Das Englische Geschäft Mit Der Nachtigall. Die Italienische Oper Im

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Das Englische Geschäft Mit Der Nachtigall. Die Italienische Oper Im Ingeborg Zechner Das englische Geschäft mit der Nachtigall Die italienische Oper im London des 19. Jahrhunderts Musikkulturen europäischer Metropolen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert Band 14 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat und Herausgeber der Buchreihe: Philipp Ther, Universität Wien (geschäftsführend) Celia Applegate, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Moritz Csáky, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Universität Bielefeld Sven Oliver Müller, Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Berlin Michael Walter, Universität Graz Michael Werner, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris Ingeborg Zechner Das englische Geschäft mit der Nachtigall Die italienische Oper im London des 19. Jahrhunderts 2017 Böhlau Verlag Wien Köln Weimar Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Austrian Science Fund ( FWF ): PUB 390-G26 Open Access: Wo nicht anders festgehalten, ist diese Publikation lizenziert unter der Creative-Commons- Lizenz Namensnennung 4.0; siehe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek : Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie ; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagabbildung : © 2017 by Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H., Wien Köln Weimar Wiesingerstraße 1, A-1010 Wien, www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig. Korrektorat: Constanze Lehmann, Berlin Satz : Bettina Waringer, Wien Druck und Bindung : Prime Rate, Budapest Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefreiem Papier Printed in Europa ISBN 978-3-205-20143-4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung ................................... 7 1 Einleitung ................................... 9 2 Die italienische Opernlandschaft im London des 19. Jahrhunderts ............................. 21 3 Das Publikum ................................ 39 4 Die Sänger .................................. 73 4.1 Englands italienische Sänger – eine Suche nach Identität ..... 78 5 Londoner Sängerverträge .......................... 101 5.1 Die Londoner Ausnahmeverträge zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts 101 5.2 Pierre François Laportes Verträge mit Giulia Grisi und Antonio Tamburini der Seasons 1834 und 1835 .............. 132 5.3 Londons Opernprozesse um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts ... 155 5.4 Die Verträge Pauline Viardot-Garcías mit dem Royal Italian Opera House Covent Garden zwischen 1847 und 1855 ......... 181 5.5 Die Vertragspraxis der 1860er-Jahre am Beispiel eines Vertrags zwischen Frederick Gye und Mario ................ 215 6 Italienische Opern für London ....................... 235 6.1 Adaptionen ............................ 238 6.2 Einlagearien ............................ 269 7 Schlusswort .................................. 317 8 Anhang .................................... 319 8.1 Transkriptionen und Übersetzungen der Sängerverträge ..... 319 8.2 Exemplarische Saisonübersichten ................. 380 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 9 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................... 390 10 Literaturverzeichnis ............................. 391 Periodika ............................. 398 Archivalien ............................ 399 Libretti .............................. 400 Musikalien ............................ 401 Personenregister ................................ 402 Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei all jenen bedanken, die diese im Jahr 2014 als Dissertation an der Universität Graz entstandene Arbeit ermöglicht und un- terstützt haben. Hier ist zunächst die Houghton Library der Harvard University zu nennen, die mir durch die Zuerkennung des John M. Ward Fellowships wesentliche Quellen zugänglich machte. Gleichermaßen gilt mein Dank An- tonella Imolesi von der Biblioteca Forlì für ihre Hilfsbereitschaft und für die Einräumung der Möglichkeit zum Abdruck von Archivmaterialien. Gabriella Dideriksen, Jennifer Hall-Witt, Curtis Price und Sven Oliver Müller sei für ihre Beratung und ihre Bereitschaft zum Erfahrungsaustausch gedankt. Klaus Dieter Ertler hat mir eine wesentliche Unterstützung bei der Transkription der französischen Sängerverträge zukommen lassen. Besonderer Dank gebührt Michael Walter, der mir im Laufe des Arbeitsprozesses mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand, wie auch Kordula Knaus und Anselm Gerhard für ihre Unterstützung. Schließlich sei meiner Familie gedankt, durch deren finanzielle Unterstützung die Durchführung dieser Arbeit überhaupt möglich wurde, wie auch Julia Eder, Elisabeth Probst, Martin Schönbauer und Thomas Zimmer, die mich beim Kor- rekturlesen unterstützten. 1 Einleitung Der Frühling ist zwar hier noch nicht in voller Blüthe, aber die Nachtigallen sind trotzdem schon wieder da, und die meisten haben wieder aus Deutschland und Ita- lien ihren Flug über’s Meer genommen, um in den goldenen Hainen der britischen Insel zu flöten und zu trillern. Die Unternehmer der beiden italiänischen Opern […] machen ihre jährlichen Reisen nach dem Continente und suchen […] die besten Vögel einzufangen.1 Die italienischen Opernbühnen in London fungierten im 19. Jahrhundert als prominentester und wichtigster Markt der internationalen Opernwelt. Die tra- genden Säulen dieses Systems waren internationale Sängerstars, die von den Londoner Opernmanagern an ihr jeweiliges Haus engagiert wurden. Der Anreiz ein Engagement in London anzunehmen, war kein geringer: So wurden auf- grund der Charakteristika des starbasierten italienischen Opernwesens der eng- lischen Hauptstadt den führenden Sängern der Zeit teilweise exorbitante Gagen bezahlt, weshalb die Londoner Season meist zur lukrativen Generierung von Einnahmen verwendet wurde. Finanzielle Vorteile aus dem Londoner Opern- betrieb zu schlagen, erhofften sich auch Komponisten wie Giuseppe Verdi, der 1847 mit I masnadieri eine Auftragskomposition für das Her Majesty’s Theatre schuf, allerdings am konservativen Geschmack des Londoner Opernpublikums scheiterte. Dennoch kann die Oper aus ökonomischer Sicht nicht als ein voll- ständiger Misserfolg gesehen werden, obwohl sie von der englischen Presse mit- unter als „one of the worst operas ever written“2 bezeichnet wurde. Das Her Majesty’s Theatre war nämlich bis auf den letzten Platz ausverkauft, sogar die Queen und Prince Albert wollten dieses Ereignis nicht verpassen. Verantwortlich für den Publikumsansturm war allerdings nicht Verdis neue Oper, sondern die „Swedish Nightingale“ Jenny Lind, die die Partie der Amalia verkörperte: „It 1 Niederrheinische Musik-Zeitung für Kunstfreunde und Künstler 14 (1866), S. 133. 2 The Musical World 22 (1847), S. 566. 10 1 Einleitung was, however, the fifth part essayed by Jenny Lind in this country – a fact which brought many persons to hear it, who would otherwise have been scared away by the mere name of Verdi.“3 Offenkundig verfügten die Starsänger der Londoner Bühnen über eine grö- ßere Anziehungskraft als die aufgeführten Werke selbst. Verstärkt wurde die- ser Aspekt durch das Fehlen von Subventionen für die Londoner Theater und Opernhäuser, weshalb sich die italienischen Opernhäuser Londons, stärker als die Opernhäuser des Kontinents, nach marktwirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunk- ten ausrichteten. Zudem verschärfte sich der Wettbewerb auf dem Londoner Opernmarkt 1847 durch die Eröffnung eines zweiten italienischen Opernhauses in der Stadt. Dies blieb nicht ohne Folgen für die Struktur des Opernwesens. Ge- rade die hohe Wettbewerbsintensität stellte ein Kuriosum dar, das international mit Erstaunen beobachtet wurde. „Eine so unerhörte Ausdehnung italienischer Opernmusik in fremdem Land muß heutzutage nicht wenig auffallen“4, kons- tatierte Eduard Hanslick und beschreibt dabei gleichzeitig die prestigeträchtige Stellung, die die italienische Oper in der englischen Hauptstadt innehatte. So ist in diesem Zusammenhang auffällig, dass sich das gesamte 19. Jahrhundert hindurch – trotz intensiver Bemühungen englischer Komponisten – keine eng- lische „Nationaloper“ entwickelte. Die „fashionable“ italienische Oper war si- cher maßgeblich an dieser Entwicklung beteiligt, wodurch sie ihre Position als Marktführer festigte – Platz für andere nationale, musikdramatische Versuche blieb auf diesem hart umkämpften Markt kaum.5 Folglich lässt sich konstatie- ren, dass das musikdramatische Ideal und damit einhergehend die musikdra- matische Identität der Engländer im 19. Jahrhundert eine italienische war, die sich in allen Bereichen des Opernlebens widerspiegelte. Dies führte schließlich zu einer Globalisierung der italienischen Oper durch von England ausgehende Tourneen italienischer Opernkompanien nach Amerika – die Oper fungierte 3 The Musical World 22 (1847), S. 566. 4 Eduard Hanslick, Musikalisches aus London IV. Die Oper, in: Eduard Hanslick. Sämtliche Schriften, hg. von Dietmar Strauss, Bd. I/6, u.a. Wien 2008, S. 116. 5 Félix Remo vermutet, dass sich Komponisten wie Michael William Balfe aufgrund der fehlen- den Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Stils nicht durchsetzen konnten. Sie hätten sich statt- dessen einer Imitation des modischen italienischen Stils verschrieben, der allerdings nicht an das Original heranreiche (vgl. Félix Remo, Music in the Land of Fogs, englische Übersetzung von A. J. Robertson, London 1887, S. 130–131). 1 Einleitung 11 hier nicht als bloßes Kunstideal, sondern vielmehr als Mittel zum Zweck zum Erreichen ökonomischer Ziele, wobei die Basis dieser Entwicklung im Wesen des Londoner Opernbetriebs lag. Besonders stark ist diese ökonomische
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