The Life Cycle of Oressinoma Typhla Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

54 TROP. LEPID. RES., 28(2): 54-60, 2018 LOSADA ET AL.: Life cycle of Oressinoma typhla The life cycle of Oressinoma typhla Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) María Eugenia Losada1,2, Andrew F. E. Neild3 and Ángel L. Viloria2 1Department of Entomology, MRC 165, PO Box 37012, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; 2Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela. e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. e-mail: [email protected] Date of issue online: 3 October 2018 Electronic copies (ISSN 2575-9256) in PDF format at: http://journals.fcla.edu/troplep; https://zenodo.org; archived by the Institutional Repository at the University of Florida (IR@UF), http://ufdc.ufl.edu/ufir;DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.1435815 © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Abstract: The complete life cycle of Oressinoma typhla Doubleday, [1849] and the morphology of its immature stages are described. Biological and ecological information is provided for each stage, and its host plant is identified asCyperus involucratus (Cyperaceae) in the mountains of northern Venezuela. Key Words. Coenonymphina, Cyperaceae, Cyperus, early stages, Euptychiina, host plant, life history, life tables, Satyrini, Venezuela. INTRODUCTION in Coenonymphina (Peña et al. 2006; Kodandaramaiah et al., 2010, 2018). The genus Oressinoma was erected by Doubleday in Oressinoma typhla is distributed from Costa Rica through 1849 for a single species which he named O. typhla based Colombia to Venezuela, and south through the Andes to Bolivia on specimens allegedly from “New Granada” and Colombia (DeVries, 1987; Warren et al., 2017). It occurs between about (Doubleday, [1849]; Westwood, 1851)1, but the putative type 600 and 2,200 m in elevation (most frequently between about in the Natural History Museum (London, UK) is labelled 1,200 and 1,800m) on mountain slopes, where it is common and “Venezuela”, with a phenotype corresponding to populations widespread in premontane and cloud forest habitat, especially from the vicinity of Caracas in the Cordillera de la Costa. The along road edges (human-altered spaces which its host plant genus currently contains just two species, O. typhla and O. occupies), naturally disturbed areas such as landslides, and sorata Salvin & Godman, 1868 (Lamas 2004). As observed frequently close to water bodies (pers. obs.; pers. comm. from by Westwood (1851) in his description, Oressinoma is notable A. Aiello in Panama, M. Costa and F. Romero in Venezuela, among Neotropical satyrines principally for the very swollen Y. Gareca in Bolivia, G. Lamas in Peru, and K. Willmott in base of the median and submedian veins of the forewing (not Ecuador; DeVries, 1987; Petit, 2017). The adults have a slow the costa) and its peculiar wing pattern, with a very broad white and somewhat bouncy flight, feed on decomposing fruit and band across both wings and the absence of ocelli that are so fungi, and males are occasionally attracted to dung and rotting characteristic of most Satyrinae (Oressinoma comes from the fish bait (pers. obs.; K. Willmott, pers. comm.; DeVries, 1987). Greek word for “mountain”, alluding to its preferred habitat, We have personally not observed or seen reports of feeding on while typhla means “blind”, lacking ocelli). nectar sources; however, there are some photographs published Although Oressinoma has traditionally been placed in on the internet of this species feeding on small flowers in Euptychiina (e.g., Miller, 1968; Lamas, 2004), early stage Colombia and Ecuador. morphology (Murray, 2001; this paper), adult morphology and wing pattern (Doubleday, [1849]; Reuter, 1896), and morphological and molecular analyses (Murray, 2001; Murray & Prowell, 2005) all suggest that it should be placed elsewhere. Recent molecular work indicates that it should be classified 1 According to Gerardo Lamas (pers. comm.), the entries in Lamas (2004) for Doubleday and Westwood are partly wrong, and require correction: authorship of both Oressinoma and typhla must be credited to Doubleday, as those names were first introduced on plate 62, fig. 5, published on 3 August 1849 in vol. 2 of Gen. diurn. Lepid. Since the plate did not bear a date, its publication date should be cited in square brackets (“[1849]”). The text (pp. 363-374) appeared (with a Figure 1. Oressinoma typhla adult male, dorsal and ventral view publication date) on 2 April 1851. (Mérida, Venezuela) (FW length = 24 mm). LOSADA ET AL.: Life cycle of Oressinoma typhla TROP. LEPID. RES., 28(2): 54-60, 2018 55 The host plants for Oressinoma species are only known until adults emerged. These were sexed and released in the El for O. typhla (Beccaloni et al., 2008): DeVries (1987) gives Pinar butterfly house. Cyperus luzulae (Linnaeus) Retzius in Costa Rica, Murray The ecological life table for Oressinoma typhla (Table (2001) notes Cyperus sp. in Ecuador, while here we report C. 3) was developed from a cohort of fourteen subcohorts each involucratus Rottbøll from Venezuela (Cyperaceae). This plant representing one day of successful egg collection in the family contains mainly herbaceous monocots that look like butterfly house. These fourteen cohorts were combined into grasses, and in a few instances, climbers (Steyermark & Huber, one to improve data analysis (daily egg numbers were limited 1978: 379). to one or two). Study of the immature stages of butterflies has often provided information complementary to studies of the adults RESULTS (e.g., Freitas & Brown, 2004; Willmott & Freitas, 2006), since morphological divergence among butterfly species can be more The adult behavior of Oressinoma typhla is potentially constrained, or stronger, in the immature stages than in adults sensitive to the presence of observers, since it proved very (Aiello, 1984; Heredia & Viloria, 2004). Morphological study, difficult to observe imagos courting, copulating, or ovipositing. including chaetotaxy, for each stage can therefore potentially However, DeVries (1987) described these behaviors in some contribute to comparative morphology and phylogenetic detail based on observations in Costa Rica. Over the course analyses (Barbosa et al., 2010). of seven months field work in Venezuela, oviposition was never observed in natural conditions, while in captivity it MATERIALS & METHODS was observed only twice. Copulation was observed only once in captivity. Adults were solitary and we observed that they Adults were carefully observed in the field until the species’ always flew alone, only occasionally observing them in pairs suspected host plant was identified by the close association during courtship and copulation. Males flew slowly along open between females and the plant species. The host plant was trails, while females spent most of their time (several hours per identified asCyperus involucratus Rottb. (Cyperaceae) (Fedón, day) flying around the host plants. It was not possible to induce 2007, pers. comm. to MEL), which is a perennial herb with oviposition in plastic bags, unlike in other Neotropical satyrines a horizontal hard rhizome, approximately 30 to 150 cm high, (see for example, Freitas & Peña, 2006; Kaminski & Freitas, with linear leaves and globular inflorescence spikes (Adams, 2008; Montero & Ortiz, 2012, 2013; however Cosmo et al., 1994). This plant species, native to tropical and subtropical east 2014 report only infrequent success using this method), and, in Africa, was introduced to many tropical American countries fact, O. typhla females did not survive long inside plastic bags, as an ornamental plant. It is now naturalized throughout its dying in a remarkably short time (between 20 – 120 minutes) American range and is widely distributed, being found mainly even under shaded and cool conditions. in areas of human intervention such as gardens, parks, fields, and road verges, but especially along the banks of water courses Description of the immature stages (Adams, 1994; Hoyos, 1999). The results presented below were obtained at an average Field research was carried out in an open area of vegetation temperature of 24°C (ranging from 23 to 25°C) and an average in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa. The study site is 11 relative humidity of 82% (ranging from 76 to 85%). Five larval km SW of Caracas, in Altos de Pipe, in a plot close to the instars were recorded in the life cycle of Oressinoma typhla, building of the Ecology Center of the Instituto Venezolano similar to a large proportion of satyrines (only four larval instars de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC) at 1730 m (10°24'03''N, have been recorded in several genera – see references in Cosmo 66°58'43''W). To rear the butterflies, several host plants together et al., 2014). Table 2 shows the morphometry of O. typhla with a total of 17 adult individuals of O. typhla were taken to immature stages. The nomenclature used for the description of the butterfly house in the “El Pinar” Zoo Insectarium, at 925 m the body arrangement of larval instar setae follows that used by (10°28'52''N, 66°56'15''W) in Caracas. Hinton (1946) (see also Fracker, 1915; Scoble, 1992; Bastidas, In the butterfly house, host plant leaves were checked daily 1994). looking for the presence of fresh eggs. Eggs were collected daily and placed individually in glass vials. Each container Egg (Figs. 2a, 2b). The eggs are sub-spherical, light green with a metallic sheen, was labelled with the collection date and a voucher number and have an average diameter of 1.98 mm (n=5) (SD=0.014). The micropyle is located in the apical pole, and it shows an appreciable concavity. Eggs are was assigned to each sample. Containers were checked daily decorated with vertically-oriented longitudinal ridges from the dorsal to the for cleanliness and observations were noted regarding hatching ventral pole in a radial arrangement.

Load more