assessment of draft plans before they are finalised are they before plans draft of assessment ex-ante the including implementation, in their progress and plans States’ Member individual assesses Commission European the EU the a whole, by as progress overall assessing regularly under Article 13 of the Treaty Treaty 13 the of Article under proceedings infringement to reach the 2030 targets 2030 the reach to 21 . Member States whose progress is lagging lagging is progress whose States . Member 22 17 . . 19 . In addition to to . In addition 20 . Where the the . Where 18 - . . ,
109 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 110 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement targets for MS targets for binding of Existence � policy targets European of Existence for MS (penalty system) (penalty MS for targets on Enforcement actions foractions MS corrective on Suggestions � FIG 4 � FIG and European Parliament data, 2021. data, Parliament European and Source → ofother the parts report. present in and above box the in details see industry; and buildings for targets introduced has package 55” for “Fit new *The � × MS vs. mechanism of EUExistence monitoring
date to applied been yet not has but formally, applies or holds side) (left topic specific the whether Indicates sector specific the for applies or holds side) (left topic specific the whether Indicates Indicates whether the specific topic (left side) does not hold or does not apply for the specific sector specific the for apply not does or hold not does side) (left topic specific the whether Indicates The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source � � � to: proposes Commission European the To objective such achieve poverty. energy tackle and cold or heat of extremes against protect buildingsenergy, will and save homes European the of vation reno the fact of amatter As lifestyles. greener buildings for renovating to is objective second The � � targets: following the 55” outlines for “Fit the regard In this products. and technologies clean for markets creating by industry European for portunity op amajor presents transition green the revolution”: third industrial the “leading is objective first The objectives. two buildings, under for targets specific introduces EU new package The buildings for targets policy European introduces package 55” for “Fit The +1.1 points percentage by cooling and in heating energy renewable of use the increase to States Member Require in 2030. buildings by renewables of 49% of abenchmark Set annually. all buildings of public area floor total the of 3% least at renovate to States Member Require 160,000 jobs green additional 2030. by renovated be to buildings million 35 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → � � Union level Union European at characteristics governance main the of Synthesis � × GHG � each year, each until 2030. could be created in the construction sector by 2030. by sector construction in the created be could � � RES � × � � � Buildings � � × * � � Transport � � × � � Industry � � × * - - plans and other developments in the energy system. energy in the developments other and plans the of implementation the on reports progress up draw two-year also should States Member complexity, administrative reduce to need the and plans the of implementation the of follow-up a proper ensure to for energy and climate and energy for targets 2030 the regards as ambition overall in the changes flecting re contributions and targets objectives, in modifications notify and apparent become that impacts environmental any adverse mitigate to efforts make should States Member updates, these of part As stances. circum changing significant to adapt to opportunity the them giving Agreement, Climate Paris the of cycle ambition 5-year the in linewith step. By 30 By step. reporting In procedure, this Institutions. European with also shared is content their that so procedure a formal to subject are Plans Climate and Energy National Integrated objective. and egy strat Union’s European the vision, with State Member every of ment align the allows that legislation of piece afundamental NECPs: grated 20. 23 65% of the 2030 contribution). 2030 the of 65% and 43% 18%, reach shall (these 2027 and 2025 2022, in points reference with trajectories indicative and contributions own their set to have States Member Member States define their national energy strategy in the inte in the strategy energy national their define States Member th June 2024, the Member States must update the plans, plans, the update must States Member the 2024, June 23 . To strike the right balance between the need need the between . To balance right the strike is a fundamental afundamental is - - - - -
111 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 112 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement and European Parliament data, 2021. data, Parliament European and Source → N.B. Plans. Climate and Energy *National � FIG 5 � FIG 2020 2028 2029 2026 2024 2023 2025 2022 2027 2018 2019 2021 The process started in 2018 with the first delivery of the NECPs drafts. NECPs the of delivery first the with 2018 in started process →The The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Validity Validity Due NECPs (Final) Validity Due (draft) NECPs Validity Due (Final) NECPs Update Validity Due (draft) NECPs Update Validity Due NECPs (Final) Validity Due (draft) NECPs* Planning 2031—2040 31/12/2029 2031—2040 31/12/2028 2021—2030 30/06/2024 2021—2030 30/06/2023 2021—2030 31/12/2019 2021—2030 31/12/2018 → (Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 Articles 9, 14 and 17) 9, 14 and (EU) 2018/1999 Articles (Regulation framework regulation governance Union Energy within requirements reporting and Planning of the Energy Union and Climate Action, on 18 on Action, Climate and Union Energy the of 21. published by the Commission on 17 on Commission the by published report EU-wide detailed in the assessed were which final NECPs, their submitted States Member account, into recommendations these ing 2019. June in published Tak recommendations country-specific and assessment overall an with Commission the by analysed were plans plans draft national the of assessment its published sion In compliance with Article 13 of the Regulation on the Governance Governance the on Regulation 13 the of Article with In compliance Reporting Due Due NECPs progress reports Due Due NECPs progress reports Due NECPs progress reports Due NECPs progress reports 15/03/2023 15/03/2029 15/03/2027 15/03/2025 th th September 2020. September th th June 2019 the Commis the 2019 June . The draft draft . The - - The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source � � targets): and objectives climate and Union'senergy towards progress insufficient to Response NECPs, of target efficiency energy the For � � mechanism): financing energy renewable Union targets, and objectives climate and Union'senergy towards progress insufficient to (NECPs), Plans Climate and Response Energy National of ambition insufficient to (Response 33 and 32 31, RES the For target Articles , under � � � (EU) 2018/842): Regulation under targets and objectives GHG the emission targets For targets. climate and energy 2030 the to respect with enforcement introduced has Commission European the Regulation, Governance Energy 2030 the of introduction the With targets 2030 EU for mechanisms filling gap The c) transport. c) b) buildings (EED/ labelling), (ecodesign/energy EPBD), a) products of: efficiency improve to in particular and targets, and objectives those of achievement collective the ensure to order in level Union at powers its exercise and measures propose shall Commission European The all to MSs. recommendations issue may it objectives, Union Energy the of achievement collective the for insufficient are NECPs of contributions and targets objectives, the that concludes Commission the updates, their and NECPs the of assessment its of basis the on Where, States. allto Member recommendations issue may Commission European The energy. renewable for target Union's 2030 the of achievement the ensure to those to in addition level Union at power its exercise and theIf European national are shall insufficient, measures measures Commission propose RED in the out (bilateral/multilateral agreements). set mechanisms cooperation ○ Use Commission. European the by indirectly or directly managed projects energy renewable to ○ Contribute mechanism. financing energy to renewable the EU payment financial ○ Make avoluntary 25RED). (Art. in transport energy renewable of share the ○ Adjust RED). 23 (Art. cooling and in heating energy renewable of share the ○ Adjust ○ National to measures increase deployment of renewable energy. assessment: Commission's after 1 year within implemented are measures additional that ensure shall 2027 and 2025 in 2022, points reference national their of more or one falling below States Member ESR. the with inconsistencies show MS in that developments policy if States aMember to recommendations issue shall Commission European The up. used are flexibilities other the once MSs certain for reserve asafety to access and allowances, ETS past to MSs certain for access one-off borrowing, and banking States, Member among transfers LULUCF to credits, access limited include Flexibilities ESR. the for track on stay to flexibilities certain to resort can States Member ESR. in the defined methodology GDP/capita-based a through targets national binding as (MSs) States Member to distributed are contributions national as (ESR) sectors, Regulation Sharing Effort for filling gap mechanism no is There gap filling mechanisms , under Article 30 (Inconsistencies with overarching Energy Union Union Energy overarching with (Inconsistencies 30 Article , under , under Articles 31 and 32 (Response to insufficient ambition ambition insufficient to (Response 32 and 31 Articles , under to ensure the effectiveness of reporting, monitoring and and monitoring reporting, of effectiveness the ensure to
113 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 114 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement → 25 24 in 1997, back Com the Starting issued. been have energy renewable 22. industry and transport buildings, sources, energy renewable considered: sectors the of governance 2.1.1 European butions to meet the EU’s energy and climate targets for 2030. for targets climate and EU’s the energy meet to butions of Energy” Sources Renewable Future: the for “Energy Commission the from munication 26 recast Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU Directive Energy Renewable recast the 2018 in December target, the raised progressively that directives various After 2010. by Union in the renewables of penetration a 12% ion and Climate Action Climate and ion Un Energy the of Governance the on Regulation the under introduced 2030, to 2021 from period the for Plans Climate and Energy National 40% sets that 55” package for “Fit the of ambition announced new the with coherently revised will be directive This 2030. by consumption energy in renewables of 32% of atarget setting package, all for Europeans” gy Ener “Clean the of part as force, into II) entered Directive Energy able 23. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Italy. to dedicated part in the analysed will and be level State Member at out carried is implementation because here considered level is not implementation The industry. and transport buildings, grids, distribution and mission sectors the of ernance
“Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 of Council the of and Parliament European the of 2018/2001 (EU) “Directive Commission, 1997. Plan”, European Action and Strategy aCommunity for Paper White Energy. of es “Communication from the for Commission. Energy the Future: Renewable Sourc “Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 of Council the of and Parliament European the of 2018/1999 (EU) “Regulation December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action”, 2018. 2018. Action”, Climate and Union Energy the of Governance the on 2018 December 2018. 2018December on the promotion of the from use of renewable energy sources”, several policies several 25years, past In the This chapter analyses in greater detail the European-level gov European-level the detail in greater analyses chapter This target for renewables in energy consuption by 2030. In 2019, the the In 2019, 2030. by consuption in energy renewables for target 24 set out an Action Plan for the achievement of of achievement the for Plan Action an out set 26 considered: renewable energy sources, trans sources, considered: renewable energy , were submitted, determining, were submitted, national contri and legislative measures on on measures legislative and 25 (known as Renew as (known th th ------
� FIG 6 � FIG Source → Policy Sources of Energy of Sources Future: Renewable the for Energy COM(97)599 1995 1999 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021 data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Directive fuels for transport transport for fuels renewable bio-& 2009/28/EC) by (repealed 2003/30/EC Dir. RES from Electricity 2009/28/EC) by (repealed Dir. 2001/77/EC → 2000 2004 renewable energy sources sector, 1995-2020 sector, sources energy renewable the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The tive to reduce indirect land use change for biofuels and bioliquids and biofuels for change use land indirect reduce to tive direc the is example An legislation. sectoral to referred layer a second then is there level, legislative the Within Directive. Energy Renewable level legislative At the energy. renewable to applying instrument legislative specific the of creation the for framework the shape and objectives the set that gies strate high-level the contain Strategy” Long-term “2050 the and work” Frame Energy and Climate Package”, “2030 the Energy and Climate 24. 27 28 renewable energy in Italy at the time of writing. of time the at in Italy energy renewable for done be to has still which legislation, national into EUof directives level implementation details). The further for below box the (see benefits statistical the while sharing countries, hosting in projects energy renewable finance and mechanism the into pay voluntarily can countries contributing which through mechanism, financing energy EU the renewable and schemes support energy able ble resources renewa exploit to together work can States Member which through mechanisms which include cooperation of renewables, deployment level At support the Regulation/Decision “Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 of Council the of and Parliament European the of 2015/1513 (EU) “Directive auction for ground-mounted solar photovoltaic energy). energy). solar photovoltaic forauction ground-mounted (joint Germany and Denmark by and market) certificate electricity (joint Sweden and Norway by implemented schemes support joint by represented are Examples 2015”, 2015. September strategic level At strategic the Dec. 406/2009/EC -/29/EC; -/31/EC; Dir. -/28/EC; Package: & Energy Climate ‘09 Roadmap Renewable Energy 848 COM(2006) RES from of electricity support The 627 COM(2005) 28 2005 2009 , guidance for Member States for the design of renew of design the for States Member for , guidance , the instrument relevant for renewable energy is the the is energy renewable for relevant instrument , the , the EU develops a range of actions to foster the the foster to actions of arange EU, the develops of renewable energy governance, of renewable the “2020 energy progress progress report Renewable energy 175 COM(2013) Dir. 2009/28/EC amending Directive Biofuels a for Proposal 595 COM(2012) energy & secure sustainable for competitive, —Strategy 2020 COM(2010)639 2010 2014 concerns the transposition concerns
1 2018/2001/EU Energy Directive Renewable Recast target under RED under target energy Renewable (NECPs) Regulation under Governance Plans Climate and st 2015 2020 2020 2018 2019 National Energy National 27 th - - - - - .
115 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 116 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement Source → N.B. 7 � FIG Support level Support Legislative level Strategic level legislation Sectoral The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source issues. permitting fewer has which wind, offshore for incentives greater provide probably would mechanism why, the also that is in view Italy, the year. is one within This gap the close somehow to have they otherwise trajectories, indicative the on targets the fall behind not should MSs the mechanism, this to According operationally. plants the develop will actually who promoters of the definition no is there writing of At time the 2021. of half second in the published be callto first the with phase, implementation the now in is and 2020 September in adopted was mechanism financing energy EU renewable The country. host the with remains statistics the of part other The target. energy renewable national own to their country host in a project afinanced from statistics the of part count can country contributing a that means It energy. renewable produced of the benefits statistical the share will countries all participating the that is nature collective mechanism’s the of key element The such projects. host willing are to that in all EU countries projects energy renewable new support grants, for tenders competitive will,through scheme mechanism financing the enter that contributions financial The countries. hosting and contributing between link negotiation or direct no is there However, countries). (hosting soil their on built projects new have to agree that countries with countries) (contributing mechanism the into pay voluntarily that links countries mechanism The targets. renewablecollective energy and individual both achieve easily more can countries the doing, In so renewables. of promotion and take-up in the together closely more work to EU countries enable to is objective main The mechanism financing energy renewable EU the programme, financing anew package) all for Europeans” energy “Clean the (EU) of 2018/1999 Regulation Governance the of 33 (article established has Commission European the sources, gy and encourageTo a projects, greater renewable uptake energy of support renewable ener better mechanism financing energy renewable EU The The targets in parenthesis refer to the new “Fit for 55” package. package. 55” for “Fit new the to refer parenthesis in targets →The The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on various sources, 2021. sources, various on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The -40% GHG (-55%) GHG -40% Directive to reduce indirect land use change for biofuels and bioliquids and biofuels for change use land indirect reduce to Directive (cooperation mechanisms, support schemes, financing mechanism) financing schemes, support mechanisms, (cooperation → The European Union renewable energy governance energy renewable Union European The European renewable energy support actions support energy renewable European EU Climate Action & Green Deal Deal &Green Action EU Climate Renewable Energy Directive II Directive Energy Renewable Renewable Energy Plan Energy Renewable 32% RES (40%) RES 32% . +32.5% EE (36%) +32.5% 2050 2030 2020 - → ting the ambitious target to be climate-neutral by 2050). by climate-neutral be to target ambitious the ting (set Strategy” Long-term “2050 the and 2030) for use energy of tions projec modelling 2007 to respect with in 2030 target improvement frameworks and governance mechanisms governance and frameworks legislative their on focusing sectors, demand three these across cy efficien energy analyses section following The transport. and dustry, like in buildings, sectors demand and distribution, and transmission spanning including all across for sectors, infrastructures generation, concept is a efficiency EU. in the Energy supply energy affordable and competitive sustainable, secure, ensure to intended Union, ergy 31 30 29 25. BUILDINGS 1990 to respect with in 2020 target improvement a20% (setting Package” 27. a36% sets that 55” package for “Fit the of ambition announced new the with coherently revised will be directive This 2030. for use energy of projections modelling 2007 the to relative 32.5% least at of improvement an of 2030 for target the ting set beyond, and to 2030 (2018/2002) framework the policy updated Efficiency Energy on Directive amending new the package, ropeans” efficiency in Europe efficiency energy EU the improve to throughout adopted been have measures important of a number directive, the of Incontext the consumption. including generation, energy transmission, distribution, and end-use chain, value energy of the stages at all efficiently more energy use to required are all EU countries directive, the Under targets. 2030 and 2020 the EU the reach help to measures binding of a set tablished the is policy pivotal current The in 2012. amended subsequently in 1992, Directive Labelling Energy the to back dates framework regulatory and 26. final energy. of Mtoe 1086 or energy primary of (Mtoe) equivalent oil of tonnes million 1483 than more no been have should consumption EU energy overall that means This consumption. energy historical and real-time on data to access free and easy receive to consumers of rights the protecting and years, four every least at audits energy conducting companies large consumers, final to sales annual of 1.5% of savings energy yearly achieve to companies energy for schemes obligation 2020, by gas for million 45 and electricity for meters smart million 200 to close of out roll planned the ecodesign), and label (energy televisions and lighting pliances, ap household boilers, as such products of a variety for labelling and standards efficiency energy minimum years, three every (NEEAPs) plans action efficiency companying the sale and rental of buildings, the preparation of national energy ac certificates efficiency energy mandatory EU country, each in stock building central governments year, every national long-term renovation strategies for the by occupied and owned buildings of 3% least at to renovations efficient energy making EU countries, of sales energy national the in 1.5% of reduction annual an to equivalent savings energy achieve to policies include measures These sectors. waste and agriculture buildings, transport, namely sectors, non-ETS in 2005 in emissions gas greenhouse its to relation Iin Annex in State Member that for set centage per the by least at emissions GHG its limit 2030, in shall, State Member Each The strategic level is composed of the “2020 Climate and Energy Energy and Climate “2020 the of composed is level strategic The “ As shown in Figure 8, the European energy efficiency legislative legislative efficiency energy European the 8, in Figure shown As Energy EfficiencyEnergy Directive 31 Energy efficiency first Energy ), “ the 2030 2030 Climate and Energy Framework” (setting a 32.5% a32.5% (setting Framework” Energy and Climate 30 . In 2018, as part of the “Clean energy for all for Eu energy “Clean the of part as . In 2018, ” is one of the key principles of the En the of key principles the of one ” is target for energy efficiency by 2030. by efficiency energy for target (Directive 2012/27/EU) (Directive es has that 29 . ------
117 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 118 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement � FIG 8 � FIG and European Parliament data, 2021. data, Parliament European and Source → Policy of energy use rational the for a strategy –Towards EC the in EnergyEfficiency Green Paper COM(1998)246 SAVE Directive 2006/32/EC) by (repealed Dir. 93/76/EEC Labelling Energy 2012/27/EU) by amended 2010/30/EU; by (updated Dir. 92/75/EEC 1995 1999 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The
Directive Cogeneration 2012/27/EU) by (recast Dir. 2004/8/EC (EPBD) Directive Building Performance European 2010/31/EU) by (recast Dir. 2002/91/EC Efficiency Energy Improve to Plan Action COM(2000)247 → 2000 2004 energy efficiency of the building sector, 1995-2020 sector, building the of efficiency energy the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The programme orprogramme the GreenBuilding programme. GreenLight STAR EU programme, the as Energy such savings, energy planned of delivery the support and barriers market remove to efforts the on focuses level support The directives. Ecodesign and Labelling Directive (EPBD)Directive Building of Performance Energy the of composed is level legislation sectoral The Directive. Efficiency is the efficiency energy of provement 28. 32 Regulation/Decision structure for electric vehicles and the design of long-term building strategies. building long-term of design the and vehicles electric for structure infra recharging private buildings, of smartisation addresses also directive The The key legislative instrument containing measures for the im the for measures containing instrument key legislative The Tyre Labelling 1235/2011) & 2008/2011 by (amended (EC)1222/2009 Reg. Star Energy (EC)106/2008 Reg. (ESD) Directive services Energy 2012/27/EU) by (repealed Dir. 2006/32/EC Ecodesign 2012/27/EU) by amended 2009/125/EC; by Dir. 2005/32/EC/recast Potential the Realising efficiency: Energy for Plan Action COM(2005)545 Less With Moe Doing – or Efficiency Energy paper Green COM(2005)265 2005 2009 32 , while the product legislation level comprises the the comprises level legislation product , while the (EASME) Enterprises Medium-sized and Small for Agency Executive establishing (2013/771/EU) Dec. (EED) Directive Efficiency Energy Dir. 2012/27/EU Guidance Commission – Directive EE the Implementing COM(2013)762 2010 2014 2 ESD the under target saving Energy target under EED under target efficiency Energy 1 2017) EED (NEEAP under Plans Action Efficiency Energy Regulation (NECPs) Regulation Governance under Plans Climate and st nd 2015 2020 2020 2019 2016 National Energy Energy National 2017 National National - - → � FIG 9 � FIG Parliament data and various sources, 2021. sources, various and data Parliament Source → package. 55” for “Fit new the to refer parenthesis in targets →The N.B. Support level Support Legislative level Strategic level legislation Product legislation Sectoral The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission, European European Commission, European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Energy Performance -40% GHG (-55%) GHG -40% Building Directive Building → Labelling (supporting financing, awareness, education, etc.) education, awareness, financing, (supporting European energy efficiency development actions actions development efficiency energy European The European Union energy efficiency of buildings governance buildings of efficiency energy Union European The gets for reducing the CO the reducing for gets In particular, ambitious more the European tar proposes Commission sector. transport the to related targets ambitious more new with together 55” package for “Fit the of bition am announced new the with coherently revised will be directive This ing and refuelling and information user points, requirements. recharg such for specifications technical common well as as States, Member the of frameworks policy national of means by implemented be to hydrogen, CNG) and (LNG and gas natural for points refuelling and vehicles electric for points recharging including infrastructure, els fu alternative of building-up the for minimum requirements out sets directive This transport. of impact environmental the mitigate to and oil on dependence minimise to in order Union in the infrastructure fuels alternative of deployment the for measures of framework mon (DAFI,com 2014/04/EU) the Directive defined Infrastructure Fuels Alternative the that, Before crises. future to resilient more become and transformation digital and green its achieve can system transport EU the how for foundation the laying by sector, the decarbonise to 33 29. TRANSPORT and Smart Mobility Strategy Mobility Smart and the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. the of Committee the and Committee Social and Economic European the Council, the Parliament, European the to Commission the from 789 (2020) Comm Recently, the European Commission presented the “ the presented Commission European the Recently, EU Climate Action & Green Deal Deal &Green Action EU Climate Energy Efficiency Directive Directive Efficiency Energy Energy Efficiency Plan Efficiency Energy Energy Services Energy 32% RES (40%) RES 32% Directive 2 emissions of new cars and vans: 55% reduc 55% vans: and cars new of emissions ” 33 Ecodesign that highlights the European effort effort European the highlights that and Power Directive Directive Power and +32.5% EE (36%) +32.5% Combined Heat Heat Combined Sustainable Sustainable 2050 2030 2020 ------
119 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 120 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement the legislative level the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Directive ( Directive Infrastructure Fuel Alternative the level legislative the sector. of Moreover, the decarbonisation transport a progressive at for standards the set Directive Vehicles Road Transport gy-Efficient Ener and Clean the and vehicles) heavy-duty and cars for vehicles, 30. technologies. in clean re-investing and use, fuel cleaner stimulating pollution, on aprice putting scheme, trading emissions the in included will be transport road 2026, from In addition, journeys. long and short for vehicles, these charge to need they infrastructure the have citizens that ensure to seeks it In particular, vehicles. sions low-emis zero-and for market the of growth the promotes also sion 0 emissions from new cars by 2035 cars new from 0emissions and 2030 by vans from emissions of reduction 50% 2030, by cars from emissions of tion the new inputs of the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy. Mobility Smart and Sustainable the of inputs new the following and sector the of adecarbonisation toward further moving DAFI, the of review the announced already has Commission European The infrastructure. charging of deployment in the role acrucial plays linked with the Green Deal, which has set the basis for a renewed ef arenewed for basis the set has which Deal, Green the linked with also strategy, Mobility Sustainable and Smart new the of consists level, the regulations on the CO the on regulations the level, At legislative the sector. transport the of decarbonisation in the fort The strategic level of the transport governance scheme transport the of level strategic The 2 emission standards (for light duty duty (for light standards emission . The Commis . The mainly mainly DAFI - - - - )
Source → � FIG 10 � FIG Policy 1995 1999 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Directive → 2000 2004 transport sector, 1995-2020 the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The Regulation/Decision transport vehicle transport road efficient – energy and Clean Dir. 2009/33/EC directive energy Renewable 2009/28/EC DIR. 2005 2009 infrastructure fuels alternative of Deployment Dir. 2014/94/EU fuels strategy alternative A European Transport: for Power Clean 17 COM(2013) Transport Area European Single a to Roadmap 144 COM(2011) 2010 2014 heavy-duty vehicles heavy-duty for standards 2018/318 and 2018/1939 (EU) Regulation Commission light vehicles for standards 2018/1832 (EU) Regulation Commission Dir. 2009/28/EC amending Dir. 2018/2001 EU) 2009/33/EC Dir. amending Dir. 2019/1161 Mobility Low-Emission for Strategy A European COM(2016) 501 and clean connected, safe, Europe: for Mobility Sustainable 293 COM(2018) Strategy Mobility Smart and Sustainable 789 COM(2020) 2015 2020 emission emission
121 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 122 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement → � FIG 11� FIG Source → N.B. Support level Support Legislative level Strategic level legislation Product legislation Sectoral The targets in parenthesis refer to the new “Fit for 55” package. package. 55” for “Fit new the to refer parenthesis in targets →The The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Regulation (2019/631) on CO on (2019/631) Regulation of alternative fuels infrastructure fuels alternative of -40% GHG (-55%) GHG -40% Dir. 2014/94/EU Deployment Dir. 2014/94/EU standards or cars and LCVs and cars or standards (Directive 1999/94/EC) (Directive → Car Labelling Car (supporting financing, awareness, education, etc.) education, awareness, financing, (supporting governance governance sector transport the for decarbonization Union European The EU-ETS is the world's first major carbon market and stillbig is the and market carbon major first world's the is EU-ETS sector. industrial the of governance energy the on impacting element 31. INDUSTRY sive framework and ambition related to the industrial sector in Europe. sector industrial the to related ambition and framework sive comprehen a sets only it but objectives, specific nor targets specific contain not does strategy the that highlight to however important is It models. business new developing by and solutions technology clean footprints also but accelerating the transition by providing affordable, carbon own its reducing sector, the of decarbonisation in play to the role aleading has industry European how for highlights Europe, which Strategy Industrial New the is sector industrial the of carbonisation de in the Europe’s effort strengthens that element policy damental fun another recently More EU at level. passed been have that policies energy and climate important most the of one represents and system overall the for basis the set that 2003/87 the by Directive launched first was ETS European The emissions. gas EU's the greenhouse of 40% around covers and countries these between operating airlines as well as industry, manufacturing and sector power in the installations 10,000 around from emissions (EEA-EFTAlimits it States), Norway and Liechtenstein, Iceland, plus in all EU countries operates It gest. European smart mobility development actions development mobility smart European (EU-ETS) is the main main the is (EU-ETS) Trading Scheme Emission European The Sustainable and Mobility Strategy Mobility and Sustainable EU Climate Action & Green Deal Deal &Green Action EU Climate 2 emission 32% RES (40%) RES 32% Dir. 2009/33/EC Clean and energy- and Dir. Clean 2009/33/EC Regulation (2019/1242) CO (2019/1242) Regulation standards for heavy-duty vehicles heavy-duty for standards efficient road transport vehicle transport road efficient (Directive 2009/30/EC) Fuel quality Fuel +32.5% EE (36%) +32.5% 2 emission 2050 2030 2020 - - - - � FIG 12 � FIG Source → Policy 1995 1999 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Directive Scheme Trading European 2009/29/EC) by (amended Dir. 2003/87/EC → 2000 2004 industrial sector, 1995-2020 the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The free received industry manufacturing the period, third trading of At beginning the allocation. free for available were ances allow remaining while the auctioned, were allowances of amount total the of (2013–2020), 57% period third trading the over fact, of amatter As ETS. the of strength effective the limits competitiveness, protecting at aimed although auctioning), with (together free for allowances allocate CO the ETS covers around 40% around covers ETS the now and expired has industries some to granted exemptions and periods transitional The 2013-2020. period the covering third phase its entered ETS In the 2013 EEA-EFTA EU three the countries. and covers and 2005 ETS Directive 2003 the by played is level legislative at role central the level, strategic at Deal Green the and 32. the mechanism has registered a progressive extension from only CO only from extension aprogressive registered has mechanism the included, gases greenhouse the regards as Also, aviation. and chemicals aluminium, petro board, and pulp, paper ceramics, bricks, lime, glass, clinker, cement plants, steel and iron ovens, coke ≥20MW, oil refineries, and other plants combustion ing power stations manufacturing sectors: follow the covers ETS the of third phase the sectors, the regards As gases. greenhouse of type and sectors geography, of in terms increased has scope The 1in 2005. phase of start the since expanding been has EU the by ETS covered emissions GHG of scope The aviation. commercial and industries energy-intensive generation, heat and power from nating (ETS) Regulation/Decision 2 As regards the governance scheme, following the EU Climate Action EU the Action Climate following scheme, governance the regards As , N 30% in in 30% to year each gradually decreased has proportion this , and 2 O, and PFC. The presence in the ETS Directive of a mechanism to to amechanism of Directive ETS in the presence The PFC. O, and decision sharing Effort Dec. (2009/406/EC) and Storage Carbon Capture Dir. 2009/31/EC allowances emission gas house Green Dir. 2009/29/EC gas emissions greenhouse their reduce to States Member of Effort Dec 406/2009/EC 2005 2009 (CCS) of the total GHG emissions in the EU in the origi emissions GHG total the of Directive Emission Industrial 2010/75/EU Directive 2009/406/EC Dec for Decision Implementing Commission period the for allocations emission Annual 2013/162/EC Dec 2010 2014 . The ETS has been in place since since in place been has ETS . The (IED) 80% of its allowances for for allowances its of 80% Strategy for Europe for Strategy 2030 to 2021 from States Member by reductions emission gas greenhouse A New 2018/842 (EU) REG. Member State the of allocations emission Annual (2020/2126) Dec climate ambition 2030 Europe’s up Stepping 562 COM(2020) Europe for Strategy Industrial A New 102 COM(2020) 2015 2020 2 to to - - - -
123 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 124 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement 35 34 allowanc their of majority large the receive to continued have Airlines 2020 greenhouse gas emission benchmarks developed for each product each for developed benchmarks emission gas greenhouse using calculated is installation each for allocation free The allowances. approach abenchmarking onwards, 3 (2013-2020) phase From 2013-2020. period in the (82%) free for es � that: Package the proposed Commission 55” for “Fit in the reductions, emission steeper for need the flecting ETS the of perimeter the of enlargement 33. 4(2030). phase of end the 0at to 30% of amaximum from 2026 after out phased be to planned is allocation free sectors, exposed less the EU the at risk the of highest relocatingcus on their sectors outside production will fo allocation period, fourth In the EU EEA-EFTAthe and countries. in product that producing installations the of 10% performing best the of emissions gas greenhouse average the on based is benchmark product
rous parts for transmission shafts, camshafts, crankshafts and cranks etc. cranks and crankshafts camshafts, shafts, transmission for parts rous fer forged die Open (25501134) flakes, or granules powder; in glass other and frit glass preparations; similar and lustres Liquid (20302170) glass, or enamelling ics, ceram for preparations similar and (slips) engobes glazes, and enamels Vitrifiable (20302150) yeast Bakers' (10891334) matter, sweetening added containing or ed, concentrat not or whether forms, solid other or granules powder, in whey modified and Whey (10515530) syrup, lactose and Lactose (105154) Casein, (105153) powder, milk Whole (105122) powder, milk Skimmed (105121) paste, and puree tomato ed Concentrat (10391725) pellets, and granules flakes, meal, flour, of form the in toes pota Dried (10311300) acid) acetic or vinegar by excluding frozen; then, and oil in (including prepared orzen preserved cooked potatoes, or cooked potatoes partly Fro (10311130) clays, kaolinic other and Kaolin 081221) Description Code (Prodcom clay, baked in products, construction and tiles bricks, of Manufacture (2332) tures, fix sanitary ceramic of Manufacture (2342) articles, ornamental and household Manufacture of basic (2341) pharmaceutical products, Manufacture of ceramic (2110) textiles, of Finishing (1330) salt, of Extraction (0893) iron. of Casting (2451) of Processing non-ferrous Other nucleartion, metalproduction, (2446) (2445) fuel, uminium Lead, zinc production, (2443) and tin produc Copper production, (2444) Al (2442) bars; of drawing Cold (2431) steel, of fittings, related and profiles hollow pipes, tubes, of Manufacture (2420) ferro-alloys, of and steel and iron basic of ture (2399) Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral n.e.c., products (2410) Manufac and flags, (2351) Manufacture of (2352)cement, Manufacture of lime and plaster, (2320) (2331) Manufacture products, of Manufacture refractory of ceramic tiles (2319) Manufacture and of processing other including glass, technical glassware, fibres, glass of Manufacture (2314) glass, hollow of Manufacture (2313) glass, flat in forms, (2060) primary Manufacture of fibres, man-made (2311) Manufacture of Manufacture of plastics in forms, (2017) primary Manufacture of synthetic rubber (2016) compounds, nitrogen and fertilisers of Manufacture (2015) chemicals, sic ture of other inorganic basic chemicals, (2014) Manufacture of other organic ba Manufac (2013) pigments, and dyes of Manufacture (2012) gases, industrial of (1920)products, Manufacture ofpetroleum refined (2011) products, Manufacture oven coke of Manufacture (1910) paperboard, and paper of Manufacture (1712) pulp, of Manufacture (1711) panels, wood-based and sheets veneer of Manufacture from except non-wovens, apparel, (1411) Manufacture of leather clothes, (1621) made articles and non-wovens of Manufacture (1395) fibres, textile of spinning (1081) Manufacture of sugar, (1106) Manufacture of malt, (1310) Preparation and Manufacture of oils and fats, (1062) Manufacture of and starches starch products, (1041) n.e.c., quarrying and mining Other (0899) minerals, fertiliser and chemical of Mining (0891) ores, metal non-ferrous other of Mining (0729) ores, iron of ing Min (0710) petroleum, crude of Extraction (0610) coal, hard of mining 0510) CODE (NACE period 2021-2030 the for valid be will and 2019 in updated been has list The nical work with and consultations various stakeholders. tech extensive on based elaborated were they fuel): and heat on based proaches ap fallback 2so-called and product (52 benchmarks 54 are there Currently, One of the main changes proposed in proposed changes main the of One pathway to meeting the higher 2030 ambition. ambition. 2030 higher the meeting to pathway the in linewith lowered, be to will need cap emissions annual The . The power generation sector did not receive any free allowances. allowances. any free receive did not sector generation power . The 35 . These sectors will receive 100% of their allocation for free. For For free. for allocation their of 100% will receive sectors . These is used for the free allocation of of allocation free the for used is “Fit for 55” package . As a matter of fact, re fact, of amatter . As is the the is 34 . A . A ------� FIG 13 � FIG Source → N.B. Legislative level Strategic level legislation Sectoral The targets in parenthesis refer to the new “Fit for 55” package. package. 55” for “Fit new the to refer parenthesis in targets →The The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2009/29/EC) European 2009/29/EC) European Trading Scheme (ETS) Trading Scheme -40% GHG (-55%) GHG -40% Dir. 2003/87/EC (amended by (amended → governance governance sector industrial the for decarbonization Union European The guidelines or objectives. guidelines or objectives. specific set not does it but sector, industrial in the efficiency energy to references contains It Directive). IPPC the in particular (including tives Directive (2010/75/EU) which 7 existing previously incorporates direc Emission Industrial the is in force one current the and times various ed updat been has directive The considered. parameters environmental the among energy includes and environment, the on impact particular a have that sectors (96/61/EC).tive industrial at aimed is directive This from Integrated Pollutioncomes Prevention and Control - IPPC Direc efficiency, process including contexts, industrial to refers expressly that legislation of Apiece SMEs. not are that enterprises for systems management and audits mandatory foresees that directive the 8 of article with sector industrial the mentions also directive The icies. pol efficiency energy their on legislate States Member which within framework European the above, mentioned as is, services energy and efficiency (2012/27/EU) end-use Directive energy on Efficiency ergy 34. � � � � As regards the energy efficiency in the industrial sector, the sector, the En industrial in the efficiency energy the regards As green gasemissions by 61% compared to 2005 level. 2005 to compared 61% by gasemissions green their reduce must EU ETS revised the by covered sectors 2030 By suppliers. fuel upstream on focused system separate in a done will be This buildings. and transport road to applied be will also system trading emissions the 2026, from Starting receives). currently sector this allowances emissions free the out (phasing emissions their reduce to operators aviation from required be will also efforts Greater 2025. to 2023 period the over sectors ETS in the included gradually will be sector maritime The New Strategy for industrial Europe industrial for Strategy New EU Climate Action & Green Deal Deal &Green Action EU Climate Dec. (2009/406/EC) 32% RES (40%) (40%) RES 32% Effort sharing Effort decision and Storage (CCS) Storage and +32.5% EE (36%) +32.5% Dir. 2009/31/EC Dir. Carbon Capture Carbon 2050 2030 2020 - - - - -
125 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 126 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement and non-binding Member State targets (with the exception of GHG re GHG of (with exception the targets State Member non-binding and 35. impact on considered in the sectors Europe their and governance transition energy to related issues The 2.1.2 requires This Commission. the by provided resources huge the of use good ing mak for responsible are States Member the where asystem to turning EU the progressively Plan is Recovery the through system, enforcement indirect an with matched level) State Member at also binding duction, rect 37. investments. encourage to practices best the with countries an in all Europe aligned be to remuneration grid of regulation the for sary neces indeed is It grids. transmission and in distribution investments of case in the as guidelines, and in regulations gaps leaves often ergy en for responsibility shared homogeneity, of lack the to In addition � � � problems related of inhomogeneity to aspects: different causes this but acts, binding legally adopt and legislate to able are share EUand institutions 36. level. European at transition energy of ance ery Plan. Plan. ery Recov the of resources available the by offered opportunity the with aligned quickly be -must them attain to actions -and targets State States by all Member addressed adequately not are EU targets sequence, acon As States. Member for binding directly also is emissions GHG for target while the EU the a whole, of as level the at only but level, State Member at binding not are Framework” Energy and Climate “2030 in out the set targets efficiency energy RES and The ciencies. ineffi some to led has which vision, Plan a pre-Recovery on based still is Plans National into transpositions and targets policy managing targets policy for managing mechanism 38. system. current of the inefficiency the addressing time same the at assuring timely coordination of various public while and private actors, history, in programmes investment biggest the of one implement and “ anew implement to need the to related is issue second The Three general issues Three First of all, energy is among the competences that Member States States Member that competences the among is all, of energy First need to strengthen the new new the strengthen to need the to connected is issue last The standards for payments). defined of lack the and interoperability of lack the is problems main the of one e-mobility for (e.g., targets the of achievement the for sector same the to related States Member across Standards in buildings). efficiency energy (e.g., targets the of achievement the for mechanism measuring The efficiency). and energy e-mobility (e.g., sectors specific to related framework legal The ” enforcement and their results are very uneven and unsatisfactory. Member Member unsatisfactory. and uneven very are results their and urgent and coordinated action . From a system based on binding EU-wide targets targets EU-wide binding on based a system . From . This entails that both EU and EU countries EU EU and countries both that entails . This prevent an efficient and effective govern effective and an efficient prevent by Member States to lay out layto out States Member by . The current mechanism for for mechanism current . The indi ------Source → � FIG 14� FIG of the current performance Renewable energy achievement of the policy policy the of achievement for a detailed description description adetailed for of Europe and Italy in the the in Italy and Europe of 1 Supply side Supply Part 1 Part to refer Please on energy Shared competences sources The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The targets and distribution Transmission → Grids and their consequences governance transition energy European the of issues The so shared efforts from all Member States are fundamental. fundamental. are States all Member from efforts shared so 55” package, for “Fit in the updates upcoming the considering jectives ob the reach to challenge agreat facing is Union European 1, the Part in shown As pace. current the at proceed to continue they if fall short will 20%), and also they (22% consumption energy RES of final in their targets lower amuch have Hungary and Poland do only not contrary, On below.the figure in the highlighted as track well on is plan, national its in consumption energy final RES of in its 65% reaching of target ambitious an itself set has which Sweden, homogeneous, from far is RES of availability the that account into taken be must it although ple, exam For targets. the to respect with progress of levels different very also -but Commission European the by dictated criteria and regulation European the of formula Igovernance Annex the on based are they though -even targets different very show States Member RES, the For States by all Member addressed equally and adequately not are they EU the collectively, for only but States, 40. industry. of the decarbonisation the and e-mobility buildings, in efficiency gy ener RES, of deployment the for factors key enabling are particular in grids distribution and transmission The industry. and transport buildings, grids, distribution and transmission renewables, sectors: consequences 39. 2 The issues identified at governance level result in a cascade of cascade in a result level at governance identified issues The RES policy targets policy RES the As Issues ofIssues theEuropean governance energy “ anew implement to Need indirect ” enforcement Effects on… Effects that slow down the energy transition in the identified identified in the transition energy the down slow that Buildings are not binding for individual Member Member individual for binding not are 3 Demand side mechanism for managing policy targets policy managing for mechanism new the strenghten to Need Transport . Industry - - -
127 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 128 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement → Source → trend. the i.e. years, coming the in period 2015-2019 the in recorded rate growth annual same the have to continue installations RES the if countries member by achieved be will that consumption energy final gross the in RES of share the highlights analysis *The � FIG 15 � FIG Share of RES on final energy consumption energy final on RES of Share Sweden 55 10 Denmark 36 19 The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Eurostat and IEA data, 2021. data, IEA and Eurostat on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The Finland 41 9 Latvia 40 10 Portugal 30 17 Austria 33 13 → Lithuania 24 21 Estonia 30 12 (% values) (% 2030 and plans national in year reference 2030, for effort policy and consumption final gross on RES of Share 41. level is currently still in a phase of evolution, the development of of development the evolution, of in still a phase currently is level 42. capabilities. and responsibilities DSO develop to in order States, Member of needs specific the to conformable framework management EU an and data level system power at management data allow to secure strategy rity development of the principles concerning a long-term EU cybersecu Operators System Distribution of role the of importance future and current the recognise not age” does “European the Clean that Pack Energy highlight to important is it Thus, values. historical to respect with 50-70% of increase an senting repre 2020-2030, period in the investments billion of Euros 375-425 require to EU27+UK in the grids expected are distribution particular, In system. energy in the sources energy renewable of penetration gridstion demand for energy and represent a relevant solution to the problems problems the to solution arelevant represent and energy for demand a is there where to site production the from countries across energy connectors Spain 17 electricity transmission and distribu and transmission electricity the of development The 25 Also related to the flexibility issue, as the legislation at European at European legislation as the issue, flexibility the to related Also Greece 18 17 France 17 16 represents a crucial enabling factor for the integration and and integration the for factor enabling a crucial represents Gap vs. 2030 target 2030 vs. Gap is affected as a consequence. Interconnectors transport transport Interconnectors aconsequence. as affected is Romania 24 7 Italy 18 12 Germany 16 14 UK 11 19 Bulgaria 21 7 Slovenia 21 6
2030 share of the current installation pace* installation current the of share 2030 Ireland 11 16 Luxembourg 9 16 . In particular, there is a lack of of alack is there . In particular, Netherlands 7 18 Cyprus 15 7 Czech Rep. 14 9 Poland 11 11 Hungary 12 8 Slovakia 12 7 Belgium 9 8 inter Malta 8 4 60 50 30 40 70 20 10 0 - - - - - Italy, Cyprus, Poland, Portugal and Romania and Portugal Poland, Italy, Cyprus, France, Spain, Ireland, namely yet, 2020 for target the met not have States However, 8Member capacity. production electricity installed their connect to States Member incentivise to 2020, by connection 36 37 38 43. countries. different between harmonised fully not mechanisms ation remuner and changes, political apply, laws possible national which � � � States: all Member by measures and policies with addressed adequately not are tives regard � time. same the at approaches different two adopt to decided States 7Member Moreover, consumption. in absolute all others the while savings, in energy Latvia and Ireland Estonia, Slovenia, tugal, Por intensity, 3 in energy EED the to Article contributions their chose Malta and Sweden, Hungary, Lithuania, Republic, Czech differ. may States Member by used approach methodological the Therefore, sity. inten energy or consumption, energy final or primary savings, energy final or primary either on 3contributions EED 2030 their Article set targetefficiency performance 44. at least 10% least at of atarget set Union European The energies. renewable of potential disparate regionally the and intermittence of
across its borders to its borders across neighbouring countries. transported be to plants power its by produced electricity the of 10% least at low al that cables electricity place in have should State Member each that means It “WAM”: With additional measures and “WEM”: With existing measures. existing With “WEM”: and measures additional With “WAM”: 2020. an Commission, Europe Action”, Climate and Union Energy the of Governance on 2018/1999 (EU) Regulation to pursuant Union Energy the of State the on report “2020 Source: energy efficiency dimension energy the regards As free to choose the metrics to assess energy energy assess to metrics the choose to free are States Member calculation of the WAM the of WEM and scenarios calculation in the assumptions underlying unclear present NECPs Some a clear quantification. 37% impact, quantification the reported not have States Member the 44% About measures. and policies the of impact quantitative expected the of reporting incomplete present NECPs The “Provisional”. available”, or “Not is that “Unclear” status implementation an present measures and all policies of the 20% However, almost (NECPs). Plans Climate and Energy National in the identified of A mixture efficiency measures. energy of GDP, on (e.g., environment) jobs, benefits societal and economic wider the of identification adequate NECPs lack Some Dimension”. Efficiency Energy the of Assessment Union. EU the Energy under 2021-2030 for Plans Climate and Energy “National JRC in the the cross-jurisdictional issues cross-jurisdictional have reported an unclear impact and just 19% just and impact unclear an reported have have been measures and policies different 1,400 . Indeed, Member States were free to to free were States Member . Indeed, and difficulties in understanding in understanding difficulties and 37 . The main challenges challenges main . The , the related objec related , the 38 , as evaluated by by evaluated , as have reported reported have 36 of inter of of ------
129 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 130 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement Source → � FIG 16 � FIG The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission Data, 2021. Data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → the En 45. 46. certifications. performance energy conducting experts for required qualifications and skills the does as States, Member among icantly signif differ methods calculation the databases), regional or (national reporting and collection data buildings, of performance energy the of calculation the for framework general acommon EPBDthe provides Iof Annex While level. national at EPCs design to freedom the States Member buildings leaves of performance 2010/31)tive energy the on The EPBD (EUDirec differently. classified be can acountry, within regions even or countries, buildings in different comparable where values) (% 2030 States, Member among 2030 at target efficiency energy the set to approach methodological in Difference incentive to buy more efficient technologies. efficient more buy to incentive an provide today, not do outlined are they as Tax credits, technologies. different contribution the to decarbonisation count ac take into not does wayin a that defined are incentives buildings, 47. way. their find to customers for difficult more A+++ D, to it etc.), G, (from Ato making exist scales label energy different of variety ahuge present at scale, G Ato simpler the reintroduce to adjusted gradually will be categories label EU the if energy Even market. the from products performing ergy en least the eliminate to minimum standards EU-wide common sets Ecodesign market. on the EU products of efficiency energy the prove Moreover, when it comes to energy efficiency technologies for for technologies efficiency energy to comes it when Moreover,
legislation helps to im to helps legislation ecodesign and labelling EU energy The Member States are free to design the calculation method for for method calculation the design to free are States Member ergy Performance Certificates ergy � 11.1% � 11.1% � 59.3% � 3.7% � 7.4% � 7.4% Savings Intensity Absolute
Savings and absolute and Savings Intensity and savings and Intensity absolute and Intensity , thus leading to a situation asituation to leading , thus of different - - - - - 48. for for tools necessary the have not do States Member individual but lenge, chal a trans-national is infrastructure fuels alternative the that fact � � � targets: infrastructure charging coherent and clear are there neither information user and systems payments harmonised Inmonitor progress. general, there are no minimim requirements for and infrastructure charging electrical of deployment States’ Member to standards ensurecommon interoperability, coordinate and support transport sector transport the regards As exchange of information implies among all a agreement contractual This vehicles. electric of all with kinds equally communicate to using a single identification and stations or method, payment charge to allow to drivers required is provider service mobility and operators point charging between technology “roaming” so, do to In order providers. service other of behalf on including basis, acontractual on customers to services charging vehicle electric provide to allowed be should operators point charging that DAFI The stipulates levels. different at and in time moments different at other each with interact must and involved directly are vehicle users electric and operators, grid vehicle manufacturers, services), or product mobility of arange with users (providing providers service points), mobility charging the of maintenance and particular, charging (overseeing point operators the installation other. In each with interact to need that actors multiple involves the enabling (charging for infrastructure electromobility system) because vehicles their charge to methods payments different use and contracts multiple require may users vehicle electric cases, In many complicated. quite vehicle electric an with Union European payment and user systems information However, for harmonised there are minimum no requirements plug standards adopted Widely 2030. by completed be to is and nodes, important most linking the connections important most as defined network, core in the points charging the between distance the defines which TEN-T Directive, the with contrasts also This means. “appropriate” what specifying should deploy “appropriateStates charging points”, without targets There footprints. carbon and patterns charging different very which plug-in have and vehicles vehicles, hybridelectric electric battery between DAFI the distinguish to fails requirements, vehicle electric different the regards As private. not are that all those be to points charging public define and distinction specific no make centre), while others shopping or hotel, park, car associated an of use the (for example, use on restrictions to subject and times certain at only accessible being as points charging “semi-public” aday and 24 hours accessible and spaces in public located being as points charging public define States Member some definition, abroad such of aconsequence As vehicles. electric of types different between distinguish not does and accessibility public for criteria define to States Member to room DAFIThe leaves pan-European coordination are no clear and coherent EU-wide charging infrastructure infrastructure charging EU-wide coherent and clear no are : as a matter of fact, the DAFI establishes that Member Member that DAFI the establishes fact, of amatter : as . The Commission currently lacks lacks currently Commission . The have been defined at European level. level. European at defined been have , several issues derive from the the from derive issues , several , making travel across the the across travel , making -
131 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 132 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement 49. 50% of GHG emissions GHG of 50% around ered cov allowances allocated freely the average on (2013-2020), system ETS the 3of Phase the With free. for allowances their of most received all sectors Until 2012, leakage. carbon of risk at operating industries to free for allowances ETS gives Union European the relocation, business of risk the reduce and risk, leakage To carbon the overcome countries. ETS of bounders the within jobs of loss the entails it Also, emissions. reducing of process the to counterproductive is leakage Carbon rules. climate stringent less with countries to activities their relocating by leakage carbon of risk the entails mechanism This system. ETS the to related mainly sues industrial sectors industrial the regards As possibility of “ of possibility the for provide must points all charging public that DAFI requires the Moreover, agreement. contractual asingle use to users vehicle electric enabling of capable actually system roaming a harmonised of lack the into translates This protocols. communication of series a involves it as complex still is actors different the among exchange there is nosingle and for the connection communication standard and interoperable communication However, protocols. currently function, activation aremote or reader acard connection, internet an with equipped be to points charging the concerned, entities the adding to the complexity and lack of harmonisation. of lack and complexity the to adding EU, the throughout ways diverse in very implemented been has ad hoc ad , defined as firms seeking to reduce their costs costs their reduce to seeking as firms , defined ” charging (without a contract): this function function this a contract): (without , a still high percentage. percentage. high , astill , in Europe there are several is several are there , in Europe - - Source → � FIG 17� FIG Total allocated allowances Total allocated 2005 2,096 2,096 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on EEA data, 2021. data, EEA on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2006 2,079 2,072
2007 2,195 2,153
2008 2,011 1,958 → 2009 2,049 50. (Mt of CO 2005-2020 (Mt of sectors, ETS in allocated freely and allowances Total allocated gies, it is crucial to work on the deployment the of on investments work to crucial is it gies, technolo applicable and to existing thanks potential electrification 51. transition. petitiveness com and trade global on also countries non-EU with negotiation and Partnering boundaries. European or national go to well beyond quires re which transition, energy the of dimension strategic and global the underlines This system. ETS the through emissions industrial tackle fully cannot it hand, other the on and sectors, productive entire of relocation the risk cannot it because allowances free eliminate not ent energy carriers can have an impact on the full deployment and and full deployment the on impact an have can carriers energy ent isation potential of some production chains. Energy taxes chains. production some of potential isation decarbon the on impact an has commodities of price the that given sector industry in the relevant particularly is it but all sectors volves 52. technologies. in green investments encourage to useful be could nism mecha national or Union European for guidelines the of provement
Freely allocated allowances allocated Freely 1,972 Moreover, high although demonstrate industrial some sectors Finally, another governance issue is related to energy taxes. It in It taxes. energy to related is issue governance Finally, another Europe is clearly caught in a sort of strategic catch-22. It can It catch-22. strategic of in asort caught clearly is Europe 2010 2,081 1,998 2011 2,101 2,017 is paramount to effectively achieve a successful energy energy asuccessful achieve effectively to paramount is 2012 2,169 2,054 2013 2
2,122 eq.) 1,014 2014 1,557 940
2015 1,512 879 2016 1,555 840 2017 1,739 788 2018 1,665 749 2019 1,308
on differ on 719 . An im . An 2020 1,396 667 ------
133 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 134 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source � � � objectives: following the at aims proposal announced The fuels. clean of uptake the while promoting fuel, fossil of use the for incentives other and transport, maritime and in aviation example for exemptions, outdated will remove rules new The impact. social the while mitigating objectives, environmental EU and with climate fuels transport and heating for rates minimum tax alignthe to (2003/96/EC) proposed is Directive Taxation Energy the of arevision reason, this For incentives. right the setting by transition green the support and market internal the preserve both must products energy for system tax The taxation energy for measures new forsees Package 55” for “Fit The Preserving the capacity to generate revenues for the budgets of the Member States. Member the of budgets the for revenues generate to capacity the Preserving States. Member by reductions and exemptions tax of use the rationalising by well as as rates of structure the and scope the updating by market EU the internal improves and preserves that aframework Providing emissions). reduce to efforts EU the to contributing thus policies climate and environment EU with energy, electricity and products energy of (aligning taxation Deal Green European the of context in the 2050 by neutrality climate and targets EU the to 2030 contributing framework adapted an Providing vector also thanks to generation from renewables. from generation to thanks also vector oil/gas acarbon-free from switch to electricity, to incentive an not but electricity less consume to incentive an bill represents electricity the on levies and taxes of level high the that clarified be should It States. Member among prices carrier energy of the components para-fiscal and cal fis the of harmonisation of alack is there Moreover, owners. industry for attractive financially not are they as solutions decarbonisation to switch the make to representatives industrial for incentive an provide not does difference This gas. of price the of 29% just for but electricity of price the of 45% for account levies and taxes that considered be 39 in electricity for rate EU tax average the 2018 to 2008 from that noting worth is it fact, of matter As a sector. industrial of the electrification a 20% increase of fuel oil and 19% of natural gas natural of 19% oil and fuel of increase a 20% Euro/MWh (from 13.4 32.1 to 140% by Euro/MWh) to creased compared
The presence of subsidies for fossil fuels have impact on this competition. this on impact have fuels fossil for subsidies of presence The , and hence to “decarbonise” through energy efficiency, efficiency, energy through “decarbonise” to hence , and 39 . Moreover, it should should it . Moreover, - - 2.2 → of the energy transition in Italy process implementation and Governance of the decision-making � 40 � � competences: group to followed been has scheme asummary which the from starts 54. ACTORS THE ITALIAN OF ENERGY TRANSITION industry). and transport buildings, (RES, grids, sectors the of governance the on focusing then and process transition energy in the involved actors all the analysing firstly by explored is scheme implementation Italy, to ing the relat analysis the of In part this support. and legislative, strategic, i.e., to the EU dimension, related and identified levels different the 53. In particular an important role is played in this context by the Interministerial Interministerial the by context this in played is role important an particular In Deputy Minister. Deputy the by chaired Change Climate and Environment Energy, on Committee Steering In the part on European governance, the analysis scheme followed followed scheme analysis the governance, European on part In the The analysis of the governance of the Italian energy transition transition energy Italian the of governance the of analysis The involved in the deployment of investments. of deployment in the involved actually those are providers infrastructure and Finally, energy public through auctions and the creation of the PNIEC monitoring platform. mechanism RES the assignment monitoring and managing of charge in are that GSE) as (such bodies public administrative technical by played is phase implementation in the role A fundamental and territorial and compatibility. guaranteeing safety concessions hydroelectric issuing level, developing resources, exploiting and local that are for responsible formulating the at policy local objectives levelsdifferent (metropolitan cities, provinces and municipalities) Implementation The The (responsible for the policies for trans In Sustainable of Ministry the and energy) for and water and land of protection the for Transition (responsible Ecological of plants), Ministry power large of operation and construction the for permits granting well as as activities, energy in miningand safety guaranteeing of (in charge Development Decision-making power Italian external energy dimension)Italian energy external the representing arena diplomatic in the role acrucial (which plays Affairs Foreign of Ministry the RES and of plants) assessment in the involved also Ministry Culture the of office (which alocal is power), Sovraintendenza veto has it which on RESfor plants, impact the of assessment in the (involved Culture of Ministry the budgets), of management and allocation the of (in charge Finance enabling function enabling involved and their roles, for for roles, their and involved actors the of mapping is left to the regional and local authorities at at authorities local and regional the to left is is played by the Ministry of Economy and and Economy of Ministry the by played is lies within the Ministry of Economic Economic of Ministry the within lies level of the European governance governance European the of level 40 . port and infrastructure).port frastructure and Mobility Mobility and frastructure -
135 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 136 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement Role of actors actors of Role 18 � FIG Source → AGCM, ART) Authorities Regulatory (ARERA, Sovrintendenza The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on various sources, 2021. sources, various on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The and Finance Ministry of Ministry of Culture Economic Ministry Ministry Decision-making Decision-making Market operators Public service (GSE, Terna) → (Enel, A2A, Gala, etc.) operators Foreign Affairs Infrastructure and Mobility and Sustainable Ministry of Ministry Ministry of Ministry at Italian level scheme governance transition energy the in involved actors The
� categories, consumers, companies. consumers, categories, different of protection the for responsible are that ○ Associations proposals. national and rules, the verification and elaboration of improvement general of framework the within coordination systems, storage and grid electricity plants, of PNIEC, the of development objectives monitoring ofof the for reforms and procedures, progress permit simplification decrees, transposition and rules implementing of definition the for responsible is which PNIEC○ The Observatory, derivingtargets from national, European and international rules. emission the verifying of in charge are activities, evaluation and ○ quality. of levels adequate with services of dissemination and efficiency the ensuring for and consumers authorities○ Regulatory that are for responsible the of protection The The Enabler Research agencies that, besides carrying out research, monitoring research, out carrying Research agencies that, besides support role support Development (ISPRA, ENEA)(ISPRA, Ministry of Ministry Economic Research agencies Implementation is played by: is played Ministry of Ministry Ecological Transition Observatory Support/consultation PNIEC municipalities provinces and Associations metropolitan Regions, cities, → regulated by the Ministerial Decree 04/07/2019 by Decree the Ministerial regulated are renewables for incentives the example, For sector. renewables the the central government level, there are related measures different to target of of target (PNIEC), a 2030 Climate and sets which Energy for Plan National ed Integrat in the nationally transposed are level European the from lines 57. implemented. been yet not had writing of moment the at level Italian II at Directive Energy Renewable the of transposition The sources. energy renewable regarding objectives regional of definition the to 44 43 42 41 55. 15/03/2012 Decree Ministerial the In 2012, 2020. by consumption in energy bles renewa of 17% of target anational setting I, Directive Energy able of 900 million Euros per year, of which 200 for public administrations. administrations. public for year, 200 million which per of Euros 900 of funding access to able will who be individuals, and companies also but administrations, public mainly are beneficiaries The plants. small for es sourc renewable from energy of thermal production the efficiency, gy Conto TermicoConto The sources. renewable from plants production electricity sized large and medium small, of spread the incentives, economic through mote, sector 56. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES oftransposition European legislation. incorrect of cases to regard particular with system, European the to system national the of adaptation the ensuring at aimed plementation im of direct rules the europea), delegazione di (legge law” delegation “European with the together represents, which europea), (legge law” “European the of relevance the mention to important is it context, tive legisla the regards view.As of points efficiency energy RESthe and from at looked been have sectors considered the context, governance Italian the for Thus, dimension. efficiency energy fall the within and overlap often sectors industry and transport residential, the for ences relations). and actors (legislation, However, in Italy, refer legislative model European the as scheme conceptual same the follows level ian
About the Italian renewable energy governance scheme, the guide the scheme, governance energy renewable Italian the About renewable capacity to be installed by 2030. by installed be to capacity renewable new for targets the in increase an into translate reasonably will update this sector, electricity the to reference With 1990). in emissions with compared (-55% States tive of reducing gas greenhouse emissions by 2030 recently ratified by Member objec ambitious more the of light in updated, being currently are targets These 2012. Economico, Sviluppo dello Ministero Sharing)”, Burden (c.d. autonome provincie delle e regioni delle parte da obiettivi degli raggiungimento mancato di casi dei gestione di modalità della edefinizione rinnovabili fonti di materia in regionali obiettivi degli qualificazione e Definizione 15-3-2012. “D.M. 2011. rinnovabili”, fonti da dell'energia dell'uso promozione sulla 2009/28/CE direttiva della Attuazione 28. n. 2011, 3marzo legislativo “Decreto D.M. 06/07/2012 23/06/2016). D.M. D.M. and with continuity (in 2019 Economico, Sviluppo dello 04/07/2019,D.M. Ministero The analysis of the governance of the energy transition at the Ital the at transition energy the of governance the of analysis The As regards the Italian legislation related to the renewable the to energy related legislation Italian the regards As , in 2011 Legislative Decree no. 28 no. Decree , in 2011 Legislative 30% of renewables of 30% 42 burden sharing burden so-called the defined encourages to interventions increase, along with ener 43 in gross final consumption by 2030. At 2030. by consumption final in gross 41 implemented the Renew implemented 44 , which aims to pro to aims , which , which refers refers , which ------
137 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 138 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement � FIG 19 � FIG Source → Territorial Level Central Government Level Level European The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on various sources, 2021. sources, various on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → The Italian renewable energy governance scheme governance energy renewable Italian The Italian Association of Municipalites. Moving from the institutional lev institutional the from Moving Municipalites. of Association Italian provinces and municipalities,provinces Stato-Regioni the Conferenza among the territorial which institutional also actors, include regions, (i.e.,za territorial of representations the Italian of Ministry Culture) Sovrintenden the of role the with correlated strictly is This cedures. in pro power veto its to referring in particular plants, of authorisation in the has Culture of Ministry the that role the mentioning worth is it Transition –CITE), Ecological the for Committee Interministerial the and Finances, and Transition, Economy and Ecological velopment, Ministries of Infrastructure and Sustainable Mobility, Economic De the Among ance. central government institutional (including actors 45 58. 59. transition. energy the towards stakeholders local of education and involvement the well as RES as the plants) for (especially authorisations of issuing and investments of deployment the for role apivotal have planning, energy regional the for responsible be to in addition authorities, local In particular, objectives. long-term accordingoperate to the principle of “burden sharing” of the national which regions) and provinces municipalities, (i.e., level territorial the with relates then level government central The package. Europeans” all for energy “Clean the of part as adopted decarbonisation at aimed standards European new the of implementation the anticipating aim of the with system, the into operators by emissions for requirements tal environmen stringent new integrate immediately to possible willit be and modified been has Commission, European the by endorsed lation, gions and autonomous provinces. re of presidents the between discussion and coordination political for A body
With the Ministerial Decree 28/06/2019 the capacity market regu market 28/06/2019 capacity Decree the Ministerial the With Several actors Integrated National Plan for Energy and Climate 2030 (PNIEC) 2030 Climate and Energy for Plan National Integrated Conto Termico Conto consumption REC and auto and REC Transposition of the RED II at Italian level Italian RED II at the of Transposition Regional and territorial energy planning planning energy territorial and Regional are involved in Italian renewable energy govern energy renewable in Italian involved are EU Climate Action & Green Deal Deal &Green Action EU Climate Renewable Energy Directive Energy Renewable (Piani Energetici Regionali) Energetici (Piani D.M. 04/07/2019D.M. incentives (ex Certificati Verdi) (ex Certificati Capacity market Capacity and PPA and 45 and the the and ------→ The economic value of the securities is defined in the market trading sessions. trading market in the defined is securities the of value economic The DSOs. and administration, public firms, stakeholders, private are Bianchi Certificati the of assignment the for mechanism in the participate can that actors The Certificates. Efficiency Energy of Register GME'sin the Electronic included are mechanism the to admitted To all actors the end, this negotiations. bilateral through GMEor by managed platform market on the valued and be exchanged can Bianchi Certificati accounts. specific on Energetici) Mercati dei GME by the (Gestore issued then are certificates the GSE, of the indication Upon project. efficiency energy the of implementation the to thanks achieved savings of TOE each for acertificate grants Energetici) Servizi dei (Gestore GSE The measures. behavioural and sector civil in the out carried actions to applied be also can but transport, and services infrastructures, network sector, industrial in the efficiency energy for mechanism incentive main the are (TEE),certificates the Energetica di Efficienza Titoli called Also saving. energy Tonone (TOE) Equivalent Oil of to equivalent is certificate One efficiency. energy increasing at aimed projects through energy of uses final in savings the of achievement the certify that securities negotiable are certificates The Italy.in efficiency energy promoting for maintools of the one is 2005, since force in mechanism, Bianchi Certificati The for? they are what and they are what Bianchi: Certificati The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on GSE and GME data, 2021. data, GME and GSE on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source territories. within their field energy in the ones, structural including interventions, direct and plan can regions the which through tool main the Regionali, Energetici Piani the includes level Finally, etc. territorial 4.0, the presa Conto 2.0, Im Termico Ecobonus, Bianchi, Certificati as such sectors, buildings and industrial transport, the across cutting measures, and policies of series a adopted Government 2030),by the efficiency gy PNIEC by the ( set target efficiency energy EED. the 2018/2002 on reach to EU In the order Directive implemented EPBD. In Italy, first the D.Lgs. no. 48, 10 48, no. EPBD. the D.Lgs. In Italy, first the EED the and to transpose laws and measures specific establish and plans climate and energy national integrated develop must States Member Regulation, Governance to the According Directive. ficiency Ef theEnergy specifically Union, in the European defined directives and key targets the embeds level European The levels. different three 60. EFFICIENCY ENERGY self-consumer groups communities. and renewable energy and associations citizens comprises Finally, level citizens’ the tions. and environmental associa associations protection professional plants, renewables of construction the to related industries resenting rep associations trade sector, energy renewable the of associations are there level, At association the companies. private and operators R&D operators, market regulators, by represented are actors other el, Directive (EU) 2018/844 on EPBD, then the D.Lgs. no. 73, 14 73, no. EPBD, on D.Lgs. the (EU) then 2018/844 Directive is composed of of composed is framework governance efficiency energy The th June 2020 transposed the the transposed 2020 June 43% improvement in ener th July 2020 2020 July - - - - -
139 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 140 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement Source → 20 � FIG Level Territorial Level Government Central Level European Transport The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on various sources, 2021. sources, various on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Industry Efficienza Efficienza Energetica Fondo Fondo Nazionale Fondi strutturali Fondi → Certificati Bianchi ○
○ The Italian energy efficiency governance scheme governance efficiency energy Italian The main territorial institutional Nazionale is actor Co the Associazione the governance, sources energy renewable for cited already actors institutional the Besides peculiarities. some features efficiency energy 61. of the sector's development and ensuring the completion of the reform reform the of completion the ensuring and development sector's the of charge of monitoring collecting data, national and regional transport in is transport, in public specialised transports, on Observatory tional all, Na of the First out. pointing worth peculiarities some are there 62. (SUNIA), etc. Assegnatari Inquilini ed Nazionale trade unions, like Adiconsum, Federconsumatori, Sindacato Unitario and associations by represented are Finally, sector. ing consumers build in the efficiency energy of full deployment the support to ers made of designers, professionals, installers, maintainers and manag workforce necessary the represent etc. Geometri, Collegio Periti, gio Colle Architetti, CNA Ingegneri, CNA as such associations, fessional pro the and etc, Assotermica, Assovetro, Assoimmobiliare, (ANCE), edili costruttori nazionale Associazione as such associations, trade (FIAIP), the etc, Professionali Immobiliari Agenti Italiana Federazione l'ediliziaper pubblica residenziale (ATER), Confedilizia, Federcasa, Territoriale Azienda as such associations, estate real The market. in the technologies efficiency energy of development in the involved are that actors of anumber is there (ANCI). In addition, Italiani muni Buildings Integrated National Plan for Energy and Climate 2030 (PNIEC) 2030 Climate and Energy for Plan National Integrated actors involved actors the to comes it When As regards the actors involved in the governance in the involved of actors the transports regards As Transposition of the EED and EPBD at Italian level Italian at EPBD EED and the of Transposition Regional and territorial energy planning planning energy territorial and Regional EU Climate Action & Green Deal &Green Action EU Climate Energy Efficiency Directive Efficiency Energy (Piani Energetici Regionali) Energetici (Piani ristrutturazioni edilizie ristrutturazioni e Marebonus Ferrobonus Detrazioni Detrazioni ○ ○
PIF ○
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63. forms. smart and connected increasingly towards mobility of evolution the of light in the operators, IT also but transport, of means for well as as infrastructure for operators market specific involves also in Italy mobility sustainable of development The system. tender the defining and sector transport public the for schemes tariff establishing sector, the monitoring of in is charge which Trasporti, dei di Regolazione torità Au the is in Italy sector transport the of body regulatory The process. depth in the following paragraphs). following in the depth in analysed will be (this case other the on Operators Point Charge and Operators System Distribution and hand, one the on authorities local between mechanism cooperation in the differences the by or regions various in the schemes different following plants RES to apply that torial discrepancies are by represented the authorization processes terri these of Examples authorities. competent by behaviour tionary discre potential to rise gives and procedures the of uncertainty the to level local at laws national of application non-uniform of renewables in the territory, resulting in territo development the on constraints stringent impose often that lations regu their apply municipalities), which and provinces cities, politan territorial to belong actors transition energy the of 65. complicate conflicts further that the process. thus on creating the matter same institutional possible competences have actors Additionally, below. different in detail more explained be will which Bianchi, Certificati issuing for mechanism the or RES plants of authorisation the of case in the happens this example, For long. ly systematical and complex processes the making thus interest, own its protects involved actor each fact, of a matter As process. the of ciency effi and effectiveness the limits power, strongly negotiating and tional discre of in general more RES or for plants) process authorisation the within Heritage Cultural of Ministry Italian the of (as case in the powers veto of existence the and responsibility, of area a different has involved actors the of municipalities). Each and provinces cities, metropolitan (regions, institutions local and government central the between and shared and fragmentedare industry) and transport buildings, in efficiency energy and RES of plants (installation transition energy the of sectors various the to related competences the all, of in Italy in Italy. First transition gy shows 64. Italy in considered sectors the on impact their and governance transition energy to related issues The 2.2.1 sectors. in specific affiliates as welltheir as Confindustria), (i.e., Associations Industrial trial sectors Secondly, since some competences related to the various sectors sectors various the to related competences some since Secondly, As regards the actors involved in the governance of the indus the of governance in the involved actors the regards As The analysis of the legislative context, the actors and their roles roles their and actors the context, legislative the of analysis The five issues five among a number of actors at different levels of governance governance of levels different at actors of anumber among , a pivotal role is played by the National and Territorial and National the by played is role , apivotal at the governance level that limit a successful ener limit a successful that level governance the at rial and differences (regions, metro . This adds adds . This - - ------
141 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 142 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement � � � out: pointing worth is it issues, these Among 68. operate. must they which within frameworks regulatory complicated the to and processes lack of appropriatements, figures professional for RES authorisation require skills unmet to understaffing, due inefficiencies show bodies public administrative technical However, these out. them carrying of possibility ultimately, actual in the and, timing, their on vestibility”), influence astrong has This projects. of the screening and efficiency energy for incentives of sion provi in the others, among roles, important have bodies public tive investments necessary the deploy to efficiently ability on the also but targets, well-defined bodies lic 67. lacking. currently is that year, each amechanism level gional gent minimum targets minimum gent strin by example, for guaranteed, be could commitment This goals. transition energy its achieve to country the enable to factors enabling ties authori local of involvement active and Finally, effective amore transition. energy the for investments the out carrying of difficulty the increase further communities, local to communicated and understood better be could implemented investments of the benefits the which lack the ofTo also a measurement system end, same the syndrome. “NIMBY” the prevent to - territory the throughout benefits the of distribution and effects adverse of mitigation consultation, for the from derives mainly acceptability social of problem The territory. in the investments down slow or block often administrations public local fact, sition tran energy in commitment effective of lack to due authorities local social acceptability of issue 66. technical administrative pub administrative technical of role the out pointing worth is It Multi-level governance and regional differences also lead to the the to lead also differences regional and governance Multi-level fragmentation in sectoral policy design policy sectoral in fragmentation Finally, some are there development of recharging infrastructure. the for other the on (CPOs) Operators Point Charge and (DSOs) Operators System Distribution and hand one the on authorities cooperation the of mechanism fragmentation The 110%). Superbonus and Bianchi gain efficiency to incentives energy access to processes articulated highly and complex of presence The legislations. regional uncoordinated adopted, independently of aproliferation is result The level. national at implementation consequent the and action and vision limit along-term efficiency energy for targets long-term of absence the and framework legislative the of incoherence The in the decarbonisation process (e.g., regions) could be one of the the of one be could regions) (e.g., process decarbonisation in the to efficiently engage local stakeholders – stakeholders local engage efficiently to amechanism of lack , leading to poor involvement of local communities. As a matter of of amatter As communities. local of involvement poor to , leading . The successful energy transition depends not only on on only not depends transition energy successful . The for renewable capacity to be authorised at re at authorised be to capacity renewable for . In the Italian context, technical administra technical context, Italian . In the on the credibility of the investments (“in investments the of credibility the on , which is not adequately addressed by by addressed adequately not is , which (e.g., Certificati Certificati (e.g., between local local between , through ------. Source → 21 � FIG of competences Fragmentation 1 The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on various sources, 2021. sources, various on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European The → discrepancies Territorial 2 The issues of the Italian energy transition governance governance transition energy Italian the of issues The lead to a cascade of of a to cascade lead 69. permitting procedures permitting national of inefficiency the 70. industry. and transport buildings, grids, tion distribu and transmission renewables, considered: sectors in the tion with delegation possible to for the the provinces, Single Authorisation. but regions, the and (PASCommunications) and procedures simplified of case in the municipality the include which process, authorisation the for competences different the as such process, authorisation the on impact that aspects other are there differences, territorial strong the to In addition authorities. competent the by behaviour cretionary dis potential to rise giving and procedure the on uncertainty further causing differences, territorial sharp the to adding issue an is level local at laws of application up 1MW. to plants Non-uniform power to - be extended can - PAS Procedure Authorisation Simplified the ple, ing and increasing territorial the differences complexity. For exam creat thus procedures, simplified the of scope the broaden to right the have Regions thresholds. these below plants for Municipality) to the - Communication and PAS Procedure Authorisation (Simplified schemes authorisation simplified and utility-scale) (so-called 60kW above wind for and 20kW above systems PV for (AU), required isation Author Single for Request into divided are RES for plants procedures In Italy,permitting the ones. utility-scale in particular plants, ables One of the main issues related to the the to related issues main the of One As in the European case, the issues identified at governance level level at governance identified issues the case, European in the As commitment by local local by commitment Involvement and and Involvement authorities and and authorities communities 3 consequences administrative public bodies public that slow down the energy transi energy the down slow that Role of the of Role technical- 4 renewable energy regarding renew in sectoral policy policy sectoral in Fragmentation design 5 sector is is sector ------
143 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 144 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement place on 28 on place The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on GSE and GME data, 2021. data, GME and GSE on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source 5 in the capacity allocated the Analyzing opportunities investment misses Italy capacity, un-allocated the to Due to participats in bids. participats to operators discourage that procedures permitting of inefficiencies to due capacity, unallocated the of value the to corresponding investment, billion of Euros 1.8 and 1.4 between lost potentially has Italy auction in asingle that means This elsewhere. investments their reallocate can and abroad operations have 17 of Trentino Sicilia). bidders Veneto, 2out Puglia, Adige, Umbria, Alto Emilia Romagna, Liguria, (Piemonte, in Italy regions in several activites with 17by participants bid been has capacity available). assigned The 1.58GW of out (73.7MW 5% only to corresponds th th May, 2021 it can be observed that the allocated capacity out of the total available available total the of out capacity allocated the that observed be can May, it 2021 46 AU in the “endo-procedimenti” so-called the is procedures the of phase longest and substantial most the plants, utility-scale to respect With needed to authorise new photovoltaic systems is approximately be approximately is systems photovoltaic new authorise to needed In Italy,time time. the overall the on and procedure the of outcome the on both uncertainty creating met, seldom are deadlines legal the as “peremptory”, defined when Even time. authorisation in long result procedures in the inefficiencies all mentioned the fact, of a matter in Italy. As transposed been not has today, at EIAas this Directive Italy.However,in process the simplify and improve significantly could which of implementation the procedures, assessment environmental their simplify to amandate States Member gives EIA Directive The environment. the on projects of effects potential the assessing for authority representing the public interest interest public the representing authority no is there contrary, On the context. Italian of the aspecificity senting related to repre power the interest ofveto preservation, landscape Heritage Cultural of Ministry the is process authorisation in the involved entities main of the One defined. clearly not are that schemes responsibility and governance with often tities, 71. Transition Culture). and Ecological of (Ministry authorisations environmental some for ministries the and AU the for regions between divided are items two these for sibilities EU), which entered into force on 15 on force into EU), entered which (2014/52/ Directive Assessment Impact Environmental the mention to relevant is it In respect, this opinions. negative issues and procedure of Culturalistry Heritage requires the renewal of the merit assessment (EIA), Min the Assessment Impact Environmental the of extension the for requests with faced Indeed, Heritage. Cultural of Ministry the by represented interest with the balance no is so Italy),there in defined ment of renewables (an environmental interest which has never been
Moreover, the authorisation procedures involve more than 30 en 30 than more involve procedures authorisation the Moreover, to carry out the procedure of which they are an integral part integral an are they which of procedure the out carry to whiches, converge in the single provision procedure and a represent necessary Individual administrative falling steps, under the responsibility of different offic 46 and the environmental governance The authorisations. respon th bid of the Ministerial Decree 04/07/2019 Decree Ministerial the took of which bid th May 2014 to simplify the rules rules the simplify to 2014 May related to the develop the to related , which can exercise a exercise can , which ------72. 24 months. around average on is technology wind for permits issue to needed time the example, for In Europe, benchmarks. international to respect with and process transition energy country's the for aged envis time to the respect with both misaligned significantly thus are timescales These beginning. the from almost restarted be to process the requires nature, a“substantial” of considered if project, –wind ed complet not –but authorised an of variant atechnological authorising and requesting for procedure the that noting worth is it context, this In market. the on available become have meantime in the which ogies, technol efficient and performing more by surpassed be would project authorised in the technology the authorisation, the obtains eventually 9years to up of peaks with 5years, about to average, on equal, is projects wind utility-scale new cazioni tween these targets. of achievement the support to in order processes authorisation of cy efficien the increase and streamline to measures introduce to urgent extremely becomes -it renewables of penetration and authorisation of rate current the to -compared 2030 by realised be must that ity capac renewable new of volumes the of in light PNIEC.the Therefore, in those than ambitious more PNRR already Italian are in the targets renewable the that considers one if important more even is need This directives. Market Energy RED the Internal II and transpose to issued be to decrees legislative in the found be might procedures) thorisation au simplifying to (thanks also installation RES plants towards steps step a only However, potentially is this urgent. and undifferentiated utility, public of interventions PNRR in the constitute included in Italy sition tran energy the for projects strategic the of realisation the for essary It is worth mentioning that the art. 18 of the “ the 18 of art. the that mentioning worth is It in the right direction, but not yet sufficient. Further fundamental fundamental Further sufficient. yet not but direction, right in the one year and one and a half years ahalf and one and year one ” establishes that the works, plants and infrastructures nec infrastructures and plants works, the that ” establishes . This implies that, even if a wind project project awind if even that, implies . This , while the time to authorise authorise to time , while the Decreto Semplifi Decreto - - - - -
145 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 146 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement 22 � FIG sources, 2021. Source → Procedure for utility-scale plants utility-scale for Procedure Operators and Transmission and Operators for wind, durations durations wind, for 5 years Connection decarbonisation objectives decarbonisation on average 1/1.5 year average on request photovoltaic and about and photovoltaic not aligned with Italy's Italy's with aligned not System Distribution System Operators System before participating before if the AU needed is the if not clear clear not still is It The process takes process The in bids’ schemes bids’ in The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Politecnico di Milano and other other and Milano di Politecnico on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Release of Release approval for → Permitting procedures for RES plants in Italy in plants RES for procedures Permitting Autorizzazione Unica –AU Unica Autorizzazione Regions and provinces provinces and Regions for utility-scale plants utility-scale for (Single Authorization) Procedure for small scale plants scale small for Procedure Conference Conference of the Services the Permitting procedures Permitting for RES plants in Italy Cultural Heritage Ministry of Ministry Environmental Evaluation of Evaluation Social stakeholders stakeholders Social Impact Simplified authorization Simplified Semplificata Procedure) (Simplified Procedura Abilitativa Actors involved Actors Enabling systems for small for systems Municipalities scale plants scale Connection Agreement Communication to Communication the municipality the Entry into Entry operation Spain Germany France Italy
Politecnico di Milano and Confindustria data, 2021. data, Confindustria and Milano di Politecnico Source → Countries 23 � FIG The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Gestore dei Servizi Energetici, Energetici, Servizi dei Gestore on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 24.5 51.7 57.4 67.2 Euro/MWh Price Photovoltaic technology →
2,036 1,299 332 140 MW Capacity (price, allocated capacity and producibility) allocated(price, capacity scheme in selected European Union countries, 2020 countries, Union European selected in scheme bidding for procedures competitive of analysis Comparative 73. Minister for Ecological Transition, as declared on 16 on Transition, declared as Ecological for Minister the by issue a major as also recognized been has procedures mitting per of inefficiency The procedures. tender in the participation low the by driven technology, photovoltaic for marked particularly price, in allocation difference a significant reveals auctions energy newable re European of those with procedures Italian of results the comparing 5% only 1.58GW, of capacity fered 73.7MW were allocated in the 5 in the allocated were 73.7MW Only capacity. unassigned in the increase an and in participation decline aprogressive recorded have tenders for calls subsequent but (500MW), capacity available entire the allocated assignment of round Development and Ministry of the Environment (4 Environment the of Ministry and Development Economic of Ministry the of Decree Ministerial joint aforementioned the following Indeed, energy. of the price final the and availability to respect with assigned capacity of terms in both inefficiency their ing caus renewables, for schemes bidding in participation the in cline progressive de aprogressive causes procedures permitting of inefficiency The 1,643 1,095 1,133 1,345 Hour/year Producibility 25.3 61.2 59.7 62.9 Euro/MWh Price Wind technology th call for bids with respect to an of an to respect with bids for call . Looking at the final price of energy, energy, of price final the at . Looking 997 3,860 258 1,394 MW Capacity th th th July 2019), a first 2019),July afirst March 2021. March 3,758 2,978 5,291 2,882 Hour/year Producibility - - - - -
147 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 148 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement commitment in ener and understanding effective of lack the to due also are involvement and acceptance social poor above, Finally, stated as project. thorised au the of phase implementation the challenge to possible also is it ver, the beyond time window for countering authorisation processes, appeal from the date of publication of the authorisation title. Moreo an for 120 of days window a time is there that fact the given issued, titles authorisation the on appeal of risk ahigh is there Indeed, putes. 57% for accounting one, contested most the was sector) whole the (considering energy the in 2014) and 190 to (compared aly 47 ter the on transition energy the of and renewables of impacts and 74. social acceptance in difficulty generates which issue, arelevant represents also ritory at regional level each year). each level regional at authorised be to capacity renewable for minimum targets stringent as (such authorities local of accountability and involvement direct the ter in the ments invest down slow or block often administrations public local fact, of of renewable energy projects. In 2018, there were 317 disputes were there In 2018, projects. energy renewable of implementation the obstructs or delays often opposition public fact, In technology. the of awareness of lack and resistance social to due implemented successfully be not may context in agiven feasible ly economical and technically are that technologies Indeed, territory. the on generate can investment the impacts net the stakeholders a measurement mechanism of alack is also Moreover, there transition). energy of the benefits environmental and social economic, the 1for Part also (see a whole as economy the for and territory the for benefits indirect and direct with chain, supply the throughout investments enable to portunity aunique op represents targets decarbonisation the achieving that communities local to communicate to important is it Indeed, ogies.
infrastructures (bridges, highways, railway lines), waste plants and energy plants. energy and plants waste lines), railway highways, (bridges, infrastructures namely constructed, be to plants to related disputes to only refers number The The lack of communication The ritory. This is due to the absence the to due is of This mechanismsritory. for of the deployment technol of renewable energy gy transition gy that can clearly demonstrate to local local to demonstrate clearly can that to local communities on the benefits benefits the on communities local to by local authorities. As a matter amatter As authorities. local by of total dis total of 47 in It in - - - - - - - 24 � FIG Source → finished after more than 20 years given the strong public opposition. public strong the given years 20 than more after finished not still is France and Italy lineconnecting railway high-speed the this, to In contrast cedures. pro formal the of starting the from years two than less after approved was communities local with railway, dialogue the to thanks which Lille high-speed Grand the for project the by resented rep is Public Débat the through communities local of engagement the of example A successful to their express opinion. opportunity the impacted and involved feel who all those give and information correct provide to is goal The (CNDP). Public duDébat Nationale Commission the body, independent an by organised is It projects. the of features main and objectives the concerning adebate Public, Débat to subjected be must quiry, in public or assessment impact environmental an starting possibly before communities, local or The well. as countries other for democracy participatory of model areal to risen having sphere, national the transcends law Public data, 2021. data, Public Débat du Nationale Commission on elaboration Foundation Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source 2 of 95-101 no. loi with France in established was Public Débat The Public. Débat French the of case the mentioning worth is it democracy, participatory of instruments introduced first that systems legal national the Among works. the of process design in the citizens of participation active and involvement the requires which NIMBY the syndrome, overcoming for condition sufficient not but anecessary is territories and communities local of information effective and correct The France in Public Débat the of case the projects: and infrastructures major of construction the in communities local of involvement the encourage to How provides that all large infrastructure projects of national interest to the State State the to interest national of projects all infrastructure large that provides 95-101 no. loi The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on NIMBY on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → (% values) (% 2018 Italy, in challenges popular or environmental political, to subject are that phase construction or planning the in disputes of distribution Sectoral nd nd February 1995, the so-called “Loi Barnier”. The relevance of this this of relevance Barnier”. The “Loi so-called the 1995, February 1% � 6% � 36% � 57% � Other Infrastructure sector Waste sector Energy Forum data, 2021. data, Forum - - -
149 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 150 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement may record losses, eroding their turnover. their eroding losses, record may DSOs rises, price if the certificates, buy to obliged are they As anism. mech to the admitted entities other from certificates purchasing by or mechanism to the admitted projects efficiency energy plementing im directly by either ways: in two so do can and energy save to obliged are DSOs some Therefore, achieved. be to targets year,each specific for assigns, and Parties”, “Obligated so-called the customers, end 50,000 than more with (DSOs) distributors gas natural and electricity for obligations saving energy primary establishes ver, mechanism the 260 Euros around at in 2017, in 2019 especially dramatically, settling increased prices their consequence, As a market. on the certificates of prices in the increase an to leading also offer, less created has rules the of tightening the However, fraud. of risk the reducing and data of quality the proving energy savingsenergy Bianchistringent ofmore Certificati investments in the national national in the investments relevant requires also renewables of afull deployment that highlight 75. tion gridtion bureaucratic delays bureaucratic 2019). Nevertheless, PNIEC of the in release the before place in policies as the (defined scenario baseline the to compared system electric in the needed is ros 16 billion Eu additional an that PNIEC The estimates them. to nected 77. buildings. for measures current the of duration the and implementation timing of the regarding uncertainty is there Indeed, Commission. European the by stated as Plan, mate Cli and Energy National in the measures and policies with dressed ad adequately not are objectives efficiency energy national the first, sector building the in dimension efficiency energy the About 76. transition. the facilitate to addressed be must investments grid to related authorisations mental The Decree of 11 of Decree The Apart from solving the aforementioned issues, it is important to to important is it issues, aforementioned the solving from Apart , to ensure that greater amounts of RES power can be con be can RES of power amounts greater that ensure , to th January 2017 has made the rules for calculating calculating for rules the made has 2017 January , while the quantities traded collapsed. Moreo collapsed. traded quantities , while the electricity transmission and distribu and transmission electricity in local permits or environ or permits in local , aiming at im at aiming , ------, 25 � FIG Source → 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Average price (€/Toe) price Average 2006 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on GME data, 2021. data, GME on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2007 2008 → 2009 Quantity (Ktoe) Quantity (€/Toe and Ktoe) and (€/Toe 2006-2019 Italy, in Bianchi Certificati of (right axis) quantities and axis) (left price Average 48 financial the that noted be 78. � � barriers 79. plicant and not that of the project the of that not and plicant ap of the creditworthiness the evaluate usually institutions financial In fact, resources. obtaining for procedures lengthy and onerous to due ineffective, framework financial the makes investment the of risk the taking body) financing (third-party intermediary an of lack the fact,
2010 from tax deductions on energy efficiency interventions. from efficiency deductions tax on energy benefit to entitled subjects of number the expand to possible is it mechanism, this to n.178). Thanks 30.12.2020 (L. Credito del Cessione and Ecobonus so-called the 2020 in introduced Government Italian the issues, these solve to effort an In non-economic non-economic buildingsfaces of sector efficiency Finally, energy the Still on the subject of energy efficiency interventions, it should should it interventions, efficiency energy of subject the on Still quantitatively. information are onworth how much opportunities these adequate Finally, no is there decision. proper the take to them for difficult more it makes intervention the of aspect technical Moreover, opportunities. efficiency the ofexistence energy the of aware fully made not are consumers final and users The quality. result and process product, of guarantee the have and regulations evolving continuously the implement choices, technological their guide to in order information better and more obtain to need the feel operators, commercial as such stakeholders, many and regulations new the by required specificities various the to respond to yet ready not is market The , namely a lack of adequate communications and culture: and communications adequate of alack , namely 2011 2012 2013
2014 framework is ineffective is framework 48 2015 . 2016 2017 2018 . As a matter of of amatter . As 2019 0.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 7.0 1.0 -
151 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 152 The current governance of energy transition in Europe and in Italy: key elements and areas of improvement data, 2021. data, Source → 26 � FIG The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Politecnico di Milano and Motus-E Motus-E and Milano di Politecnico on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → South &islands ~21% Centre ~23% North ~56% should be enhanced and made homogeneous at national level national at homogeneous made and enhanced be should needs charging and sites point recharging of other, identification for the on Operators) (Charge Point CPOs and Operators) System bution (Distri DSOs and hand, one the on regions) and (municipalities ties ket mar the of evolution recent the to respond to needed is ayear) for discussion under been has PNire (the revision the of A revision South). (regional shares out of the total in Italy -%values) in Italy total the of out shares (regional 2020 infrastructure, recharging public of Distribution charging points are located in the North, 23% North, in the located are points charging (currently, 56% inhomogeneities territorial overcome and 2030 by 45,000 4to by stations recharging of number the multiply to needs Italy market. mobility electric an of development the by stimulated is in turn, which, infrastructure aproper of development linked the to is 80. 49 on the points where the network can benefit the most from the pres the from most the benefit can network the where points the on and roads) traffic high flows (e.g., mobility on based needs charging and points recharging identify to functional be should collaboration ture, is lacking. lacking. is ture, infrastruc a recharge of deployment the facilitate to help could which framework, homogeneous asingle, but etc. projects, pilot agreements, framework of aplurality on leverages infrastructure charging of ence ficazioni” 77/2021, should help to overcome this critical issue. critical this overcome to help 77/2021,should ficazioni” Sempli “Decreto the of conversion the during approved recently vehicles, electric recharging for infrastructures building for procedures the simplify to proposal The About the transport sector, the deployment of electric vehicles vehicles electric of deployment the sector, transport the About . Moreover, the collaboration mechanism between local authori local between mechanism collaboration the . Moreover, 7% —16% 7%
≤ 5%
5% —7% 5% ≥ 16% in the Centre and 21% and Centre in the 49 . The . The of of in in ------
50 Energia Conto or credits tax Bianchi, Certificati with either managed be can incentives efficiency, energy for (e.g., convergences, many with incentives the of categorisation of alack is there Currently, use. energy their in improving actively engaging from firms the vents pre efficiency for energy incentives the to access gain to process a complex of presence the Moreover, too. sector this affects sector building in the highlighted Bianchi Certificati the to related problem 81. � � � � complicated and costly because of: is process the Overall, overlapping. of a risk and confusion creates this national 82. � � � � ESCOs: the of deployment the for barriers several are in Italy. There contracts EPC long-term form per to needed resources financial and technical the have ESCOs of number alimited only currently reason, this For improved. be to needs
industrial sector industrial the as far As long-term to contracts renewable producers. energy designed to accelerate investment in renewable technologies by energy offering amechanism is It grid. the to connected plants power solar from electricity of tem of financing for production. It electricity aims at incentivising the production sys the introduced which Account) Energy (First 28/07/2005 06/02/2006 and of Decrees Interministerial the of force into coming the with operative became mechanism This 2003. of 387 Decree Legislative of approval the with plemented im then and 2001/77/EC EU Directive with Italy in introduced was Energia Conto Another important issue for the industrial sector in Italy is that the the that is in Italy sector industrial the for issue important Another Uncertainty of the legislative framework. the of legislative Uncertainty procedures. the for required Time investigation. preliminary the for Costs procedures. bureaucratic the for Costs uses its own criteria in the process. in the criteria own its uses agent each that implies country in the saving energy for practices Standards projects. in EPC involved actors public main the represent which in municipalities, background technical Technical competences projects. EPC implement to funds to access have to process barriers Institutional project. EPC one least at out carried have to companies UNI CEI demands which 11352, standard the under ESCOs as classified be can all them of not but Enterprises Service Energy barriers Legal for the full deploy the for framework legislative : the lack of standardised measurement and verification verification and measurement standardised of lack : the : in Italy there are 1,500 companies registered as as registered companies 1,500 are there : in Italy : local authorities face a very restrictive restrictive a very face authorities : local : in some circumstances, there is a low alow is there circumstances, : in some is concerned, first of all, the same same of all, the first concerned, is ment of the ESCOs ESCOs the of ment 50 , etc.), and , etc.), and - - - -
153 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
→ Industry → → → Transport Buildings of energy transition transition energy of governancethe facilitating at aimed actions of examples International 3 Part Renewable energy sources
155 156 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → Key messages → 2 1
energy transition energy the on attention increasing place objectives policy International � � analysed: sectors in the transition energy foster to tools policy or measures governance implemented have Various countries transition. energy the of governance the improving for measures introduced recently have countries many aconsequence, As 2050. by in Europe neutral climate being of goal the and future carbonised ○ the capital to carry out the energy renovation. renovation. energy the out carry to capital the up-front pay to need the of citizens the relieving conditions, financing attractive offers it and schemes loan of form in the buildings multifamily of renovation the for programme structured ○ investments. the for pay to savings energy on leveraging and in area, this sector buildings, for compensating the lack of initiative from the private ○ Buildings: acceptance. social increase at aimed stakeholders territorial for mechanism benefits asharing and plants through and frequent more rigorous monitoring of targets Gesetz (EEG) ○ schemes. funding to access streamlined and involved actors of number alimited with procedures permitting conditions for bid efficient participation, attractive to thanks in RES plants investments for framework afavourable created in 2020 introduced auctions for mechanism Renewable sources: energy party financing party in third- apioneer is it in particular, and, support co-owners Énergies Spain: Lithuania: Germany: France: the Spanish 2018 New the Regulation offers a turnkey service giving multifamily apartment apartment multifamily giving service aturnkey offers
Île-de-France Île-de-France initiative, public-private French the the 2021 amendment to the Erneu the to amendment 2021 the the Government of Lithuania introduced a introduced Lithuania of Government the aims to speed up and streamline investments in RES investments streamline up and speed to aims , putting it at the centre of the debate for ade for debate the of centre the at it , putting of the energy renovation of of the residential energy apartment
and the “ the and rae Energien erbare pay as bid as pay ” � �
Industry: recharge reducing point, investment risk for operators. the of availability sheer the subsidizing by also infrastructure in recharging investments encourage that system a credit ○ Transport: production. steel decarbonize to initiative Technology), arevolutionary the creation of HYBRIT (Hydrogen Ironmaking Breakthrough supported and country in the policy industrial to approach green ○ deployment industrial of greener solutions. the for public, the by supported highly stakeholders, institutional and private between collaboration of example an represents ○ California: the Swedish policy Industriklivet aims to foster a foster to aims Industriklivet policy Swedish the Sweden: Denmark:
(LCFS) introduced (LCFS) introduced Standard Fuel Carbon Low the Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster Cleantech Copenhagen the (CCC),
157 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 158 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy of energy transition energy of aimed at facilitating the governance actions examples of International energy transition energy 1. wards a decarbonized is presented. to transition the aim facilitate to that projects domestic support to by SACE issued guarantees green of case Italian the also In Part, this � � � � sector: each for considered been have countries Different presented. is countries non-European and European in some launched 3. policy tools of governance new of in term –either mechanism examples rather but practice, best considered be to not are studies case the transition, energy afull-speed preventing issues typical the from exempt not are considered countries the in Italy. Since transition energy the celerate ac to thought for food provide to individuated been have studies case international the study, in the analysed sector each for In particular, Italy. for proposals policy inspire to useful elements identifying wards to geared is level national at launched policies and strategies different the of understanding The sectors. end-use of decarbonisation the and have to the devised foster deployment sources of renewable energy countries individual that policies and measures governance egies, 2. industry). and building (transport, demand and grids) RES of and (deployment supply of terms in transition energy the of challenge the tackle to measures troduced in recently have countries many aconsequence, As 2050. by abroad and in Europe neutral climate being of goal the and future bonised increasing attention on the the on attention increasing place objectives policy International This chapter analyses a set of case studies, looking into the strat the into looking studies, case of aset analyses chapter This In the next few pages, an overview of the strategies and policies policies and strategies the of overview an pages, few next In the initiatives favored by a supportive public framework. public asupportive by favored initiatives private represent cases these Sweden, and Denmark Industry: CaliforniaE-mobility: (USA). Lithuania. and France sector: building in the efficiency Energy Germany. and Spain grids: RES and – of how very specific problems have been dealt with. dealt been have problems specific very how –of , putting it at the centre of the debate for adecar for debate the of centre the at it , putting or or ------and Sweden and Denmark California Lithuania France Germany Spain Countries Source → � FIG 1 � FIG The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, 2021. Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The technologies clean for clusters Industrial (LCFS) Standard Fuel Carbon Low of Introduction renovation Programme buildings Multi-apartment company financing athird party as acting Public-Private Partnership mechanism engagementStakeholders authorisation process of RES Simplification Policy → Summary of the main case studies presented studies case main the of Summary of decarbonisation technologies. of decarbonisation of local expertise pooling the promote clusters Industrial the investment risk for operators. reducing points, charging of threshold) (under acertain availability the for just subsidised also be to infrastructure recharging allow the Standards out the renovation. energy carry to capital the up-front pay to need the of citizen the The Program relieves customers end the for easier understanding the making system, incentive the of complexity the reduces mechanism The Introducing acceptability of investments in RES plants. investments of acceptability social the increasing of atool be can efficient deployment efficient an to of investments consequently, and, mechanism auction the of functioning optimal an to leads in Efficiency authorisation processes away Take . benefit-sharing mechanisms for the development for the development
.
159 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 160 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → 3.1
Renewable energy sources Renewable energy 4. which is not in line with Italy’s decarbonisation objectives. decarbonisation Italy’s in linewith not is which itself, process the of duration the and authorisations of issuance of rate current in the lies capacity installed the of stagnation this for son rea The 2019. and 2018 between power wind for 4.4% and power solar for 3.8% only by grew in Italy capacity production electricity parison, com of sake the For respectively. 0.9% 0.4% and were 2018 and 2016 between rates growth (+2,178MW), annual power compound while the a with 2019, and 2018 between significantly grew in Spain capacities renewables in investments of 5. SPAIN goals. transition energy to authorities) local (including stakeholders all by commitment adequate and procedures authorisation of tiveness effec and efficiency greater and simplification ensure to measures of introduction urgent the for need the highlights in Italy.than This better significantly is countries some in certificates authorisation of issuance of rate the that clear however, is it abroad, installed capacity renewable new of volumes annual the Observing country. the of ties peculiari the to them adapting without system Italian the to studies case specific the apply or “import” to difficult it making thus work, frame Italian with the compare to difficult are countries in other force in procedures authorisation the to relating laws and rules the that light
Before introducing the specific case studies, it is important to high to is it important studies, case specific the introducing Before +59.6% Spain has recently seen a significant increase in the deployment in the increase asignificant seen recently has increase for solar power (+4,209MW) and +9.3% and (+4,209MW) power solar for increase . Indeed, solar PV and wind installed installed wind and PV solar . Indeed, for wind wind for ------for 2016-2019 inSpain, solar production capacities Electricity � FIG 2 � FIG Source → rate. growth annual *Compound 7,017 2016 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared using Eurostat data, 2021. data, Eurostat using prepared Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The +0.4% CAGR* 7,027 2017 → 7,068 2018 +59.6% in Spain, 2016-2019 (MW) 2016-2019 Spain, in (right) wind and (left) solar for capacities production Electricity scheme based on installed capacity for new renewable energy installa energy renewable new for capacity installed on based scheme pecífico 8. companies. utility the by obligation apurchase with combined and prices, guaranteed of form in the paid ated, RES gener from electricity of kWh per (FITs) payment atotal provided and Tariffs Feed-in of a domination with system regulation a price tablished es Especial Régimen The 2012. of beginning the at suspended was and “ the as known scheme schemes 7. Spain. in figures positive the behind reasons the of some be may process, authorisation plant efficient an and mechanism incentivising afavourable both involving the of ness effective and efficiency The quota. available the of 5% only to equal offer an was there May2021, in round Infifth the offers. of lack to due saturated not was auctions of rounds latest in the tender for available made quota the in Italy comparison, of sake the For 1GW wind. of and photovoltaic of 2GW which of awarded, were capacity available 3GW All the winners. 32 and participants 82 supply, with than higher times three was auction demand in aboom seen 6. (MW) support support various under regulated been have in Spain Renewables As a matter of fact, fact, of a matter As In June 2014, a new support scheme (the “ scheme support anew 2014, In June ”) was established, with the aim of creating a specific payment payment aspecific creating aim of the with established, was ”) 11,277 2019 , following on from one another in the last decade. The support support The decade. last in the another one from on , following governance model Régimen Especial auctions for renewables . Indeed, demand at the January 2021 renewables renewables 2021 January the at demand . Indeed, for 2016-2019 windinSpain, (MW) production capacities Electricity 22,990 2016 of the renewable energy sector in Spain, in Spain, sector energy renewable the of +0.9% CAGR* 23,124 2017 ” operated until the end of 2011 2011 of end until the ” operated Régimen Retributivo Es Retributivo Régimen in Spain have recently recently have in Spain 23,405 2018 +9.3% 25,583 2019 - - - - -
161 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 162 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy for completion of pro schedule atighter established which something Government further modified the mechanism, introducing “ introducing mechanism, the modified further Government Spanish the in 2020 Furthermore, expansion. the of costs the bear shall it expansion, of the beneficiary only the is operator However, plant the if aplant). connecting for necessary is it if grid, the reinforce to obliged is operator grid the (i.e. grid the to connected be to plant its for necessary is expansion the if expansion, agrid request to entitled is operator plant tors are dispatch. entitled a to Furthermore, and priority grid connection opera RES simplified. been have RES for self-consumption procedures while the levels, generation and capacity on charges from exempt is tion 9. photovoltaic/wind capacity). installed total the of 4-5% (around in Spain facilities performing top the to according facilities wind and photovoltaic for hours operating reference the setting auctions, in the applicable parameters compensation erence ref the for benchmarks as authorities Spanish the by used were facilities source commissioned renewable recently projects, age energy efficient €60/kW. to encour to In order raised non-delivery for penalties with jects, 8GW generation of renewable capacity. A energy Ministerial order pub than more allocated which Específico, Retributivo Régimen the under tions auc two the analysing worth is It level. support lowest the namely bid, best the offering bidder the from RES the electricity buying auctioneer the with RES introduced, for was mechanism auction Aprocurement tions. winning projects would have to be operational by 31 by operational be to have would projects winning auctions, both For 413/2014 guaranteed. (7.503%) was facilities new for Royal Decree in Spanish established costs return-on-investment The investments. for compensation and lifetime hours, operating of number MWh, per costs operating as such parameters, remuneration other and values investment initial the contained auction the of in advance lished developers are not confident to obtain a permit in a reasonable time, re time, reasonable in a permit a obtain to confident not are developers and investors because permitting, on risk the likely take to be would tors inves few present at permits, without in auctions participation allowed GSE if the Italy,In even results. auction of the in light finalised everything get to helps developers and bodies institutional both from commitment strong A operation. in put be and permits final get to deadline atight en giv are in Spain RES projects awarded, Once apermit. granted was it fore 10. necessary. un price, market the than higher were sources renewable from electricity producing of costs the when mechanism, auction previous the under ed grant incentives the makes cost lower This price. market the below costs at produced be to energy allowing renewable down, going is turbines wind or panels of price technological the because works mechanism This nism. mecha previous in the granted were which incentives, “correction” price any receiving without plant, the by generated energy the for charge to ing will are they price the bid participants words, In other block. same that for price bid the to equal block, power accepted each for paying companies auctions With the the With Unlike Italian auctions, in Spain it is allowed to bid a project even be even aproject bid to allowed is it in Spain Unlike auctions, Italian May 2017 and in July 2017 July in and in 2017 May authorities Spanish the by out carried , namely discriminatory auctions, characterised by participating by participating , characterised discriminatory namely auctions, approved in October 2018, RES self-consump 2018, in October approved regulation new st December 2019, 2019, December pay as bid as pay ” ------
for the Italian permitting permitting Italian the for Part 2 Part to refer Please framework Royal Decree-Law 36/2020 Royal Decree-Law Spanish is implications, important some having still RES to but related 13. jectives. ob country’s the achieve to expected capacity renewable the of process authorisation the in line with are in any case or respected generally are deadlines these that suggests in Spain observable rate installation that considered be must it but attention of apoint represent could This denied. considered will be request the deadline, the by issued not is permit the six is months it year one is authorisations relevant the issuing for deadline PEM, the regionsgrant themous authorisation. For authorisations by granted DG autono relevant the Transition. cases, In all other Ecological for Ministry the of (DGPEM), Mines part and Policy Energy for Directorate-General Spanish the by granted be must authorisation region, autonomous an of 12. � � � permits: requires the authorisation The following process erators. administrative op the and bodies administrative technical the auhtority, regulathory the well as municipalities), as and provinces (regions, level making decision local the at and Development) Transition Economic of and Ecological of Ministry Heritage, Cultural of (Ministry level making decision central the at both (10) involved actors many are there 2, in Part In Italy,outlined as may the represent main with difference the Italian framework). permitting (which involved not is Culture of Ministry Spanish while the involved, are regions the and operator grid the regulator), independent the (i.e. thority Au Transition, Competition the Ecological for Ministry Spanish the small: 11. reasons. following the efficient and effective be to seems into consideration that the Spanish authorisation process take to important is it above, described mechanism incentive the with er Togeth investment. attract to prone and non-discretionary efficient, are project) of type the on (depending government central the and munities com autonomous low, the is as permit the in obtaining delay or failure of risk the that know they because permits without in auctions participate investors meanwhile, In Spain, itself. project the of quality the of gardless entered into force on 1 on force into entered
number of stakeholders involved number of stakeholders The Another important aspect to take into consideration, not specifically specifically not consideration, into take to aspect important Another limits regional the exceeding or 50MW over acapacity with plants For grid and of the commercial commencement exploitation. the to connected be to plants allowing exploitation, for Authorisation construction authorisation. construction administrative to prior granted be should assessment impact environmental while the permit, administrative preliminary the with together obtained and managed be can and plant the of construction Administrative which authorisation for allows construction, the requesting approvalrequesting of the project. for frame time the establishing assessment, impact environmental the with together managed permit, administrative A preliminary for those granted by the relevant autonomous regions. If If regions. autonomous relevant the by granted those for st January 2021. The Royal Decree-Law includes includes Royal Decree-Law The 2021. January , published on 30 on , published , at least more than the Italian one, for for one, Italian the than more least , at in the authorisation process is in is the authorisation process th December 2020 and and 2020 December for RES plants RES for plants , while while , ------
163 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 164 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → ings is more expensive than in open space, which makes solar facilities on on facilities solar makes which space, in open than expensive more ings is build on facilities solar of construction the that recognising space, in open buildings and on facilities solar for segments auction different introducing The reform firstly increases green capacity targets for 2030. Photovolta 2030. for targets capacity green increases firstly reform The plants. energy renewable for procedures simplifying and accelerating at law law auctions”. The “innovation so-called in the annually offered will be bles 16. rate. necessary the at growing are sources different the that verify to year each employed will be process monitoring rigorous 20GW. A wind offshore and 8.4GW today), (up biomass 71GW 55GW from wind today), 52GW onshore (up around 100GW from will reach to have ics 15. GERMANY environmental conditions. of ormodernisations improvements to already existing plants that improve constitute they when Plan, by the European financed projects of ing environmental on impactber assessment 1 Gen Next of implementation the and Framework Financial Multiannual streamline to the executionmeasures � sponding grants, by: plifies for procedures corre programme incentive and the foraccessing sim also Royal Decree-Law The failures. market to lead otherwise could that risks potential to due gaps investment address and partnerships vate public-pri aim boost to is The competitiveness. and employment growth, economic driving of capable highly and nature astrategic of is it when aPERTE declared be may project) energy-related an (including a project and Transformation), for EconomicProjects Recovery according to which PERTE (Strategic of concept the creates it topics, other EU. Among eration � � � the Royal Decree-Law has also amended Act 21/2013 Act 21 of amended also has Royal Decree-Law the Finally, aspects. other supply, among and services in energy vestments on in payback increased and criteria subcontracting flexible more simplified specifications, procedures, suchcontracting, as standard 14. entered into force on 1 on force into entered
The Royal Decree-Law also includes measures to streamline public public streamline to measures includes also Royal Decree-Law The The German law also includes new tenders: 500-850MW of renewa of 500-850MW tenders: new includes also law German The Germany’s renewable energy law. law. energy renewable Germany’s Germany’s amendment to the Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz (EEG) Gesetz Energien Erneuerbare the to amendment Germany’s and unifying otherwise separate stages. separate otherwise unifying and programmes incentive of publication for procedures up the Speeding simplified process up to 100,000 Euros. up 100,000 to process simplified a follow can grants to access which for threshold the Increasing budgeted item can be substituted with one another). one with substituted be can item budgeted the (i.e. flexible more made be can contained commitments the grant, the access have to required is report economic an where In cases the stakeholders and different agents. for all information the disseminate and centralise to Plan Resilience Creating for a the single Recovery, Transformation web portal and improves payment conditions st January 2021, is a targeted package of rules aimed aimed rules of package atargeted is 2021, January for large rooftop photovoltaic plants, plants, photovoltaic rooftop large for 2021-2027 2021-2027 the from funds the of to facilitate the process the facilitate to st Decem 1 ------,
The European House - Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared from various sources, 2021. sources, various from prepared Foundation, Enel and -Ambrosetti House European →The Source Innovation Competition, 81 million Euros of funding was available. was million funding 81 of Euros Competition, Innovation Network 2020 In the arrangements. operating network and commercial different and chnology te new of trials run to licensees network encourage to funding NIC provides The customers. to services money for value and quality high while delivering networks, their operate and plan design, companies way network in the innovation stimulate to designed NIC was The solutions. grid smart implementing for Operators System Distribution to incentives (NIC), providing at aimed Competition Innovation Network the called scheme, funding a new by LCNF replaced the was In 2015, companies. distribution electricity to grids”, applicable only smart including technology advanced of trials “large-scale for tenders competitive support to 2010-2015 period the over ros million Eu 580 of LCNF) or Fund Networks Carbon (Low mechanism afunding –launched Britain Great for regulator energy independent –the OFGEM 2009, In December processes. and logies techno new in testing involved risks the offset to allowance extra an providing by operators stem sy distribution of revenues the adjust regulators energy national countries, European In some UK the in grids distribution in initiatives innovation support to mechanisms Incentive counter this problem, the law introduces the the introduces law the problem, this counter in Italy). To found be also can situation (the same lawsuits lengthy volve in often that procedures court additional and uncertainty great creates which issued, been have they once in court challenged be may permits that fact the is which to power, wind added for especially disputes, public plants power renewable of 17. plants. solar of construction the for space as used be can that railways and motorways alongside land of strip the metres 200 to 110from metres extends law the Moreover, auctions. in general competitive buildings not early to see improvements on the wind side. wind the on improvements see to early too probably is it that suggesting 50%, about at already was while wind 100% at stood already auctions in solar participation since in them, pation partici greater regarding improvement of evidence no is there years, vious pre of those with 2021 of auctions latest the comparing when tool, policy overall the of impacts the Concerning country. the of south and north the between capacity in generating imbalance the reducing of idea the with on), 2024 from 20% and 2021-2023 between Germany of south the from a“ troduces 18. involvement. and proactive with constructive project, in the co-participation of one of instead process, permitting the of outset to from of an opposition municipalities attitude spontaneously from the lead could approach This operator. the by mitigated totally not as regions the by considered are impacts environmental when municipalities pay to compensazioni out sets law the in Italy comparison, of sake the For years. 20 for €0.2/kWh to amounting income park’s the of ashare gion re in their built be to parks allow wind that communities to guaranteeing by regions, in their plants power wind from financially benefit to ities foster acceptance acceptance EEG foster to new also is the of objectives the of One To incentivise wind expansion in southern Germany, the new EEG new in the Germany, in southern expansion wind To incentivise quota for the south the for quota . Indeed, Germany has a major problem with with problem amajor has Germany . Indeed, ” (15% of successful tenders must come come must tenders ” (15% successful of possibility for municipal for possibility as a way away as ------
165 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 166 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → 3.2 Buildings 2 19. FRANCE service provider service apublic as ESCO acts organisation The region. Île-de-France buildings in of the transition energy the implement and 21. � � � renovationeral programmes: were constraints affecting however, sev time, At that classes. in those houses residential total the (230 to 450KWh/m to G(230 Fand E, classes in energy rated 1million the region buildings in the renovate to was collective buildings. target for the regional priority The administration 20. region. Île-de-France the by ( partnership a public-private as 2012 gies 22. etc.). follow-up, control, quality feasibility studies, of homeowners, the capacity mation, strengthening (infor costs transaction reducing buildings and apartment residential multifamily of owners to services insurance and financing erations, 9.9 million Euros million 9.9 of capital holds Énergies today, of As Île-de-France shareholders. different from 23. the Horizon 2020 programme. called now programme, Assistance) Development –Project Investments European through Commission MLEI-PDA its (Mobilising Energy Local the by supported is project The investments. the for pay to savings gy ener on leveraging and in area, this sector private the from initiative of lack the for compensating buildings, apartment residential of ovation The initiative was therefore created to promote, organise, support support organise, promote, to created therefore was initiative The Île-de-France Éner Île-de-France to buildings relates on study case French The and domestic hot water) and 330 kWhpe/m 330 and water) hot domestic and The average consumption of the housing stock is 220 kWhpe/m 220 is stock housing the of consumption average The electricity. electricity. 5.3 million Euros of capital Euros million 5.3 raised had project the 2013, January By third-party financing in third-party apioneer is project The In Île-de-France there were 4.7 million dwellings, of which 72% were were 72% which million 4.7 of dwellings, were there In Île-de-France (over 15 years). 15 (over investments payback long-term to adapted not schemes Financing Long processes. decision-making of management buildingsNon-professional (co-owners). , previously called Energies called POSIT’IF , previously , offering technical design, implementation and op and implementation design, technical , offering , distributed across the region, the cities of of cities the region, the across , distributed société d’économie mixte société 2 2 /annum) /year including cooking and specific specific and cooking including /year . This measure was created in in created was measure . This 2 , representing 47% integrated integrated an and of the energy ren of the energy 2 /year (heating (heating /year or SEM) SEM) or of of ------� FIG 3 � FIG European Commission data, 2021. Source → The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared using Île-de-France Énergies and and Énergies Île-de-France using prepared Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → � � � � � 25. � � � � 24. shareholders public 85% with enterprise, ajoint as works It municipalities. of nities commu local several and banks, public and private Créteil, and Paris (% values) (% shareholders Énergies Île-de-France The Project Development Unit offers the following services: following the offers Unit Development Project The The principles on which Île-de-France Énergies works are to: are works Énergies Île-de-France which on principles The Offering of anumber of of options Offering contractors. and required) are guarantees performance (where companies Outsourcing project. renovation energy the covers that condominiums ofEstablishment agreement a contractual provides financial and engineering. advice and projects efficiency energy of integrator an as act to mandated is Énergies Île-de-France In sense, this association. management of a mandate Establishment implications. auditEnergy investment. saving energy the of part or whole pre-finance to need the from co-owners Relieve operation. the of plan financial the in organising co-owners the Assist savings. future energy namely resource, financial asupplementary secure and Mobilise aspects. insurance and financial all with technical, support co-owners apartment multifamily giving service aturnkey Offer and 15% and private shareholders to architects, engineering companies, energy service service to engineering architects, energy companies, to identify the energy savings potential and financial financial and potential savings energy the identify to 13% � 6% � 10% � 10% � 61% � Other shares Other Region Ile-de-France Department Council 94 Council Department Office and Consignment Deposit Paris of City from the co-owners to the property property the to co-owners the from : . with the the with -
167 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 168 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy the payments are not always equal to or lower than the financial savings savings financial the than lower or to equal always not are payments the However, consumption. energy reduced to thanks generated savings financial the account into take which (instalments) payments regular 28. term. long the ny over compa the repays condominium the works, the After works. renovation the implement to needed investment the provides and project the ducts con company financing third-party The run. long in the ings generated sav energy the through retrofitting energy of the cost the financing of 27. � � Énergies: Île-de-France and condominiums 26. � The third-party financing is the peculiarity of the project. It consists consists It project. of the peculiarity is the financing third-party The between models cooperation two are there financing, of In terms In the end, the beneficiaries reimburse the renovation costs through through costs renovation the reimburse beneficiaries the end, In the banks. the to back pays then It Énergies. Île-de-France to fee a service and instalments (or six-monthly) monthly pay they Énergies, France Île-de- with only contact in direct are condominiums The banks. and partners technical condominiums, the between intermediary an as acts It budget. own its from sources financial additional with them provides and condominiums the of behalf on loan) abank of third-party financing seeks sources Énergies France financing sources additional provides described, addition to was previously what in Énergies, Île-de-France model, operational second In the however, any provide additional financial sources. not, works). the does for It suppliers the pays Énergies de-France Île- the (e.g. works renovation the perform that partners technical and condominiums the between intermediary an as acts Énergies Île-de-France services. its for afee well as as works renovation the for Énergies Île-de-France pay They contract. structured a globally via banks the with relation in direct are condominiums The owners. home all interested involving loan acollective take also can Condominiums loan. abank and eligible are they which for local) or regional (national, subsidies and grants owners, apartment of self-financing include can plans financing owner. Individual home each to adapted plans financing individual of consists which renovation, energy building the for plan financing global financial engineering services engineering financial its provides Énergies Île-de-France model, operational first In the loans. bank and certificates white authorities), local ADEME from and agency energy national l’Habitat de National Agence Agency, Housing National French (from the subsidies rates, interest zero or with financial includingAssistance structuring, loans at low ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Third-party financing option. Third-party warranty. Performance Repair. Maintenance. performance. energy on Follow-up to the condominiums. In this case, Île-de- In case, this condominiums. the to to condominiums. It develops a develops It condominiums. to , from the French French the , from (in the form form (in the - - - European Commission data, 2021. Source → � FIG 4 � FIG European Investment Bank Investment European apartment buildings apartment Property co-owners Property Insurance companies or investment funds investment or through bank loans bank through multifamily Project Project funding The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared using Île-de-France Énergies and and Énergies Île-de-France using prepared Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The Banks Île-de-France Énergies Énergies Île-de-France through or loans direct either provide Banks → Mandates Mechanism of functioning of Île-de-France Énergies Île-de-France of functioning of Mechanism 4,560 tonnes of CO of tonnes 4,560 of a total Moreover, million 50 Euros. over of investment atotal giving conducted, 29. savings. few) energy too (or generate erate gen not do that measures include that costs renovation high too to due high are instalments the or, cases, in some period pay-back the shorten so and instalments higher pay to decide may Condominiums achieved. resenting to the previous energy consumption level. consumption energy previous the to a47% allowed refurbishments the average, On Insure performance contractor default costumer default, costumer 41 blocks of flats of 41 with blocks worked Énergies In 2017, Île-de-France guarantees, 5,800 homes 5,800 Co-owner building Co-owner managment association engineering companies, Île-de-France Auditors, architects, ESCOs, contractors Énergies Énergies performance guarantees performance offer optionally ESCOs works. execute and services engineering and Subcontractors provide audit and engineering advice financial provides and projects efficiency energy the of integrator an as act to mandated is Île-de-France Énergies , of which 2,100 voted in favour of work being being work of in favour 2,100 which , of voted 2 emissions have been avoided per year. per avoided have been emissions management cooperations 3 inter-municipal energy 3 inter-municipal 10 cities/municipalities 10 Île-de-France Region Île-de-France energy saving compared energy 2 private banks 2 private Equity , rep - -
169 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 170 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → � � buildings: of 34. � � � � withprogramme the following roles: municipalities the 2013, Since owners. home of initiative the on only implemented was programme the 2012, until that is consider to aspect governance important Another volved. funds national from payments to due and aspects appointment of renovation administrators the to due customers end for renovation building for process easier 33. 2020. by GDP national of 3-4% to corresponding energy imported on expenditures annual and 5% by emissions GHG reduce to aimed which Strategy, Independence Energy National 2020-2050 the of centre the lay at policy The in 2004. a 32. � � � 1993 (more than 800,000 apartments in more than 38,000 multi-apart 38,000 than in more apartments 800,000 than (more 1993 before buildings built in multi-apartment lives Lithuania’s population 30. LITHUANIA � 31. system. heating district by supplied buildings are 65% Moreover, privately-owned). are which of 97% buildings, ment multi-apartment building renovation (modernisation) programme (modernisation) renovation building multi-apartment The residential sector was affected by several issues: several by affected was sector residential The In light of this, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania approved approved Lithuania of Republic the of Government the this, In of light leaner and and leaner the of because mentioning worth is study case The There are two different management There are for different methods the two modernisation With a population of approximately 3 million inhabitants, 66% of of 66% 3 million inhabitants, approximately of a population With municipality, the projects are implemented by the programme programme the by implemented are projects the municipality, the of initiative the on prepared are projects investment case, municipalities by the approved programmes efficiency energy the on based implemented are projects Investment upgrades. after results the of mistrust and a loan out taking of fear initiatives, owner home of lack the are option this to related issues The modernisation. implement and loans out take initiative own their on owners, Home etc. administrator, appointed the to implementation project new of into incorporation selection, the municipal delegation programme, building implementation, of new inefficient project Supervision administration). (municipal committee supervision a programme of Appointment municipality). the by controlled body, a legal (namely administrator programme a of appointment Council, City the by approval renovation, building selected for programmes efficiency energy of Preparation auditspreparation and ofinvestment energy plans. and organisation buildings, inefficient most the of Selection Big Big Poor quality Poor Inefficient heating systems heating Inefficient Old construction standards Old construction energy losses energy windows, roofs and seals between panels. between seals and roofs windows, . and engineering equipment. and effects of little of maintenance effects and have been introduced into the the into introduced been have , prepare investment projects, projects, investment , prepare who manage the financial to all parties in all to parties . In this of of . - - -
� FIG 5 FIG � Protection Agency (EPA), Lithuanian Government and European Commission data, 2021. Source → Heating
The European and House – Enel Ambrosetti Foundation, prepared using Lithuanian Environmental Repayment for upgrades for Repayment Before upgrading 100% →
(% values) (% renovation after and before consumers to costs of Distribution � � � � � � beneficiaries: end to the conditions financing attractive offers loanschemes of form buildings in the family good example of astructured programme of example good 35. The residential building modernisation programme in Lithuania building programme residential is a The modernisation No third-party guarantee requirements. guarantee third-party No No loan insurance requirements. 5%). than more (not payment adown requiring possibly bank the with Self-financing, class. energy a certain reach savings energy when loan the of part off write to option The up years. 20 to Maturity owner). the to not and apartment the to tied is (the loan period loan entire the for rate interest A fixed management. financial and taking allorganises procurement, for implementation responsibility administrator programme the and administrator programme the by out taken is loan the municipality, the by appointed administrator Saving After upgrading After 40% 50% 10% for the renovation of multi of renovation the for . Indeed, the programme programme the . Indeed,
-
171 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 172 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy 36. savings of around 744GWh around of savings mately approxi currently completed, been buildings have multi-apartment ing 37. � � � � 38. 2,460 to municipalities) of inclusion no with 2012, 479 from risen has completed projects of number tonnes 14,000 jobs around of creation the buildings and modernised in the apartments companies 300 of construction development the to contributed has gramme In terms of results, since 2012 more than 3,000 than projects more 2012 since results, of In terms The programme became extremely successful extremely became programme The The Ministry of Environment has also estimated that the pro the that estimated also has Environment of Ministry The related parties for project preparation for project and implementation. related parties all to funds national from paid are support Technical financial and owners. apartment indigent to allocated be can instalments loan monthly of Payment implementation. its in order project, modernization to start the of in favour voting owners apartment of majority absolute The owners. apartment of in favour and behalf on borrowing balance off do could who administrators, renovation appoint to them mandating buildings and performing worst- the of up alist drawing by involved were Municipalities introduced: were measures following 73,000 apartments 73,000 . Due to the inclusion of municipalities in the programme, the the programme, in the municipalities of inclusion the to . Due in the country, an increase of 20%-25% in the value of of value in the 20%-25% of increase an country, in the . and reduction of CO of reduction and 680 million Euros million 680 of , investments 2 170,800 170,800 of emissions (in the period 2004- period (in the since 2012. 2012. since when the the when concern , energy , energy - - - lization of financings for a total amount of ca. 1.2 billion Euros billion 1.2 ca. of amount total a for financings of lization by mobi SACE far allowed have so issued guarantees green The enterprises. medium-sized and small are of which 75% guarantees, green its of companies beneficiary potential 300 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared using Spanish government data, 2021. data, government Spanish using prepared Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source 1 From the start of this operation (December 2020) to 30 to 2020) (December operation this of start the From � � � � � others: the harming without objectives, environmental following the of one least at to benefit a significant produce must projects particular, In Union. by the European defined taxonomy the of basis the on SACEby itself assessed is of initiatives eligibility The Italy.in made is investment financed the as long as size, of regardless all to companies, open is programme guarantee green The Agency Credit Export an to support domestic for amandate such assigns agovernment where Europe in case only the is this that noted be should It initiatives. mobility sustainable or technologies low-emission with a reduced environmental impact economy an towards transition the facilitate to aim that projects domestic support to State Italian by the assisted guarantees sue is can agency The horizon. strategic term amedium-long with and manner in asustainable competitiveness Italian relaunching at aimed is SACE's action transition, ecological national the enable to guarantees 'green' of program anew through In fact, companies. of tionalization interna and exports supporting in role traditional its expanding in Italy, significantly thus Deal by the SACE green guarantee. SACE the green by notations con green without but creditworthiness same the with transactions to compared reduced is pricing investment, financed the of impact environmental positive the assessing by in fact, SACE the cover: of pricing the on impact adirect has rating Such taxonomy. European the by set objectives environmental the of achievement the to investments planned the of contribution the on and counterparty, of the creditworthiness on the based both is rating This scene. financial international the of forefront the SACE at is agencies, specialized by out carried normally is which activity transactions, supported the to rating' green a'transaction assigning by Moreover, power. wind and solar as such sources, renewable from electricity of production increased lines) railway and electric-powered or high-speed new of upgrading the through (e.g. mobility smart and initiatives economy circular to support sectors), manufacturing and steel in the (e.g. emissions polluting reduce to processes industrial of conversion the abled Thanks to the “Decreto Semplificazioni” “Decreto to the Thanks access to credit. their facilitates and enterprises, medium and small mainly companies, 26,000 over SACE serves billion 156 to Euros, amounting investments guaranteed and transactions insured of portfolio a With markets. foreign 200 approximately to export and abroad and in Italy both grow that companies Italian supporting in specialized agency financial and insurance SACE Italian an is by SACE practice abest investments, transition energy for guarantees Green Law Decree No. 76 of 16 of 76 No. Decree Law Protection and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems. and ofProtection restoration biodiversity pollution. of reduction and Prevention Transition economy. acircular to resources. marine and water of protection and use Sustainable Climate change mitigation and adaptation. . The result is an improvement in the overall economic conditions of the loan covered covered loan the of conditions economic overall in the improvement an is result . The th July 2020, converted with amendments into Law No. 120 of 11 of 120 No. Law into amendments with converted 2020, July . and that envisage, for example, production cycles with with cycles production example, for envisage, that and 1 , SACE has become one of the main actor of the Green Green the of actor main the of one become , SACE has , up to a maximum of 80% of the loan amount, amount, loan the of 80% of , up amaximum to th th June 2021, SACE met more than than more SACE met 2021, June . These transactions have en have transactions . These th September 2020. September - - - - -
173 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 174 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → 3.3
Transport ber of credits awarded is calculated based on the carbon intensity of of intensity carbon the on based calculated is awarded credits of ber num supplier. The electricity the to awarded generally are these and 42. sold. and bought be then can credits these and diesel, and petrol conventional to pared com savings gas greenhouse lifecycle their upon based credits erate gen fuels alternative Generally, California. of state the into fuel bring as they deficits or LCFS credits generates either chain supply fuel the along party regulated Each so. do to choose they if parties, regulated as programme the into opt can producers fuel Alternative deficits. or and/ credits generating ones the are wholesalers and importers leum petro refiners, as (RPs) such Typically, parties sector. tion regulated transporta the to supplied fuel of aunit using from fuels of intensity 41. penalties. non-compliance suffer or year in that produced fuel of unit each for benchmark annual the achieve must entities all fuel-producing LCFS programme, the Within intensity. carbon reducing of aims their achieved Standards Fuel Carbon Low the 2011 From 2018, to 2050. by 80% and 2030 by 20% by state the out through emissions gas greenhouse reduce to measures (AB32) 2006 of Act Warming Solutions Global California several of part as Board es Resourc Air California in 2011 the by created was It in California. used fuels of intensity carbon the reducing on specifically focused gramme pro amarket-based are Standards Fuel Carbon Low The Credits. Tax Federal the and CVRP the as such incentives other from ceived Standards Fuel Carbon in California’s Low seen be can approach a longer-term 40. manufacturers. EV some for out phasing begun already Tax have Credits Federal the time, At same the vehicles. qualifying of number and amount rebate CVRP the back scaled has California aresult, As volumes. sales increasing with pace kept not have that proceeds auction cap-and-trade through (CVRP), funded is which Project Vehicle Rebate Clean the cluding in e-mobility, for programmes incentive several administers California to deploy e-mobility. enough not but vehicles, of electric deployment the in increasing effective been has rebates purchase ticular, offering e-mobility of deployment the to related barriers the address to 39. CALIFORNIA California’s standards require a reduction over time in the carbon carbon in the time over areduction require California’s standards Electricity supplied to electric vehicles is vehicles eligible to supplied electric credits, for such Electricity Given that these programmes haveGiven that programmes a these short-term more approach, The California case study highlights a specific policy tool in place place in tool policy aspecific highlights study case California The (LCFS). The LCFS incentive is in addition to any value re any value to in is addition (LCFS). LCFS incentive The . In par ------� FIG 6 � FIG Resource Board data, 2021. data, Board Resource Source →
Station utilization rate The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation on Clean Transportation and California Air Air California and Transportation Clean on Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The credits Infrastructure → crediting period in California in period crediting infrastructure and rate utilization station between Relation is reached, after which only credits corresponding to supply will apply. supply to corresponding credits only which after reached, is supply, until a threshold energy and availability of sum the as credits of number aminimum fixed will receive point charging apublic used, not is it well. Even as risk investment the reducing 5years, for revenues of el available being for also but electricity of delivery the for only not credits get points charging public of owners 5 years, first the for that noting important is It charging. EV for credits sell and generate also can infrastructure charging public of Owners intensity. carbon average their on based charging home for utilities to awarded are credits Base sold. electricity of volume the and grid electricity the Infrastructure crediting period crediting Infrastructure Full station utilization station Full (Based on dispensed fuel) dispensed on (Based GHG reduction credits reduction GHG . This provides a lev . This provides -
175 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 176 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy � � � � � 17(5)) in are: Article (in law in particular the included aspects main The parks. in car building use private for point charging vehicle electric an of installation the key elements its of one as denoted 17 the of Article drafted renewal urban on Law of 8/2013 provision final first The process. installation the for aproblem be sometimes can which in acondominium, aquorum reach to need the without points charging private of stallation in the for process asimplified launched has To government the private. and public end, this both infrastructure, charging appropriate of lack the is mobility electric of deployment the –for else re anywhe with –as in Spain challenges main the of One points. charging private of deployment the promote to Spain in place in put tool policy aspecific of example an is presented study case The e-mobility of deployment the support to efforts Spanish The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared using Spanish government data, 2021. data, government Spanish using prepared Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source convene meetings beforehand, to discuss any interventions that may affect shared elements. shared affect may that any interventions discuss to beforehand, meetings convene to advisable however, is it installation, the oppose cannot community The community. the with communicate must space parking individual in their point charging the install to wishes who person the point, recharging the to wiring and meters new of installation the as such foreseen, be must issues technical and premises shared affect may installation the that Given consumption. and installation of cost he/she the bear as a charger, long as install to right owner’s the is it a garage, of ownership of In case vehicleof charging an station. electric installation the deny not may community the met, are law in the forth set requirements If the involved. directly person or owner the to charged completely are consumption electricity corresponding the and installation of cost The notice. prior will require community condominium the only space, parking in individual an located be to point charging the for Provision and save around 3 tonnes of CO of 3tonnes around save and programme, rebate the for credits of worth Euros 254 roughly including annually, LCFS of credits Euros 420 around generate could charging residential owner’s aBEV that estimated been has it average, On buses. school and fleets transit, public electrifying or stations charging public to provide fundingsuch asbuilding for electrification projects, broader intended is revenue annually. remaining sell The they electricity of ume vol the on and publicly-owned, or investor-owned are they whether on depends Program Reward Fuel Clean the toward contribute must ties of revenue fromthe the proportion The programme. credits that utili under rebates for qualify and credits generate to able PHEVs are and BEVs programme. Reward Fuel Clean the through EVs for rebates chase point-of-pur state-wide to directed been has charging EV residential 43. Starting in 2019, a portion of these credits which are generated from from generated are which credits these of aportion in 2019, Starting Ley de Propriedad Horizontal Ley de Propriedad 2 emissions each year. each emissions (Horizontal Property Act) Act) (Horizontal Property - - - - -
→ 3.4 Industry an entrepreneur organisation. It is anon-profit organisation is It organisation. entrepreneur an and associations business council, abusiness association, industry an advisors, technical universities, including City, Copenhagen from 45. sec public the by supported collaboration aprivate of example an represents It ing. brand and making policy growth green ambitious and deliberate more of era anew of representative is (CCC) in 2009 Cluster Cleantech gen Copenha the of foundation The initiatives. clean-tech to approach ed coordinat amore support to efforts City’s the favored attention This combating climate solutions. change, and promoting energy green for point afocal became Copenhagen 2009. of end the at COP15 the host to Copenhagen for preparing agenda, growth green the embrace 44. DENMARK 46. sectors. search re and public private, Danish the and Fund Development Regional Union European the as such sources, multiple from funding its ceives and an international focus. CCC members span the public the span members CCC focus. international an and nationalisation innovation through and sector inter cleantech Danish the of growth to the significantly contribute and world in the cluster cleantech ing co-creating of process the facilitate thus and platform acommon on sector tech sectors. knowledge and The CCC was founded as a partner-driven project with 11 with partners project apartner-driven as founded was CCC The The CCC aims to include various Danish technologies in the clean in the technologies Danish various include to aims CCC The In Denmark, starting from 2006, the government has begun to to begun has government the 2006, from starting In Denmark, integrated solutions. The CCC’s vision CCC’s The solutions. integrated tor for the decarbonisation of the industrial sector. industrial the of decarbonisation the for tor . As a matter of fact, the CCC works with a national anational with works CCC the fact, of amatter . As is to be the lead the be to is , that re that private ------
177 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 178 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy → new solutions new scale and commercialise innovate, to Ability driver demand and purchasing power “Problem owner”, Source → � FIG 7
The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation, prepared using CCC data, 2021. data, CCC using prepared Foundation, Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The →
Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster organisation 50. for production. the ofprojects steel decarbonisation sector industrial the of revolution agreen favour to Industriklivet Swedish the Sweden, by 49. SWEDEN terms of the co-operation. in level international at relevant mainly and Copenhagen of area the to limited are activities its of results the however solutions, industrial stakeholders for different theoration deployment of greener between collab of example an represents CCC The Network. Cleantech tional Interna in the clusters 15 leading with co-operation aformalised and companies, between co-operations new 38 and co-operations pany jobs new 1,000 over creating by region the of development economic the on impact itive 48. events. and conferences international many UNCTAD,OECD and hosted having the as such organisations by clusters cleantech world’sthe leading innovation for fruitful is tutes 47. of energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as a large part of of part alarge well as as emissions, gas greenhouse and usage energy of athird about for accounts industry In Sweden, industry. the of bonization decar the to related policies of aseries initiative, Industriklivet long-term the on decided has government the change, the Tothereafeter. support emissions negative achieve and latest, the at 2045 by emissions gas greenhouse net zero have to engaged is Sweden targets, the Among work. Companies’ close cooperation with each other and research insti research and other each with cooperation close Companies’ The example presented here relates to a specific policy adopted adopted policy aspecific to relates here presented example The In the first five years after its creation, the cluster showed a pos a showed cluster the creation, its after years five first In the In 2017, the Sweden Parliment adopted a new climate policy frame policy climate anew adopted In 2017, Parliment Sweden the Private sector sector Public , supporting 126 start-ups, 64 research and com and research 64 126 start-ups, , supporting institutions Research . The project is recognised as one of of one as recognised is project . The , promoted by the government government the by , promoted , fostering pilot pilot , fostering and new ideas new and innovation, research, knowledge, edge Cutting ------ity. In the HYBRIT process, water and fossil-free electricity are used used are electricity fossil-free and water process, HYBRIT In the ity. for the of production hydrogenelectrolysers using fossil-free electric of a number and place, takes reduction where shaft, reduction direct a has plant The Sweden. in Luleå, plant pilot in the hydrogen using lets 56. Finland. to initiative the extending of possibilities the studying started also has SSAB standards. higher even reach to aims commitment this but standards, international by climate-efficient already is industry steel and iron Swedish the fact, of amatter As industry. steel aspecialised and ore iron high-quality of availability the sources, renewable from electricity to access 55. dioxide emissions. carbon Swedish fuel-free producer steel 54. hydrogen. green and electricity with steel, of production the for needed making Technology) Iron Breakthrough (Hydrogen HYBRIT create to forces joined nies) compa energy Europe’s (one of Vattenfall largest and producer) ore iron (Europe’s largest LKAB SSAB, In 2016, chain. value the throughout emissions dioxide carbon minimising thus hydrogen, green and tricity elec fossil-free using product end to mine from chain, value steel tire en the across chain supply free afossil-fuel create to aims SSAB pany 53. emissions. negative achieve to measures to contribute to sible pos is it Industriklivet within 2019, From Industriklivet. for sponsibility re assigned was Agency Energy Swedish the 2018, for Letter ulatory Reg the Through decided. will be budget annual new the when 2028, until will last that projects finance can million and Euros) in 2021 (73 52. � � � for: investments well as as projects, demonstration and pilot research, studies, feasibility for awarded be can grants triklivet, new technologies in investment significant will require targets climate Achieving great. 51. 2045. by emissions gas greenhouse zero net of goal the and system energy asustainable to transition in society’s role important avery plays thus Industry in society. welfare and jobs to contributes and earnings port ex of part alarge for accounts Industry production. heat and electricity of the industries with the highest CO highest the with industries the of print. This commitment is challenging, considering is that one steel The challenges presented in the industrial sector, however, are sector, industrial in the presented challenges The Sweden has unique conditions for this type of project, with good good with project, of type this for conditions unique has Sweden Industriklivet approximately comprises 750 million Swedish krona HYBRIT is conducting trials on the direct reduction of iron ore pel ore iron of reduction direct the on trials conducting is HYBRIT In this context, together with its partners, the Swedish steel com steel Swedish the partners, its with together In context, this world’s first fossil fossil world’s the first first the become to is goal company’s The address climate change in the rest of society. of rest in the change climate address to contribute that in industry initiatives important Strategically contributingMeasures negative to emissions. permanent emissions. gas greenhouse industry’s reduce help that Measures that are often not commercialised. Within Indus Within commercialised. not often are that , an initiative to replace coking coal, traditionally traditionally coal, coking replace to , initiative an , with a virtually non-existent carbon foot carbon non-existent avirtually , with 2 emissions, making up 10% of of up 10% making emissions, ------
179 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 180 The benefits of efficient and effective governance of the energy transition in Europe and Italy Raahe, Finland, to eliminate most of the remaining CO remaining the of most eliminate to Finland, Raahe, and Sweden, in Luleå, furnaces blast the of conversion the includes plan the 2030-2040, Between furnace. arc electric an to elösund 10% by 2025 by 10% by in Sweden elimination of fossil fuels by 2045 fuels fossil of elimination the achieve to incompany, order the throughout plants treatment in rolling mills heat and used fuels fossil 58. in Sweden. technology HYBRIT with developed iron sponge using and 2026 from products steel fuel-free fossil offering 2022, by energy renewable to operations overseas its convert to plans also company Sweden has completed test production of sponge iron and demon and iron sponge of production test completed has Sweden in Luleå, plant pilot HYBRIT The production. in hydrogen electrolysis for reused be then can water The dioxide. carbon of instead formed is water oxide, iron with reacts hydrogen When hydrogen. create to 57. steel. fossil-free to road the on step adecisive is and steelmaking with in conjunction emissions of 90% around eliminates initiative HYBRIT in the breakthrough nological tech The scale. a pilot on ore iron of reduction direct in the used been has electricity fossil-free with made hydrogen that ever time first the is This oxygen. the remove to coke and coal using of instead ore iron reduce to gas hydrogen fossil-free use to possible is it that strates With this project, SSAB commits to reducing its CO its reducing to commits SSAB project, this With At the same time, SSAB has started the process of phasing out the the out phasing of process the started has SSAB time, At same the by converting the blast furnaces in Ox furnaces blast the converting by 2 emissions. The The emissions. 2 emissions emissions . - - -
181 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 of the energy transition energy the of governance effective Proposals for an 4 Part
183 184 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance → → → Key messages → 3 2 4 1 6. 5. National level (focus on Italy) 7. 3. European dimension level - External 4. environ and social economic, several entails transition energy The 2. 1. European level - Internal dimension Italian. and dimensions) nal exter and (internal European action: of sphere the to according levels 2different into grouped been have proposals The challenges. existing To 7 proposals end, this addressed. be must issues outstanding some transition, the by offered tunities oppor of the fulltakeadvantage to Nevertheless, benefits. mental
communities companies of clusters and Promoting a full integration of districts structure. infra charging the of development the facilitate to other, in order the on Operators Point Charge and Operators System Distribution interaction of mechanism standardized and ahomogeneous Creating favouring efficiency interventions energy the Simplifying the Paris Agreement the Determined Contributions Nationally that ensure to mechanisms effective more Promoting Mechanism (CBAM) Mechanism Encouraging internationally the Carbon Border Adjustment regional a approach Adopting role. critical its recognizing officially transition, energy the of form astronger of cooperation Implementing ecosystems of innovation ecosystems level, local at between local authorities on the one hand, and and hand, one the on authorities local between with the national distribution grid. authorization procedures . . are consistent are to enhance EU market integration. EU market enhance to have been identified to tackle the the tackle to identified been have . with the objectives of of objectives the with for RES plants and and RES for plants in the governance governance in the energy energy and - - -
185 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 186 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance governance of the enegy transition governance enegy the of Proposals for an effective Rationale for the details of the issues issues the of details the for related to the governance governance the to related Part 2 Part to refer Please of energy transitionof energy → measures are related to energy efficiency) hindering the effective de effective the hindering efficiency) energy to related are measures and policies different 1,400 of amixture (for example, standardisation of in alack resulting acts, binding legally adopt and legislate can shared competence 2. role critical its recognising officially transition, energy the of governance the in cooperation of form astronger Implementing 1 Proposal INTERNAL - LEVEL DIMENSIONEUROPEAN ener 2030 the achieve to gap fill to large investment a upon called are 1. the spread of the virus and support our healthcare systems. systems. healthcare our support and virus the of spread the limit to effort EU’s the collective coordinate and strategies exchange to regularly meet to continue leaders European and States Member Europe. across equipment medical and protective of supply the and strategies testing of coordination the campaign, vaccine the to regard and comprehensive approach 4. balancing and competences. single cooperation State Member way, in adifferent managed be can States) Member single of sibility arespon is which healthcare, (i.e., topics some that demonstrated has emergency However, COVID-19 the level. European at framework legislative the and interactions their actors, the of action of sphere the Union, European the of and States Member the of competencies on the is Treaties based strongly process 3. transition.ployment of energy identified. been have level Italian and dimension) external and (internal European at 7proposals in mind, goal this With transition. energy of the governance in the inefficiencies the for compensate can that mechanisms introduce to necessary therefore is It process. the down slowing 2) are in Part (outlined transition energy the of ernance gov current the with issues However, several targets. climate and gy As illustrated in the previous parts of the report, EU Member States States EU Member report, the of parts previous in the illustrated As As already mentioned throughout the present report, energy is a is energy report, present the throughout mentioned already As Our current understanding and way of studying the governance governance the studying way of and understanding current Our In fact, the EU and its Member States have developed acommon developed have States Member EU its the and In fact, , so both the European Union and EU countries EU and countries Union European the both , so to manage the crisis, in particular with with in particular crisis, the manage to , which define the different different the define , which - - - - The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source billion Euros in strengthening health systems. health billion in Euros strengthening 9.4 invest to proposes Commission the programme, EU4Health the Through threats. health future and new face to enough resilient are systems EU that health ensure and crisis COVID-19 the by highlighted fill willgaps also the programme new This sector. health in the innovation promoting and systems health of resilience the healthier, strengthening EU the population making by very reco post-COVID-19 to the contribution will which a significant make programme, EU4Health the period: 2021–2027 the for programme health standalone new ambitious an proposed has mission With the aim of promoting coordination strong and increasing in investments this field, Com the EU4Health conference as a principleconference of European governance Maastricht 1991 the at introduced was Subsidiarity Union. European the of principles fundamental the of one proportionality, of principle the with together is, subsidiarity of principle The States. Member than rather Union the by taken be to action for preferable is it in which circumstances the defines Union, Treaty European in on the down laid subsidiarity, of principle the competence, exclusive have not does ion Un European the in which In areas better. do could Union European the and sufficient not are actions national in where step should Union European the deliver, can but cities or regions States, Member where 8. transition. energy the of management the to applied be effectively can nation urgency transition Treaty. the energy from The resulting competences of division mal for the beyond ways, unprecedented and in new coordinate and ate 7. tomorrow. of challenges the for ready are States Member the that sure make to systems in health investment increased and crises health combat to and for prepare to EU at level capacity greater crisis, ahealth during needs: 6. COVID-19. against fight key in the remain solidarity, European promoting and effort vaccination the accelerating well as as countries, EU between cooperation and preparedness Enhancing own. their on achieved have would States Member individual than results better produce to helped probably proceeding, way of usual its beyond and above went which Union, European the by emergency the during out carried coordination the virus, the of circulation continued the to due 5. The health crisis has stimulated the European Union to cooper to Union European the stimulated has crisis health The Although the limitations of this approach have become apparent, apparent, become have approach this of limitations the Although The current emergency has therefore demonstrated that the EU the that demonstrated therefore has emergency current The subsidiarity principle subsidiarity the to According States Member between coordination of level a greater . It is therefore natural to wish that similar forms of coordi of similar forms that wish to natural therefore is . It great great of amatter is and change climate tackling key to is , the EU should not act act not EU, the should 1 . ------
187 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 188 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance Proposal → 2 1 overreach 9. � � � � must: governance of form new This transition. energy the for adopted be must governance of form anew action, climate of role critical the recognising and COVID-19, of experience the from Learning regulations. efficiency ergy difficult for the more ambitiousCommissionEuropean toen propose politically it makes example, for This, authorities. national to pared funds if there is a perception that promises are not being kept. being not are promises that aperception is there if funds the European to Commission allocation monitor another country's of ask to States Member individual allows mechanism ly. governance This proper spent not are funds the if powers enforcement have eventually will and spent are funds how will monitor Commission European The managed. is States in all Member level national at Plans Recovery of governance the how oversee to required will be Commission the fact, of amatter As Plans. Recovery the of management the with starting Commission, European the for relevant particularly is institutions an conceptualization The institutions. ofpean new roles for the Europe ferent actors 11. level. European at ance the Future of Europe Conference in on the also highlighted be should discussion the level), Treaty at Union European the will (it affect achange such of evance rel the Given institutions. European the and States Member tween 10.
However, one obstacle to EU action is the perception of “ of perception the is EU to action obstacle However, one different roles to dif to roles different assign must governance of model new The for the European Union. European the for want you future what about think to place the is this do, you what or from are you where matter No priorities. and challenges Europe’s debate to citizens European for opportunity timely and aunique is Europe of Future the on Conference The proportionality. and subsidiarity of principles the of application the on 2) (No Protocol and (TEU) Union European on Treaty the of 5(3) Article This new form of governance must foster new relationships be relationships new foster must governance of form new This Enrich the the Enrich spent. are EU funds Generation Next the that ensuring transition in energy investments incentivizes framework State Aid new upcoming the of enforcement the that Guarantee private the of contribution the and relevance the appraise Formally EU institutions and MSs between coordination and cooperation closer Envisage proactively step up and ask the EU action. the take to ask up and step proactively a“ introducing by legislation and treaties European of definition in the participation ”, that the European institutions have too much power com power much too have ”, institutions European the that sector in the policy making. making. policy in the sector , from the European Commission to all the other Euro all to other the Commission European the , from current mechanism with different actors assigned different roles. different with assigned actors different Green Card 2 in order to lead to a new consensus on govern on consensus anew to lead to in order ” to national parliaments so they can can they so parliaments national ” to of national parliamentary parliamentary national of Brussels Brussels ------
The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source � � � and terminationsuspension regarding of agreements financialcontributions and loans: the and payments on Rules the on details the out sets Facility” Resilience and Recovery the shing establi Council the of and (EU) 2021/241 “Regulation 24 Parliament of European the of Article enforcement. indirect of form anew constitute effectively use their to related conditions the but opportunity ahuge EU represent Generation Next of funds The enforcement policy EU of form A new contribution and, where applicable, of the loan shall be suspended. be shall loan the of applicable, where and, contribution financial the of all part of or payment the fulfilled, satisfactorily been not have targets and milestones the that establishes Commission the assessment, the of aresult as Where, fulfilled. satisfactorily have been targets and milestones relevant the whether request, the receiving of months two within latest delay, the at undue and without basis apreliminary on assess shall Commission The loan. the of relevant, where and, contribution financial the of payment for request justified aduly Commission the to submit shall concerned State Member the plan, resilience and recovery in the indicated targets and milestones agreed relevant the of completion Upon 13. mechanisms. reward defining by first, move who those for momentum apositive troduce monitoringMoreover, should enforcement and in the time-efficient interest. common of the EU achivement the ensure and benefits the aim maximize to the having enforcement for tool indirect an becomes funds of conditionality the in which Plans Recovery and Resilience the of experience the by reinforced phase monitoring in the Commission European the of role existing the on leveraging envisaged, therefore be 12. vate sector able sourcing practices to their customers. In this context, voluntary voluntary In context, this customers. their to practices sourcing able sustain these communicate to and chains supply in their practices environmental and social improve to instruments as standards ity 14. groups. other and companies between or companies formal enforcement mechanisms including among agreements written in and formal of avariety up with backed be may rules the voluntarily, adopted are they Although lacking. are standards or rules government in which in areas standards new establishing or requirements latory regu current beyond going either voluntarily, adopted are behaviour their govern that rules The themselves. rules the enforce and design sector, private the in case this regulated, being those when occurs tion Self-regula permissible. is what on limits putting required, and able accept is behaviour what dictate that standards or rules formal the are regulations sense, However, in abroader authorities. public are lators regu the - and voluntary not are - they governments by required iour behav the define laws and regulations fact, of amatter As legislation. driving and standards setting process, governance formal in the volved For instance, companies have increasingly For sustainabil instance, adopted Among the stakeholders of this new form of governance, the pri the governance, of form new this of stakeholders the Among monitoring time-efficient of and enforcement form Anew is emerging as an important new actor as it is becoming in becoming is it as actor new important an as emerging is should should ------
189 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 190 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance respect for basic human rights, worker health and safety, the envi the safety, and health worker rights, human basic for respect including metrics, sustainability of range awide to relating meet, to asked be may providers service or retailers manufacturers, traders, producers, that requirements specify (VSS) standards sustainability card” procedure “yellow the as known is This decision. its for reasons give must sion Commis The proposal. its withdraw or change maintain, to whether decide can Commission the cases, In both quarter. – one security and freedom justice, to related acts legislative draft for lower is threshold This proposal. its review must Commission the parliaments, national the to allocated all third votes of the one least at represent opinions reasoned When vote. one has each chambers, two are If there votes. two allocated is parliaments national 27 the of Each represent. they votes many how and react parliaments national many how on depends 18. weeks. within eight subsidiarity with comply not do acts legislative thatconsider European draft Parliaments national where In cases States. Member with petences com EU the shares where in areas applies currently institutions, an Europe the and Parliaments national between relationships the for 17. spent. are EUtion funds Genera Next the that ensuring transition in energy investments izes State Aid new upcoming the of enforcement the 16. needs. its to respond to jurisprudence the leading is and setting in standard protagonist the becoming is sector private The framework. legislative European the within role its malise for to is it important so field, energy in the also levels different at process governance in the actor arelevant becoming is sector private the EU. in the In fact, transition energy up the speed and standards and regulations new establish to boards governing and regulators ia, academ with collaboratively working are companies energy largest the of some why is That people. to resilience and access energy bring will that infrastructure energy new in smart investments critical the make to sector GDP, of private fall the to 90% to will it increasingly 15. at global standards sustainability level.promote to ability their of some lost have authorities public by scale national at implemented are that governance environmental state-centric of forms traditional chains, supply global of complexity increasing the of Because initiatives. multistakeholder through or companies and governments, NGOs, by set be can standards These others. and ning plan use land relations, community production, of impacts ronmental Finally, the subsidiarity control mechanism, which defines the rules rules the defines which mechanism, control Finally, subsidiarity the Moreover, with EU public debt running at an all-time high of close close of high all-time an at running EU with debt Moreover, public Another aspect to highlight is that it is necessary to guarantee that that guarantee to necessary is it that is highlight to aspect Another The effect of the reasoned opinions on the legislative procedure procedure legislative the on opinions reasoned the of effect The , they can send a reasoned opinion to the Commission Commission the to opinion areasoned send can , they . framework incentiv framework ------Rationale → not only with regard to the energy dimension. energy the to regard with only not level, European at governance to changes will require mechanism dated up air pollution proposed The better standards. toCommission propose European the ask to together act may parliament of members national spending, health public and constituents their on air pollution of impact the witnessing instance, For whole. as a Union the European for benefits greater of achievement the with States Member of link proactiveness the should mechanism The adopted. be to measures new propose actively pro can but “orange” cards, and “yellow” the with case the is as sion, Commis European the by published adraft to opinions reasoned with respond not do parliaments national the Card, Green the with particular, In Treaties to legislation. and regard with EU action the take to ask to “ a of introduction the with Treaties legislation European and of nition defi in the part take to States Member allowing by done be could This States. Member individual of participation of mechanism current the ing 20. consideration. further given be will not posal find the principle breaches that the proposal ofsubsidiarity, the pro members, Council of 55% or Parliament, European the of members of “orange the as known is card”This procedure subsidiarity. of principle the with complies proposal the why stating Council, and Parliament European the to decision its justify must it proposal, its maintain to decides Commission Ifthe it. withdraw or change maintain, to whether decide and proposal its review must sion Commis the procedure, legislative ordinary the falls under act draft 19. a successful energy transition. energy a successful of achievement the undermine can approach shared equally an of and homogeneity of lack the Overall, grids. transmission and distribution in investments of case in the as guidelines, and “gaps” in regulation Additionally,leaves it payments). for standards defined of lack the and interoperability of lack the is problems main the of one e-mobility for buildings), in (e.g., standards in efficiency energy (e.g., targets the of achievement the for mechanism measuring in the efficiency), energy and e-mobility (e.g., sectors specific to related framework legal the in standardisation of in alack However, results this acts. binding ly legal adopt and legislate can EU and countries Union European the both that entails this and share, EU and institution States Member 21. EU enhance to approach aregional Adopting 2 Proposal Green Card As already pointed out, energy is among the competences that that competences the among is energy out, pointed already As When reasoned opinions represent a majority of the votes and the the and votes the of amajority represent opinions reasoned When Giving Member States a more proactive role would require enrich require would role proactive amore States Member Giving ” for national parliaments so they can proactively step up up step proactively can they so parliaments national ” for market integration integration market . If a simple majority majority . Ifasimple ------
191 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 192 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance Proposal Proposal → compliance with the Single Market and in accordance with the con the with in accordance and Market Single the with compliance Creating � Union) by: Energy the of ance Govern the on Regulation in the included cooperation regional of cept RES power plants (i.e. time-shifting), also at cross-border level. level. cross-border at also time-shifting), (i.e. plants RES power for allowing the optimisation of and production consumption of different and for used operation of the storages electrical products construction through couldFor assign, long-term example, auctions, States Member system. electricity in the renewables of integration the for products ket mar new of deployment the for envisaged be could approaches regional In addition, guarantees. of socialisation and auctions products, standard long-term customers, PPAs of industrial for development resources, ed ofdistribut suppliers),aggregation or customers final (e.g. obligations RES decentralised on based designs market with envisaged be could hubs regional example, For level. decentralised and acentralised at es, market designs 24. regions. coordination between constant requires This rules. and standards of harmonisation European towards step afunctional be must clusters regional of creation the that stress to is It important efficiency. energy and e-mobility of case in the as up standards scaling for adriver as act can amechanism such Moreover, dynamic. apositive creating and nisms measuring mecha overcoming nies, efficiency the energy different common of tion standards 23. � � � –can: Union Energy the of Governance the on Regulation regional of cooperation concept the with accordance in and Market Single the with –in compliance regions and countries European neighbouring of groups flexible and in small structured 22. � � Such collaboration could create a ground for common the adop Member States and regional hubs should consider new specific specific new consider should hubs regional and States Member Cooperation on key areas (energy, ICT, transport and logistics), logistics), and ICT, (energy, key areas transport on Cooperation Creating supplies and integration of renewables). renewables). of integration and supplies finding exchanges, solutions common secure (e.g., cross-border and mixes similar energy with markets integrating better aim of the EU the with across launched already initiatives some on Leverage sustainability). and efficiency (connectivity, Union Energy the for key priorities to regard with deployment, full Market EU Single achieving of process gradual in the step intermediate an as Serve challenges concerned. in the macro-region transition energy specific the address to equipped better Europe make and Union, European entire the of those to compared streamlining procedures processes, Accelerate decision-making countries or regional hubs. Institutionalising forms of cooperation Commission. a greater Favouring level. up European to scale successive among neighboring Member States (still among neighboring States Member hubs in regional common standards for the deployment sourc massive of renewable energy role ofrole cities by a group of States and private compa private and States of agroup by
, assuring coordination to ease and direct reporting to the the to reporting direct and at European level, such such level, European at between neighbouring neighbouring between included in the in the included ------Rationale The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source talateral Energy Forum aims to reduce the risk of stranded investments. stranded of risk the reduce to aims Forum Energy talateral working By national that infrastructure onborder beyond this goes borders. joint the vision, Pen cross or a scale require that decisions make to makers policy requires transition energy The � � � on: will work Forum Energy Pentalateral the to belonging countries the energy, renewable of share increasing the of background the Against issues. specific of acouple on Europe Western Central from colleagues her with results concrete achieve to aims Van Straeten der Tinne Minister Energy Belgian cooperation, energy regional 15-year-old this of chair current As to collaboration promote on exchange border the cross of electricity. observer, apermanent as Switzerland with France, and Germany Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, the from Ministers Energy by in 2005 created was Forum Energy Pentalateral The approach regional European of example An Coordination of their energy policy visions towards a carbon neutral 2050 electricity system. system. electricity 2050 neutral acarbon towards visions policy energy their of Coordination Measures to crises. prevent electricity Future infrastructure. proof → emissions. To overcome the carbon leakage risk, the European Union Union European the risk, leakage To carbon the overcome emissions. reducing of process the to counterproductive is and system trading the distorts leakage Carbon costs. control to rules climate stringent leakage carbon of risk the entails mechanism This needed. as another one with trade can they which allowances emission buy or receive panies com cap, the Within system. the by covered installations by emitted be can that gases greenhouse certain of amount total the on set is A cap principle. trade' and 'cap the on works EU(EU ETS The ETS). Trading EU the Emission through Scheme market the by determined is 27. (CBAM) Mechanism Encouraging internationally the Carbon Border Adjustment 3 Proposal DIMENSION EXTERNAL - LEVEL EUROPEAN tegration in European broader for block” a“building as intended is approach 26. transition. in the engagement their strengthen to Commission the to cities the by achieved is what of reporting formal direct the favouring by done be can This level. local at achievements their for accountable them making by formalised and recognised be should cities of role The transition. energy in the engagement their and citizens with dialogue in the role important an play can and transition energy the of level cal of role cities the of recognition the 25. In the EU, the carbon price for energy-intensive industry sectors sectors industry energy-intensive for price EU,In the carbon the In this enhanced regional approach, another important aspect is is aspect important another approach, regional In enhanced this It is important to emphasise that this proposal about the regional regional the about proposal this that emphasise to important is It , defined as firms moving their activities to countries with less less with countries to activities their moving as firms , defined , aligned to high standards of ambition. ambition. of standards to high , aligned . Cities are protagonists at the lo the at protagonists are . Cities - - - -
193 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 194 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance Proposal Proposal → Border Adjustment Mechanism cannot be a purely coercive mech coercive a purely be cannot Mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon the Furthermore, trade. to distortions excessive making not while market European the to access preferential countries veloping de give and agreements WTO the ticular, consider CBAM should the In par partners. Europe's trading and WTO the with dialogue through at global levelcollaboration Adjustment Mechanism 30. European in production the international context. of competitiveness the balance that mechanisms include to essary nec is it term, long to medium in the eliminated be should they that suggesting and inefficiency their while recognising therefore, and tion to decarbonisa to under-commit companies European lead lowances al Free decarbonisation. and transition energy the on debate in the issue acentral is companies European of competitiveness the and tor 29. in 2020, as happening still is This leakage. carbon of risk at industries to allowances ETS free some giving started and competitiveness global trade on also countries non-EU with negotiation and nering Part boundaries. European and national go well beyond must which transition, energy the of dimension strategic and other,the global the on and targets, climate and energy the to according sector industrial the transform quickly to need the hand one on underlines This tem. sys ETS the through emissions industrial tackle fully cannot it hand other the on but sectors, production entire of relocation the risk to not allowances free eliminate cannot It Europe. for catch-22 strategic 28. targets. climate and energy 2030 the with compliant not is and run medium-long in the tainable sus not is However, mechanism this emissions. their curb to need the from sectors intensive carbon most the relieving free, for given � � � nism Encouraging internationally the Carbon Border Adjustment Mecha transition. energy cessful � The balance between reducing emissions from the industrial sec industrial the from emissions reducing between balance The The competitiveness-GHG curbing trade off looks like a sort of of like a sort looks off trade curbing competitiveness-GHG The It is therefore recommended to encourage the Carbon the Border encourage to recommended therefore is It emissions. emissions. technology carbon zero deployment of the through industry ETS the of decarbonisation Introduce a Introduce Support solutions. industrial sustainable new and projects innovative of funding the for ensure initially and Commission, European the by proposed recently mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon the with in coordination safeguards competitiveness ETS EU current the Strengthen Redistribute revenues Redistribute innovation. technology accelerate (CBAM). global agreements in the industrial sectors industrial the in agreements global European financing programme is paramount to effectively carrying out asuc out carrying effectively to paramount is cross-sector internationally cross-sector and support generated by decarbonisation policies. by decarbonisation generated to accompany it on the path to net-zero to path the on it accompany to to achieve the goal of decarbonisation decarbonisation of goal the achieve to 50% of allowances were were allowances of to support the the support to , also to to , also ------
� � � � aspects: several account into take therefore should 31. avoid wars. trade to in order scheme negotiation a broader of part be must but anism � The introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon the of introduction The ○ burden. end usersreasonably low ○ through: inequality reduce to redistributed be should pricing) carbon as (such policies decarbonisation by generated Revenues EU countries. the “imposition approach” Institutions from towards Brussels non- avoid to trade, international for mechanism price carbon a global of introduction the and sectors industrial in the agreements global aleading play role should Institutions European EU than equivalents. efficiency carbon greater with produced are goods the or price carbon domestic equivalent an have they unless mechanism price carbon the to subject be will then exports Their exemptions. the of out graduate will they competitive, internationally more become exporters their grow, or economies countries’ developing As Preference. of preferential to its market access under its Generalized Scheme countries developing grant unilaterally to clause enabling called Trade’s Tariffs and on so- (GATT) Agreement General WTO the by afforded flexibility the uses EU already The countries. developing of in favour discriminating for aprecedent is there perspective, alegal From objectives. EU’s the with development conflict into come not CBAM does the that ensure also could countries from CBAM. its countries’ Accommodating developing exports those exempt partially or fully exporters, country developing penalise unfairly not aCBAM does that ensure to EU’s interest in is the It development. of level linked the to be should products price onfrom carbon The their decarbonising their economies. discouraged be not would countries those that true also is it developing from countries If imports companies. European by investment green foster to districts, industrial sustainable providing for the initially and Commission, European the by proposed recently mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon the with in coordination safeguards competitiveness ETS EU current the Strengthening A public. general the to electricity on path to net-zero emissions. technology deployment carbon of zero the through industry ETS the of decarbonisation the support costs of cleaner energy carriers to to carriers energy cleaner of costs keep to support Economic Lump-sum transfers Lump-sum European financing programme remuneration of innovativeremuneration projects on per-head basis or lowering VAT/taxes lowering or basis per-head on also through a redistribution of the tax tax the of aredistribution through also should be introduced to to introduced be should are not to be undermined, undermined, be to not are to accompany it on the the on it accompany to in fostering fostering in , for example, example, , for and new new and
195 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 196 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance Rationale The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source The role of the CBAM is to address the risk of carbon leakage and reinforce the EU the ETS. reinforce and leakage carbon of risk the address to CBAM is the of role The content. carbon their on based goods high-polluting of number alimited of imports on a price (CBAM) puts Mechanism Adjustment Border Carbon The price. acarbon EU pay to the into have exporting companies that ensure to amechanism proposes Toabroad. Commission the end, this from competition unfair by undermined are emissions cut to industry European the by efforts that avoiding by ambition climate preserve to need the announced Commission European The and support measures. standards targets, pricing, between balance acareful therefore is mix policy chosen The riers. bar non-market and failures market persistent overcome not would alone pricing carbon and burdens economic high unnecessarily to lead would policies regulatory on over-reliance an that showing assessment impact by backed are 55” package for “Fit the of proposals legislative The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism the of introduction the announced Commission European the of Package 55” for “Fit The → Scenario) and 25GtCO and Scenario) 4 59/53 GtCO 59/53 between in arange predicted are emissions GHG 2030 temperature: overshoot target long-term the avoiding of in terms track off are es pledg However, current 2°C. below keep to timeframe same the over 25% by and 1.5°C, below warming global keep to 2010 vs in 2030 45% 3 Determined Contributions ( Promoting more effective mechanisms to ensure that Nationally 4 Proposal 32. agreement Paris the of objectives to reduce GHG emissions, following the principle of “common but dif but “common of principle the following emissions, GHG reduce to efforts ambitious make to have All Parties century. this of half second in the emissions zero net achieve to and possible, as soon as emissions 33. their individual situations and the possibilities available to them to available possibilities the and situations individual their in capabilities”, linewith i.e. respective and responsibilities ferentiated five years all countries have to renew and upgrade their climate ac climate their upgrade and renew to have countries all years five assessed through the “global stocktake” process, the first of which which of first the process, stocktake” “global the through assessed officially be can progress collective that way so in atransparent them tion plans (“Nationally Contributions”) Determined and communicate global GHG emissions in a range between 41 GtCO between in a range emissions GHG global going beyond national borders and closely affecting all our lives. In all lives. our affecting closely and borders national beyond going 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels pre-industrial to compared 1.5°C below increase temperature the keep to enough doing not is world the 10 years, past the over improvement slight the notwithstanding deed,
degrees ofdegrees economic development, demographic and social composition. different with countries between instrument sharing" a "burden of example an EU as the in Regulation) Sharing (Effort ESR the of role the mentioning worth is It Paris. in (UNFCCC) Change Climate on Convention Framework Nations United the to (COP21) Parties the As per the limit stated in the first universal agreement at the 21 the at agreement universal first the in stated limit the per As
To accomplish this goal, UN Parties aim to reach global peak GHG GHG peak global aim reach to To UN Parties goal, this accomplish Climate change 2 e, while limiting global temperature increase will require will require increase temperature while limiting global e, represents the key global challenge of our time, time, our of challenge key global the represents 2 e (1.5°C UNEPe (1.5°C scenario). NDC s) are consistent with the the with s) consistent are 3 . Global emissions must fall by must emissions . Global 2 e (for the 2°C UNEP 2°C e (for the st Conference of Conference 4 . Every Every . - - - - -
� FIG 1 � FIG 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 Source → Advanced economies Advanced
2000 The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation on IEA data, 2021. data, IEA on Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The 2001
2002
2003 → Rest of the world the of Rest 2004 Change in global CO global in Change (index year 2000=100) year (index 2005 respectively. countries byNDCs developing developed and in the declared be shall provided/needed/received support financial and capacity-building transfer, technology countries: developed and developing between trust mutual build to essential is framework ency Transpar The effort. global the to participating thus system, energy asustainable develop to in condition put are (SIDSs) States Developing Island Small and (LDCs) Countries Developed Least that important is it hand other the on in temperature, rise excessive the control can world entire the that ensure to quickly course change 4.5%) with Russia and 6% with India 16%, with USA emissions, GHG global of (China 29% with emitters GHG biggest the that paramount is it hand one on although fact, In capacity-building. via and financially both supported be should (SIDSs) States Developing Island Small and (LDCs) Countries veloped De Least the vulnerable, most the In particular, NDCs. their submitting and formulating before assessment global the of outputs the account into take to countries allowing due, are NDCs new before years two process ter. Stocktake Global The thereaf years five every then and 2023 to 2021 from will place take
2006
2007
2008
2009 2 emissions from 2000 to 2019 2019 to 2000 from emissions
2010
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2013
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2016
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2019 - - -
197 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 198 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance Proposal Proposal → Agreement target, it is advisable to introduce more effective mecha effective more introduce to advisable is it target, Agreement Paris the achieving of direction in the actions planning and NDCs 35. Paris Agreement termined Contributions are consistent De Nationally that ensure to mechanisms effective more Promoting � 36. � � � including: nisms, � � today: of As Agreement. Paris the of goals the meet and degrees 1.5 to change limit to climate needed ambition of level leadership and guidance of the global transition energy the sharing well as as transfer technology and cooperation fostering en the competences to order in field energy in the Africa and Europe between and States United the and Europe between relations enhancing of portance im strategic the stressing worth also is It continent. African the within tion in from interconnections developing starting countries, transi energy for transfer) and collaboration technological on (focused tools adequate of creation the support also should Union European The programs. creation education/skill and throughcontinent, financing African in the system energy adecarbonized of development the port sup to continue should Union European Firstly, countries. non-EU and Union European the between relations strengthen to importance mary on 26 on 34. In order to make all countries more committed to presenting their their presenting to committed more all make to countries In order Within this context and the EU international strategy, it is of pri of is it strategy, EU the international and context this Within of global emissions. of global emissions. 34% represent They NDCs. their of ambition the raise to intention their announced have China) (including countries 101 these of 68 understanding and consensus around the final content. their improve to NDCs of development in the private, and public stakeholders of involvement closer The policies. transition and decarbonization effective more and ambition of levels higher with and social benefits economic, industrial the highlight to mechanisms of Introduction transition. energy the of in terms advanced more are that countries by sharing knowledge and mentoring for mechanisms through also but funding through only not plans, national own their in drafting countries developing for Support 2020 NDCs yet NDCs 2020 101 countries emissions. GHG global of 42% represent countries These NDCs. 2020 their submitted -have included –EU USA and countries 90 The NDC Synthesis Report published by the UN Climate Change Change UN Climate the by published Report Synthesis NDC The th near the nowhere are governments that shows 2021 February , including China and India, India, and China , including . 51% They represent of countries with respect to energy technologies, technologies, energy to respect with countries of - in addition to climate benefits - associated -associated benefits climate to -in addition of global GHG emissions. with the objectives of the the of objectives the with have not submitted their their submitted not have at all levels, both both all at levels, . strength with and and with ------analysis of Italy's performance performance Italy's of analysis Rationale with respect to the RES target RES the to respect with of the study for the detailed detailed the for study the of Italian inefficiencies of the the of inefficiencies Italian authorization procedures for further details on the the on details further for The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source countries. developed least the of needs the to attention particular with commitment this confirms Commission European the and countries, middle-income and low- to finance climate public of contributor world’s the largest been have States Member EU its and The emissions. gas greenhouse in reducing invest and change climate to adapt countries vulnerable help to finance climate will Union support European in focus. Agreement Paris in the down laid as objectives main the while keeping partners, its to assistance explanation, consultation, EU the will ensure relations, multilateral and in bilateral instruments policy external its Within goals. higher these align with to harnessed will be instruments policy EU’s the of full range the external economy, zero anet to transition global the facilitate and partners international European with To cooperation enhance instruments policy external EU of need the reinforced Commission European the of Package 55” for “Fit The 2 Part to refer Please Part 1 Part to refer Please for RES plants RES for → terests in play. In particular, the development of renewable energy is is energy renewable of in play. development the In particular, terests in public other representing power equivalent an by balanced not is aveto ercise ex can which Heritage, Cultural of Ministry the is plants utility-scale 39. of entities involved with competences. different number high the by complicated further is process the Moreover, ties. authori competent by behaviour discretionary potential to rise gives and procedure the around uncertainty causes that issue an level, local way at in anon-uniform applied are laws and thresholds dimensional higher to procedures simplified the of scope the broaden to right the territorial differences present procedures the First, report. of the 2 Part in detail in described inefficiencies several 38. level. European at targets the of review the following updated be willit to have that considering so more even and achieve, to ficult dif PNIEC the by extremely is established objective the installation capacity energy renewable of rate current the at study, this 1of Part in seen as Indeed, targets. decarbonisation of achievement the for aligned not are times required these and wind for 5years and voltaic photo for year 1.5 1and between requires RES for plants procedures permitting average in Italy. On targets decarbonisation reach to essary nec capacity the of installation the consequently and in renewables investments of full deployment the limits ones, utility-scale for cially 37. efficiency interventionsenergy of RES procedures Simplifying authorization 5 Proposal NATIONAL ITALY) ON (FOCUS LEVEL One of the main entities involved in the authorisation process of of process authorisation in the involved entities main the of One As a matter of fact, permitting procedures for RES plants present present RES for plants procedures permitting fact, of amatter As The The inefficiency of permitting procedures permitting of inefficiency in the interests of landscape preservation. This power power This preservation. landscape of interests in the plants and favouring favouring and plants for RES plants, espe RES for plants, , since Regions have have Regions , since ------
199 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 200 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance as “peremptory”. In Italy, the Single for Authorisation utili process defined are they when even deadlines, legal the with non-compliance ment (4 ment Environ the of Ministry and Development Economic of Ministry the of Decree Ministerial joint the following Indeed, one. available the and assigned capacity the between mismatch enormous an causing space, fillto available in the enough not is pipeline projects the because ply sim renewables, of schemes bids’ to participation in the decline sive 42. up 9years. to of peaks with 5years, about average, on takes, projects utility-scale wind anew of ahalf, authorisation and while the a year and ayear between takes successful, when system, photovoltaic new a of However, authorisation the required. when (EIA) procedure isation Author Integrated Environmental the of duration the with summed be to days, 90 of duration law, by amaximum have should, plants ty-scale capacity. In the 5 In the capacity. unassigned in the increase an and in participation decline progressive a recorded have tenders for calls successive but capacity, available in in 41. � � � 40. subsequently there is representing no authority it. and heritage) cultural and landscape the preserving of interest the to opposed (as defined legally not is interest this Nevertheless, nature. strategic and environmental its of because interest a national clearly towards RES plants installation (thanks also to simplified authorisation authorisation simplified to (thanks also installation RES plants towards steps fundamental Further sufficient. yet not but direction, right the in astep only However, potentially is it urgent. and undifferentiated utility, public of interventions PNRR in the constitute included in Italy transition energy the for projects strategic the of realisation the for sary neces infrastructures and plants works, the that establishes ficazioni” Sempli “Decreto 2021 the 18 of art. the that mentioning worth is It 43. 74MW allocated. was The above-mentioned inefficiencies in the procedures result result procedures in the inefficiencies above-mentioned The long and uncertain authorisation times The inefficiency of permitting procedures also causes a progres a causes also procedures permitting of inefficiency The Moreover, it is important to point out that: out point to important is it Moreover, renewable plants (only for offshore wind). offshore (only for plants renewable wind onshore and PV of process all at authorisation in the involved PNIEC), (i.e. plans not is it energy renewable defining for Ministry competent the is Development Economic of Ministry the Although goals or for interests the development of renewable energy. national with assigned Culture) of are Ministry the with involved bodies competent 2 main (the other MiTE nor regions the Neither Unica). Autorizzazione (i.e. plant the operate and build to required permit final the for competent remain regions the though wind), even for 30MW than more and PV 10MW for than (more plants for issuing Environmentalauthority Permits for large size renewable competent the also is MiTE energy. renewable of development the on competences, its of description in the statement, aclear lacks Transition) Ecological the for (Ministry MiTE Ministry, titled new The th July 2019), the first round of assignment allocated the entire entire the allocated assignment of round 2019), July first the th call for bids, out of 1.58GW of offered capacity, only only capacity, offered of 1.58GW of out bids, for call , creating an issue of of issue an , creating ------120 days (in the because issued authorisations the against appeal of risk a high is there Indeed, unions. trade and associations 4% and trade ciations asso environmental 10% politicians, 25% bodies, public 26% citizens, are 35% opponents, the for As projects. energy renewable concerned disputes of 73% 60%, this Of all of disputes. 60% almost for counting ac one, contested most the was sector energy the in 2014) and 190 to (with respect in Italy challenges popular or environmental litical, po to subject phase construction or planning in the disputes active social low to due acceptance projects, ergy en renewable of implementation the obstructs or delays often which 44. directives. Market Energy RED the Internal II and transpose to issued be to decrees legislative in the found be might procedures) 5 power lines, gas pipelines, nuclear installations, hydroelectric dams, infrastructures, port airports, waterways, inland lines, railway ways, motor regarding projects for only involved be should Public Débat the In particular, impact. lesser of projects for consulted be voluntarily can while it projects, largest the for only consulted be must Public Débat the that noted be However, should it Public. Débat the through communities local with dialogue the to thanks procedures formal the of start the after years two than less approved was railway high-speed Lille Grand the for project the instance, For opinion. their express to opportunity the impacted and involved feel who all those giving and information correct providing of goal the with inquiry, public or ment assess impact environmental an before subjected be must munities infrastructure projects all which to large projects, of features main and objectives the ing concern adebate Public, Débat French the by represented is example Asuccessful NIMBY the syndrome. overcoming for effective and tial essen is works, the of process design in the citizens of participation active and involvement the with together territories, and communities 45. � � � � transition on the territory, due to: energy of the and renewables of impacts and benefits the regarding communities local of awareness of lack the by caused often is ance -resist institutional sometimes –and social of level This appeal. an file unconditionally -can procedure authorisation successful in the ed
Starting from the date of publication of the authorisation. the of publication of date the from Starting Examples exist of how the correct and effective education of local local of education effective and correct the how of exist Examples The installation of RES plants also suffers from public opposition, opposition, public from suffers also RES of plants installation The of local administrative bodies. administrative local of achievement targets decarbonization to committment Inadequate mechanism. sharing abenefits of lack The communicationproper for communities. local activities of absence the consequently, and, renewables of impacts social economic/ and benefits the of perception and awareness of lack The Public. Débat French the like mechanism, involvement stakeholder a structured of lack The 5 time window allowed) anyone - even entities that participat that entities -even anyone allowed) window time of national interest to the State or local com local or State the to interest national of . In 2018 there were 317 were there . In 2018 ------
201 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 202 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance water transport river basins, cultural and sporting infrastructures, in cultural river basins, infrastructures, water and sporting transport employees over 60 and just 2.9% under 30. 30. under 2.9% just and 60 over employees of 16.9% with 50.7 years, is staff the of age year. average the Moreover, per person per days training 1.02 just of average an with ministration, ad in public employee each for training on ayear €48 just spends Italy falling Today, 41%. by halved, almost has sector public in the personnel public of training the on spending years, In ten issues. these with deal to have that Authorities and Ministries in the lacking skills often nical tech specific require industry) and transport buildings, in efficiency energy and grids electricity national of adaptation and development the renewables, of deployment the (namely transition energy the to for transition personnel issues energy on programmes training specific lack transition energy the to ed 49. 2030. for Brussels by set target 45% the (41%) average from far European and the to compared in 2020 group age 25-34 in the graduates of 29% with EU the of ranking bottom the at is Italy fact, In peers. to their European compared under-qualified are generations new the addition, do. In they job the for der-qualified un are while 20% under-skilled are workers of 6% In Italy, around countries. in all European issue a common is Skill mismatch agement. man project well as as issues sustainability and digital in energy, tise exper requires and process across-sector is transition energy The competent personnel also require measures efficiency energy with citizens assisting and 48. cratically) services. way consultancy professional and correct offering (bureau in the technologies new implementing in play effectively should services one-stop-shop integrated and ESCOs that role the emphasise to important also is it In regard, this quantitatively. worth are incentives there is noadequate information and on how much opportunities these Additionally, to them. related incentives and opportunities efficiency energy of existence of the informed properly not are consumers final 47. benefit. can they which from incentives all possible the understand and picture haveclear a to is difficult it firms and citizens for therefore and transition energy the of dimensions various the to related tives incen different of anumber are there In Italy obtain. directly can they revenues the and transition energy the for realize can they tervention in possible the also but investment companies’ private of benefits the 46. million Euros. 300 above jects pro for only exists obligation the In general, infrastructures. dustrial For instance, as regards energy efficiency in buildings, users and and users buildings, in efficiency energy regards as instance, For Moreover, the Ministries and Authorities involved in issues relat in issues involved Authorities and Ministries the Moreover, Citizens and local communities should be not only informed about about informed only not be should communities local and Citizens The deployment of investments in the installation of RES plants RES of plants installation in the investments of deployment The in the involved Ministries and public bodies. bodies. public and Ministries involved in the . Indeed, the topics related related topics the . Indeed, ------
Source →
� FIG 2 � FIG Proposal The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on FORUM PA data, 2021. PA data, FORUM on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European The → 2008 → 262
6 � � � � sity degree sity auniver with staff of share the by measured capital, human of levels higher by characterised are staff whose in administrations observed are timeframes work public shorter that demonstrated been has It � by: transition energy for context asupportive ing and creat plants RES for procedures authorisation the Simplifying authorities. competent in the competence of levels adequate ensuring (million Euros) (million Investments in training in the public sector in Italy, 2008-2018 Italy, in sector public the in training in Investments d’Italia, 2019. Banca determinanti”, eloro pubbliche opere delle realizzazione di “Tempi Source: Making the authorisation for RES procedures more efficient starting with Ministries and public bodies. public and Ministries with starting transition, energy the on working personnel of reskilling and Increasing the capital human targets. and the achievement status of decarbonisation permitting project of well as as incentives all of existing mapping detailed access to asingle and interface Creating repository effective. process authorisation in the stakeholders social of involvement the making and bodies Increasing local of the commitment “ the to interest public national of status the Recognizing development of renewables 6 . Such findings corroborate the need for actions aimed at aimed actions for need the corroborate findings . Such -41% rethinking veto powers veto rethinking ” and upskilling upskilling the guaranteeing and 2018 154 for Italian stakeholders for Italian stakeholders . . - -
203 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 204 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance standardized and digitalized. digitalized. and standardized be also should exchange documentation for interface the and dures for authorization requirements proce The on needed documentation procedures. authorisation the within projects renewable of assessment in the components discretionary law) possible and asingle to (referring basis a local on laws of applications different the harmonise to essary nec is it Furthermore, in treatment. discrepancies removing and stand under to easier process overall the making thus territory, national the throughout treatment same the encounter would dimension same the way, In this of eliminated. be plant a should procedure simplified the of scope the broaden discretionally to right Regions the and territory, national the across same the be should apply Authorisation Single the dimensional thresholds according to which the simplified or procedure the Indeed, uniform. made be should level territorial at laws of plication standardised standardised the competences of each Ministry shall be better defined by attribut by defined better be shall Ministry each of competences the areas with constraints related to Cultural Heritage). More generally, of in case only (e.g., exceeded be cannot that boundaries mandatory defining reconsidered, be must Heritage Cultural of Ministry the of 50. 53. transition. energy in the entities regional volving in for useful be could amechanism nature). abinding Such with but sharing, burden similar to something (e.g. targets capacity renewable ing regional authorised Italian via mandatory targets decarbonisation region Italian each by achieved be to aminimum target with recommended 52. case. by case merits relative the evaluating by interests two the balance correctly to possible it make would this fact, of amatter As institution. another by promoted equally development, in renewables interest the with balanced properly be would preservation) landscape in interest the (namely Heritage Cultural of Ministry the by promoted In way, this interest the in RES development. interest” “public the cise exer to entitled is body which procedure single every for evaluate to necessary is it institutions, Italian different involve procedures ting permit the Since interest. in is everyone's that something change, climate in combating and transition energy in play the renewables defined be should ables” 51. guarding under of authorisation. projects safe the and targets decarbonisation with in accordance involved, all by authorities level national at ex ante shared and set criteria, objective through defined be should projects renewable for areas Moreover, interests. times opposing, non-permissible/non-usable some and different, of balance appropriate the ensure to institution appropriate an by represented and defined legally be must interests allnational manner. Also, efficient in a more power distributing and ing interest public the In particular, Moreover, the introduction of a“burden of sharing” introduction the Moreover, mechanism In order to remove territorial procedures differences, veto power power veto the RES of plants, procedures permitting the About . This mechanism should also aim to commit Regions to achiev to Regions aim commit to also should mechanism . This and digitalised at digitalised , thereby recognising the pivotal role that that role pivotal the recognising , thereby national and in the “development of renew of “development the in local level local and the ap the and should be be should is is ------defined timeframe a Moreover, procedure. consultation the during regularly done not was that something prove to ability the on and and debate in the ticipation par on conditional made be should appeals of possibility the deed, In infrastructures. of construction the oppose possibly to in which venue only as the defined be should debate the and publicised highly more and clearer made be should debate in the participating of bility possi The licence. authorisation the of publication the after condition particular no under allowed are appeals but Servizi, dei Conferenza in the and public the from observations of phase the of opening the with procedure the of start the at envisaged already is involvement public Italy in Indeed, defined. better be must stakeholders social the local bodies of commitment increased for aframework authorised, been ready 57. incentives. to access have to needed requirements the for portal digital a single have to investors allows which and granularity, municipal with cesses) pro authorization of status advancement and capacity installed as (such key parameters some on art the of state the monitor to allows 56. upwards. revised will that be targets EU new the of in light desirable therefore are timeframe in Italy's tions reduc drastic and plants, renewable of installation the for thorisation au obtain to years two of a maximum for RED 2024. II provides from starting procedures these standardising and facilitating at als aimed propos of development the EC foresees the procedures, permitting to reference with Indeed, procedures. simplifying of direction goto in the 55. communication and sharing. for rewardingmethod measurement, territories and for benefit virtuous a by and process authorisation in the stakeholders relevant by ipation partic of form appropriate an by balanced be must in nature, coercive theSuch responsible for officials measure, authorisationa procedures. of full involvement the with applicant the protect to law by down laid deadlines the clarifying at aimed instruments introducing by binding legally as defined be (EIA) should Authorisation Integrated ronmental Envi the and Authorization Single the of duration over, maximum the More process. the streamlining of aim final the with reduced be could procedure overall the constitute that entities) different to (pertaining steps internal In way, this different the actors. of number a reduced among competences centralising by reduced be must involved entities of number the obligations). Indeed, of reduction and steps of ization rational structures, technical staffed adequately through (e.g., times issuance permit accelerating and deadlines binding legally respect to conditions the setting while efficient, more and shorter RES plants authorisationmake the to so process simplified be should involved 54. To overcome public opposition arising even when plants have al have plants when even arising To opposition public overcome It is worth noting that at EU level the draft version of RED III seems RED of III seems version draft the EU at level that noting worth is It national observatory anational establish to Finally, suggested is it The procedures and the governance scheme of the various entities entities various the of scheme governance the and procedures The constructive and formal constructive the for involvement and should be established for appeals within the du the within appeals for established be should , which , which of of of of ------
205 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 206 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance 60. plant). the of production the on measured tax municipal asmall (e.g. area in the investing operators by generated profits the of apercentage establishing example for method, tional na non-negotiable asingle, using calculated located, are plants the where municipalities the for directly sharing benefit for provide should mechanism The approach. acooperative take to motivated more be should which communities, local of benefit the for territory the on spent be to resources economic of form in the government central the from a reward receive would RES of plants installation the to vourable introduced. According to this territories that mechanism, are fa more the territories a reward mechanism for virtuous territories 59. applauded. be should box), following the (see Debate Public for Commission National the duced intro recently has which Mobility, and Infrastructure Sustainable of Ministry Italian the by made effort the In direction, this RESof plants. communities to local communications effective ensure to in place put be To should aframework this, do territory. in the opportunities job and investments of creation the on and environment the on both have RES that plants externalities tive posi the of aware more made be should communities local drome, 58. of the authorisation. publication the after delays possible eliminating process, overall the shorten would and authorised been already has plant the once made being from appeals prevent would This allowed. longer no are appeals closed is process the once that so process authorisation the of ration from the regions to lead the country's energy transition process. process. transition energy country's the lead to regions the from commitment astrong is there that importance paramount of is it dition, ad In mechanism. sharing abenefit through also sources, energy able renew with associated benefits related the and targets decarbonisation aware made be to have private, and public holders, stake Local enough. not is alone involvement citizen and community 61. built. is plant until the continuously appeal can who ties, communi local and citizens for mechanism sharing benefit no is there exists, Public Débat although In France, appealed. often are permits granted already and in court groups interest professional increasingly by contested are projects most since certainty legal creates longer no apermit obtaining even instance, for In Germany, projects. new of 70% against lodged appeals with farms, wind of expansion the to in France opposition local was there In 2018, residences. to close farms wind new erecting against campaigning groups protest 1,000 than more are there in Germany example, Italy. For as RES of plants deployment the to communities local among similar resistance facing States ber Thus, also in the light of the French case, it must be emphasised that that emphasised be must it case, French the of light in the also Thus, To create a more favourable environment for RES investments in RES for investments environment To favourable amore create Moreover, to overcome social resistance and the NIMBY the and syn resistance social overcome to Moreover, These policy proposals are also valid for all other European Mem European all valid for other also are proposals policy These involved in the construction construction in the involved of the importance of of importance the of could be be could ------Infrastrucure and Mobility, 2021. 2021. Mobility, and Infrastrucure Sustainable for Ministry on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source � � � � � following: the are Commission the of competences The � � � are: objectives Commission's The country. in the projects infrastructure important most the for democracy participatory of amodel be to designed is Commission The it. concluding for deadline the and process the out carrying for procedures the well as as mandatory, is procedure Debate Public the of use the which for thresholds, size and type by down broken structure, territorial and cities environment, the on impact an have that relevance social of works architectural and structural infra large identifying for criteria the out set has 22)” (art. pubblici contratti dei “Codice The stakeholders. of local involvement effective and structured a towards step a first represents measure this Debate: Public for al Commission Nation the of creation the favoured has Mobility and Infrastrucure Sustainable for Ministry The Mobility and Infrastrucure Sustainable for Ministry Italian the of Debate Public for Commission National The carried out in the previous two years. two previous in the out carried Submitting to the to the parliament, by 30 by parliament, the to the to Submitting work. the of construction in the involved authorities local the of involvement active the with level local at activities Organising Mobility. and Infrastructure Sustainable of Ministry the of website the of section aspecific on publication through also provided, are information and publicity timely and suitable that Guaranteeing for of the the recommendations conduct Proposing public proper debate. participation. public with compliance and procedure debate public the of conduct correct the Monitoring burden of litigation. the reduce to in order choices, well-considered through works of execution the Simplifying works. public major of design of quality the Improving concerned. communities the of involvement the guarantee that procedures through works, public on territories the with debate the transparent Making digital re simplified. be asingle also aim, To this must transition energy the to related to incentives access the firms, and citizens by transition gy 62. access the incentives. to needed all to items the guide a step-by-step user, the to providing accessible easily and available readily way, them in organic an making incentives various the rationalising matter, subject the organising re of ambition the have Transition should and Ecological of Ministry 63. achievement. target decarbonization and status permitting RES projects mapping for atool as work also should repository The them. access to followed be to procedures the of cation indi aclear with sector industrial and transport building, the to lated re transition energy the for incentives all of existing mapping detailed a to access provide to created be should entities) local and operators In order to enhance the uptake of behaviours in favour of ener of in favour behaviours of uptake the enhance to In order The repository could, for example, be created and managed by the the by managed and created be example, for could, repository The pository and interface pository th June every two years, a report on the activities activities the on areport years, two every June for all Italian stakeholders (citizens, (citizens, stakeholders all for Italian ------
207 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 208 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on ENEA, 2021. 2021. ENEA, on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source nisms currently available. mecha incentive the and process upgrading the of step each for consult to professionals of type the technologies, intervention widespread most the on information providing also savings, energy for potential the to consumption of estimate an from building, the of characteristics the is aimed at providing, through useful information service The a platform, dedicated on process. upgrading energy buildings in the private and public of owners the support to service Shop” Stop a“One of creation the for agreement an signed Milan of have City Metropolitan the ENEA and buildings of upgrading energy the for Milan of Shop Stop One Metropolitan The renewable energy installation projects, each with its own progress re progress own its with each projects, installation energy renewable 64. starting from the personnel in the Regulatory Authority, and the the and Authority, Regulatory in the personnel the from starting increased be should bodies in public transition energy on working capital human the that implies which topics, related the on working 65. process. transition energy in the volved in all for stakeholders tool engagement and information an as serve could level) regional and national at (both targets of achievement the of amonitoring time, At same the involved. territories the of indication (authorisation implementation, consultation, etc.) phase, port and an that employees have the right skills to perform the task they are as are they task the skills perform to right the have employees that ensure to guaranteed be must personnel of reskilling and skilling network aims to drive collaborative ventures and knowledge-sharing knowledge-sharing and ventures collaborative drive to aims network the research, and teaching Transition-related Energy showcasing By sustainability. and energy on competencies skills and strengthening thereby systems, university national within Transition courses ergy for Transition the Energy Universities of aNetwork create to aims policy This pivotal. is level national and Transition European at Energy the develop to designed 68. digitalisation, something relevant transition. extremely for the energy and innovation to used more are that people young hiring aim of the with sector, public in the staff the of age average the of in light useful be also would This skills. technical with staff competent new recruit to launched be should transition energy to the related fields in the competences 67. transition. energy the to related issues the with dealing for useful competences new of development the vouring fa thus assigned, are they which to task the on depending personnel sessions training specific holding by involved Ministries and authorities companies, the 66. way. effective and efficient most in the signed Moreover, competent staff staff competent also requires transition Finally, energy said, as First, new learning opportunities should be promoted for staff in staff for promoted be should opportunities learning new First, In addition, the website should contain a precise mapping of all of mapping aprecise contain should website the In addition, integrated system integrated system an building standpoint, educational an From recruiting procedures on energy, technology and project management for for management project and technology energy, on at European level for the promotion of En explicitly targeted at people with with people at targeted explicitly up ------,
Rationale The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration, 2021. 2021. elaboration, Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source not be considered a cost but rather a strategic investment. investment. astrategic rather but acost considered be not will training and education and agreements union trade by granted will be education to right The role. important an have training and education agreement, in the contained elements the Among certified. and individual the for suitable excellence, of paths training use should Administration Public that and training continuous to obligation right/ asubjective have should employee public every that establishes To Patto the end, this needs. and recruitment staff planning which on based skillsplan of a definition the on and updating, and growth professional through people, of enhancement the on based is Administration Public modern and anew of promotion The capital. in social investing and processes simplifying by Administration Public of role the strengthen to aims agreement The unions. trade the with signed sociale” coesione ela pubblico lavoro del l’innovazione per “Patto the of element afundamental and government Draghi the by addressed key points the of one is employees public for training of issue The sociale” coesione ela pubblico lavoro del l’innovazione per “Patto newly-signed The → 7 needs charging and sites point recharging of and DSOs and hand, one the Regions), from 69. other the on Operators Point Charge and Operators System Distribution and hand, one the on authorities local between interaction of mechanism standardized and ahomogeneous Creating 6 Proposal world. business the and makers policy with information skills and of exchange an promote to in academia 70. territory. national entire the on homogeneous made and enhanced be therefore should needs charging and sites point recharging of tion identifica for CPOs and DSOs authorities, local between mechanism collaboration The missing. is infrastructure, arecharge of deployment the facilitate to help could which framework, homogeneous a single, Nevertheless, projects. pilot and agreements framework of a plurality mogeneous situation regarding interoperability many commercial schemes as the different charging networks. charging different the as schemes commercial many up as to sign to required are drivers EV fact, of amatter As vehicles. their charge to drivers (EV) vehicle electric for difficult it makes which them between incompatibility an being result the protocols, prietary pro billing systems, identification, of means different by characterized ards for charging various Indeed, infrastructure. charging are networks work can benefit the most from the pres the from most the benefit can work net the where points the on and roads) traffic high (e.g. flows mobility on Based Moreover, the different market players have also created anon-ho created also have players market different the Moreover, The The CPOs (municipalities and (municipalities and authorities local between collaboration (Charge Point Operators) from the other, for the identification identification other, the the for from Operators) (Charge Point ence of charging infrastructure. charging of ence (Distribution System Operators) Operators) (Distribution System 7 , currently leverages on and payment stand - - - - -
209 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 210 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance Rationale Proposal Proposal → → the global energy sector from fossil-based to zero-carbon by the sec the by zero-carbon to fossil-based from sector energy global the 74. grid distribution national the with communities energy and innovation of ecosystems level, local at companies of clusters and districts of integration afull Promoting 7 Proposal ond half of this century. The need to reduce energy-related CO energy-related reduce to need The century. this of half ond Creating a tion distributed generation, renewable etc.). sources, digitalization, (e-mobility, technologies in electric increase expected the with starting end-uses), and distribution (generation, chain value energy entire the decarbonise to methods production in the change acomplete implying side, demand and supply entire the involve es process transition Energy core. its is change limitto climate sions 72. high powers. connection accommodate can network the which in points the and flows traffic on based needs charging identifying aim of the with also favoured, be should other the on (CPOs) Operators Point Charging and (DSOs) Operators System teraction a of creation the 71. � facilitate the development of the charging infrastructure. to other, the on in order Operators, Point Charging and Operators tem enable interoperability and grant the end user a seamless EV usage. usage. EV aseamless user end the grant and interoperability enable to order fulfil to in have stations charging that designs) plug and tocols requirements (concerning of means identification, billing pro systems, charging should infrastructure by also promoted, defining be minimum 73. technologies. charging car electric of growth homogenous the for concentrated be should investments where areas identify to coordination greater allow for also would This operators. to points installation of assignment the and frastructures) in the manage and (who supply Operators Point Charging the by est inter of expressions of receipt the infrastructures, charging the of ing position and number, of type in terms needs of analysis the for serve also could mechanism The costs. recharging any) (if and access for required card charging, of power, type sockets), of (type used nology required to provide the following minimum information: tech location, is which operator, infrastructures charging public each by provided In order to facilitate the development of the charging infrastructure, infrastructure, charging the of development the facilitate to In order The energy transition is a pathway toward the transformation of of transformation the toward apathway is transition energy The collect the information the collect to serve also should mechanism The for for standards interoperability of dissemination proper The charging infrastructures. for standards interoperability of Promoting the dissemination between local authorities on the one hand, and Distribution Sys Distribution and hand, one the on authorities local between between local authorities on the one hand, and Distribution Distribution and hand, one the on authorities local between homogeneous and standardized mechanism of interac of mechanism standardized and homogeneous homogeneous and standardized mechanism of in of mechanism standardized and homogeneous 2 emis ------
Proposal Proposal → � � the national distribution grid. level, local at companies of clusters and Promoting a full integration of districts sector. energy in the those including chain, supply the of stages different at companies between collaboration and dialogue new require would this change, embedded tremendous the Given veloped. de be to need systems energy new well as as models business new ing from pressure the institutional new sphere, processes, production increas the to respond and ambition an such However,76. achieve to appliances. digital with integration for potential and safety cleanness, its as such characteristics key unique its to thanks in general system eco economic the and population the for benefits tangible of creation the foster could that aprocess is and life daily of all aspects impact transitionleveraged willThe energy to create widespread benefits. 75. 77. 78. involved. be to actors of type the and complexity of degree in the substantially differs case global the Logically, level. global a broader at or level local at place take evaluations whether account into taken be to has This chains. and promote coordination mechanisms to need the highlights sector industrial in the factors sition processes currently still based on coal or on natural gas and, as such, such, as and, gas natural on or coal on based still currently processes manufacturing rethink to required technologies new the of velopment de the for allows innovation and research fact, of amatter As moted. pro and fostered be to issue a strategic is innovation and research transition, energy in the entailed challenges great the In of light volved. in be can actors private in which forums discussion promote and role active an play should authorities public ecosystem, production the of part the on proactiveness of absence in the Moreover, sector. public the and private the between approach positive and a collaborative favour to sector, public the involve may approaches These processes. production of their decarbonisation the and energy of use efficient more the towards moving of capable companies leading around ters The analysis of the complexity and heterogeneity of energy tran energy of heterogeneity and complexity the of analysis The This is a great challenge but also a great opportunity that can be be can that opportunity agreat also but challenge agreat is This At local level approaches should promote the the promote should approaches level At local involvement of citizens in more efficient consumption patterns active the and renewables from capacity generation distributed fostering and investment) lower costs, network lower resilience, and quality higher disconnections, fewer losses, fewer (e.g. externalities positive on leveraging mechanism), the of governance definition substations, of incentives, criterion of secondary (current legislation current in the elements specific addressing communities energy of development integrated afully Support companies. different between cooperation fostering for innovation ecosystem an creating by also chain, value industrial whole the along transition energy foster to level local at companies of clusters and thePromote creation of districts ecosystems of innovation ecosystems and and energy communities energy along value and across formation of clus formation support support with with and and ------. ,
211 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 212 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on European Commission data, 2021. data, Commission European on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source tons of CO of tons 121 of release the will prevent system distribution and production energy The sector. agricultural to the applied been has (162/2019) - Decree “Milleproroghe” in the -defined communities ergy en of mechanism Italy, in time the first the for because, innovative highly is project Sicilian The in enterprises themedium-sized agricultural sector. smalland to open community energy first the represents community energy Sicilian The nies. compa member the with shared will be energy this and year per 300MWh than more produce sunto to the exposure its from will benefit plant photovoltaic The land. of hectares 60 about occupying involved farms with the community, energy agricultural first the launched has Ragusa di Popolare Agricola Banca of support financial the Xand Enel of support technical the with Consortium Mediterranea” “La the Sicily, by led Ragusa, of city the from companies of A group Consortium Mediterranea” “La community: energy agricultural first The incentives (lasting 20 years) for the production and sharing of energy from renewable sources. renewable from energy of sharing and production the for years) 20 (lasting incentives of government terms in members for benefits economic generate will and also system, tovoltaic 2 per year into the atmosphere thanks to the renewable energy produced by the pho the by produced energy renewable the to thanks atmosphere the into year per business models. business in new engage and activities traditional both perform can communities Energy electricity. of all types covering system, energy in the nities” commu energy “citizen for responsibilities and roles new introduces (EU 2019/944) Directive Market Electricity Internal revised The energy. renewable covering communities” energy “renewable for framework the (EU 2018/2001) establishes Directive Energy Renewable revised The Package. Energy Clean of the laws separate two in defined are communities Energy communities. energy of categories certain for frameworks legal out sets and acknowledges formally It sector. energy in the directly engage to communities and citizens of rights the nises recog Package Energy Clean law EU the under time first the for but legislation, EU in national the and status aclear lacked communities energy Until recently, energy. using and producing way of ticipative apar promote that involvement citizen of form anew are munities com Energy chains. value along transition energy the of spread and 79. and electromobility). renewable energy batteries, as (such transition energy asuccessful key to are that sectors strategic some for established be necessarily should firms between approaches collaborative Such investments. and tenders, of a system promoting by sector, public the of support the both attract should and universities firms tionto formalise between withcentres agreements research and collabora go beyond should ecosystems such of creation The search. ecosystems of innovation ecosystems of creation the firms, of kinds different these of presence the of out To most the get challenges. revolution technology in meeting competitive more even be can that systems research qualified highly and companies high-quality and specialised small players, industrial international important hosts Union European The goals. sustainability meet to possible it makes
Energy communities Energy should also be supported for the diffusion diffusion the for supported be also should should be promoted to boost re boost to promoted be should ------� � � � contain: they plants the of threshold power the of also therefore, and, (REC) Communities Energy Renewable the of perimeter the of sizing the concern mainly which processes, the of effectiveness the to a view elements certain address to is it important configurations, the of full implementation the and directives the of transposition the to view a However, with also regulation. existing the within mechanisms the of insertion easy the allow for should which mechanism the of plicity sim and fluidity to the related particular in strengths, many have fined de currently as models the Undoubtedly, Communities). Energy on legislation Italian the about details further for box following the (see communities energy for and consumers auto collective for rules ing establish 8/2020 in is force, Law Decree the Currently evolving. is ties 80. In the Italian context the legislation regulating energy communi energy regulating legislation the context Italian In the entities. third sector and NGOs as such models, these of principles the with in line seems inclusion whose but excluded, currently subjects to configurations in the participating of possibility the of widening The ones. ESCO including models, business of anumber impossible even or unattractive making and community, the inside benefits the share to criteria desirable necessarily not imposing de-facto members, significant share of the revenues towards consuming highest a direct automatically would markets, retail and wholesale both on flows energy of tracking the complicating to in addition latter, bill, the the as of component energy the from shared energy the deducting as such participants, community among benefits distribute to methods predetermined avoid should Regulation reviewed. be to need may to theadmitted the configurations, configuration of the incentives size plant maximum the increasing of possibility the account into taking in any case and overcome, be can incentives tax these that event In the temporary. however is nature whose “SuperBonus”), and (deductions incentives tax of presence the to thanks only sustainable be to seem plants smaller where plant, the of size the account into take not does that tariff a single through energy shared only rewards consistently Development Economic of Ministry the by envisaged scheme current the incentives: of definition The and dimensions. membership Communities' the to limits creates respects, in some while appreciable substations, secondary of criterion current The with with - - - -
213 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 214 Policy proposals for an effective energy transition governance The European House – Ambrosetti and Enel Foundation elaboration on Legambiente data, 2021. data, Legambiente on elaboration Foundation Enel and –Ambrosetti House European →The Source 200kW. of power amaximum with and renewables by powered installed, newly are they provided plants, their by form) in acollective self-consumption perform (i.e. produced energy the share and entity) legal hoc ad an of creation the (through association an form to able be will therefore subjects These building”). same in the located are they that the or provided activity, tion main professional constitute not business does “non-professional” configura in the participation whose entities other or households as collectively acting energy renewable of “self-consumers (literally self-consumers collective and activity) electricity sional” excludingcase for whom in subjects participation the configurationthe “main represents profes anyin SMEs, and administration public customers, final residential members, as include, may forms RED with II, two in full compliance adopted, be can that models possible the to regard With system. electricity the to bring munities/collectives com that benefits of the restitution of sort -a ARERA by defined avalorisation of recognition a from other on the and Development of Economic Ministry by the defined incentive explicit an from hand one on the will derive models in these participation with associated benefits the fact, on adouble track incentive based is defined is that model remuneration The fact. a virtual networks distribution existing on will rely but connection aprivate through pass to have will not energy shared model new in the networks), public through passes never energy self-consumed (in which self-consumption individual for today happens unlike what words, In other communities. by activities distribution of management the general, or, in networks new of construction the for provide may configurations new the that excluded in is fact it reference: of model theoretical the concerns choice important most the sources), renewable by powered plants to only to in RED II referring referred (thus configurations the only framework) European the of full transposition (pending anticipating to exclusively limited is Decree “Milleproroghe” the that Given directives. the of full transposition pending in Italy communities of energy framework experimental afirst introducing at aimed Decree roghe” Millepro “2019 the of Law Conversion the to approved was amendment an 2020, In January GSE). by the defined also were regulations operational (recently, opment Devel Economic of Ministry the of Decree a Ministerial by implemented and (ARERA) Authority sector the of rules of body the into integrated RED of subsequently was II: rule this effects the anticipates temporarily, albeit that, 2019” “Milleproroghe in the contained arule of introduction early transposition apartial for in apush resulted hesion co This immediately. verified be to results social and environmental possible allow the would that experimentation for adrive coagulating debate, Italian in the attention widespread received have energy renewable of self-consumption extended of and communities energy of themes The Italy in legislation community Energy of collective self-consumption are envisaged: the Renewable Energy Communities (which Communities Energy Renewable the envisaged: are self-consumption collective of , making self-consumption of energy energy of self-consumption , making , which took place by means of the the of means by place took , which . In ------
215 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 216 Bibliography Bibliography → et K. al.Buchmann → A. Michaelowa and S. Butzengeiger → Bundestag “ Borghesi S., Montini M. → T. al. et Boermans → “ Confindustria → al. et I. Campos → deiCamera deputati → L. Ammannati → H. Altozano → → Sostenibile Sviluppo lo per Italiana Alleanza → al. et M. Benasla → B20 Italy → “ Council of Regulators European Energy → W.,Eichhammer Lapillonne B. → “ al. et M. Economidou → “ P. Río Del → “ al. et Bruyn De → “ A. F.,D’Amore Disi → → ENEA → “ Futura Elettricità → “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ with its Followers its with “ “ play? resources solar Africa’s North can role What e la sostenibilità e la in the EU the in “ eco-sostenibile tra scelte politiche, regolazione e dinamiche di mercato di edinamiche regolazione politiche, scelte tra eco-sostenibile “ Dimension Efficiency Energy the of Assessment 2016 2020 Parliament, European Policies, Life of Quality and Scientific Economic, for Department Policy (ITRE), Energy and Research Industry, on committee the for study on the ODYSSEE and MURE Databases MURE and ODYSSEE the on “ “ “ energetica povertà ela clima l’emergenza contrastare e occupazione, Key finance interconnector challenges in crossborder Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz –EEG 2021 Gesetz Energien Erneuerbare EPBD the of Evaluation the on Consultation Public Il costo dell’inefficienza delle procedure autorizzative per la transizione energetica energetica transizione la per autorizzative procedure delle dell’inefficienza costo Il Regulatory challenges and opportunities for collective renewable energy prosumers prosumers for renewable collective challenges energy andRegulatory opportunities un energetico nuovo modello verso dell’Unione Europea transizione La Spain in regulation and policy energy Renewable 2019 Sostenibile”, Sviluppo di L’Italia Obiettivi egli 2020 Sostenibile”, Sviluppo di Obiettivi egli L’Unione Europea Energy & Resource Efficiency inception document inception Efficiency &Resource Energy National Energy and Climate Plans for 2021-2030 under the EU Energy Union: Union: EU Energy the under 2021-2030 for Plans Climate and Energy National study Acase Spain: in Support Energy Renewable for Auctions of Implementation transition industries – in Challenges energy and opportunities Energy-intensive 2019 dati I immobiliare. mercato e energetica Efficienza Efficienza energetica, avanti tutta. Per rilanciare economia rilanciare Per tutta. avanti energetica, Efficienza L’Etichetta 2021 Energetica l’Italia per opportunità grande Una ecologica. transizione La Rapporto annuale energetica2020 Rapporto efficienza The Best (and worst) of GHG emission Trading Systems: Comparing the EU ETS the Comparing Systems: Trading emission GHG of worst) (and Best The The EU Emissions Trading Scheme – Issues and Challenges and –Issues Scheme Trading EU Emissions The The transition towards a sustainable energy system in system The Europe: transition towards a sustainable energy Governance europea e nazionale su energia eclima energia su enazionale europea Governance Status Review of Renewable Support Schemes in Europe for 2016 and 2017 and 2016 for Europe in Schemes Support Renewable of Review Status Synthesis: Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the EU. An Analysis Based Analysis An EU. the in Policies and Trends Efficiency Energy Synthesis: ”, 2020 ”, 2020 ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2016 ”, ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2015 ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2020 ”, 2020 ”, 2019 ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2015 ”, 2020 ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2020
”, 2004 ”, ”, 2021 ”,
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217 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 218 Bibliography → for Studies (IASS) AdvancedInstitute Sustainability → Haas T., Sander H. → –RSE Energetico Sistema sul Ricerca → → → International Agency Energy → (ISPRA) Research and Protection Environmental for Institute → M., Knodt M., Ringel → M. Elkerbout A., Marcu → al. et A. Marcu → Lithuanian Environmental Agency Protection → al. et B. Lennon → Legambiente, MOTUS-E → D. Buchan M., Keay → Jäger-Waldau A. → → International Council on Clean Transportation → Trasporti edei Infrastrutture delle Ministero Mare, edel Territorio del delloMinistero Sviluppo Economico, dell’Ambiente Ministero e della Tutela → D. Salerno M., Masulli → Meyer-Ohlendorf N. → → → → MOTUS-E → Politecnico di Milano → P. Silva da Pereira I., G. Pereira → T. al. et Pellerin-Carlin → OECD → al. et J. Ferrer Núñez → F. Pretis G., Dolphin R., Rafaty “ and the Perspectives for a European Green Deal Green aEuropean for Perspectives the and “ “ “ “ “ 2030? in required be “ acceptance of the Winter Package 2016 Package Winter the of acceptance “ predictability? “ “ pollution air and emissions GHG of “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ continue “ sostenere la filiera sostenere industriale Made in Italy “ “ “ “ filiera e gli end user end gli e filiera “ dimensions political and financial, “ innovation, financing and social challenges of the Energy Union Energy the of challenges social and financing innovation, “ “ strategies regional “ “ Addressing policy overlaps through the Governance of the Energy Union Energy the of Governance the through overlaps policy Addressing Comunità Energetiche e Autoconsumo Collettivo: contesto e quadro regolatorio equadro contesto Collettivo: eAutoconsumo Energetiche Comunità Decarbonizing Transport in the European Union: Emission Performance Standards Standards Performance Emission Union: European the in Transport Decarbonizing E... muoviti! Mobilità elettrica asistema elettrica Mobilità muoviti! E... Energy Efficiency 2020 Efficiency Energy Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2019. National Inventory Report 2021 Report Inventory National 1990-2019. Inventory Gas Greenhouse Italian EU Climate Change Policy Governance: How to achieve stability and and stability achieve to How Governance: Policy Change EU Climate reduction the efficiency, energy for –ameasure Lithuania in renovation Building Zero Emissioni Mobilità 2020 cittàMEZ Rapporto ”, 2015 governance of aproblem Union: Energy Europe’s 2019 Report Status PV Piano Nazionale Integrato l’energia per e il Clima energetica? transizione rapida più una per strade Quali evolve. si mobilità La Implementing new EU climate targets – Why Member State responsibility must must responsibility State Member –Why targets EU climate new Implementing Missione E-Mobility Italia. Supportare la transizione alla mobilità elettrica e e elettrica mobilità alla transizione la Supportare Italia. E-Mobility Missione @2030 Italia in ricarica di l’infrastruttura elettrica: mobilità della futuro Il Italia in pubbliche ricarica di infrastrutture Le Italia in pubbliche ricarica di infrastrutture Le Energy efficiency governance in the EU-28: analysis of institutional, human, human, institutional, of analysis EU-28: the in governance efficiency Energy Making the Energy transition a European success. Tackling the democratic, democratic, the Tackling success. aEuropean transition Energy the Making 2018 Rates Carbon Effective The governance of the European Energy Union: Efficiency, effectiveness and and effectiveness Efficiency, Union: Energy European the of governance The ”, 2019 ”, perspective acitizens’ transition: energy the and acceptability Community Strengthening International Transition for a Global Cooperation Energy Strengthening Comparative study on the governance structure and energy policies in EU in macro- policies energy and structure governance the on study Comparative Carbon Pricing and the Elasticity of CO of Elasticity the and Pricing Carbon Spain’s electric vehicle infrastructure challenge: How many chargers will chargers many How challenge: infrastructure vehicle electric Spain’s Smart Mobility Report: La sostenibilità nei trasporti: opportunità e sfide per la la per esfide opportunità trasporti: nei sostenibilità La Report: Mobility Smart World Energy Investment 2020 Investment Energy World World Energy Investment 2019 Investment Energy World ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2016 ”, ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2020 ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2020 ”, 2018 ”, ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2020 ”, 2017 ”, ”, 2015 ”, 2018 ”, 2 ”, 2013 Emissions ”, 2019 ”, ”, Marzo 2020 ”, Marzo ”, Dicembre 2020 ”, 2020 ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2020 ”, 2020 ”, 2017 ”, ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2018 ”,
”, 2020 ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2021 ”,
→ al. et R. Ruggieri → Group Strategy and Energy Milano, di –Politecnico Management of School → al. et M. Sani → → → → → Joint Research Centre, Institute for and Energy Transport J., Lacal-AránteguiSerrano-González R., European Commission, → → Foundation –Enel –Ambrosetti House European The → Sustainable Transport Forum → X Enel and Foundation –Enel –Ambrosetti House European The → → –Enel –Ambrosetti House European The → → UN Environment → al. et Tönjes → J.-M. Glachant A., Vandendriessche M., Saz-Carranza → U. Leyen Von der → Group Bank World “ superecobonus “ 2015-2018) Culture for Plan (Work name same the under group working OMC the support to heritage cultural of “ della flessibilità del mercato elettrico mercato del della flessibilità “ “ “ “ on the social and economic value of wind energy –WindValueEU energy wind of value economic and social the on “ finali utenti degli prospettiva “ circular world” circular a to alinear from transition the manage successfully to How Europe. “Circular Alternative Fuels deployment and services Infrastructure consumer “ sustainable future in Europe and Italy” and Europe in future sustainable a for opportunities and chains value industrial Electrification, 2030. “Electrify Europe” in transition energy of impacts socio-economic The “Just E-volution. Agenda” Italy’s chain: value industrial its and Italy on Impacts Revolution. “e-Mobility “Empowering Europe’s investability” “Empowering “ industries in energy-intensive “ “ next European Commission 2019-2024 Commission European next “ “ Analysis of stakeholder views on key policy needs and options for action in in action for options and needs policy key on views stakeholder of Analysis A Europe that strives for more: my agenda for Europe for agenda my more: for strives that A Europe Smart Building Report. Il volume d’affari ed i modelli di business degli operatori degli business di imodelli ed d’affari volume Il Report. Building Smart Electric Mobility in a Smart City: European Overview European City: aSmart in Mobility Electric Mapping of practices in the EU Member States on Participatory governance Participatory on States EU Member the in practices of Mapping Digital Energy Efficiency Report. L’efficienza nel comparto industriale alla prova prova alla industriale comparto nel L’efficienza Report. Efficiency Energy Digital Renewable Energy Report. La ripartenza del mercato e le sfide della crescita della sfide ele mercato del ripartenza La Report. Energy Renewable Energy Efficiency Report 2018. Il mercato dell’efficienza energetica in Italia dalla dalla Italia in energetica dell’efficienza mercato Il 2018. Report Efficiency Energy Electric Mobility in Africa – Opportunities and Challenges and –Opportunities Africa in Mobility Electric Smart Building Report. Le sfide dello Smart Manufacturing per ESCo e Utilities e ESCo per Manufacturing Smart dello sfide Le Report. Building Smart The regulatory framework for wind energy in EU Member States. Part 1 of the Study Study the 1of Part States. EU in Member energy wind for framework regulatory The Smart Building Report. Il volume d’affari in Italia, i servizi offerti e il eil offerti iservizi Italia, in d’affari volume Il Report. Building Smart The Governance of the EU’s Energy Union: Bridging the Gap? the Bridging Union: EU’s Energy the of Governance The innovation low-carbon cross-industry of Dynamics State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 Pricing Carbon Trends of and State , 2017 , , 2020 ”, 2021 ”, ”, 2018 ”, ”, 2020 ”, 2015 , 2016 ”, 2020 , 2018 ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2019 ”, ”, 2021 ”, . Political guidelines for the the for guidelines Political ”, 2018 ”, ”, 2017 ”, ”, 2015 ”, 2019 ”,
”, 2020 , 2019 ”, 2020 ”, 2019 ”,
219 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 220 Table of Figures 1 FIG → 1 FIG → UNION EUROPEAN Table Figures of FIG 9 FIG 8 FIG 7 FIG 6 FIG 5 FIG 4 FIG 3 FIG 2 FIG 31 FIG 27 FIG 26 FIG 24 FIG 23 FIG 21 FIG 19 FIG 12 FIG 11 FIG 6 FIG 5 FIG 3 FIG FIG 13 FIG 12 FIG 11 FIG 10 FIG
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
Part 2 Part 1 Part efficiency of the building sector, building1995-2020 of the efficiency energy the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The governance energy renewable Union European The sector, sources renewable 1995-2020 energy the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The 17) 14 9, and (EU) Articles 2018/1999 (Regulation framework regulation Planning requirements and within reporting Union Energy governance level Union European at characteristics governance main the of Synthesis Union European in the Competences governance energy Union European the of scheme Illustrative transition energy the of governance in the involved actors European and International EU27+UK in the sector electricity the of multiplier GDP EU, 2021-2026 Generation Next by generated GDP Additional Plans Resilience and Recovery National of timeline The Facility Resilience and Recovery the of country member by Grants EU Generation Next of funding and Structure 2010-2019 in Europe, in industry type fuel by and overall consumption energy Final (EU+UK), in Europe 2009-2018 sector by emissions GHG EU27, 2011-2030E in scenarios in different tertiary) and residential industry, transport, investmentsAverage (renewable system total energy energy, power grids, in EU27, 2011-2030 in decarbonisation investments scenario GHG -55% and investments scenario GHG -40% investments, historical annual Average efficiency Energy consumption; (RES)energy in final renewables of Share emissions; GHG in EU27, sector by 2018 emissions GHG 2021-2027 Council, European the by 2020 in July approved EU budget targets Energy and Climate European The EuropeanThe Union for decarbonization the industrial governance sector 1995-2020 sector, industrial the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The EuropeanThe governance sector Union for decarbonization the transport transport sector, 1995-2020 the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The buildingsof governance efficiency energy Union European The → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → 100 105 107 123 125 122 110 118 121 119 116 115 112 80 90 50 40 43 66 69 56 45 79 57 75 76 FIG 14 FIG 8 FIG → FIG 18 FIG 16 FIG 15 FIG 14 FIG 13 FIG 9 FIG ITALY 17 FIG 16 FIG 15 FIG 25 FIG 22 FIG FIG 20 28 FIG 30 FIG 29 FIG
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
Part 1 Part in residential and tertiary sector in Italy 2020-2030E in Italy sector tertiary and in residential consumption and renovation rate energy Annual primary scenarios in the considered in Italy plants renewable of types different the of dimensions the of view Synoptic 2017-2030E target, 2030 the achieve to in Italy power wind and photovoltaics for gap power Installed PNIEC, 2017-2030E before scenario pre-policy the to respect with PNIEC the targets reach to PNIEC the by scenario estimated in Italy sector by in energy investments Additional efficiency Energy consumption; (RES)energy in final renewables of Share emissions; GHG 1990-2030 consumption, (RES)energy in final renewables of Share 2019 allowances, allocated freely and allowances Total allocated 2030 States, Member among 2030 at target efficiency energy the set to approach in methodological Difference 2030 and plans in national year reference 2030, for effort policy and consumption final RES gross of on Share consequences their and governance transition energy European the of issues The sectors in Italy, 2019 sectors main industrial in the emissions GHG and potential Electrification in Italy, 2017-2030 sales E-cars in Italy, 2020-2030E scenarios different three in the deployment pump heat for chain value in the investments required Cumulative of the PNRR the Mission by of Composition 2021; PNRR the funding, by of Composition GDP variation in Italy and its components its and in Italy variation GDP PNRR, 2021 the 2of Mission of third component the of intervention of area per Resources PNRR, 2021 the 2of Mission of component second the of intervention of area per Resources
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → 130 133 128 127 60 58 89 85 63 53 65 82 70 52 78 67 61
221 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 222 Table of Figures 2 FIG → 6 FIG → RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Sectors of analysis 2 FIG → 18 FIG → 22 FIG 19 FIG 15 FIG 7 FIG 26 FIG 25 FIG 24 FIG 22 FIG 21 FIG FIG 20 19 FIG
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
Part 3 Part 2 Part 4 Part 2 Part Electricity production capacities for solar and wind in Spain, 2016-2019 in Spain, wind and solar for capacities production Electricity in Italy RES for plants procedures Permitting The Italian governance renewable scheme energy 2030 and plans in national year reference 2030, for effort policy and consumption final RES gross of on Share governance energy renewable Union European The sector, sources renewable 1995-2020 energy the to related framework regulatory and legislation European The in Italy, 2008-2018 sector public in in the training Investments Distribution of public recharging 2020 infrastructure, Italy,in 2006-2019 Bianchi Certificati of quantities and price Average 2018 in Italy, challenges popular or environmental political, to subject are that phase distributionSectorial of disputes in the planning or construction in Italy RES for plants procedures Permitting governance transition energy Italian the of issues The scheme governance efficiency energy Italian The The Italian governance renewable scheme energy at Italian level scheme governance transition energy in the involved actors The
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223 Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Concept and design Mistaker Design Studio
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Enabling Investments Enabling European Governance of the Energy Transition Energy the of Governance European of the Energy Transition EuropeanGovernance Enabling Investments Enabling