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Evrim Ve Fosil Kanıtlar 7.Ders Evrim ve Fosil Kanıtlar 7 FOSİL ÖRNEKLER http://palaeos.com/metazoa/arthropoda/trilobita/images/Trilobites-Heinrich_Harder.jpg Prof.Dr. Atike NAZİK Ç.Ü. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Evrim Kanıtı içerir Yaşayan türlerin Erken Homolog vücut Fosil kayıtlar coğrafik gelişiminde yapıları dağılımı benzerlikler oluşmaktadır gösterir anlamına gelir anlamına gelir Organizmaların fiziksel Ortak ata tür Benzer genler Benzer genler kalıntıları Üreme İzolasyonu Bunun sonucunda İzolasyon Mekanizmaları kriterler Davranış izolasyonu Coğrafik izolasyon Geçici izolasyon tarafından üretilen tarafından üretilen tarafından üretilen Farklı Davranış farklılıkları Fiziksel ayrılma çiftleşme zamanları sonucunda Bağımsız olarak popülasonların evrimi sonucunda Yeni türlerin oluşumu Paleontolojik çalışmalarda fosil materyaller üzerinden elde edilen bilimsel veriler biyolojik özelliklere göre gruplandırılır. Gelişme serileri Coğrafi seriler Evrim serileri Gelişme serileri Bugün yaşayan hayvansal organizmaların yumurtadan ergin birey haline gelinceye kadar adım adım geçirdiği büyüme aşamalarına «Gelişme Serileri» adı verilir. Herhangi bir canlı hayvanda yumurtadan olgun birey haline geçiş sürecinde gerçekleşen bu büyüme aşamalarının tümüne «Birey Gelişmesi veya Ontojenez» adı verilir. Gelişme serileri Belirli bir organizma grubunun jeolojik çağlarda ilk çıkışından bugüne kadar geçirdiği gelişme sürecine ise «Soy gelişmesi veya Filojenez» denir. http://palaeos.com/phylogeny/stratigraphic/images/planktonic_foraminifera.jpg Morfolojik Seriler Bir organizma grubunun veya belirli bir taksonun gerek anatomik yapısında gerek iskelet yapısında sistematik bir değişiklik geçirmesine «Morfolojik Seri» denir. Morfolojik seriler paleontolojide kullanılan ve önemli olan fosil türleridir. http://palaeos.com/images/glossary/ammonites.jpg Morfolojik Seriler «Morfolojik Seri» lerin belirlenmesinde fosillerin boyunun, şeklinin değişikliği, üzerinde diken olup olmaması, kavkının sarılması, süsleri veya kavkı üzerindeki kot, halka, loblanma gibi dış iskelete ait çeşitli özellikler esas alınır. http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/paleobiology/jpg/300_96dpi/c13f004.jpg TRİLOBİTLER Alem: Animalia Bölüm: Arthropoda Sınıf: Trilobita http://www.nerosty.cz/fosilie/trilobit-cambropallas/1576_trilobit TRİLOBİT FOSİLİ Trilobit: Ayrıntılı tanımlama • Morfolojik Tanımlama: – Cephalon/Baş – Thorax/Göğüs – Pygidium/Kuyruk – Glabella (Başın orta kısmı) – compound eyes/Gözler – facial suture/yüz çizgisi – Spines/Dikenler – shape of exoskeleton/İskelet şekli – nature and position of legs, gills and mouth/ ağız, solungaç ve bacakların pozisyonu Trilobit: Ayrıntılı tanımlama • Morfolojiye ek olarak Paleoortam ve yaşam modeli. – Nektonik – Pelajik – Bentonik ve – infaunal yaşam modelleri Paleozoyik’te Trilobit Familya’larının çeşitliliği 5 - 8 cm 5 mm - 70 cm TRİLOBİTLERDE EVRİMSEL EĞİLİMLER 1. Glabella/baş bölgesinin şekilleri ve oluk/iz/karık örnekleri, gözün yeri ve şekli, göz kabartısı yaygın olarak değişmektedir. 2. Trilobit formlarında morfolojik çeşitliliğin analizi, Kambriyen’den itibaren arttığını, Ordovisiyen’de morfolojik çeşitliğin pik yaptığını (bütün trilobit familyalarında genel bir çeşitlilik), Geç Permiyen’de yok oluşa doğru trilobit çeşitliliğinde azalma olduğunu göstermektedir. TRİLOBİT BÖLÜMLERİNİN ŞEKİLLERİ uzun form enine form Artan segmentler Azalan segmentler Crotalocephalina Harpillaenus Balcoracania Thoracocare Cheirurina Illaenina Emuelloidea Corynexochina Phacopida Corynexochida Redlichiida Corynexochida Asaphida Corynexochida Asaphida Agnostida Cyclopyge Bumastus Nileus Lejopyge Kendini çeken trilobites, anahtar karakterler olmadıklarından sınıflandırmada kullanılamazlar. Dikenlilik Leonaspis sp (Morocco) Trilobit Ordolarının çoğunda spinler gelişmektedir. Phacopida Asaphida Corynexochida Proetida Comura Ampyx Oryctocephalus Phaetonellus Minyatürleşme Ptychopariida Corynexochida Ptychopariida Agnostida Ptychopariida Acanthopleurella Thoracocare Shumardia Pagetia Schmalenseeia Karmaşık bir deniz ortamında, birçok niş (fiziksel ve ekolojik) küçük türler (1 mm) için de uygundur. Morfolojide azalan özellik Ptychopariida Ptychopariida Phacopida Lermontovia Conocoryphe Trimerus Trilobitlerde, gözlerdeki azalma ve kayıp tartışılan bir konu olmuştur. Gözlerin sekonder azalma ve kaybının derin, kötü aydınlatılmış veya ışıksız habitatlarda yaşayan bentik türler arasında bir eğilim olduğu düşünülmektedir. Pelajik Morfoloji Canlandırma Carolinites genacinaca Son derece büyük gözleri gelişmiş ve uzamış olan Trilobitlerin bir dizi, fotik su sütununda yüzme ile ilgili aerodinamik vücut şeklinin olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu pelajik türlerin bazılarının paleocoğrafyası (örneğin, solda gösterilen Carolinites), onların yüzme yeteneklerinin küresel bir okyanus içine yayılmalarında yeterince iyi olduğunu gösteriyor. Pelajik Trilobitler Proetida Asaphida Proetida Asaphida Proetida Telephinus Remopleurides Carolinites Novakella Opipeuterella Pelajik (okyanus ta serbest yüzme) trilobitler genellikle büyük gözleri ve uzun bir vücut formuna sahiptir. YASSI FORMLAR/ Olenimorph İnce dış iskelet, göğüs bölmeleri sayısında artış ve genişlemiş yassı vücut formu olan trilobitler, düşük oksijen ve yüksek kükürt bileşim konsantrasyonları işaret eden bentik habitatlar ile ilişkilidir. Wujiajiania sutherlandii Proetida Ptychopariida Ptychopariida Asaphida Ptychopariida Aulacopleura Olenus Balnibarbi Seleneceme Conocoryphe Füsun Alkaya BÜYÜME EVRELERİ Füsun Alkaya KILIF DEĞİŞTİRME TRİLOBİTLERİN BUGÜNKÜ DAĞILIMI Erken Kambriyen’de Burgess Şeylleri Erken Kambriyen’de eskikıtaların pozisyonu ve ilk trilobit lokaliteleri. http://www.trilobites.info/firsttrilos.htm http://www.trilobites.info/biofacies.gif Dünya’da her bölgede Kambriyen sonrası trilobit sitlerin/yerlerin bir çoğunda tür örnekleri yukardaki gibi bulunmuştur. Birçok durumda, daha geniş yayılımlı taksonlar pelajik yaşam hikayesini ve dağılımı yansıtan derin sularda bulunurken, bölgesel endemik türler yakın kıyı ve karbonat yığışım habitatlarda/ortamlarda bulundular. such as shown in Carolinites (below). Fosil Carolinites genacinaca’nın bugünkü dağılımı. http://www.trilobites.info/trilopaleogeo.htm Carolinites genacinaca’ nın bugün bulunan yerler kuzey kutup bölgesi güney subtropik kuşağa kadar geniş bir alandır. Carolinites genacinaca’nın Paleozoyik biyocoğrafyası. http://www.trilobites.info/trilopaleogeo.htm Erken Ordovisiyen döneminde kıtaların dağılımına bakıldığında fosil sitler, tropikal ve ekvatoral kuşakta yeralmaktadır (her iki şekil McCormick & Fortey 1999. J. Paleontol. 73(2):202-18.) TRİLOBİTLER Burgess Shale biyolojik topluluğu (Sam Gon III and John Whorrall). Trilobites such as Olenoides serratus (1) were a minority among a diversity of arthropods such as Sidneyia (9), Waptia (17), Helmetia (13), Sanctacaris (18), Tegopelte (15), Naraoia (16), Leanchoilia (10), Canadaspis (12), Odaraia (19), Marrella (11), and Burgessia (14), as well as oddities such as Opabinia (24), Wiwaxia (26), Hallucigenia (20), and the giant predator, Anomalocaris (28). Huntoniatonia Odontochile oklahomae hausmanni Haragan Hamar Laghdad Oklahoma Morocco Devoniyen döneminde benzer eski enlemlerde ve yeterince yakın farklı kıta sahanlığı sistemi üzerine geliştirilen ortak atalardan taksonların türemesi Oklahoma ve Fas yaygın olarak bugün ayrılmış olmasına rağmen, onların trilobit toplulukları şaşırtıcı bir benzerlik taşımaktadır http://crystal.isgs.uiuc.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geobits/graphics/tri-dating.gif KAYNAKLAR • http://www.trilobites.info/hardcopy.htm • http://www.longwood.k12.ny.us/lhs/science/bio/PowerPoints/Evolution/Evolution.ppt • http://www.burgess-shale.bc.ca/ • http://www.trilobites.info/Burgess.htm • http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm • http://www.trilobites.info/trilopaleogeo.htm • http://www.trilobites.info/geotime.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite • http://moodle.barrow6fc.ac.uk/moodle/pluginfile.php/3127/mod_folder/content/0/Trilob ites.ppt?forcedownload=1 • www.fusunalkaya.net/trilobit.ppt .
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