City of Compton Hazard Mitigation Plan

April 26, 2011

Special Recognition Special Thanks Hazard Mitigation Task Force: City of Compton

Name Department Stacy Barnes Fire Department Sabrina Negreros Fire Department Maria Martin Career Link Department Robert Burnett General Service Triphenia Simmons General Service Martin Urquhart Water Alex Santos Water Victor Orozco Building and Safety Patrick Steward Building and Safety Delmonsha Green Housing Authority Dwayne Coleman ITS Sheri D. Eaton Human Relations Stephen Ajobiewe Controller’s Office Homer V. Post P&R Jon Thompson Fire Department Bryan Batiste Fire Department John Strickland Public Works Hien Nguyen Public Works Kimberly McKenzie Career Link Department Willie Norfleet City Controller Office Vince Flowers City Manager Bob Childs MLES Kofi Sefa-Boyake CRA Salvador Galvan Treasurer’s Office Kambiz Shoghi Water Kareemah Bradford Human Relations Robin Petgrave Compton Unified School District Police Dept

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Arthana Gadson Compton Unified School District Police Dept Dana Ortiz Compton Unified School District Police Dept Anthony Miller Compton Unified School District Police Dept

Acknowledgements City of Compton City Council  Eric J. Perrodin, Mayor  Charles Evans, City Manager  Barbara J. Calhoun, Council Member District 1  Lillie Dobson, Council Member District 2  Yvonne Arceneaux, Council Member District 3  Dr. Willie O. Jones. Council Member District 4  Craig J. Cornwell, City Attorney  Alita Godwin, CMC, City Clerk  Douglas Sanders, City Treasurer

Consulting Services Emergency Planning Consultants  Project Manager: Carolyn J. Harshman  Research Assistant: Timothy W. Harshman 3665 Ethan Allen Avenue San Diego, California 92117 Phone: 858-483-4626

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List of Mitigation Plan Tables, Figures, Matrices, Maps and Photos

Type Title Section Map 1-1 Map of City of Compton Section 1: Introduction Table 2-1 City of Compton Population Demographics Section 2: Community Profile Map 2-1 City of Compton Zoning Map Section 2: Community Profile Table 2-2 Housing and Development Section 2: Community Profile Map 2-3 Public Transit Facilities & Routes Section 2: Community Profile Table 2-4 Existing Average Daily Vehicle Trips Section 2: Community Profile Map 2-5 Roadway Volumes Section 2: Community Profile Table 3-1 Calculated Priority Risk Index Section 3: Risk Assessment Table 3-2 Calculated Priority Risk Index Ranking Section 3: Risk Assessment Table 3-3 Vulnerability: Location, Extent, and Probability Section 3: Risk Assessment Table 3-4 Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment Section 3: Risk Assessment Table 3-5 City of Compton Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Section 3: Risk Assessment Hazards Table 4-1 Earthquake Events In Southern California Section 4: Earthquake Table 4-2 Historical Earthquakes Near Compton Section 4: Earthquake Table 4-3 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Section 4: Earthquake Table 4-4 Regional Faults and Acceleration Section 4: Earthquakes Map 4-1 California Area Earthquake Probabilities Section 4: Earthquake Map 4-2 California Faults Section 4: Earthquake Map 4-3 Regional Fault Location Map Section 4: Earthquake Attachment 4-1 Earthquake Probable Events Section 4: Earthquake Map 4-4 Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide-Induced Section 4: Earthquake Areas in the City of Compton Map 4-5 Seismic Shaking Intensities for the Newport- Section 4: Earthquake Inglewood Fault Map 4-6 Seismic and Flood Hazards Section 4: Earthquake Figure 4-1 Seismic Zones in the United States Section 4: Earthquake Table 4-5 Sampling of Laws in the State’s Codes Section 4: Earthquake Map 5-1 Flood Hazard Areas Section 5: Flood Table 5-1 Los Angeles County Major Flood Events (1983-2004) Section 5: Flood

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Type Title Section Map 5-2 Los Angeles Flood Zones Section 5: Flood Table 5-2 Tropical Cyclones of Southern California Section 5: Flood Schematic 5-1 Floodplain and Floodway Section 5: Flood Map 5-3 National Flood Insurance Rate Map Section 5: Flood Table 5-3 El Nino Storm Event Years Section 5: Flood Table 6-1 Reservoirs that could Impact the City of Compton Section 6: Dam Failure Table 6-2 Dam Failures in Southern California Section 6: Dam Failure Map 6-1 Hansen Dam Inundation Paths Section 6: Dam Failure Map 6-2 Whittier Narrows Dam Inundation Paths Section 6: Dam Failure Map 6-3 Sepulveda Dam Inundation Paths Section 6: Dam Failure Table 7-1 Major Air Crashes near the Los Angeles International Section 7: Technological and Airport Human Caused Hazards Table 7-2 Major Train Accidents in California Since 1950 Section 7: Technological and Human Caused Hazards Map 7-3 Truck Routes in Compton Section 7: Technological and Human Caused Hazards Table 8-1 Mitigation Actions Matrix Section 8: Mitigation Strategies Table 9-1 Task Force Timeline Section 9: Planning Process Table 9-2 Task Force Level of Participation Section 9: Planning Process Table 9-3 Hazard Mitigation Task Force Representatives Section 9: Planning Process Table 9-4 Existing Processes and Programs Section 9: Planning Process Attachment 9-1 City Council Resolution Section 9: Planning Process Attachment 9-2 Task Force and Departmental Focus Group Sign-In Section 9: Planning Process Sheets

Note: The maps in this plan were provided by the City of Compton, County of Los Angeles, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), or were acquired from public Internet sources. Care was taken in the creation of the maps contained in this Plan, however they are provided "as is". The City of Compton cannot accept any responsibility for any errors, omissions or positional accuracy, and therefore, there are no warranties that accompany these products (the maps). Although information from land surveys may have been used in the creation of these products, in no way does this product represent or constitute a land survey. Users are cautioned to field verify information on this product before making any decisions.

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The following amendments have been incorporated into numerous sections in the 2010 Hazard Mitigation Plan: 1. The natural hazards (earthquake, flood, and windstorm) that were identified in the 2005 Hazard Mitigation Plan were deemed to be the most significant threats facing the community. The Task Force decided to add additional sections, dam failure and technological and human caused hazards, to the plan. 2. The 2010 plan update incorporates FEMA’s regulatory changes dated July 1, 2008. 3. In the 2005 planning process, Compton was part of a multi-jurisdictional team. During the 2010 update, the Task Force decided to work on its own due to time considerations. 4. Due to changes in staffing and new assignments, it was necessary to update the composition of the Task Force. 5. References to California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES) have been revised to reflect the new name of California Emergency Management Agency (Cal EMA). 6. Revisions to the document format including graphic enhancements (e.g. City logos, text boxes, graphics, reorganization of electronic format, and web references) 7. The Task Force discussed the plan’s organizational structure and decided to enhance the executive summary with additional sections in order to provide the reader with additional clarification. 8. The Task Force added a new section to the plan, Section 9: Mitigation Strategies. 9. The Task Force eliminated redundant or unnecessary data and content.

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Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... 8 PART I: INTRODUCTION ...... 18 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 18 SECTION 2: COMMUNITY PROFILE ...... 24 PART II: HAZARD SPECIFIC ANALYSIS ...... 29 SECTION 3: RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 32 SECTION 4: EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS ...... 39 SECTION 5: FLOOD HAZARDS ...... 72 SECTION 6: DAM FAILURE HAZARDS...... 89 SECTION 7: TECHNOLOGICAL AND HUMAN-CAUSED……………..…97 PART III: MITIGATION PLANNING ...... 111 SECTION 8: MITIGATION STRATEGIES ...... 111 SECTION 9: PLANNING PROCESS ...... 149 SECTION 10: PLAN MAINTENANCE ...... 163 PART IV: APPENDICIES ...... 166 APPENDIX A: RESOURCE DIRECTORY ...... 166 APPENDIX B: BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS ...... 173 APPENDIX C: ACRONYMS ...... 179 APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY ...... 185

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Executive Summary

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Team added the following sections to the plan: a. The content of Section 2: Mitigation Strategies was previously included in the 2005 Executive Summary (including the attached Mitigation Actions Matrix). This change was made to better clarify the sources of implementation for each of the mitigation action items. In addition, Section 2: Mitigation Strategies now includes FEMA’s definition of mitigation measures. b. The content of Section 3: Planning Process was previously contained in the 2005 Appendix B: Public Participation. This change was made due to the fact that the Team recognized the importance of public participation and opted to bring that content to the core of the 2010 plan. c. The content of Section 5: Community Profile was previously contained in Part I of the document and was moved to Part II to begin the Hazard Analysis section. 2. The Team included the FEMA date of approval for the 2005 Plan. 3. The Team reviewed the 2005 “Plan Mission” and chose to leave it as adopted but moved it to Section 1: Introduction. 4. A point of contact was added to the Executive Summary, providing readers with easy access to the individual assigned in the city with responsibility for facilitating the maintenance of the plan. 5. The Team moved the following sections to Section 2: Mitigation Strategies: “Goal Definitions”, and “How are the Action Items Organized?” 6. The Team moved the following sections to Section 10:Plan Maintenance: “Plan Adoption”, “Coordinating Body”, “Convener”, “Implementation Through Existing Programs”, “Economic Analysis of Existing Programs”, “Formal Review Process”, and “Continued Public Involvement”.

The Mitigation Plan was prepared in response to Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000). DMA 2000 (also known as Public Law 106-390) requires state and local governments to prepare Mitigation Plans to document their Mitigation Planning process, and identify hazards, potential losses, mitigation needs, goals, and strategies. This type of planning supplements the City’s comprehensive emergency management program.

Under DMA 2000, each state and local government must have a federally approved Mitigation Plan to be eligible for hazard mitigation grant funding. To comply, the City of Compton Hazard Mitigation Plan was approved by FEMA on July 10, 2005. This Plan represents an update to that version.

The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) is intended to facilitate cooperation between state and local governments, prompting them to work together. Through collaboration, mitigation needs can be identified before disasters strike, resulting in faster allocation of resources and more effective risk reduction projects.

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The following FEMA definitions are used throughout this plan:

Hazard Mitigation – “Any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards”.

Planning – “The act or process of making or carrying out plans; specifically, the establishment of goals, policies, and procedures for a social or economic unit.” (Source: FEMA, 2002, Getting Started, Building Support for Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-1)

Mitigation Planning Benefits Planning ahead helps residents, businesses, and government agencies effectively respond when disasters strike; and keeps public agencies eligible for HMGP funding. The long-term benefits of mitigation planning include:

 Greater understanding of hazards faced by a community  Use of limited resources on hazards with the greatest effect on a community  Financial savings through partnerships for planning and mitigation  Reduced long-term impacts and damages to human health and structures, and lower repair costs  More sustainable, disaster-resistant communities. Hazard Land Use Policy in California Planning for hazards should be an integral element of any city’s land use planning program. All California cities and counties have General Plans and the implementing ordinances that are required to comply with the statewide land use planning regulations.

The continuing challenge faced by local officials and state government is to keep the network of local plans effective in responding to the changing conditions and needs of California’s diverse communities, particularly in light of the very active seismic region in which we live.

Planning for hazards requires a thorough understanding of the various hazards facing the City and region as a whole. Additionally, it’s important to take an inventory of the structures and contents of various City holdings. These inventories should include the compendium of hazards facing the city, the built environment at risk, the personal property that may be damaged by hazard events and most of all, the people who live in the shadow of these hazards.

Support for Hazard Mitigation All mitigation is local and the primary responsibility for development and implementation of risk reduction strategies and policies lies with each local jurisdiction. Local jurisdictions, however, are not alone. Partners and resources exist at the regional, state and federal levels. Numerous California state agencies have a role in hazards and hazard mitigation.

Some of the key agencies included:

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 California Emergency Management Agency (Cal EMA) is responsible for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and the administration of federal funds after a major disaster declaration;  The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers information about earthquakes, integrates information on earthquake phenomena, and communicates this to end-users and the general public to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives.  The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFIRE) is responsible for all aspects of wildland fire protection on private and state properties, and administers forest practices regulations, including landslide mitigation, on non-federal lands.  The California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) are responsible for geologic hazard characterization, public education, and the development of partnerships aimed at reducing risk.  The California Division of Water Resources (DWR) plans, designs, constructs, operates, and maintains the State Water Project; regulates dams; provides flood protection and assists in emergency management. It also educates the public, serves local water needs by providing technical assistance  FEMA provides hazard mitigation guidance, resource materials, and educational materials to support implementation of the capitalized DMA 2000.  United States Census Bureau (USCB) provides demographic data on the populations affected by natural disasters.  The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides data on matters pertaining to land management.

A Hazard Mitigation Task Force (Task Force) consisting of City staff from various departments and agencies used the following approach to update the mitigation plan:

 Develop a Task Force  Identify hazards posing a significant threat  Profile these hazards  Estimate inventory at risk and potential losses associated with these hazards  Develop mitigation strategies and goals that address these hazards  Develop plan maintenance procedures for implementation after the California Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approve the mitigation plan.

Although the requirements of DMA 2000 only apply to natural hazards, which are the primary focus of this plan, the Task Force felt it was important to also identify, profile, assess, and mitigate technological and human-caused hazards.

As required by DMA 2000, the City informed the public about the planning process and provided opportunities for public input. In addition, key agencies and stakeholders shared their expertise during the planning process. This Mitigation Plan documents the process, outcome, and future of the City’s mitigation planning efforts.

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How is the Plan Organized?

The structure of the plan enables people to use a section of interest to them and allows the City to review and update sections when new data is available. The ease of incorporating new data into the plan will result in a Mitigation Plan that remains current and relevant to the City of Compton.

Following is a description of each of the sections of the plan:

Part I: Mitigation Planning Section 1: Introduction The Introduction describes the background and purpose of developing the Mitigation Plan for the City of Compton. Section 2: Community Profile The section presents the history, geography, demographics, and socioeconomics of the City of Compton. It provides valuable information on the demographics and history of the region.

Part II: Hazard Analysis This section provides information on the process used to assess the demographics and development patterns for the community along with an assessment of the hazards.

Section 3: Risk Assessment This section provides information on hazard identification, vulnerability and risk associated with hazards in the City of Compton.

Sections 4-7: Hazard-Specific Analysis Hazard-Specific Analysis on the four chronic hazards is addressed in this plan. Chronic hazards occur with some regularity and may be predicted through historic evidence and scientific methods. The chronic hazards addressed in the plan include:

Section 4: Earthquake Section 5: Flood Section 6: Dam Failure Section 7: Technological and Human-Caused

Each Hazard-Specific Analysis includes information on the history, hazard causes, hazard characteristics, and hazard assessment. Part III: Mitigation Planning Section 8: Mitigation Strategies This section highlights the Mitigation Actions Matrix revealing: 1) past accomplishments; 2) planning approach; 3) goals and objectives; 4) identification, analysis, and implementation of mitigation activities; 5) prioritized mitigation activities; and 6) next steps.

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Section 9: Planning Process This section describes the mitigation planning process including 1) Task Force involvement, 2) extended Task Force support, 3) public and other stakeholder involvement; and 4) integration of existing data and plans.

Section 10: Plan Maintenance This section provides information on plan implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Part IV: Appendices The plan appendices are designed to provide users of the Mitigation Plan with additional information to assist them in understanding the contents of the mitigation plan, and potential resources to assist them with implementation.

Appendix A: Resource Directory The resource directory includes City, local, regional, state, and national resources and programs that may be of technical and/or financial assistance to the City of Compton during plan implementation.

Appendix B: Benefit/Cost Analysis This section describes FEMA's requirements for benefit cost analysis in hazards mitigation, as well as various approaches for conducting economic analysis of proposed mitigation activities.

Appendix C: List of Acronyms This section provides a list of acronyms for City, local, regional, state, and federal agencies and organizations that may be referred to within the Mitigation Plan.

Appendix D: Glossary This section provides a glossary of terms used throughout the plan.

Mitigation Measure Categories Following is FEMA’s list of mitigation categories. The activities identified by the task force are consistent with the six broad categories of mitigation actions outlined in FEMA publication 386-3 Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying Mitigation Actions and Implementing Strategies.

 Prevention: Government administrative or regulatory actions or processes that influence the way land and buildings are developed and built. These actions also include public activities to reduce hazard losses. Examples include planning and zoning, building codes, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and storm water management regulations.  Property Protection: Actions that involve modification of existing buildings or structures to protect them from a hazard, or removal from the hazard area. Examples include acquisition, elevation, relocation, structural retrofits, storm shutters, and shatter-resistant glass.

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 Public Education and Awareness: Actions to inform and educate citizens, property owners, and elected officials about hazards and potential ways to mitigate them. Such actions include outreach projects, real estate disclosure, hazard information centers, and school-age and adult education programs.  Natural Resource Protection: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. Examples include sediment and erosion control, stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and vegetation management, and wetland restoration and preservation.  Emergency Services: Actions that protect people and property during and immediately following a disaster or hazard event. Services include warning systems, emergency response services, and protection of critical facilities.  Structural Projects: Actions that involve the construction of structures to reduce the impact of a hazard. Such structures include dams, levees, floodwalls, retaining walls, and safe rooms. Plan Mission The mission of the Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the environment from natural, human- caused, and technological hazards. This is achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss-prevention, and identifying activities to guide the City in creating a more sustainable community.

Mitigation Planning Process The process for updating the 2005 Mitigation Plan started with identifying members for the Task Force. Each team member represented different City department and specific divisions within those departments with a role in mitigation efforts. The Task Force met over a period of 6 months, and identified characteristics and consequences of natural, technological, and human- caused hazards with significant potential to affect the City.

Hazard mitigation strategy and goals were developed by understanding the risk posed by the identified hazards. The Task Force also determined hazard mitigation activities and priorities to include scenarios for both present and future conditions. The final Mitigation Plan will be implemented through various projects, changes in day-to-day city operations, and through continued hazard mitigation development.

Public Input The Plan will be available to the public through different venues and will engage the public, involve them in ongoing planning and evaluation, and facilitate communication. The Task Force recognizes that community involvement increases the likelihood that hazard mitigation will become a standard consideration in the City’s evolution.

The Task Force posted a public notice on the City’s website and held a public hearing on January 25, 2011. Copies of the draft Plan Update were made available for public review on the City’s website and in the City Clerk’s Office. The resources and information cited in the Mitigation Plan provide a strong local perspective and help identify strategies and activities to make the City of Compton more disaster resistant. Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 13 City of Compton

Participating Organizations For Mitigation Planning to be successful; like all community planning; it requires collaboration with, and support from, federal, state, local, and regional governments; citizens; the private sector; universities; and non-profit organizations. The Task Force consulted a variety of sources to ensure that the planning process results in practicable actions tailored to local needs and circumstances.

City of Compton and Hazard Mitigation The potential impact of hazards associated with the City’s location and varying terrain make the environment and population vulnerable to a spectrum of natural, technological, and human- caused disaster situations. The City of Compton is subject to earthquakes, floods, dam failures, and technological and human caused Hazards. Any disaster scenario can only be assessed through careful planning and collaboration between public agencies, private sector organizations, and city residents, to make it possible to minimize loss.

The City of Compton was founded in 1888 and since then, residents experienced numerous disasters and hazardous conditions.

While Compton was sparsely populated, the hazards adversely affected the lives of the residents who depended on the land and climate conditions for food and welfare. Today, as the population density within the City of Compton increases, the exposure to natural, technological, and human-caused hazards creates a greater risk than previously experienced.

Mitigation Planning As the cost of damage from disasters continues to increase nationwide, the City of Compton recognizes the importance of identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Mitigation Plans assist communities in reducing risk from hazards by identifying resources, information, and strategies for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City.

The plan provides a set of action items to reduce risk from hazards such as education and outreach programs and the development of partnerships. The plan also provides for the implementation of preventative activities, including programs that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from hazards.

The resources and information within the Mitigation Plan:

1. Establish a basis for coordination and collaboration among agencies and the public in the City of Compton. 2. Identify and prioritize future mitigation projects; and 3. Assist in meeting the requirements of federal assistance programs.

The Mitigation Plan is integrated with other City plans including the City of Compton Emergency Operations Plan, City of Compton General Plan and its associated Environmental Impact

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Report, the City of Compton Capital Improvement Plan (CIP), as well as department specific standard operating procedures. Mitigation Plan Jurisdiction and Scope The City’s Mitigation Plan affects the areas within the City boundaries in addition to City owned facilities and land. This plan provides a framework for planning for natural, technological, and human-caused hazards. The resources and background information in the plan are applicable Citywide and to City-owned facilities outside City boundaries, and the goals and recommendations provide groundwork for local mitigation plans and partnerships.

Risk Assessment Risk assessment is the identification of risks posed by a hazard and the corresponding impacts to the community. This process involves five steps: identify hazards, profile hazards, inventory critical assets, assess risks, and assess vulnerability of future development.

Step 1: Identify Hazards The Task Force identified the hazards that could significantly impact the City by referencing the City General Plan (2004), and the County of Los Angeles All Hazards Mitigation Plan (2005).

The Task Force ranked the hazards based on the probability, magnitude/severity, warning time, and duration.

That analysis yielded the following hazards: earthquakes, floods, dam failures, and technological and human caused Hazards.

Step 2: Profile Hazards Hazard profiles determine the extent to which each hazard could impact the City. Each hazard profile contains the following information:

 Background and local conditions  Historic frequency and probability of occurrence  Severity  Historic losses and impacts  Designated hazard areas

Other factors considered include potential impact, onset, frequency, hazard duration, cascading effects, and recovery time for each hazard. Using this information, the Task Force assessed the relative risk of each hazard ranging from severe risk to no risk. Where applicable, the source(s) of information, data, and maps showing vulnerable areas and relevant community components are provided.

Step 3: Inventory Critical Assets Once hazards and profiles were established, locations of critical facilities were plotted and analyzed. To estimate losses from each hazard (number of structures, value of structures and

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number of people), the Task Force used local resources; Census data; Hazards U.S.-Multi- Hazard (HAZUS-MH), a Geographic Information System (GIS) risk assessment methodology; and other GIS capabilities.

The inventory of assets shows a range of resources that could be lost or damaged for each hazard such as population, general building stock (residential and commercial), critical facilities (hospitals, police and fire stations, and transportation systems), and utilities.

Step 4: Assess Risks Estimated losses to structures and their contents, as well as the losses to structure use and function, were identified (as data was available). For the earthquake scenario only, HAZUS was used to estimate the number of deaths and injuries.

Step 5: Vulnerability Analysis of Future Development This step provides a general description of City facilities and contents in relation to the identified hazards so that mitigation options can be considered in land use planning and future land use decisions. This Mitigation Plan provides comprehensive description of the character of the City of Compton in Section 2: Community Profile. This description includes the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Analyzing these components of the City of Compton helps to identify potential problem areas and serves as a guide for incorporating the goals and ideas contained in this mitigation plan into other community development plans.

Mitigation Strategies The risk assessment and public input involved a review of past mitigation actions, future goals, and appropriate mitigation strategies. The Task Force identified five mitigation goals that summarize the hazard reduction outcome the City wants to achieve:

 Protect Life and Property  Enhance Public Awareness  Preserve Natural Systems  Encourage Partnerships and Implementation  Strengthen Emergency Services

These goals guided the development and implementation of specific mitigation activities. Many of the mitigation objectives and action items come from current programs. Emphasis was placed on the effectiveness of the activities with respect to their estimated cost.

Plan Adoption The Mitigation Plan was reviewed and adopted by the City Council in January 2011. A copy of the City Council Resolution appears in Section 3: Planning Process. Plan Maintenance

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Mitigation Planning is an ongoing process involving changes as new hazards occur, as the area develops, and as more is learned about hazards and their impacts. The Task Force will monitor changing conditions, help implement mitigation activities, annually review the plan to determine if City goals are being met, and provide an update to Cal EMA and FEMA every five years. In addition, the Task Force will review After-Action Reports generated after any disaster that impacts the City, and revise the mitigation plan if needed. The Task Force will continue to seek public input and participation during all plan updates and revisions through presentations and public hearings.

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Section 1: Introduction

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Task Force reviewed the 2005 “Plan Mission” and chose to leave it as adopted in the 2005 Plan. 2. The Task Force added the following sections: “Pre- and Post-Hazard Mitigation Programs”, “Flood Mitigation Assistance Program”, “Overview of the Planning Process”, “Participating Organizations”, and “Multiple Agency Support”, 3. The Task Force moved all hazard-specific information to the Hazard-Specific Sections in the document. 4. The Task Force updated the reference materials. 5. The Task Force more clearly defined the public input process. 6. The Task Force designated the City Manager as having authority to approve updates and amendments to the Mitigation Plan.

Why Develop a Mitigation Plan? As the costs of damage from disasters continue to increase, the City realizes the importance of identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Mitigation plans assist communities in reducing risk from hazards by identifying resources, information, and strategies for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City.

The plan provides a set of action items to reduce risks from hazards through education and outreach programs and to foster the development of partnerships, and implementation of preventative activities such as land use programs that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from hazards.

The resources and information within the Mitigation Plan:

 Establish a basis for coordination and collaboration among agencies and the public of City of Compton;  Identify and prioritize future mitigation projects; and  Assist in meeting the requirements of federal assistance programs.

The Mitigation Plan works in conjunction with other City plans, including the Emergency Operations Plan, General Plan, and Capital Improvement Plan.

The City of Compton is located in the southern half of Los Angeles County, California. The City is characterized by the unique and attractive landscape. However, the potential impacts of hazards associated with the terrain make the environment and its occupants vulnerable to natural disasters.

The City is vulnerable to earthquakes, floods, dam failures, and technological and human caused hazards. It is impossible to predict exactly when these disasters will occur, or the extent to which they will affect the City. However, with careful planning and collaboration among public agencies, private sector organizations, and citizens within the community, it is possible to

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minimize the losses that can result from these natural disasters. As the population of the region continues to increase, the exposure to hazards creates an even higher risk than previously experienced.

Why Plan for Hazards in City of Compton? Hazards impact residents, businesses, property, the environment, and the economy of City of Compton. Earthquakes, floods, dam failures, and technological and human caused Hazards have exposed the City of Compton to the financial and emotional costs of recovering after natural, technological, and human-caused disasters. The risk associated with hazards increases as more people move to areas affected by hazards.

Even in those communities such as Compton that are essentially “built-out” (i.e., have little or no vacant land remaining for development), population density continues to increase when existing lower density residential and non-residential development is replaced with medium and high density residential development projects.

The inevitability of hazards, and the growing population and activity within the City create an urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce risk and prevent loss from future hazard events. Identifying the risks posed by hazards, and developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazard event can assist in protecting life and property of citizens and communities. Local residents and businesses can work together with the City to create a Mitigation Plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events. Hazard Mitigation Legislation Relevant hazard mitigation legislation and grants are highlighted below.

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program In 1974, Congress enacted the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Act, commonly referred to as the Stafford Act. In 1988, Congress established the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) via Section 404 of the Stafford Act. Regulations regarding HMGP implementation based on the DMA 2000 were initially changed by an Interim Final Rule (44 CFR Part 206, Subpart N) published in the Federal Register on February 26, 2002. A second Interim Final Rule was issued on “Floods and hurricanes October 1, 2002. happen. The hazard itself The HMGP helps states and local governments implement long- is not the disaster – it’s our term hazard mitigation measures for natural hazards by providing habits, it’s how we build federal funding following a federal disaster declaration. Eligible applicants include state and local agencies, Indian tribes or other and live in those tribal organizations, and certain nonprofit organizations. areas…that’s the disaster.” In California, the HMGP is administered by Cal EMA. Examples of

typical HMGP projects include: Craig Fugate, FEMA Administrator  Property acquisition and relocation projects  Structural retrofitting to minimize damages from earthquake,

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flood, high wind, wildfire, or other natural hazards  Elevation of flood-prone structures  Vegetative management programs, such as:  Brush control and maintenance  Fuel break lines in shrubbery  Fire-resistant vegetation in potential wildland fire areas

Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program The Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program (PDM) was authorized by §203 of the Stafford Act, 42 United States Code (USC), as amended by §102 of the DMA 2000. Funding is provided through the National Pre-Disaster Mitigation Fund to help state and local governments (including Indian tribal governments) implement cost-effective hazard mitigation activities that complement a comprehensive mitigation program.

In Fiscal Year 2009, two types of grants (planning and competitive) were offered under the PDM Program. Planning grants allocate funds to each state for Mitigation Plan development. Competitive grants distribute funds to states, local governments, and federally recognized Indian tribal governments via a competitive application process. FEMA reviews and ranks the submittals based on pre-determined criteria. The minimum eligibility requirements for competitive grants include participation in good standing in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and a FEMA-approved Mitigation Plan. (Source: http://www.fema.gov/fima/pdm.shtm)

Flood Mitigation Assistance Program The Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program was created as part of the National Flood Insurance Reform Act (NFIRA) of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 4101). Financial support is provided through the National Flood Insurance Fund to help states and communities implement measures to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk of flood damage to buildings, manufactured homes, and other structures insurable under the NFIP.

Three types of grants are available under FMA: planning, project, and technical assistance. Planning grants are available to states and communities to prepare Flood Mitigation Plans. NFIP-participating communities with approved Flood Mitigation Plans can apply for project grants to implement measures to reduce flood losses. Technical assistance grants in the amount of 10 percent of the project grant are available to the state for program administration. Communities that receive planning and/or project grants must participate in the NFIP. Examples of eligible projects include elevation, acquisition, and relocation of NFIP-insured structures. (Source: http://www.fema.gov/fima/fma.shtm)

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 DMA 2000 (DMA 2000) was signed by President Clinton on October 30, 2000 (Public Law 106- 390). Section 322 primarily deals with the development of Mitigation Plans. The Interim Final Rule for planning provisions (44 CFR Part 201) was published in the Federal Register twice: February 26, 2002 and October 1, 2002. The Mitigation Planning requirements are implemented via 44 CFR Part 201.6.

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DMA 2000 was designed to establish a national program for pre-disaster mitigation, streamline disaster relief at the federal and state levels, and control federal disaster assistance costs. Congress believed these requirements would produce the following benefits:

 Reduce loss of life and property, human suffering, economic disruption, and disaster costs.  Prioritize hazard mitigation at the local level with increased emphasis on planning and public involvement, assessing risks, implementing loss reduction measures, and ensuring critical facilities/services survive a disaster.  Promote education and economic incentives to form community-based partnerships and leverage non-federal resources to commit to and implement long-term hazard mitigation activities.

Under DMA 2000 state and local government (each city, county, and special district), and tribal government must develop a Mitigation Plan to be eligible to receive HMGP funds. Every mitigation plan, which must be reviewed by the state and approved by FEMA, should address the following items:  Plan Promulgation  Planning Process including Public Involvement  Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment  Mitigation Strategy  Plan Implementation and Maintenance Procedures  Specific State Requirements

Multiple Agency Support While local jurisdictions have primary responsibility for developing and implementing hazard mitigation strategies, they are not alone. Various state and federal partners and resources can help local agencies with mitigation planning.

Cal EMA is the lead agency for mitigation planning support to local governments. In addition, FEMA offers grants, tools, and training.

The Mitigation Plan was prepared in accordance with the following regulations and guidance:

 DMA 2000 (Public Law 106-390, October 10, 2000)  44 CFR Parts 201 and 206, Mitigation Planning and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, Interim Final Rule, October 1, 2002  44 CFR Parts 201 and 206, Mitigation Planning and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, Interim Final Rule, February 26, 2002  How-To Guide for Using HAZUS-MH for Risk Assessment, (FEMA 433), February 2004  Mitigation Planning “How-to” Series (FEMA 386-1 through 9 available at: http://www.fema.gov/fima/planhowto.shtm)  Getting Started: Building Support For Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-1)  Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses (FEMA 386-2)

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 Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying Mitigation Actions and Implementing Strategies (FEMA 386-3)  Bringing the Plan to Life: Implementing the Mitigation Plan (FEMA 386-4)  Using Benefit-Cost Review in Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-5)  Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations into Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-6)  Integrating Manmade Hazards Into Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-7)  Multi-Jurisdictional Mitigation Planning (FEMA 386-8)  Using the Mitigation Plan to Prepare Successful Mitigation Projects (FEMA 386-9)  State and Local Plan Interim Criteria Under the DMA 2000, July 11, 2002, FEMA  Mitigation Planning Workshop For Local Governments-Instructor Guide, July 2002, FEMA  Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation, Document #294, FEMA  LHMP Development Guide – Appendix A - Resource, Document, and Tool List for Local Mitigation Planning, December 2, 2003, Cal EMA

HAZUS-MH uses Hazards U.S. – Multi-Hazard In 1997, FEMA developed a standardized model for estimating Geographic Information losses caused by an earthquake. Hazards U.S. (HAZUS) System technology to addressed the need for more effective national, state, and local planning and the need to identify areas that face the highest risk produce detailed maps and and potential for loss. analytical reports on Hazards U.S. Multi-Hazard (HAZUS-MH) provides models to physical damage to estimate potential losses from floods (coastal and riverine) and building stock, critical winds (hail, hurricane, tornado, tropical cyclone, and thunderstorm). HAZUS-MH applies engineering and scientific risk facilities, transportation calculations developed by hazard and information technology systems, and utilities. experts to provide defensible damage and loss estimates. This methodology provides a consistent framework for assessing risk across a variety of hazards.

HAZUS -MH uses Geographic Information System technology to produce detailed maps and analytical reports on physical damage to building stock, critical facilities, transportation systems, and utilities. The damage reports cover induced damage (debris, fire, hazardous material, and inundation) and direct economic and social losses (casualties, shelter requirements, and economic impacts), promoting standardization.

Who Does the Mitigation Plan Affect? The Mitigation Plan affects the areas within the City of Compton boundaries and City owned facilities and land. This plan provides a framework for planning for natural hazards. The resources and background information in the plan are applicable Citywide and to City-owned facilities outside of the City boundaries, and the goals and recommendations provide groundwork for local mitigation plans and partnerships. Map 1-1: Map of City of Compton shows the regional proximity of the City to its adjoining communities.

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Map 1-1: Map of City of Compton (Source: City of Compton)

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Section 2: Community Profile

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The content of Section 9: Mitigation Strategies was previously included in the 2005 Executive Summary (including the 2005 Mitigation Actions Matrix). This change was made to better clarify the process of determining and refining appropriate mitigation action items. In addition, Section 2: Mitigation Strategies now includes FEMA’s definition of “Mitigation Measures”. 2. The Task Force updated the Mitigation Actions Matrix in the following ways: a. The action items themselves were updated including appropriate coordinating organization, timeline, and plan goals addressed. b. Columns were added for priority ranking (low, moderate, and high) and a Comments section. 3. The Task Force reaffirmed the plan goals from the 2005 Hazard Mitigation Plan. Geography and the Environment The City of Compton is an area of approximately 10.2 square miles, and is located in south- central Los Angeles County. Elevations in the City range from a high of 75 feet to a low of 60 feet. The terrain of the city is flat and almost completely urbanized. (Source: City of Compton General Plan)

According to the city’s General Plan, the most likely significant flooding event in the city would be a 100-year flood caused by the Los Angeles River overflowing. The Los Angeles River flows north-south through the eastern portion of the city. The river channel is part of the County Flood Control District and the City is protected by a levee wall to a height of 30 feet. Additionally, the east and west fork of Compton Creek flow through the city.

The City is surrounded by the City of Gardena to the west, and Lynwood to the north; City of Paramount to the east; and the City of Carson to the south. The City is served by Interstate 710 (running north-south through the eastern portion of the city), and Highway 91(running east-west through the southern portion of the city). According to the city’s General Plan, there are two Southern Pacific Transportation Company railroad lines that travel north-south through the middle of Compton. Additionally the Los Angeles Metro Rail Blue Line operates on these tracks.

History Known as the Hub City because of its location in nearly the exact geographical center of Los Angeles County, the City of Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and the eighth to incorporate. The territory was settled in 1867 by a band of 30 pioneering families, who were led to the area by Griffith Dickenson Compton. These families had wagon-trained south from Stockton, California in search of ways to earn a living other than in the rapidly depleting gold fields. The City of Compton was officially incorporated on May 11, 1888. The new city, with a population of 500 people, held its first City Council meeting on May 14, 1888 in the home of William H. Carpenter. (Source: http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/About-Compton/history-of- the-city.html)

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Climate – City of Compton The climate of Los Angeles County is typified by warm temperatures and light winds. The average monthly temperatures range from about 58° Fahrenheit (F) in January, to about 74° F in August. Rainfall in the city averages about 15 inches of rain per year. But the term “average” means very little in this region as the annual rainfall during this time period has ranged from only 4.35 inches in 2001- 2002 to 38.2 inches in 1883-1884. The largest rainfall recorded for the (Source: www.City-Data.com) city was over six inches in 2003.

Furthermore, actual rainfall in the Southern California region tends to fall in large amounts during sporadic and often heavy storms rather than consistently over storms at somewhat regular intervals. In short rainfall in Southern California might be characterized as feast or famine within a single year. Because the metropolitan basin is largely built out, water originating in higher elevation communities can have a sudden impact on adjoining communities that have a lower elevation.

Population and Demographics According to the 2010 totals from the California Department of Finance using the 2010 U.S. Census data as a benchmark, the City of Compton has a residential population of about 96,445 in an area of 10.2 square miles. The daytime population of the City increases due to the many attractions it offers. (Source: State of California, Department of Finance, Table 3A-Total Population by Race (Hispanic Exclusive) and Hispanic or Latino, 2010.)

The increase of people living and working in City of Compton creates more community exposure, and changes how agencies prepare for and respond to hazards. For example, more people living on the urban fringe can increase risk of fire. Wildfire has an increased chance of starting due to human activities in the urban/rural interface, and has the potential to injure more people and cause more property damage. But an urban/wildland fire is not the only exposure to the City of Compton. In the 1987 publication, Fire Following Earthquake issued by the All Industry Research Advisory Council, Charles Scawthorn explains how a post-earthquake urban conflagration would develop. The conflagration would be started by fires resulting from earthquake damage, but made much worse by the loss of pressure in the fire mains, caused by either lack of electricity to power water pumps, and /or loss of water pressure resulting from broken fire mains. Furthermore, increased density can affect risk. For example, narrower streets are more difficult for emergency service vehicles to navigate, the higher ratio of residents to emergency responders affects response times, and homes located closer together increase the chances of fires spreading.

Additionally, the City of Compton continues to experience growth through in-fill building, which is increasing the population density creating greater service loads on the built infrastructure, including roads, water supply, sewer services and storm drains.

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Hazards do not discriminate, but the impacts in terms of vulnerability and the ability to recover vary greatly among the population. According to FEMA, 80% of the disaster burden falls on the public, and within that number, a disproportionate burden is placed upon special needs groups: women, children, minorities, and the poor.

According the 2006-2008 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates Census figures, the demographic makeup of the City is as follows:

Table 2-1: City of Compton Population Demographics (Source: US Census) Population Change Racial/Ethnic Group 2000 2010 Number Percent White 954 782 -172 -18.03% Black or African American 37,263 30,992 -6,271 -16.83% American Indian and Alaska 170 175 +5 +2.94% Native Asian 189 222 +33 +17.46% Native Hawaiian and Other 953 684 -269 -28.23% Pacific Islander Other race, Not Hispanic 100 140 +40 +40.00% Two or more races, Not 721 791 +70 +9.71% Hispanic Hispanic or Latino (of any 53,143 62,669 +9,526 +17.93% race)

The ethnic and cultural diversity suggests a need to address multi-cultural needs and services.

Vulnerable populations, including seniors, disabled citizens, women, and children, as well as those people living in poverty, may be disproportionately impacted by hazards.

Examining the reach of hazard mitigation policies to special needs populations may assist in increasing access to services and programs. FEMA's Office of Equal Rights addresses this need by suggesting that agencies and organizations planning for natural disasters identify special needs populations, make recovery centers more accessible, and review practices and procedures to remedy any discrimination in relief application or assistance.

The cost of hazards recovery can place an unequal financial responsibility on the general population when only a small proportion may benefit from governmental funds used to rebuild private structures. Discussions about hazards that include local citizen groups, insurance companies, and other public and private sector organizations can help ensure that all members of the population are a part of the decision-making processes.

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Land and Development Development in Southern California from the earliest days was a cycle of boom and bust. The Second World War however dramatically changed that cycle. Military personnel and defense workers came to Southern California to fill the logistical needs created by the war effort. The available housing was rapidly exhausted and existing commercial centers proved inadequate for the influx of people. Immediately after the war, construction began on the freeway system, and the face of Southern California was forever changed. Home developments and shopping centers sprung up everywhere and within a few decades the urbanized portions of Southern California were virtually built out. This pushed new development further and further away from the urban center.

The City of Compton General Plan (Source: City of Compton General Plan – Land Use Element) provides the framework for the growth and development of the City, including, the use and development of private land, including residential, industrial and commercial areas, as demonstrated in the image below. This Plan is one of the City's most important tools in addressing environmental challenges including transportation and air quality; growth management; conservation of natural resources; clean water and open spaces.

Map 2-1: City of Compton Zoning Map (Source: http://www.comptoncity.org/index.php/Planning-and-Economic-Development/planning-and-zoning- division.html)

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Table 2-2: Housing and Community Development (Source: General Plan Land Use Element) General Plan Land Use Designations Land Use Residential 2,683 acres Transportation 1,397 acres Industrial 954 acres Housing Type Single-Family 66.5% Multi-Residential (3 or 4 units) 6.3% Multi-Residential (5-9 units) 5.2% Housing Statistics Total Available Housing 23,795 units Owner-Occupied Housing 56.3% Average Household Size 4.16 persons Median Home Value $136,200

Transportation and Commuting Patterns Private automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in Southern California and in the City of Compton.

The Compton Renaissance Transit System provides daily local transit services throughout the City. Established in October 1995 with Metro Proposition A and C Local Return grant funding, the Compton Renaissance Transit System operates five buses covering five fixed routes that connect directly to the Compton Station of the Blue Line, as shown in Map 2-3 below. All Renaissance vehicles are equipped with wheelchair ramps. Currently operated by MV Transportation, Inc., ridership in 2009-2010 totaled 289,498 with passengers traveling a total of 135,095 miles, as stated in the City’s 2030 General Plan.

The Compton area is also well served by eleven Metro Bus Lines operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, three bus lines from Long Beach Transit, and one bus line from Gardena Municipal Bus Lines. These buses connect Compton residents to the Metro Blue Line stops and to neighboring cities and employment centers. Three of the routes serve as part of a coordinated bus network to connect residents in neighboring cities to the City’s light rail transit stations. The Gardena Municipal Bus Route 3 connects the Compton Transit Center with the Gardena and South Bay Galleria Transit Centers.

The Dial-A-Ride Program provides curb-to-curb bus service for seniors 60 years of age and older and eligible handicapped persons. Service is provided Monday through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. There is no service on weekends or holidays. The cost is 25 cents per round

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trip. Service is provided within Compton City limits; however a limited amount of service is available for medical appointments to local area hospitals. The City of Compton Dial-A-Taxi Program provides eligible residents with reliable transportation to and from areas within the City and to designated satellite facilities. Eligible Compton residents include disabled persons who are at least eighteen years of age and senior citizens 62 years and older. Service is provided 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Map 2-3: Public Transit Facilities and Routes in Compton (2009) (Source: 2030 General Plan Circulation Element)

The City is served by Interstate 710 (running north-south through the eastern portion of the city), and Highway 91(running east-west through the southern portion of the city). Interstate 110 is two miles to the west of the City, and Interstate 105 is a few miles to the north. The City's 300

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mile road system includes 35 miles of arterial highways and 12 bridges. The mean travel time to work for the residents of the City of Compton is 29 minutes. According to the City’s General Plan, the completion of the Century Freeway in 1993 had a substantial affect on traffic patterns and volumes when it opened. Traffic levels initially decreased on parallel routes to the Freeway but have since grown on those streets closest to the freeway as drivers avoid rush hour freeway congestion. Traffic levels have increased on routes that provide access to the freeway, including Central Avenue, Wilmington Avenue, and Long Beach Boulevard. Routes extending through the City in a north-south orientation have either stayed at the same level of service or have increased as population and cars have increased over the last fifteen years. The effects of the freeway corridor on the surrounding street system were predicted to be negligible after a distance of approximately four miles from the freeway. Almost all of the City of Compton falls within the four-mile area of influence; however several routes located parallel to the Freeway have decreased levels of congestion. The current average daily traffic (ADT) volumes for selected roadway segments are summarized in Table 2-4 and are illustrated in Map 2-5.

Table 2-4: Existing Average Daily Vehicle Trips (Source: 2030 General Plan Circulation Element)

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Map 2-5: Roadway Volumes (Source: 2030 General Plan Circulation Element)

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Section 3: Risk Assessment

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Task Force added the Calculated Priority Risk Index to this section. CPRI is a valuable educational tool that allows for comparing a wide range of hazards.

What is a Risk Assessment? Conducting a risk assessment can provide information regarding: the location of hazards; the value of existing land and property in hazard locations; and an analysis of risk to life, property, and the environment that may result from natural, technological, and human-caused hazard events. Specifically, the five levels of a risk assessment are as follows:

1. Hazard Identification 2. Profiling Hazard Events 3. Vulnerability Assessment/Inventory of Existing Assets 4. Risk Analysis 5. Assessing Vulnerability/Analyzing Development Trends

1) Hazard Identification This section is the description of the geographic extent, potential intensity, and the probability of occurrence of a given hazard. Maps are used in this plan to display hazard identification data. The City of Compton identified four major hazards that affect this geographic area. These hazards – earthquakes, floods, dam failures, and technological and human caused Hazards - were identified through an extensive process involving research of existing documents and input from the Task Force. The geographic extent of each of the identified hazards has been identified by the City of Compton utilizing the maps and data contained in the City’s General Plan and City’s Emergency Operations Plan. Utilizing FEMA’s Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) ranking technique, the Task Force concluded that all of the identified hazards posed a significant threat against the City. The hazard ranking system is described in Table 6-1: Calculated Priority Risk Index, while the actual ranking is shown in Table 3-2: Calculated Priority Risk Index Ranking.

Table 3-1: Calculated Priority Risk Index (Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency) Degree of Risk Chart CPRI Assigned Index Category Level ID Description Weight Factor Value  Extremely rare with no documented history of Unlikely occurrences or events 1  Annual probability of less than 0.001.  Extremely rare with no documented history of 45% Possible occurrences or events. 2

Probability  Annual probability of between 0.01 and 0.001.  Occasional occurrence with at least two or more Likely 3 documented historic events. Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 32 City of Compton

 Annual probability of between 0.1 and 0.01.  Frequent events with a well documented history of Highly Likely occurrence. 4  Annual probability of greater than 0.1.

 Negligible property damages (less than 5% of critical and non-critical facilities and infrastructure).  Injuries or illnesses are treatable with first aid and there Negligible 1 are not deaths.  Negligible quality of life lost.  Shut down of critical facilities for less than 24 hours.

 Slight property damages (greater than 5% and less than 25% of critical and non-critical facilities and infrastructures) 30%  Injuries and illnesses do not result in permanent Limited 2 disability and there are no deaths.  Moderate quality of life lost. Magnitude / Severity  Shut down of critical facilities for more than 1 day and less than 1 week.  Moderate property damages (greater than 25% and less than 50% of critical and non-critical facilities and infrastructures) Critical  Injuries or illnesses result in permanent disability and at 3 least one death.  Shut down of critical facilities for more than 1 week and less than 1 month.

 Severe property damages (greater than 50% of critical and non-critical facilities and infrastructure). Catastrophic  Injuries or illnesses result in permanent disability and 4 multiple deaths.  Shut down of critical facilities for more than 1 month.

Less than 6 hours  Population will receive less than 6 hours of warning. 4 6 to 12 hours 3  Population will receive between 6-12 hours of warning. 15% 12 to 24 hours  Population will receive between 12-24 hours of warning. 2 More than 24 Warning Time  Population will receive greater than 24 hours of warning. 1 hours Less than 6 hours  Disaster event will last less than 6 hours. 1

Less than 24  Disaster event will last between 6-24 hours. 2 hours 10% Less than one

Duration  Disaster event will last between 24 hours and 1 week. 3 week More than one  Disaster event will last more than 1 week. 4 week

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Table 3-2: Calculated Priority Risk Index Ranking for City of Compton

Hazard

Probability 45% Weighted Magnitude Severity 30% Weighted Time Warning 15% Weighted Duration 10% Weighted Ranking CPRI Newport Inglewood Fault 3.2 1.44 3.6 1.08 4 .6 3.6 .36 3.48 Flood 3.2 1.44 2.4 .72 2.8 .42 2.6 .26 2.84 Hansen Dam 2 .9 3.8 1.14 3.6 .54 2.6 .26 2.84 Whittier Narrows Dam 2 .9 2.8 .84 3.8 .57 2.4 .24 2.55 Sepulveda Dam 2 .9 3.8 1.14 3.6 .54 2.6 .26 2.84 Transportation 3 1.35 2.4 .72 4 .6 2.2 .22 2.89 Terrorist 2.25 1.01 3.67 1.1 4 .6 1.67 .17 2.88 Hazardous Materials 3 1.35 2.67 .08 3.33 .5 2 .2 2.85

2) Profiling Hazard Events This process describes the causes and characteristics of each hazard and what part of the City's facilities, infrastructure, and environment may be vulnerable to each specific hazard. A profile of each hazard discussed in this plan is provided in the Hazard-Specific Analysis (Sections 4-8). Table 3-3 indicates a generalized perspective of the community’s vulnerability of the various hazards according to extent (or degree), location, and probability.

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Table 3-3: Vulnerability: Location, Extent, and Probability for City of Compton Location Extent Probability Hazard (Where) (How Big an Event) (How Often)* Earthquake Entire Project The Southern California Earthquake Moderate Area Center (SCEC) in 2007 concluded that there is a 99.7 % probability that an earthquake of M6.7 or greater will hit California within 30 years.1

Flood Throughout Urban Flooding from Severe Weather Moderate Project Area Dam Failure Eastern 1/3 of the Whittier Narrows, Hansen, and Low City Sepulveda Dams, are all maintained at maximum capacity. A catastrophic failure at any of these facilities would result in extensive flooding over most of the project area. Technological Entire Project Virtually impossible to predict Low and Human Area Caused Hazards * Probability is defined as: Low = 1:1,000 years, Moderate = 1:100 years, High = 1:10 years 1 Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast

3) Vulnerability Assessment/Inventory of Existing Assets This is a combination of hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned) property development(s) and population(s) exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of particular concern because these locations provide essential equipment or provide services to the general public that are necessary to preserve important public safety, emergency response, and/or disaster recovery functions. The critical facilities have been identified and are illustrated in Table 3-5: City of Compton Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Hazards.

4) Risk Analysis Estimating potential losses involves assessing the damage, injuries, and financial costs likely to be sustained in a geographic area over a given period of time. This level of analysis involves using mathematical models. The two measurable components of risk analysis are magnitude of the harm that may result and the likelihood of the harm occurring. Describing vulnerability in terms of dollar losses provides the community and the state with a common framework in which to measure the effects of hazards on assets. For each hazard where data was available, quantitative estimates for potential losses have been included in the hazard assessment. Data was not available to make vulnerability determinations in terms of dollar losses for all of the identified hazards. The Mitigation Actions Matrix (Section 8: Mitigation Strategies) includes an action item to conduct such an assessment in the future.

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5) Assessing Vulnerability/ Analyzing Development Trends This step provides a general description of City facilities and contents in relation to the identified hazards so that mitigation options can be considered in land use planning and future land use decisions. This Mitigation Plan provides comprehensive description of the character of the City of Compton in Section 2: Community Profile. This description includes the geography and environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Analyzing these components of the City of Compton can help in identifying potential problem areas and can serve as a guide for incorporating the goals and ideas contained in this mitigation plan into other community development plans.

Hazard assessments are subject to the availability of hazard-specific data. Gathering data for a hazard assessment requires a commitment of resources on the part of participating organizations and agencies. Each hazard-specific section of the plan includes a section on hazard identification using data and information from city, county, state, or federal sources.

Regardless of the data available for hazard assessments, there are numerous strategies the City can take to reduce risk. These strategies are described in the action items detailed in the Mitigation Actions Matrix (Section 8: Mitigation Strategies). Mitigation strategies can further reduce disruption to critical services, reduce the risk to human life, and alleviate damage to personal and public property and infrastructure.

Federal Requirements for Risk Assessment Federal regulations for local Mitigation Plans (44 C.F.R. Section 201.6(c) (2)) require a risk assessment. This risk assessment requirement is intended to provide information that will help communities to identify and prioritize mitigation activities that will reduce losses from the identified hazards. There are four hazards profiled in the Mitigation Plan, including earthquakes, floods, dam failures, and technological and human caused Hazards. The Federal criteria for risk assessment and information on how the Mitigation Plan meets those criteria are outlined in Table 3-4: Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment below.

Table 3-4: Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment Section 322 Plan Requirement How is this addressed? Identifying Hazards Each hazard section includes an inventory of the best available data sources that identify hazard areas. To the extent data are available; the existing maps identifying the location of the hazard were utilized. The Executive Summary and the Risk Assessment of the Plan include a list of the hazard maps. Profiling Hazard Events Each hazard section includes documentation of the history, and causes and characteristics of the hazard in the City. Assessing Vulnerability: Where data is available, the vulnerability assessment for each hazard Identifying Assets addressed in the Mitigation Plan includes an inventory of all publicly owned land within hazardous areas. Each hazard section provides information on vulnerable areas within the City. Mitigation actions for each hazard can be found in Section 8: Mitigation Strategies.

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Assessing Vulnerability: The Risk Assessment identifies key critical facilities that provide services to Estimating Potential Losses the City. Assessments have been completed for the hazards addressed in the plan, and quantitative estimates were made for each hazard where data was available. Assessing Vulnerability: The Community Profile of the Plan provides a description of the population Analyzing Development Trends trends and transportation patterns. Critical and Essential Facilities Facilities critical to government response activities (i.e., life safety and property and environmental protection) include: local government 9-1-1 dispatch centers, local government emergency operations centers, local police and fire stations, local public works facilities, local communications centers, schools (shelters), and hospitals. Also, facilities that, if damaged, could cause serious secondary impacts are also considered "critical”. A hazardous materials facility is one example of this type of critical facility.

Essential facilities are those facilities that are vital to the continued delivery of key City services or that may significantly impact the City’s ability to recover from the disaster. These facilities include: schools (hosting shelters); buildings such as the jail, law enforcement center, public services building, community corrections center, the courthouse, and juvenile services building and other public facilities.

Table 3-5: City of Compton Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Hazards illustrates the critical facilities and the vulnerability of those facilities to the identified hazards.

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Table 3-5: City of Compton Critical Facilities Vulnerable to Hazards Name of Facility

ing

Earthquake Flood Failure Dam and Human Technological Caused City Hall X X X X City Emergency Operations Center X X X X Police Department Building (Sheriff) X X X X Fire Station #1 X X X X Fire Station #2 X X X X Fire Station #3 X X X Fire Station #4 X X X Summary Hazard mitigation strategies can reduce the impacts concentrated at large employment and industrial centers, public infrastructure, and critical facilities. Hazard mitigation for industries and employers may include developing relationships with emergency management services and their employees before disaster strikes, and establishing mitigation strategies together. Collaboration among the public and private sector to create mitigation plans and actions can reduce the impacts of hazards.

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Section 4: Earthquake Hazards

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Task Force added a graphic depicting the CPRI rating for the hazard. 2. The Task Force updated the historical information by adding earthquake events since the 2005 plan adoption. 3. The Task Force added sections on “Impacts of Earthquakes on Compton”, “Severity”, “Measuring and Describing Earthquakes”, and “Mercalli Intensity Scale” to more specifically define what community members can expect from an earthquake event. 4. The Task Force updated the “Hazard Identification” section to include new earthquake studies and findings. 5. The Task Force added a California Area Earthquake Probabilities map. 6. The Task Force updated the California Faults map and the Southern California Earthquake Map. 7. The Task Force added an Earthquake Probabilities list showing the location and maximum credible events for each of the known earthquake faults in the region. 8. The Task Force updated the Seismic Hazard Zone map.

Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) Probability: Likely 3.2

Magnitude/Severity: Critical 3.6 Warning Time: Less than 6 hours 4 Duration: More than 1 week 3.6

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Why Are Earthquakes a Threat to the City of Compton? Earthquake losses typically include structural damage to private and public structures, such as homes, businesses, roads, and bridges. Structural damage can cause thousands of dollars in losses for residents, business owners, and the City. The City of Compton was most recently impacted by the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake which resulted in many building collapses.

Earthquake Characteristics Earthquakes are considered a major threat to the City of Compton due to the proximity of several fault zones, notably including the Newport-Inglewood Fault and the Palos Verdes Fault. A recent Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) report (SCEC, 1995) indicated that the probability of an earthquake of Magnitude 7 or larger in southern California before the year 2024 is 80 to 90%. A significant earthquake along one of the major faults could cause substantial casualties, extensive damage to buildings, roads and bridges, fires, and other threats to life and property. The effects could be aggravated by aftershocks and by secondary effects such as fire, landslides and dam failure. A major earthquake could be catastrophic in its effect on the population, and could exceed the response capability of the local communities and even the State.

Regulatory Background The State regulates development within California to reduce or mitigate potential hazards from earthquakes or other geologic hazards. Development in potentially seismically active areas is Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 40 City of Compton

also governed by the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act and the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act.

Chapter 16A, Division IV of the California Building Code (CBC), titled “Earthquake Design.” states that “The purpose of the earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major structural failures or loss of life.” The CBC and the Uniform Building Code (UBC) regulate the design and construction of excavations, foundations, building frames, retaining walls, and other building elements to mitigate the effects of seismic shaking and adverse soil conditions. The procedures and limitations for the design of structures are based on site characteristics, occupancy type, configuration, structural system, height, and seismic zonation. Seismic zones are mapped areas (Figure 16A-2 of the CBC and Figure 16-2 of the UBC) that are based on proximity to known active faults and the potential for future earthquakes and intensity of seismic shaking. Seismic zones range from 0 to 4, with areas mapped as Zone 4 being potentially subject to the highest accelerations due to seismic shaking and the shortest recurrence intervals.

The 1933 Long Beach Earthquake resulted in the Field Act, affecting school construction. The 1971 Sylmar Earthquake brought another set of increased structural standards. Similar re- evaluations occurred after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and 1994 Northridge Earthquake. These code changes have resulted in stronger and more earthquake resistant structures.

The purpose of the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act of 1972 (renamed in 1994) is “to regulate development near active faults so as to mitigate the hazard of surface fault rupture.” The State Geologist (chief of the Division of Mines and Geology) is required to delineate Earthquake Fault Zones (formerly known as “Special Studies Zones”) along known active faults. As defined by the California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG), an active fault is one which has had surface displacement within Holocene time (roughly the last 11,000 years) and/or has an instrumental record of seismic activity. Potentially active faults are those which show evidence of surface displacement during Quaternary time (roughly the last 2 million years), but for which evidence of Holocene movement has not been established. The DMG evaluates faults on an individual basis to determine if a fault will be classified as an Alquist-Prioto Earthquake Fault Zone. In general, faults must meet certain DMG criteria, including seismic activity, historic rupture, and geologic evidence to be zoned as an Earthquake Fault Zone. Cities and counties affected by the zones must regulate certain development within the zones. They must withhold development permits for sites within the zones until geologic investigations demonstrate that the sites are not threatened by surface displacement from future faulting. Typically, structures for human occupancy are not allowed within 50 feet of the trace of an active fault.

The Seismic Hazard Mapping Act was adopted in 1990 for the purpose of protecting public safety from the effects of strong ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, or other ground failure caused by earthquakes. The Seismic Hazard Mapping Act requires that the State Geologist delineate the various seismic hazard zones. Cities, counties, or other permitting authorities are required to regulate certain development projects within the zones. They must withhold development permits for a site within a zone until the geologic conditions are investigated and appropriate mitigation measures, if any, are incorporated into the development plans. In addition, sellers (and their agents) of real property within a mapped hazard zone must disclose that the property lies within such a zone at the time of sale.

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Other Significant Geologic Features The major faults that have the potential to affect the greater Los Angeles region are the:

 San Andreas Fault (runs northeast of the City of Compton)  San Jacinto Fault (runs east of the City of Compton)  Whittier-Elsinore Fault (runs east of the City of Compton)  Newport Inglewood Elsinore Fault Zone (runs just southeast of the City of Compton)  Sierra Madre Fault Zone (runs northeast of the City of Compton)  Norwalk Fault (runs east of the City of Compton)  Palos Verdes Fault (runs southwest of the City of Compton)

Southern California has a history of powerful and relatively frequent earthquakes, dating back to the powerful magnitude 8.0+ 1857 San Andreas Earthquake which did substantial damage to the relatively few buildings that existed at the time.

Paleoseismological research indicates that large magnitude (8.0+) California has a long earthquakes occur on the San Andreas Fault at intervals between 45 and 332 years with an average interval of 140 years. Other history of seismic events lesser faults have also caused very damaging earthquakes since and is probably best 1857. Notable earthquakes include the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake, the 1987 known for the San Andreas Whittier Earthquake and the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. Fault, a 400 mile long fault In addition, many areas in Southern California have sandy soils running from the Mexican that are subject to liquefaction. The City of Compton has potential border to a point offshore, landslide and liquefaction zones located throughout the city as discussed in Section 4: Earthquake. west of San Francisco. Following major earthquakes, extensive search and rescue operations may be required to assist trapped or injured persons. Emergency medical care, food and temporary shelter would be required for injured or displaced persons. In the event of a truly catastrophic earthquake, identification and burial of the dead would pose difficult problems. Mass evacuation may be essential to save lives, particularly in areas below dams. Many families could be separated, particularly if the earthquake should occur during working hours, and a personal inquiry or locator system would be essential to maintain morale.

Emergency operations could be seriously hampered by the loss of communications and damage to transportation routes within, and to and from, the disaster area and by the disruption of public utilities and services.

Extensive federal assistance could be required and could continue for an extended period. Efforts would be required to remove debris and clear roadways, demolish unsafe structures, assist in reestablishing public services and utilities, and provide continuing care and welfare for the affected population, including temporary housing for displaced persons.

In general, the population is less at risk during non-work hours (if at home) as wood-frame structures are relatively less vulnerable to major structural damage than are typical commercial and industrial buildings. Transportation problems are intensified if an earthquake occurs during

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work hours, as significant numbers of employees would be stranded in the City. An earthquake occurring during work hours would clearly create major transportation problems for those displaced workers.

In addition to the loss of production capabilities, the economic impact on the City from a major earthquake would be considerable in terms of loss of employment and loss of tax base. Also, a major earthquake could cause serious damage and/or outage to computer facilities. The loss of such facilities could curtail or seriously disrupt the operations of banks, insurance companies, and other elements of the financial community. In turn, this could affect the ability of local government, business and the population to make payments and purchases.

The most recent significant earthquake event affecting Southern California was the January 17th 1994 Northridge Earthquake. At 4:31 A.M. on Monday, January 17, a moderate but very damaging earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 struck the San Fernando Valley. In the following days and weeks, thousands of aftershocks occurred, causing additional damage to affected structures.

Fifty-Seven people were killed and more than 1,500 people seriously injured. For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses were without electricity; tens of thousands had no gas; and nearly 50,000 had little or no water. Approximately 15,000 structures were moderately to severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless; 66,500 buildings were inspected. Nearly 4,000 were severely damaged and over 11,000 were moderately damaged. Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system. Extensive damage was caused by ground shaking, but earthquake triggered liquefaction and dozens of fires also caused additional severe damage. This extremely strong ground motion in large portions of Los Angeles County resulted in record economic losses.

However, the earthquake occurred early in the morning on a holiday. This circumstance considerably reduced the potential effects. Many collapsed buildings were unoccupied, and most businesses were not yet open.

Historical and geological records show that California has a long history of seismic events. Southern California is probably best known for the San Andreas Fault, a 400 mile long fault running from the Mexican border to a point offshore, west of San Francisco. “Geologic studies show that over the past 1,400 to 1,500 years large earthquakes have occurred at about 130 year intervals on the Southern San Andreas Fault. As the last large earthquake on the Southern San Andreas occurred in 1857, that section of the fault is considered a likely location for an earthquake within the next few decades.”

The San Andreas is only one of dozens of known earthquake faults that crisscross Southern California. Some of the better known faults include the Newport-Inglewood, Whittier, Chatsworth, Elsinore, Hollywood, Los Alamitos, Puente Hills, and Palos Verdes Faults. Beyond the known faults, there are a potentially large number of “blind” faults that underlie the surface of Southern California. One such blind fault was involved in the October 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake.

Although the most famous of the faults, the San Andreas, is capable of producing an earthquake with a moment magnitude of greater than 8, some of the “lesser” faults have the potential to inflict greater damage on the urban core of Southern California.

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For decades, partnerships have flourished between the USGS, Cal Tech, the California Geological Survey and universities to share research and educational efforts with Californians. Tremendous earthquake mapping and mitigation efforts have been made in California in the past two decades, and public awareness has risen remarkably during this time. Major federal, state, and local government agencies and private organizations support earthquake risk reduction, and have made significant contributions in reducing the adverse impacts of earthquakes. Despite the progress, the majority of California communities remain unprepared because there is a general lack of understanding regarding earthquake hazards among Californians. Measuring and Describing Earthquakes An earthquake is a sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of the Earth's tectonic plates. The effects of an earthquake can be felt far beyond the site of its occurrence. They usually occur without warning and, after just a few seconds, can cause massive damage and extensive casualties. Common effects of earthquakes are ground motion and shaking, surface fault ruptures, and ground failure. Ground motion is the vibration When a fault ruptures, or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault seismic waves radiate, ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy causing the ground to released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or vibrate. The severity of the epicenter. Soft soils can further amplify ground motions. The severity of these effects is dependent on the amount of energy vibration increases with released from the fault or epicenter. One way to express an the amount of energy earthquake's severity is to compare its acceleration to the normal acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration due to gravity is often released and decreases called "g". A ground motion with a peak ground acceleration of with distance from the 100%g is very severe. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is a measure of the strength of ground motion. PGA is used to project causative fault or the risk of damage from future earthquakes by showing earthquake ground motions that have a specified probability (10%, 5%, or 2%) epicenter. of being exceeded in 50 years. These ground motion values are used for reference in construction design for earthquake resistance. The ground motion values can also be used to assess relative hazard between sites, when making economic and safety decisions.

Another tool used to describe earthquake intensity is the Magnitude Scale. The Magnitude Scale is sometimes referred to as the Richter scale. The two are similar but not exactly the same. The Magnitude Scale was devised as a means of rating earthquake strength and is an indirect measure of seismic energy released. The Scale is logarithmic with each one-point increase corresponding to a 10-fold increase in the amplitude of the seismic shock waves generated by the earthquake. In terms of actual energy released, however, each one-point increase on the Richter scale corresponds to about a 32-fold increase in energy released. Therefore, a Magnitude 7 (M7) earthquake is 100 times (10 X 10) more powerful than a M5 earthquake and releases 1,024 times (32 X 32) the energy.

An earthquake generates different types of seismic shock waves that travel outward from the focus or point of rupture on a fault. Seismic waves that travel through the earth's crust are called body waves and are divided into primary (P) and secondary (S) waves. Because P

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waves move faster (1.7 times) than S waves, they arrive at the seismograph first. By measuring the time delay between arrival of the P and S waves and knowing the distance to the epicenter, seismologists can compute the magnitude for the earthquake.

The Modified Mercalli Scale (MMI) is another means for rating earthquakes, but one that attempts to quantify intensity of ground shaking. Intensity under this scale is a function of distance from the epicenter (the closer to the epicenter the greater the intensity), ground acceleration, duration of ground shaking, and degree of structural damage. This rates the level of severity of an earthquake by the amount of damage and perceived shaking (Table 4-3: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale).

Table 4-3: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale MMI Description Summary Damage Full Description Value of Description Used Shaking on 1995 Maps Severity I Not Felt II Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or favorably placed. III Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of light trucks. Duration estimated. May not be recognized as an earthquake. IV Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing of heavy trucks; or sensation of a jolt like a heavy ball striking the walls. Standing motorcars rock. Windows, dishes, doors rattle. In the upper range of IV, wooden walls and frame creak. V Light Pictures Move Felt outdoors; direction estimated. Sleepers wakened. Liquids disturbed, some spilled. Small unstable objects displaced or upset. Doors swing, close, open. Shutters, pictures move. Pendulum clock stop, start, change rate. VI Moderate Objects Fall Felt by all. Many frightened and run outdoors. Persons walk unsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken. Knickknacks, books, etc., off shelves. Pictures off walls. Furniture moved or overturned. Weak plaster and masonry D cracked. VII Strong Nonstructural Damage Difficult to stand. Noticed by drivers of motorcars. Hanging objects quiver. Furniture broken. Damage to masonry, including cracks. Weak chimneys broken at roofline. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. Some cracks in masonry C. Small slides and caving in along sand or gravel banks. Concrete irrigation ditches damaged. VIII Very Strong Moderate Damage Steering of motorcars affected. Damage to masonry C, partial collapse. Some damage to masonry B; none to masonry A. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, and elevated tanks. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. IX Very Violent Extreme Damage Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Large landslides. Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, etc. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat land.

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MMI Description Summary Damage Full Description Value of Description Used Shaking on 1995 Maps Severity X Rails bent greatly. Underground pipelines completely out of services. XII Damage nearly total. Large rock masses displaced. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown into air.

Historic Earthquakes in Southern California Since seismologists started recording and measuring earthquakes, there have been tens of thousands of recorded earthquakes in Southern California, most with a magnitude below three. No community in Southern California is beyond the reach of a damaging earthquake. Table 4-1: Earthquake Events in the Southern California Region describes the historical earthquake events that have affected Southern California.

Table 4-1: Earthquake Events in the Southern California Region Magnitude (5.0 or Greater) (Source: http://www.usgs.gov/) 1769 Los Angeles 1899 Lytle Creek 1973 Point Mugu Basin Region 1800 San Diego Region 1899 San Jacinto and 1986 Coastal San Diego Hemet 1812 Wrightwood 1907 San Bernardino 1986 North Palm Springs Region 1812 Santa Barbara 1910 Glen Ivy Hot 1987 Whittier Narrows Channel Springs 1827 Los Angeles 1916 Tejon Pass Region 1992 Landers Region 1855 Los Angeles 1918 San Jacinto 1992 Big Bear Region 1857 Great Fort Tejon 1923 San Bernardino Region 1994 Northridge 1858 San Bernardino 1933 Long Beach 1999 Hector Mine Region 1862 Old Town San 1947 San Bernardino Region 2005 Southern California Diego 1890 San Jacinto / 1948 Riverside County 2007 San Francisco Bay Area Elsinore Fault 1892 San Jacinto / 1951 San Clemente Island 2008 Chino Hills Elsinore Fault

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1893 Pico Canyon 1954 West of Wheeler Ridge 2008 San Bernardino 1894 Lytle Creek 1968 Borrego Mountain 2009 Calexico/Mexicali Region 1894 East of San Diego 1971 San Fernando 2010 Mexicali/Calexico

Historically, the City of Compton has generally been spared a major destructive earthquake. However, based on a search of earthquake databases of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) - National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC), several major earthquakes (Magnitude 6.0 or more) have been recorded within approximately 100 kilometers of the project area since 1769. Table 4-2: Historical Earthquakes near Compton summarizes the approximate magnitude to these seismic events.

Table 4-2: Historical Earthquakes near Compton (Source: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/sca/ca_eqs.php) Maximum Date Location Magnitude (M)* 7/28/1769 Los Angeles Basin 6.0 11/22/1800 San Diego Region 6.5 12/8/1812 Wrightwood 7.0 7/11/1855 Los Angeles Region 6.0 12/16/1858 San Bernardino Region 6.0 7/30/1894 Lytle Creek Region 6.0 4/21/l918 San Jacinto 6.9 7/23/1923 San Bernardino Region 6.0 3/11/1933 Long Beach 6.3 2/9/1971 San Fernando 6.5 10/1/1987 Whittier Narrows 5.8 1/17/1994 Northridge 6.7 * Magnitudes listed are “summary magnitudes”. Prior to 1898, these are adjusted intensity magnitudes and after 1898, are surface wave magnitudes (www.pasadena.wr.usgs.gov).

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To better understand the earthquake hazard, the scientific community has looked at historical records and accelerated research on those faults that are the sources of the earthquakes occurring in the Southern California region. Historical earthquake records can generally be divided into records of the pre-instrumental period and the instrumental period. In the absence of instrumentation, the detection of earthquakes are based on observations and felt reports, and are dependent upon population density and distribution. Since California was sparsely populated in the 1800s, the detection of pre-instrumental earthquakes is relatively difficult. However, two very large earthquakes, the Fort Tejon in 1857 (M7.9) and the Owens Valley in 1872 (M7.6) are evidence of the tremendously damaging potential of earthquakes in Southern California. In more recent times two M7.3 earthquakes struck Southern California, in Kern County (1952) and Landers (1992).

The damage from these four large earthquakes was limited because they occurred in areas which were sparsely populated at the time they happened. The seismic risk is much more severe today than in the past because the population at risk is in the millions, rather than a few hundred or a few thousand persons.

Impact of Earthquakes in the City of Compton

Based on the risk assessment, it is evident that earthquakes will A major earthquake could continue to have potentially devastating economic impacts to certain areas of the city. Impacts that are not quantified, but can disrupt, damage, or be anticipated in future events, include: destroy computer facilities,  Injury and loss of life; which could curtail the  Commercial and residential structural damage; operations of banks,  Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure; insurance companies, and  Secondary health hazards e.g. mold and mildew; other elements of the  Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility; financial community for  Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) upon the community; several days or weeks.  Negative impact on commercial and residential property values; and  Significant disruption to students and teachers as temporary facilities and relocations would likely be needed.

Severity A major earthquake occurring in or near Compton could cause many deaths and injuries, extensive property damage, fires, hazardous material spills, and other dangers. Aftershocks and the secondary effects of fire, hazardous material/chemical accidents, and possible failure of dams and waterways could aggravate the situation.

The time of day and season of the year would have a profound impact on the number of dead and injured and the amount of property damage. Such an earthquake could exceed the response capabilities of the individual cities, Los Angeles County Operational Area, and the State of California Emergency Management Agency. Support of damage control and disaster

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relief could be required from other local governments and private organizations, as well as the state and federal governments.

Extensive search and rescue operations could be required to assist trapped persons. Mass evacuation could be essential to save lives, particularly in areas downwind from hazardous material releases. Emergency medical care, food, and temporary shelter could be required by injured or displaced persons.

Many families could be separated, particularly if the earthquake occurs during working hours. A personal inquiry or locator system could be essential to maintain morale. Emergency operations could be seriously hampered by a loss of communications, damage to transportation routes, and/or disruption of public utilities and services.

The economic impact on the City could be considerable in terms of lost employment and lost tax base. A major earthquake could disrupt, damage, or destroy computer facilities, which could curtail the operations of banks, insurance companies, and other elements of the financial community for several days or weeks. This could affect the ability of local government, business, and residents to make payments and purchases. (Source: California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 60, Earthquake Planning Scenario for a Magnitude 8.3 Earthquake on the San Andreas Fault in Southern California, 1982.)

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Causes of Earthquakes in Southern California Earthquake Faults A fault is a fracture along between blocks of the earth’s crust where either side moves relative to the other along a parallel plane to the fracture.

Strike-slip Faults Strike-slip faults are vertical or almost vertical rifts where the earth’s plates move mostly horizontally. From the observer’s perspective, if the opposite block looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is called a right lateral fault; if the block moves left, the shift is called a left lateral fault.

Dip-slip Faults Dip-slip faults are slanted fractures where the blocks mostly shift vertically. If the earth above an inclined fault moves down, the fault is called a normal fault, but when the rock above the fault moves up, the fault is called a reverse fault.

Thrust Faults Thrust faults have a reverse fault with a dip of 45 ° or less.

Cal Tech has investigated the San Andreas Fault at Pallett Creek. “The record at Pallett Creek shows that rupture has recurred about every 130 years, on average, over the past 1500 years. But actual intervals have varied greatly, from less than 50 years to more than 300. The physical cause of such irregular recurrence remains unknown.” Damage from a great quake on the San Andreas would be widespread throughout Southern California.

Earthquake Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification

The 2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP 2007), a multi- 50 disciplinary collaboration of scientists and engineers, has released the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF), the first comprehensive framework for comparing earthquake possibilities throughout all of California. In developing the UCERF, the 2007 Working Group revised earlier forecasts for Southern California (WGCEP 1995) and the San Francisco Bay Area (WGCEP 2003) by incorporating new data on active faults and an improved scientific understanding of how faults rupture to produce large earthquakes. It extended the forecast across the entire state using a uniform methodology, allowing for the first time, meaningful comparisons of earthquake probabilities in urbanized areas such as Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area, as well as comparisons among the large faults in different parts of the State. The study was organized by the Southern California Earthquake Center, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the California Geological Survey, and it received major support from the California Earthquake Authority, which is responsible for setting earthquake insurance rates

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statewide. According to the new forecast, California has a 99.7% chance of having a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake during the next 30 years. The likelihood of an even more powerful quake of magnitude 7.5 or greater in the next 30 years is 46%.

Map 4-1: California Area Earthquake Probabilities illustrates the probability that an earthquake of various magnitudes will occur in California within 30 years. Such a quake is more likely to occur in the southern half of the State, 37% chance in 30 years, than in the northern half, 15% chance in 30 years. The probability of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake over the next 30 years striking the greater Los Angeles area is 67%. For the entire California region, the fault with the highest probability of generating at least one magnitude 6.7 quake or larger is the southern San Andreas, 59% in the next 30 years.

Map 4-2: California Faults illustrates the probability that a rupture of a major fault will occur within California that will result in an earthquake of a magnitude 6.7 or greater within 30 years (Source: Southern California Earthquake Data Center).

Several major active faults exist in Los Angeles County, including the San Andreas, Newport Inglewood, Elsinore, San Joaquin Hills Fault, Whittier, and Norwalk. The City of Compton is situated between two major, active fault zones; the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone located to the west and the San Andreas Fault Zone located to the East (Map 4-3: Regional Fault Location Map). Other potentially active faults in close proximity to the study area are the Norwalk Fault and the Whittier Fault.

Map 4-3: Regional Fault Location Map plots the various major The 1933 Long Beach faults in Southern California. In California, many agencies are focused on seismic safety issues: the State’s Seismic Safety Earthquake resulted in the Commission, the Applied Technology Council, California Field Act, affecting school Emergency Management Agency, United States Geological Survey, Cal Tech, the California Geological Survey as well as a construction. number of universities and private foundations.

These organizations, in partnership with other state and federal agencies, have undertaken a rigorous program in California to identify seismic hazards and risks including active fault identification, bedrock shaking, tsunami inundation zones, ground motion amplification, liquefaction, and earthquake induced landslides. Seismic hazard maps have been published and are available for many communities in California through the State Division of Mines and Geology.

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Map 4-1: California Area Earthquake Probabilities (Source: Southern California Earthquake Center, www.scec.org/ucerf)

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Map 4-2: California Faults (Source: Southern California Earthquake Center, www.scec.org/ucerf)

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Map 4-3: Regional Fault Location Map

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Earthquake Probable Events (Source: Southern California Earthquake Data Center, http://www.data.scec.org/)

Elsinore Fault Zone TYPE OF FAULTING: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 180 km (not including the Whittier, Chino, and Laguna Salada Faults) NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Temecula, Lake Elsinore, Julian LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: May 15, 1910; Magnitude 6 -- no surface rupture found SLIP RATE: roughly 4.0 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 250 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.5 - 7.5 MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: 18th century

Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone TYPE OF FAULTING: right-lateral; local reverse slip associated with fault steps LENGTH: 75 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Culver City, Inglewood, Gardena, Compton, Signal Hill, Long Beach, Seal Beach, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Costa Mesa MOST RECENT MAJOR RUPTURE: March 10, 1933, MW6.4 (but no surface rupture) SLIP RATE: 0.6 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.0 - 7.4 OTHER NOTES: Surface trace is discontinuous in the Los Angeles Basin, but the fault zone can easily be noted there by the existence of a chain of low hills extending from Culver City to Signal Hill. South of Signal Hill, it roughly parallels the coastline until just south of Newport Bay, where it heads offshore, and becomes the Newport-Inglewood - Rose Canyon Fault Zone.

Palos Verdes Fault Zone TYPE OF FAULT: right-reverse (?) LENGTH: roughly 80 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: San Pedro, Palos Verdes Estates, Torrance, Redondo Beach MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene, offshore; Late Quaternary, onshore SLIP RATE: between 0.1 and 3.0 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.0 - 7.0 (or greater?); fault geometries may allow only partial rupture at any one time OTHER NOTES: Has two main branches (see below). Continues southward as the Palos Verdes - Coronado Bank Fault Zone. 55 San Andreas Fault Zone TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 1200 km 550 km south from Parkfield; 650km northward NEARBY COMMUNITY: Parkfield, Frazier Park, Palmdale, Wrightwood, San Bernardino, Banning, Indio LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: January 9, 1857 (Mojave segment); April 18, 1906 (Northern segment) SLIP RATE: about 20 to 35 mm per year INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: average of about 140 years on the Mojave segment; recurrence interval varies greatly -- from under 20 years (at Parkfield only) to over 300 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.8 - 8.0

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San Fernando Fault Zone TYPE OF FAULTING: thrust LENGTH: 17 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: San Fernando, Sunland LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: February 9, 1971, M6.6 SLIP RATE: 5 mm/yr (?) INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 200 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.0 - 6.8 OTHER NOTES: Dip is to the north. The slip rate is not well known, but trenching studies indicate recurrence interval as between 100 and 300 years.

San Jacinto Fault Zone TYPE OF FAULTING : right-lateral strike-slip; minor right-reverse LENGTH: 210 km, including Coyote Creek Fault NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Loma Linda, San Jacinto, Hemet, Anza, Borrego Springs, Ocotillo Wells MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: within the last few centuries; April 9, 1968, M6.5 on Coyote Creek segment SLIP RATE: typically between 7 and 17 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN SURFACE RUPTURES: between 100 and 300 years, per segment PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.5 - 7.5

Sierra Madre Fault System TYPE OF FAULTING: reverse LENGTH: the zone is about 55 km long; total length of main fault segments is about 75 km, with each segment measuring roughly 15 km long NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Sunland, Altadena, Sierra Madre, Monrovia, Duarte, Glendora MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: between 0.36 and 4 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN SURFACE RUPTURES: several thousand years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.0 - 7.0 (?) OTHER NOTES: This fault zone dips to the north. It is not the fault responsible for the 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake.

Whittier Fault TYPE OF FAULTING: right-lateral strike-slip with some reverse slip LENGTH: about 40 km 56 NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Yorba Linda, Hacienda Heights, Whittier MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: between 2.5 and 3.0 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: M6.0 - 7.2 OTHER NOTES: The Whittier Fault dips toward the northeast.

Vulnerability Assessment The effects of earthquakes span a large area, and large earthquakes occurring in many parts of the Southern California region would probably be felt throughout the region. However, the degree to which the earthquakes are felt, and the damages associated with them may vary. Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 56 For the City of Compton

At risk from earthquake damage are large stocks of old buildings and bridges: many hightech and hazardous materials facilities: extensive sewer, water, and natural gas pipelines; earth dams; petroleum pipelines; and other critical facilities and private property located in the county. The relative or secondary earthquake hazards, which are liquefaction, ground shaking, amplification, and earthquake-induced landslides, are just as devastating as the earthquake.

Earthquake Related Hazards Ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and amplification are the specific hazards associated with earthquakes. The severity of these hazards depends on several factors, including soil and slope conditions, proximity to the fault, earthquake magnitude, and the type of earthquake.

Ground Shaking Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic waves generated by the earthquake. It is the primary cause of earthquake damage. The strength of ground shaking depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault, and distance from the epicenter (where the earthquake originates). Buildings on poorly consolidated and thick soils will typically see more damage than buildings on consolidated soils and bedrock.

Seismic activity along nearby or more distant fault zones are likely to cause ground shaking within the City limits. Based on a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for the Western United States, issued by the United States Geological Survey (1999), the horizontal peak ground acceleration having a 10 percent probability of being exceeded in 50 years ranges from approximately (0.35g to 0.56g within the City limits).

Table 4-4: Regional Faults and Acceleration provides a list of the closest and most significant regional faults modeled to predict ground shaking that would be produced in the Compton area. For each fault, the table lists maximum credible earthquake magnitudes, Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI), and peak ground accelerations.

Table 4-4: Regional Faults and Acceleration Active Faults Maximum Acceleration MMI Credible Earthquake San Andreas (Mojave Segment Carrizo 7.1 .06-.08 VI-VII Segment) 7.2 .07-.-10 VII 57 Simi-Santa Rosa 6.7 .52-.67 X-XI Oak Ridge 6.9 .34-.71 IX-XI San Cayetano 6.8 .30-.54 IX-X Holser 6.5 .18-.31 VIII-IX Malibu Coast 6.7 .11-.19 VII-VIII Red Mountain 6.8 .08-.11 VII Sierra Madre (San Fernando) 6.7 .08-.12 VII

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Active Faults Maximum Acceleration MMI Credible Earthquake Santa Monica 6.6 .07-.11 VI-VII Santa Ynez (east) 7.0 .13-.16 VIII Ventura – Pitas Point 6.8 .14-.19 VIII Anacapa-Dume 7.3 .11-.18 VII-VIII Channel Islands Thrust 7.4 .12-.19 VII-VIII San Gabriel 7.0 .12-.17 VII-VIII Arroyo Parida 6.7 .10-.13 VII-VIII Palos Verdes 7.1 .07-.11 V-VII

Fault Rupture The potential for ground rupture due to fault movement is related to the seismic activity of known fault zones. Recognized active fault zones are generally located outside the City of Compton. Compared with the more active recognized fault zones, the potential for ground rupture due to seismic activity in the City is considered low.

Earthquake-Induced Landslide Potential Generally, these types of failures consist of rock falls, disrupted soil slides, rock slides, soil lateral spreads, soil slumps, soil block Soil liquefaction is a slides, and soil avalanches. Areas having the potential for earthquake-induced landslides generally occur in areas of previous seismically induced form landslide movement, or where local topographic, geological, of ground failure, which geotechnical, and subsurface water conditions indicate a potential for permanent ground displacements. has been a major cause of

earthquake damage in Areas considered for earthquake-induced landslides in the City and are shown on Map 4-4: Liquefaction and Earthquake southern California. Landslide-Induced Areas in the City of Compton. Mapped earthquake-induced landslide potential zones are intended to prompt more detailed, site specific geotechnical studies as required by the Seismic Hazard 58 Mapping Act.

Earthquake-Induced Landslides Earthquake-induced landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that occur from ground shaking. They can destroy the roads, buildings, utilities, and other critical facilities necessary to respond and recover from an earthquake. Many communities in Southern California have a high likelihood of encountering such risks, especially in areas with steep slopes.

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Liquefaction Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight. Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these structures. Liquefaction generally occurs during significant earthquake activity, and structures located on soils such as silt or sand may experience significant damage during an earthquake due to the instability of structural foundations and the moving earth. Many communities in Southern California are built on ancient river bottoms and have sandy soil. In some cases this ground may be subject to liquefaction, depending on the depth of the water table.

Soil liquefaction is a seismically-induced form of ground failure, which has been a major cause of earthquake damage in southern California. During the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, significant damage to roads, utility pipelines, buildings, and other structures in the Los Angeles area were caused by liquefaction. Research and historical data indicate that loose, granular materials situated at depths of less than 50 feet with fines (silt and clay) contents of less than 30 percent, which are saturated by a relatively shallow groundwater table are most susceptible to liquefaction. These geological and groundwater conditions exist in parts of southern California and Compton, typically in valley regions and alluviated floodplains.

For liquefaction to occur, three general conditions must be met. The first condition – strong ground shaking of relatively long duration – can be expected to occur in the Compton area as a result of an earthquake on any of the several active faults in the region. The second condition – loose, or unconsolidated, recently deposited sediments consisting primarily of silt and sand – occurs in a large portion of the valley floors, and in the larger canyon bottoms prevalent throughout Los Angeles County. The third condition is water saturated sediments within about 50 feet of the surface.

In accordance with the Seismic Hazard Mapping Act, the California Division of Mines and Geology has evaluated liquefaction susceptibility for most of the Compton area. Map 4-4: Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide-Induced Areas in the City of Compton shows the results of these studies.

The California Geological Survey has identified areas most vulnerable to liquefaction. Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight. Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these buildings and structures. Map 4-4: Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide-Induced Areas in the City of Compton identified areas in the vicinity that are subject to liquefaction and landslides associated with earthquake activities. 59

The City of Compton has facilities near liquefaction zones as shown on Map 4-4: Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide-Induced Areas in the City of Compton.

Amplification Soils and soft sedimentary rocks near the earth's surface can modify ground shaking caused by earthquakes. One of these modifications is amplification. Amplification increases the magnitude of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The amount of amplification is influenced by the thickness of geologic materials and their physical properties. Buildings and structures built on soft and unconsolidated soils can face greater risk. Amplification can also

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occur in areas with deep sediment filled basins and on ridge tops.

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Map 4-4: Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide-Induced Areas in the City of Compton (Source: http://gmw.consrv.ca.gov/shmp/html/pdf_maps_so.html)

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Map 4-5: Seismic Shaking Intensities for the Newport-Inglewood Fault (Source: State of California Department of Conservation, http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/rghm/loss/index.htm)

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Map 4-6: Seismic and Flood Hazards (Source: City of Compton General Plan)

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Risk Analysis Risk analysis is the third phase of a hazard assessment. Risk analysis involves estimating the damage and costs likely to be experienced in a geographic area over a period of time. Factors included in assessing earthquake risk, include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of earthquake events, landslide susceptibility, buildings, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness of the region. This type of analysis can generate estimates of the damages to the region due to an earthquake event in a specific location. FEMA's software program, HAZUS, uses mathematical formulas and information about building stock, local geology and the location and size of potential earthquakes, economic data, and other information, to estimate losses from a potential earthquake. The HAZUS software is available from FEMA at no cost.

HAZUS Data Sources Los Angeles County was one of three Southern California counties selected to participate in FEMA HAZUS Essential Facilities Risk Assessment Pilot Studies. San Bernardino and Riverside Counties were also selected. Essential Facilities data improvement for Level 2 HAZUS analysis was performed to augment default HAZUS data. Guideline documents outlining procedures for other jurisdictions to follow resulted from these pilot studies.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) street centerline data, city boundary and location mapping data for police and fire stations, schools, hospitals was provided by City of Compton GIS Department in Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) geodatabase and shapefile format. GIS data is referenced to the California State Plane Coordinate System Zone 5 (US Feet), NAD83 datum.

Earthquake scenario shake maps were provided by the USGS.

Land topography information was derived from Digital Elevation Models (DEM’s) provided by the USGS.

HAZUS Software Platforms HAZUS-MH MR3 multi-hazard risk analysis software was provided by FEMA.

GIS Mapping and HAZUS analysis was performed using ESRI ArcGIS software version 9.3, Build 1850, ArcInfo license level. ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Extension was used to process the USGS DEM’s. 64

Computer operating system was Microsoft Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 2.

For greater Southern California there are multiple worst case scenarios, depending on which fault might rupture, and which communities are in proximity to the fault. Damage will not necessarily be limited to immediately adjoining communities. Depending on the hypocenter of the earthquake, seismic waves may be transmitted through the ground to unsuspecting communities. In the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Santa Monica suffered extensive damage, even though there was a range of mountains between it and the origin of the earthquake.

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Damages for a large earthquake almost anywhere in Southern California, are likely to run into the billions of dollars. Although building codes are some of the most stringent in the world, tens of thousands of older existing buildings were built under less rigid codes. California has laws affecting un-reinforced masonry buildings (URM’s), and although, many building owners have retrofitted their buildings, hundreds of pre-1933 buildings have not been brought up to current standards.

Non-structural bracing of equipment and contents is often the most cost-effective type of seismic mitigation. Inexpensive bracing and anchoring may be the most cost effective way to protect expensive equipment. Non-structural bracing of equipment and furnishings also reduces the chance of injury for the occupants of a building.

Local Conditions Major active fault zones are located southwest and northeast of the City. Active, and potentially active faults, are located close to Compton. According to the 1997 Universal Building Code, and the 1998 California Building Code, the City of Compton is within Seismic Zone 4.

Figure 4-1: Seismic Zones in the United States (Source: http://www.static.monolithic.com/plan-design/seismic/pictorial1.html)

The Peninsular Ranges Province is traversed by a group of sub-parallel faults and fault zones 65 trending roughly northwest. Major fault systems include the active San Andreas, San Jacinto, Whittier-Elsinore, and Newport-Inglewood Fault Zones. These major fault systems form a regional tectonic framework comprised primarily of right-lateral, strike-slip movement.

Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone The Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone, source of the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake (M 6.3), consists of a series of disconnected, northwest-trending fault segments which extend from Los Angeles, through Long Beach and Torrance, to Newport Beach. From Newport Beach, the fault zone continues offshore southeasterly past Oceanside, and is known as the Offshore Zone of Deformation. The Newport-Inglewood fault zone passes within approximately seven miles of

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the western limits of the City boundary. No historic evidence (1769 to present) exists for tectonic fault rupture along fault traces included in the Newport-Inglewood fault zone in Los Angeles County.

The most recent evidence for near surface movement during Holocene time is displacement of the Holocene Bolsa aquifer in the vicinity of Bolsa Chica Gap. Borehole evidence combined with groundwater pumping tests, piezometeric levels, and geophysical data indicates that the North Branch, and the Bolsa-Fairview traces of the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone, offset the base of the Bolsa aquifer by 20 feet and 10 feet (vertical separation) respectively. Although no onshore surface fault rupture has occurred in historic time (since 1769), the fault zone is considered capable of generating an earthquake of Magnitude 6.9. (See Map 4-5: Seismic Shaking Intensities for the Newport-Inglewood Fault)

Community Earthquake Issues What is Susceptible to Earthquakes? Earthquake damage occurs because humans have built structures that cannot withstand severe shaking. Buildings, airports, schools, and lifelines (highways and utility lines) suffer damage in earthquakes and can cause death or injury to humans. The welfare of homes, major businesses, and public infrastructure is very important. Addressing the reliability of buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure, and understanding the potential costs to government, businesses, and individuals as a result of an earthquake, are challenges faced by the City.

Dams There are a total of 103 dams in Los Angeles County, with Whittier Narrows, Hansen, and Sepulveda Dam the closest dam to Compton. The ownership of these dams ranges from the Federal government to Home Owners Associations. These dams hold billions of gallons of water in reservoirs. The major reservoirs are designed to protect Southern California from floodwaters, and to store domestic water. Seismic activity can compromise the dam structures, resulting in catastrophic flooding.

Buildings The built environment is susceptible to damage from earthquakes. Buildings that collapse can trap and bury people. Lives are at risk, and the cost to clean up the damages is great. In most California communities, including the County of Los Angeles, many buildings were built before 1993 when building codes were not as strict. In addition, retrofitting is not required except under 66 certain conditions and can be expensive. Therefore, the number of buildings at risk remains high. The California Seismic Safety Commission makes annual reports on the progress of the retrofitting of unreinforced masonry buildings.

Infrastructure and Communication Residents in the County of Los Angeles commute frequently by automobiles and public transportation such as buses and light rail. An earthquake can greatly damage bridges and roads, hampering emergency response efforts and the normal movement of people and goods. Damaged infrastructure strongly affects the economy of the community because it disconnects people from work, school, food, and leisure, and separates businesses from their customers and suppliers.

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Bridge Damage Even modern bridges can sustain damage during earthquakes, leaving them unsafe for use. Some bridges have failed completely due to strong ground motion. Bridges are a vital transportation link - with even minor damages, making some areas inaccessible. Because bridges vary in size, materials, location and design, any given earthquake will affect them differently. Bridges built before the mid-1970' s have a significantly higher risk of suffering structural damage during a moderate to large earthquake compared with those built after 1980 when design improvements were made.

Damage to Lifelines Lifelines are the connections between communities and outside services. They include water and gas lines, transportation systems, and electricity and communication networks. Ground shaking and amplification can cause pipes to break open, power lines to fall, roads and railways to crack or move, and radio and telephone communication to cease. Disruption to transportation makes it especially difficult to bring in supplies or services.

Lifelines need to be usable after earthquake to allow for rescue, recovery, and rebuilding efforts and to relay important information to the public.

Disruption of Critical Services Critical facilities include police stations, fire stations, hospitals, shelters, and other facilities that provide important services to the community. These facilities and their services need to be functional after an earthquake event.

Businesses Seismic activity can cause great loss to businesses, both large-scale corporations and small retail shops. When a company is forced to stop production for just a day, the economic loss can be tremendous, especially when its market is at a national or global level. Seismic activity can create economic loss that presents a burden to large and small shop owners who may have difficulty recovering from their losses.

Forty percent of businesses do not reopen after a disaster, and another twenty-five percent fail within one year, according to FEMA. Similar statistics from the United States Small Business Administration indicate that over ninety percent of businesses fail within two years after being 67 struck by a disaster.

Individual Preparedness Because the potential for earthquake occurrences, and earthquake related property damage, is relatively high in Los Angeles County, increasing individual preparedness is a significant need. Strapping down heavy furniture, water heaters, and expensive personal property, as well as being earthquake- insured, and anchoring buildings to foundations, are just a few steps individuals can take to prepare for an earthquake.

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Death and Injury Death and injury can occur both inside and outside of buildings due to collapsed buildings, falling equipment, furniture, debris, and structural materials. Downed power lines and broken water and gas lines can also endanger human life.

Fire Downed power lines or broken gas mains can trigger fires. When fire stations suffer building or lifeline damage, quick response to extinguish fires is less likely. Furthermore, major incidents demand a larger share of resources, and initially smaller fires and problems receive little or insufficient resources in the initial hours after a major earthquake event.

Loss of electricity may cause a loss of water pressure in some communities, further hampering fire fighting ability.

Debris After damage to a variety of structures, much time is spent cleaning up brick, glass, wood, steel or concrete building elements, office and home contents, and other materials. Developing a strong debris management strategy is essential in post-disaster recovery.

Of all businesses which Existing Mitigation Activities close following a natural Existing mitigation activities include current mitigation programs and activities that are implemented by county, regional, state, or disaster, more than forty- federal agencies or organizations. The Community Emergency three percent never Response Team (CERT) provided by the Fire Department, helps educate the public and the community on how to be prepared for reopen, and an additional any type of disaster. twenty-nine percent close for good within the next Identify the Applicable Code Sections that Apply to Earthquake two years. Hazard Mitigation Generally, these codes seek to discourage development in areas that could be prone to flooding, landslide, wildfire and/or seismic hazards; and where development is permitted, that the applicable construction standards are met. Developers in hazard-prone areas may be required to retain a qualified professional engineer to evaluate level of risk on the site and recommend appropriate mitigation measures. 68 Businesses/Private Sector Natural hazards have a devastating impact on businesses. In fact, of all businesses that close, following a disaster, forty-three percent never reopen, and an additional twenty-nine percent close for good within the next two years. The Institute of Business and Home Safety has developed “Open for Business,” a disaster planning toolkit, helps guide businesses in preparing for, and dealing with the adverse affects natural hazards. The kit integrates protection from natural disasters into the company's risk reduction measures to safeguard employees, customers, and the investment itself. The guide helps businesses secure human and physical resources during disasters, and helps to develop strategies to maintain business continuity before, during, and after, a disaster occurs.

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Hospitals “The Alfred E. Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act” (“Hospital Act”) was enacted in 1973 in response to the moderate Magnitude 6.6 Sylmar Earthquake in 1971 when four major hospital campuses were severely damaged and evacuated. Two hospital buildings collapsed killing forty- seven people. Three others were killed in another hospital that nearly collapsed.

In approving the Act, the Legislature noted that:

“Hospitals, that house patients who have less than the capacity of normally healthy persons to protect themselves, and that must be reasonably capable of providing services to the public after a disaster, shall be designed and constructed to resist, insofar as practical, the forces generated by earthquakes, gravity and winds.” (Health and Safety Code Section 129680)

When the Hospital Act was passed in 1973, the State anticipated that, based on the regular and timely replacement of aging hospital facilities, the majority of hospital buildings would be in compliance with the Act’s standards within 25 years. However, hospital buildings were not, and are not, being replaced at that anticipated rate. In fact, the great majority of the State’s urgent care facilities are now more than 40 years old.

The moderate Magnitude 6.7 Northridge Earthquake in 1994, caused $3 billion in hospital- related damage and evacuations. Twelve hospital buildings constructed before the Act were cited (red tagged) as unsafe for occupancy after the earthquake. Those hospitals that were built in accordance with the 1973 Hospital Act were very successful in resisting structural damage. However, nonstructural damage (for example, plumbing and ceiling systems) was extensive in those post-1973 buildings. Senate Bill 1953 (SB 1953), enacted in 1994 after the Northridge Earthquake, expanded the scope of the 1973 Hospital Act. Under SB 1953, all hospitals are required, as of January 1, 2008, to survive earthquakes without collapsing or posing the threat of significant loss of life. The 1994 Act further mandates that all existing hospitals be seismically evaluated, and retrofitted, if needed, by 2030, so that they are in substantial compliance with the Act (which requires that the hospital buildings be reasonably capable of providing services to the public after disasters). SB 1953 applies to all urgent care facilities (including those built prior to the 1973 Hospital Act) and affects approximately 2,500 buildings on 475 campuses.

SB 1953 directed the Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (“OSHPD”), in consultation with the Hospital Building Safety Board, to develop emergency regulations including “…earthquake performance categories with sub gradations for risk to life, structural soundness, building contents, and nonstructural systems that are critical to providing basic services to hospital inpatients and the public after a disaster.” (Health and Safety Code Section 130005) 69

The Seismic Safety Commission Evaluation of the State’s Hospital Seismic Safety Policies In 2001, recognizing the continuing need to assess the adequacy of policies, and the application of advances in technical knowledge and understanding, the California Seismic Safety Commission created an Ad Hoc Committee to re-examine the compliance with the Alquist Hospital Seismic Safety Act. The formation of the Committee was also prompted by the recent evaluations of hospital buildings reported to OSHPD that revealed that a large percentage (40%) of California’s operating hospitals are in the highest category of collapse risk.

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California Earthquake Mitigation Legislation California is painfully aware of the threats it faces from earthquakes. Dating back to the 19th century, Californians have been killed, injured, and lost property as a result of earthquakes. As the State’s population continues to grow, and urban areas become even denser, the risk will continue to increase. For decades the Legislature has passed laws to strengthen the built environment and protect the residents.

Table 4-5: Sampling of Earthquake Laws in California Source: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html Code Section Description Government Code Creates Seismic Safety Commission Section 8870-8870.95 Government Code Established the California Center for Earthquake Engineering Section 8876.1-8876.10 Research Public Resources Code Authorized a prototype earthquake prediction system along the Section 2800-2804.6 central San Andreas fault near the City of Parkfield Public Resources Code Continued the Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project Section 2810-2815 and the Bay Area Regional Earthquake Preparedness Project Health and Safety Code The Seismic Safety Commission and State Architect will develop a Section 16100-16110 state policy on acceptable levels of earthquake risk for new and existing state-owned buildings Government Code Established the California Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of Section 8871-8871.5 1986 Health and Safety Code Defined earthquake performance standards for hospitals Section 130000-130025 Public Resources Code Established the California Earthquake Education Project Section 2805-2808 Government Code Established the Earthquake Research Evaluation Conference Section 8899.10-8899.16 Public Resources Code Established the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Section 2621-2630 2621. 70 Government Code Created the Earthquake Safety and Public Buildings Rehabilitation Section 8878.50-8878.52 8878.50. Bond Act of 1990 Education Code Established emergency procedure systems in kindergarten through Section 35295-35297 35295. grade 12 in all the public or private schools Health and Safety Code Established standards for seismic retrofitting of unreinforced Section 19160-19169 masonry buildings Health and Safety Code Required all child day care facilities to include an Earthquake Section 1596.80-1596.879 Preparedness Checklist as an attachment to their disaster plan

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Earthquake Education Earthquake research and education activities are conducted at several major universities in the Southern California region, including Cal Tech, USC, UCLA, UCI, and UCSB. The local clearinghouse for earthquake information is the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) located at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, telephone: (213) 740- 5843, Fax: (213) 740-0011, email: [email protected], website: http://www.scec.org. SCEC is a community of scientists and specialists who actively coordinate research on earthquake hazards at nine core institutions, and communicate earthquake information to the public. SCEC is a National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Technology Center and is co-funded by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

In addition, Los Angeles County along with other Southern California counties sponsor the Emergency Survival Program (ESP), an educational program for learning how to prepare for earthquakes and other disasters. Many school districts have active emergency preparedness programs that include earthquake drills and periodic disaster response team exercises.

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Section 5: Flood Hazards

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Task Force added a graphic depicting the CPRI rating for the hazard. 2. The Task Force added additional language to the “Local Conditions” section to better define threats associated with flooding. The remaining content of that section was checked for accuracy. 3. The Task Force added sections on “Impacts of Flooding on Compton”, “Severity”, “to more specifically define what community members can expect from a flooding event. 4. The Task Force added a table of “Historical Floods in Los Angeles County”. 5. The Task Force removed the “Floodplain in the City of Compton” map and added the “Disaster Management Area E – FEMA Floodplains”. 6. The Task Force added the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) for the City of Compton.

Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) Probability: Likely 3.2

Magnitude/Severity: Limited 2.4 Warning Time: 12 to 24 hours 2.8 Duration: Less than 24 hours 2.6

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Why are Floods a Threat to the City of Compton? According to the city’s General Plan, the most likely significant flooding event in the city would be a 100-year flood caused by the Los Angeles River overflowing. The Los Angeles River flows north-south through the eastern portion of the city. Additionally, the east and west fork of Compton Creek flow through the City. Flooding poses a threat to life and safety, and can cause severe damage to public and private property. As stated in the City’s General Plan, the eastern two-thirds of the city would flood in the event that the Los Angeles River overflows.

Urban flooding could pose a threat to life and safety, and possibly can cause damage to public and private property. There is potential for localized flooding in natural depressions within the City.

Historic Flooding in Southern California Historic flooding records in Los Angeles County show that since 1811, the Los Angeles River has flooded 30 times, on average once every 6.1 years. But averages are deceiving, for the Los Angeles basin goes through periods of drought and then periods of above average rainfall. Between 1889 and 1891 the river flooded every year, from 1941 to 1945, the river flooded 5 73 times. Conversely, from 1896 to 1914, and again from 1944 to 1969, a period of 25 years, the river did not have serious floods.

Average annual precipitation in Los Angeles County ranges from 13 inches on the coast to approximately 40 inches on the highest point of the Peninsular Mountain Range that transects the county. Several factors determine the severity of floods, including rainfall intensity and duration. A large amount of rainfall over a short time span can result in flash flood conditions. A sudden thunderstorm or heavy rain, dam failure, or sudden spills can cause flash flooding. The National Weather Service’s definition of a flash flood is a flood occurring in a watershed where the time of travel of the peak of flow from one end of the watershed to the other is less than six hours.

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The towering mountains that give the Los Angeles region its spectacular views also wring a great deal of rain out of the storm clouds that pass through. Because the mountains are so steep, the rainwater moves rapidly down the slopes and across the coastal plains on its way to the ocean.

“The Santa Monica, Santa Susana and Verdugo Mountains, which surround three sides of the valley, seldom reach heights above three thousand feet. The western San Gabriel Mountains, in contrast, have elevations of more than seven thousand feet. These higher ridges often trap eastern-moving winter storms. Although downtown Los Angeles averages just fifteen inches of rain a year, some mountain peaks in the San Gabriels receive more than forty inches of precipitation annually, as much as many locations in the humid eastern United States” (Source: The Los Angeles River: It’s Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth, Gumprecht 2001).

Naturally, this rainfall moves rapidly downstream, often with severe consequences for anything in its path. In extreme cases, flood-generated debris flows will roar down a canyon at speeds near 40 miles per hour with a wall of mud, debris and water, tens of feet high. Flooding occurs when climate, geology, and hydrology combine to create conditions where water flows outside of its usual course.

Table 5-1: Historical Records of Large Floods in Los Angeles County (Source: http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~192429)

Date Loss Estimation Source of Estimate Comments

1995 $50 million National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Flash Flood

1995 $50 thousand National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Flood/Flash Flood

2005 $1 million National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Flash Flood

Flooding Characteristics Flooding occurs when climate, geology, and hydrology combine to create conditions where water flows outside of its usual course. 74

Winter Rainfall Over the last 125 years, the average annual rainfall in Los Angeles County is 14.9 inches. But the term “average” means very little as the annual rainfall during this time period has ranged from only 4.35 inches in 2001-2002 to 38.2 inches in 1883-1884. In fact, in only fifteen of the past 125 years, has the annual rainfall been within plus or minus 10% of the 14.9 inch average. And in only 38 years has the annual rainfall been within plus or minus 20% of the 14.9 inch average. This makes the Los Angeles basin a land of extremes in terms of annual precipitation

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Monsoons Another relatively regular source for heavy rainfall, particularly in nearby mountains and foothills, is from summer tropical storms. Table 5-2: Tropical Cyclones of Southern California lists tropical storms that had significant rainfall in the past century, and the general areas affected by these storms. These tropical storms usually coincide with El Niño years. El Niño is a disruption of the ocean-atmosphere Flood Risk Factors system in the tropical El Niño Pacific having important El Niño is a disruption of the ocean-atmosphere system in the consequences including tropical Pacific having important consequences. Among these increased rainfall across consequences is increased rainfall across the southern tier of the US and in Peru, which has caused destructive flooding, and the southern tier of the US drought in the West Pacific, sometimes associated with which has caused devastating brush fires in Australia. Observations of conditions in the tropical Pacific are considered essential for the prediction of destructive flooding and short term (a few months to 1 year) climate variations. drought in the West El Niño (Spanish name for the male child), initially referred to a Pacific. weak, warm current appearing annually around Christmas time along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, and lasting only a few weeks, to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event can last for many months, having significant economic and atmospheric consequences worldwide. During the past forty years, ten of these major El Niño events have been recorded, the worst of which occurred in 1997-1998. Previous to this, the El Niño event in 1982-1983 was the strongest. Some of the El Niño events have persisted more than one year.

Table 5-2: Tropical Cyclones of Southern California (Source: http://www.fema.gov/nwz97/eln_scal.shtm) Month-Year Date(s) Area(s) Affected Rainfall July 1902 20 and 21 Deserts and Southern Mountains up to 2” August 1906 18 and 19 Deserts and Southern Mountains up to 5” September 1910 15 Mountains of Santa Barbara County 2” August 1921 20 and 21 Deserts and Southern Mountains up to 2” 75 September 1921 30 Deserts up to 4” September 1929 18 Southern Mountains and Deserts up to 4” September 1932 28 - Oct 1 Mountains and Deserts, 15 Fatalities up to 7” August 1935 25 Southern Valleys, Mountains and Deserts up to 2” September 1939 4 - 7 Southern Mountains, Southern and Eastern Deserts up to 7” 11 and 12 Deserts, Central and Southern Mountains up to 4” 19 - 21 Deserts, Central and Southern Mountains up to 3”

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Month-Year Date(s) Area(s) Affected Rainfall 25 Long Beach, w/ Sustained Winds of 50 mph 5” Surrounding Mountains 6 to 12” September 1945 9 and 10 Central and Southern Mountains up to 2” September 1946 30 - Oct 1 Southern Mountains up to 4” August 1951 27 - 29 Southern Mountains and Deserts 2 to 5” September 1952 19 - 21 Central and Southern Mountains up to 2” July 1954 17 - 19 Deserts and Southern Mountains up to 2” July 1958 28 and 29 Deserts and Southern Mountains up to 2” September 1960 9 and 10 Julian 3.40” September 1963 17 - 19 Central and Southern Mountains up to 7” September 1967 1 - 3 Southern Mountains and Deserts 2” October 1972 6 Southeast Deserts up to 2” September 1976 10 and 11 Central and Southern Mountains. Ocotillo, CA was destroyed, 3 fatalities 6 to 12” August 1977 n/a Los Angeles 2” Mountains up to 8” October 1977 6 and 7 Southern Mountains and Deserts up to 2” September 1978 5 and 6 Mountains 3” September 1982 24 - 26 Mountains up to 4” September 1983 20 and 21 Southern Mountains and Deserts up to 3”

History of Flooding in the City of Compton City of Compton most recently experienced large-scale destruction during a flood in 2003. On November 12, 2003 at approximately 4:00pm the City of Compton experienced heavy rainfall and hail that resulted in more than six inches of floodwater throughout the city. Although a presidential disaster was not declared, there was $268,700 damage to public facilities. 76

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Severity Floods threaten life and property. People and animals can drown; structures and their contents destroyed; roads, bridges, and railroad tracks can be washed out; and crops ruined. Floods can create health hazards due to the discharge of raw sewage from damaged septic tank leach fields, sewer lines, and sewage treatment plants; or due to hazardous materials carried off by raging waters. Geography and Geology Southern California is the product of rainstorms and erosion occurring over millennia. Most of

the mountains surrounding the valleys and coastal plain are deeply The 100-year flooding fractured faults. As the mountains grew taller, their brittle slopes eroded. Rivers and streams carried boulders, rocks, gravel, sand, event is the flood having a and silt down these slopes to the valleys and coastal plain. Today, 1% chance of being much of the coastal plain rests on the ancient rock debris and sediment washed down from the mountains. equaled or exceeded in magnitude in any given This sediment can act like a sponge, absorbing vast quantities of rain in years when heavy rains follow a dry period. Like a sponge year. Contrary to popular near saturation, the same soil fills up rapidly when heavy rain belief, it is not a flood follows a period of relatively wet weather. Even so, in some years of heavy rain, flooding is minimal because the ground is relatively occurring once every 100 dry, yet the same amount of rain following a wet period causes years. extensive flooding.

Essentially all of Los Angeles County is built out leaving little open land to absorb rainfall. The lack of open land forces water to remain on the surface rapidly accumulating. If it were not for the massive flood control system with its concrete lined river and streambeds, flooding would occur more frequently. In addition, the tendency is toward less and less open land. In-fill building is becoming a much more common practice in many areas. Developers tear down an older home, typically covering up to 40 percent of the lot, replacing the single home with three or four town homes or apartments covering 90-95 percent of the lot.

Another potential source of flooding is “asphalt creep”. The street space between the curbs of a street is a part of the flood control system. When water leaves property and accumulates in the street, it is directed toward the underground portion of the flood control system. The carrying capacity of the street is determined by the width of the street and the height of the curbs along the street. Often, when resurfacing streets, a one to two inch layer of asphalt is laid over the existing asphalt. This added layer of asphalt subtracts from the rated capacity of the street to 77 carry water. Thus, the original engineered capacity of the entire storm drain system is marginally reduced over time. Subsequent re-paving of the street will further reduce the engineered capacity even more.

Flood Terminology Floodplain A floodplain is a land area adjacent to a river, stream, lake, estuary, or other water body that is subject to flooding. This area, if left undisturbed, acts to store excess flood water. The floodplain is made up of two sections: the floodway and the flood fringe.

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100-Year Flood The 100-year flooding event is the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in magnitude in any given year. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a flood occurring once every 100 years. The 100-year floodplain is the area adjoining a river, stream, or watercourse covered by water in the event of a 100-year flood. Schematic 5-1: Floodplain and Floodway shows the relationship of the floodplain and the floodway.

Schematic 5-1: Floodplain and Floodway (Source: FEMA How-To-Guide Assessing Hazards)

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Map 5-1: Flood Hazard Areas (Source: City of Compton General Plan)

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Map 5-2: Los Angeles Flood Zones (Source: Los Angeles County Mitigation Plan 2005)

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Floodway The floodway is one of two main sections that make up the floodplain. Floodways are defined for regulatory purposes. Unlike floodplains, floodways do not reflect a recognizable geologic feature. For NFIP purposes, floodways are defined as the channel of a river or stream, and the overbank areas adjacent to the channel. The floodway carries the bulk of the flood water downstream and is usually the area where water velocities and forces are the greatest. NFIP regulations require that the floodway be kept open and free from development or other structures that would obstruct or divert flood flows onto other properties.

The City of Compton regulations prohibit all development in the floodway. The NFIP floodway definition is "the channel of a river or other watercourse and adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than one foot. Floodways are not mapped for all rivers and streams but are generally mapped in developed areas.

Base Flood Elevation (BFE) The term "Base Flood Elevation" refers to the elevation (normally measured in feet above sea level) that the base flood is expected to reach. Base flood elevations can be set at levels other than the 100-year flood. Some communities use higher frequency flood events as their base flood elevation for certain activities, while using lower frequency events for others. For example, for the purpose of storm water management, a 25-year flood event might serve as the base flood elevation; while the 500-year flood event serves as base flood elevation for the tie down of mobile homes. The regulations of the NFIP focus on development in the 100-year floodplain.

Types of Flooding Urban Flooding As land is converted from fields or woodlands to roads and parking lots, it loses its ability to absorb rainfall. Urbanization of a watershed changes the hydrologic systems of the basin. Heavy rainfall collects and flows faster on impervious concrete and asphalt surfaces. The water moves from the clouds, to the ground, and into streams at a much faster rate in urban areas. Adding these elements to the hydrological systems can result in flood waters that rise very rapidly and peak with violent force.

The City of Compton has a high concentration of impermeable surfaces that either collect water, 81 or concentrate the flow of water in unnatural channels. During periods of urban flooding, streets can become swift moving rivers and basements can fill with water. Storm drains often back up with vegetative debris causing additional, localized flooding.

Riverine Flooding Riverine flooding is the overbank flooding of rivers and streams. The natural processes of riverine flooding add sediment and nutrients to fertile floodplain areas. Flooding in large river systems typically results from large-scale weather systems that generate prolonged rainfall over a wide geographic area, causing flooding in hundreds of smaller streams, which then drain into the major rivers. Map 5-2 shows the various river basins (or flood zones) in Los Angeles County.

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Shallow area flooding is a special type of riverine flooding. FEMA defines shallow flood hazards as areas that are inundated by the 100-year flood with flood depths of only one to three feet. These areas are generally flooded by low velocity sheet flows of water.

Dam Failure Flooding Loss of life and damage to structures, roads, and utilities may result from a dam failure. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. These effects would certainly accompany the failure of one of the major dams in the City of Compton. There are a total of 3 dams or impacting reservoirs in the City of Compton holding millions (or billions) of gallons of water. Because dam failure can have severe consequences, FEMA requires that all dam owners develop Emergency Action Plans (EAP) for warning, evacuation, and post-flood actions. Although there may be coordination with county officials in the development of the EAP, the responsibility for developing potential flood inundation maps and facilitation of emergency response is the responsibility of the dam owner.

What is the Effect of Development on Floods?

When structures or fill are placed in the floodway or floodplain, Flood Insurance Rate Maps water is displaced. Development raises the river levels by forcing the river to compensate for the flow space obstructed by the (FIRM) and Flood inserted structures and/or fill. When structures or materials are Insurance Studies (FIS) added to the floodway or floodplain and no fill is removed to compensate, serious problems can arise. Flood waters may be Floodplain maps are the forced away from historic floodplain areas. As a result, other basis for implementing existing floodplain areas may experience flood waters that rise above historic levels. Displacement of only a few inches of water floodplain regulations and can mean the difference between no structural damage occurring for delineating flood in a given flood event, and the inundation of many homes, businesses, and other facilities. Careful attention should be given insurance purchase to development that occurs within the floodway to ensure that requirements. structures are prepared to withstand base flood events. In highly urbanized areas, increased paving can lead to an increase in volume and velocity of runoff after a rainfall event, exacerbating the potential flood hazards. Care should be taken in the development and implementation of storm water management systems to ensure that these runoff waters are dealt with effectively.

How are Flood-Prone Areas Identified? 82 Flood maps and Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) are often used to identify flood-prone areas. The NFIP was established in 1968 as a means of providing low-cost flood insurance to the nation’s flood-prone communities. The NFIP also reduces flood losses through regulations that focus on building codes and sound floodplain management. NFIP regulations (44 Code of Federal Regulations Chapter 1, Section 60, 3) require that all new construction in floodplains must be elevated at or above base flood level.

FIRM and FIS Floodplain maps are the basis for implementing floodplain regulations and for delineating flood insurance purchase requirements. A FIRM is the official map produced by FEMA which delineates Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) in communities where NFIP regulations apply. FIRMs are also used by insurance agents and mortgage lenders to determine if flood insurance is required and what insurance rates should apply.

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Water surface elevations are combined with topographic data to develop FIRMs. FIRMs illustrate areas that would be inundated during a 100-year flood, floodway areas, and elevations marking the 100-year-flood level. In some cases, they also include BFEs and areas located within the 500-year floodplain.

Flood Insurance Studies and FIRMs produced for the NFIP provide assessments of the probability of flooding at a given location. FEMA conducted many Flood Insurance Studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These studies and maps represent flood risk at the point in time when FEMA completed the studies. However, it is important to note that not all 100-year or 500-year floodplains have been mapped by FEMA.

Local Mapping FEMA flood maps are not entirely accurate. These studies and maps represent flood risk at the point in time when FEMA completed the studies, and does not incorporate planning for floodplain changes in the future due to new development. Although FEMA is considering changing that policy, it is optional for local communities. The FEMA FIRM maps for the City of Compton were last updated December 3, 2009. Map 5-1: Flood Hazard Areas represents the current status of the FIRM map. Human-caused and natural changes to the environment have changed the dynamics of storm water run-off since then.

SFHAs are areas at or below a flood elevation that has a one percent or greater probability of being equaled or exceeded during any given year (this is also known as a 100-year flood event). This flood, which is referred to as the base flood, is the national standard on which the floodplain management and insurance requirements of the NFIP are based.

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Map 5-3: Flood Insurance Rate Map (Source: FEMA, NFIP)

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Flood Mapping Methods and Techniques Although many communities rely exclusively on FIRMs to characterize the risk of flooding in their area, there are some flood-prone areas that are not mapped but remain susceptible to flooding. These areas include locations next to small creeks, local drainage areas, and areas susceptible to manmade flooding.

Communities find it particularly useful to overlay flood hazard areas on tax assessment parcel maps. This allows a community to evaluate the flood hazard risk for a specific parcel during review of a development request. Coordination between FEMA and local planning jurisdictions is the key to making a strong connection with GIS technology for the purpose of flood hazard mapping.

Flood Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification

Hazard identification is the first phase of a hazard assessment. Coordination between Identification is the process of estimating: 1) the geographic extent of the floodplain (i.e., the area at risk from flooding); 2) the intensity FEMA and local planning of the flooding that can be expected in specific areas of the jurisdictions is the key to floodplain; and 3) the probability of occurrence of flood events. This process usually results in the creation of a floodplain map. making a strong Floodplain maps provide detailed information that can assist connection with GIS jurisdictions in making policies and land-use decisions.

technology for the purpose Vulnerability Assessment of flood hazard mapping. Vulnerability assessment is the second phase of a flood-hazard assessment. It combines the floodplain boundary, generated through hazard identification, with an inventory of the property within the floodplain. Understanding the population and property exposed to hazards will assist in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. Because site-specific inventory data and inundation levels given for a particular flood event (10-year, 25-year, 50-year, 100-year, and 500-year) are not readily available, calculating a community’s vulnerability to flood events is not straightforward. The amount of property in the floodplain, as well as the type and value of structures on those properties, should be calculated to provide a working estimate for potential flood losses.

85 Risk Analysis Risk analysis is the third and most advanced phase of a flood hazard assessment. It builds upon the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. A flood risk analysis for the City of Compton should include two components: 1) the life and value of property that may incur losses from a flood event (defined through the vulnerability assessment); and 2) the number and type of flood events expected to occur over time. Within the broad components of a risk analysis, it is possible to predict the severity of damage from a range of events. Flow velocity models assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of flood events.

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Local Conditions The size and frequency of a flood in a particular area, depends on a complex combination of conditions, including the amount, intensity, and distribution of rainfall previous moisture condition and drainage patterns.

The magnitude of a flood is measured in terms of its peak discharge, which is the maximum volume of water passing a point along a channel in a given amount of time, usually expressed in cubic feet per second (cfs). Floods are usually referred to in terms of their chance of occurrence. For example, a 100-year flood has a 1% chance of occurring in any given year.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) establishes base flood heights and inundation areas for 100-year and 500-year flood zones. The 100-year flood zone is defined as the area that could be inundated by the flood which has a one percent probability of occurring in any given year. The 500-year flood is defined as the flood which has a 0.2 percent probability of occurring in any given year.

The City participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Created by Congress in 1968, the NFIP makes flood insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management rules consistent with the Code of Federal Regulations §60.3.

Map 5-1: Flood Hazard Areas identifies areas within the City that have the potential to be impacted in the event of a 100-year or 500-year flood. Due to the elevated topography of the eastern portion of the City, the majority of the City south of Santa Ana Canyon Road is outside of the 500-year flood zone. FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) provide more detailed flood hazard map information and current maps are available in the Planning Department and the City’s Main Library.

Table 5-3: El Niño Storm Event Years El Nino Years 1902-1903 1925-1926 1953-1954 1982-1983 1905-1906 1930-1931 1957-1958 1986-1987 1911-1912 1932-1933 1965-1966 1991-1992 1914-1915 1939-1940 1969-1970 1997-1998 1918-1919 1941-1942 1972-1973 1923-1924 1951-1952 1976-1977

86 Impact of Flooding in the City of Compton Floods and their impacts vary by location and severity of any given flood event, and likely only affect certain areas of the county during specific times. Based on the risk assessment, it is evident that floods will continue to have devastating economic impact to certain areas of the city.

Impact that is not quantified, but anticipated in future events includes:

 Injury and loss of life;  Commercial and residential structural damage;

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 Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure;  Secondary health hazards e.g. mold and mildew  Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility  Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) upon the community  Negative impact on commercial and residential property values and  Significant disruption to students and teachers as temporary facilities and relocations would likely be needed.

Property Loss Resulting from Flooding Events The type of property damage caused by flood events depends on the depth and velocity of the flood waters. Faster moving flood waters can wash buildings off their foundations and sweep cars downstream. Pipelines, bridges, and other infrastructure can be damaged when high waters combine with flood debris. Extensive damage can be caused by basement flooding and landslide damage related to soil saturation from flood events. Most flood damage is caused by water saturating materials susceptible to loss (i.e., wood, insulation, wallboard, fabric, furnishings, floor coverings, and appliances). In many cases, flood damage to homes renders them unlivable.

Business/Industry Flood events impact businesses by damaging property and by interrupting business. Flood events can cut off customer access to a business as well as close a business for repairs. A quick response to the needs of businesses affected by flood events can help a community maintain economic vitality in the face of flood damage. Responses to business damages can include funding to assist owners in elevating or relocating flood-prone business structures.

Public Infrastructure Publicly owned facilities are a key component of daily life for all citizens of the county. Damage to public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, flood control facilities, emergency facilities, and offices can hinder the ability of the government to deliver services. Government can take action to reduce risk to public infrastructure from flood events, as well as craft public policy that reduces risk to private property from flood events.

Roads During hazard events, or any type of emergency or disaster, dependable road connections are critical for providing emergency services. Roads systems in the City of Compton are maintained 87 by multiple jurisdictions. Federal, state, county, and city governments all have a stake in protecting roads from flood damage. Road networks often traverse floodplain and floodway areas. Transportation agencies responsible for road maintenance are typically aware of roads at risk from flooding.

Storm Water Systems Local drainage problems are common throughout the City of Compton. The City of Compton maintenance and operations staff is aware of local drainage threats. The problems are often present where storm water runoff enters culverts or goes underground into storm sewers. Inadequate maintenance can also contribute to the flood hazard in urban areas.

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Debris in the Storm Drains Storm water pollution is urban runoff water that picks up pollutants as it flows through the storm drain system – a network of channels, gutters and pipes that collect runoff from city streets, neighborhoods, farms, construction sites and parking lots – and empties directly into local waterways.

Unlike sewage, which goes to treatment plants, urban runoff flows untreated through the storm drain system. Anything thrown, swept or poured into the street, gutter or a catch basin – the curbside openings that lead into the storm drain system – can flow directly into our channels, creeks, bays and ocean. This includes pollutants like trash, pet waste, cigarette butts, motor oil, anti-freeze, runoff from pesticides and fertilizers, paint from brushes and containers rinsed in the gutter, and toxic household chemicals.

Contaminated urban runoff is an uncontrolled nonpoint source of pollution into local waters and contributes to beach closures. Litter, leaves and other debris clog catch basins causes flooding when it rains. Storm water pollution may contribute to beach closures, which hurt local businesses, tourism and Los Angeles County's image as a desirable place to live and work. It is illegal for businesses without a permit to discharge wastewater or other materials into the storm drain system.

Water/Wastewater Treatment Facilities The City of Compton receives its water services from Compton Public Utilities.

Water Quality Environmental quality problems include bacteria, toxins, and pollution.

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Section 6: Dam Failure Hazards

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Task Force added a graphic depicting the CPRI rating for the hazard. 2. The Task Force added sections on “Impacts of Dam Failures in the City of Anaheim”, to more specifically define what community members can expect from a dam failure event. 3. The Task Force updated information about the three specific dams that pose a threat to the City.

Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) (Hansen Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) (Whittier Dam) Narrows Dam) Probability: Possible Probability: Possible 2 2 Magnitude/Severity: Critical Magnitude/Severity: Likely 3.8 2.8 Warning Time: 6 to 12 hours Warning Time: 6 to 12 hours 3.6 3.8 Duration: Less than 24 hours Duration: Less than 24 hours 2.6 2.4

Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) (Sepulveda Dam) Probability: Possible 2

Magnitude/Severity: Critical 89 3.8 Warning Time: 6 to 12 hours 3.6 Duration: Less than 24 hours 2.6

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Why is Dam Failure a Threat to City of Compton? Dam failure results from a number of natural or human causes, including earthquakes, erosion of the face or foundation, rapidly rising flood waters, improper sitting, and structural/design flaws. The Task Force categorized dam failure as a natural hazard for purposes of this plan. Should a dam failure occur, it will likely be the result of natural causes.

Since 1929, the State of California is responsible for overseeing dams to safeguard life and property (California Department of Resources, 1995). This legislation was prompted by the 1928 failure of St. Francis Dam. In 1965, the law was amended to include off stream storage reservoirs due to the 1963 failure of Baldwin Hill Reservoir. In 1973, Senate Bill 896 was enacted to require dam owners, under the direction of Cal EMA, to show the possible inundation path in the event of a dam failure.

Governmental assistance could be required and continued for an extended period. These efforts are required to remove debris and clear roadways, demolish unsafe structures, assist in reestablishing public services and utilities, and provide continuing care and welfare for the affected population including, as required, temporary housing for displaced persons. 90 There are a total of 103 dams in Los Angeles County, owned by 23 agencies or organizations, ranging from the Federal government to homeowner associations. These dams hold billions of gallons of water in reservoirs. Releases of water from the major reservoirs are designed to protect Southern California from flood waters and to store domestic water. Seismic activity can compromise the dam structures, and the resultant flooding could cause catastrophic flooding. Following the 1971 Sylmar Earthquake the Lower Van Norman Dam showed signs of structural compromise, and tens of thousands of persons had to be evacuated until the dam could be drained. The dam has never been refilled.

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The City of Compton has no history of a release or dam failures.

Table 6-1: Reservoirs that could Impact the City of Compton Name of Facility Owner Whittier Narrows Dam U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hansen Dam U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Sepulveda Dam U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

Historic Dam Failure Events in Southern California There have been a total of 45 dam failures in California, since the 19th century. The significant dam failures in Southern California are listed in Table 6-2: Dam Failures in Southern California.

Table 6-2: Dam Failures in Southern California (Source: http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/dams/Dam_History_Page/Failures.htm) Sheffield Santa Barbara 1925 Earthquake-induced slide Puddingstone Pomona 1926 Overtopping during construction Lake Hemet Palm Springs 1927 Overtopping Saint Francis San Francisquito 1928 Sudden failure at full capacity through foundation, 426 Canyon deaths Cogswell Monrovia 1934 Breaching of concrete cover Baldwin Hills Los Angeles 1963 Leak through embankment turned into washout, 3 deaths

Hazard Assessment Hazard Identification Hazard identification is the first phase of a hazard assessment. Identification is the process of estimating: 1) the geographic extent of the dam (i.e., the area at risk from dam failure); 2) the intensity of the flooding that can be expected in specific areas of the dam failure path; and 3) the probability of occurrence of dam failure. This process usually results in the creation of a dam failure inundation map. Inundation maps provide detailed information that can assist 91 jurisdictions in making policies and land-use decisions.

Vulnerability Assessment Vulnerability assessment is the second phase of a dam failure-hazard assessment. It combines the inundation path boundary, generated through hazard identification, with an inventory of the property within the path. Understanding the population and property exposed to hazards will assist in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. The amount of property in the inundation path, as well as the type and value of structures on those properties, should be calculated to provide a working estimate for potential dam failure losses.

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Risk Analysis Risk analysis is the third and most advanced phase of a dam failure hazard assessment. It builds upon the hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. A dam failure risk analysis for the City of Compton should include two components: 1) the life and value of property that may incur losses from a dam failure event (defined through the vulnerability assessment); and 2) the number of dam failure events expected to occur over time. Within the broad components of a risk analysis, it is possible to predict the severity of damage from a range of events. Flow velocity models assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of dam failure events. Community Dam Failure Issues Hansen Dam Hansen Dam is located thirty miles upstream from the City of Compton. Should this dam fail, the floodwaters would reach the city within twenty hours at a depth of approximately one foot. The waters would inundate the northern section of the city first and move through the rest of the city. The inundation areas include commercial, industrial, schools, and residential areas.

Whittier-Narrows Dam The Whittier Narrows Dam is located eleven miles upstream from the City of Compton. Should a breach occur, flood waters would reach the city in fifteen hours at a depth of four feet. The dam inundation areas for the Whittier Narrows in the city include Dominguez High School and a par three golf course.

Sepulveda Dam Sepulveda Dam is located twenty-nine miles upstream from the City of Compton. Should this dam fail, the floodwaters would reach the city within eleven hours at a depth of one foot. The inundation areas include commercial, industrial, schools, and residential areas.

Dam Failure Flooding Loss of life and damage to structures, roads, and utilities may result from a dam failure. Economic losses also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. These effects would certainly accompany the failure of one of the major dams in the City of Compton. There are 3 dams in the City of Compton holding millions (or billions) of gallons of water. Because dam failure has severe consequences, FEMA requires that all dam owners develop Emergency Action Plans (EAP) for warning, evacuation, and post-flood actions. Although there may be coordination with county officials in the development of the EAP, the responsibility for developing potential flood inundation maps and facilitation of emergency response is the 92 responsibility of the dam owner.

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Map 6-1: Hansen Dam Inundation Paths (Source: City of Compton Multi-Hazard Functional Plan)

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Map 6-2: Whittier Narrows Dam Inundation Paths (Source: City of Compton Multi-Hazard Functional Plan)

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Map 6-3: Sepulveda Dam Inundation Paths (Source: City of Compton Multi-Hazard Functional Plan)

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Impact of Dam Failure in the City of Compton Dam Failures and the impacts vary by location and severity of any given Dam Failure event, and only affect certain areas of the county during specific times. Based on the risk assessment, it is evident that Dam Failure continues to have potentially devastating economic impact on certain areas of the city. Impacts that are not quantified, but can be anticipated in future events, include:

 Injury and loss of life  Commercial and residential structural damage  Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure  Secondary health hazards e.g. mold and mildew  Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility  Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) upon the community  Negative impact on commercial and residential property values  Significant disruption to students and teachers as temporary facilities and relocations are needed

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Section 7: Technological and Human Caused Hazards

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Task Force added the new Technological and Human Caused Hazards section to the 2010 Plan update.

Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) (Transportation Accident) Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) (Terrorism) Probability: Likely Probability: Possible 3 2.25 Magnitude/Severity: Limited Magnitude/Severity: Critical 2.4 3.66 Warning Time: Less than 6 hours Warning Time: Less than 6 hours 4 4 Duration: Less than 24 hours Duration: Less than 6 hours 2.2 1.66

Calculated Priority Risk Index (CPRI) (Hazardous Materials) Probability: Likely 3 Magnitude/Severity: Limited 2.66 Warning Time: 6 to 12 hours 3.33 Duration: Less than 24 hours 2 97

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Hazardous Materials Hazardous materials are any substance or combination of substances that because of quantity, concentration, or characteristics may cause or significantly contribute to an increase in death or serious injury, or pose substantial hazards to humans and/or the environment.

Hazardous material incidents differ from other emergency response situations because of the wide diversity of causative factors and the pervasiveness of the potential threat. Circumstances 98 such as the prevailing wind and geographic features in the vicinity of emergency incidents are relevant factors that may greatly increase the hazardous chemical dangers. Incidents may occur at fixed facilities where, most likely, the occupants have filed site-specific emergency response contingency and evacuation plans. However, incidents may also occur at any place along any land, water or air transportation routes, and (in event of vessel mishaps, aircraft accidents, misuse of agricultural chemicals and illegal dumping) may occur in unpredictable areas, relatively inaccessible by ground transportation.

In Compton the vast majority of hazardous material incidents are handled before they become a major disaster. Nevertheless, the emergency organization needs to be flexible and evolutionary in its response to a developing incident. The Hazardous Materials Area Plan is designed to

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accommodate both the large number of relatively routine minor spill incidents and the truly catastrophic hazardous material disaster.

The increasing volume and variety of hazardous materials that are generated, stored, or transported within the City is a concern to public officials and the community. A major hazardous material accident and/or spill could endanger public health and safety within two miles of the accident scene. Several fixed site industrial firms use potentially hazardous materials to operate their businesses. Other threats include commercial airliners which routinely takeoff and land in the Los Angeles International Airport and significantly increase the overall potential disaster threat.

Specific Hazards that Threaten the City of Compton The threat of a major hazardous material incident in Compton exists from seven different sources: (1) commercial transport vehicles, (2) air transportation; (3) rail car, (4) airborne industrial chemical release, (5) pipeline; (6) fixed facility; and (7) clandestine dumping. Freeway/Transportation Compton is in close proximity to 4 major freeways; the Century Freeway (I-105), the Harbor Freeway (I-110), the Artesia Freeway (SR-91) and the Long Beach Freeway (I-710). These freeways are heavily traveled by trucks moving many types of materials.

Air Transportation The City of Compton is near the flight pattern of arriving and departing commercial aircraft carriers at the Los Angeles International Airport, Long Beach International Airport and Hawthorne Municipal Airport. There is always a risk of an in-flight emergency and/or catastrophic failure of the aircraft over the City, or the Pacific Ocean. Such an incident would significantly impact the City.

Pipelines Pipelines owned and operated by various companies run beneath the City’s streets. The pipes vary in size from 6 to 18 inches in diameter, and buried at different depths. A rupture of any of these pipelines could pose major hazards to persons, property and environment. Ruptures in these lines have occurred at various locations outside the City, and will continue to pose risk to the community.

Fixed Facility A serious hazardous material threat exists from an accidental spill and/or incident at one of the 99 estimated 400 known facilities that manufacture, warehouse, and process toxic chemicals and/or generate hazardous waste materials within or next to City boundaries. Although there are numerous facilities involved with hazardous materials, they are less of a threat due to required plant contingency and evacuation plans.

Clandestine Dumping Clandestine dumping is the criminal act of disposing of toxic materials and hazardous waste on public or private property. As the costs and restrictions increase for legitimate hazardous waste disposal sites, it can be anticipated that illegal dumping of hazardous materials will increase proportionately.

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Transportation Accidents

Major Air Crash A major air crash that occurs in a heavily populated residential area can result in considerable loss of life and property. The impact of a disabled aircraft as it strikes the ground creates the likely potential for multiple explosions, resulting in intense fires. The time of day when the crash occurs may significantly affect the extent of damage to persons and property. Damage assessment and disaster relief efforts associated with an air crash incident will require support from other local governments, private organizations and in certain instances from the state and federal governments.

The intense fires, until controlled, will limit search and rescue operations. Police barricades will be needed to block off the affected area. The crowds of onlookers and media personnel will have to be controlled. Injured or displaced persons will require emergency medical care, food and temporary shelter. Many families may be separated, particularly if the crash occurs during working hours. Investigators from the National Transportation and Safety Board and the Los Angeles County Coroner’s Office will have short-term jurisdiction over the crash area and investigations will be completed before the area is released for clean up.

The clean-up operation may consist of the removal of large debris, clearing of roadways, demolishing unsafe structures and towing of demolished vehicles. It can be anticipated that the mental health needs of response personnel, survivors and the surrounding residents will greatly increase due to the trauma associated with such a catastrophe. A coordinated response team, comprised of mental health professionals, will take a proactive approach toward identifying and addressing mental health needs stemming from any traumatic disaster.

Air Traffic in the Vicinity of Compton The City is comprised primarily of residential areas. The skies in the area of Compton are occupied by aircraft originating and departing from a number of airports located in Southern California. The airports nearest to Compton, handling the greatest amount of air traffic are as follows:

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX): LAX is the fourth busiest airport in the world and has experienced a four percent air traffic growth rate in recent years. Planes arrive and department at a rate of one per minute.

Long Beach Airport (LGB): LGB is ranked the 12th busiest airport nationally in terms of air traffic that it handles and is experiencing a 0.5 percent decrease in the rate 100 of traffic. Planes arrive and depart at a rate of 1.5 every two minutes.

Aircraft flying in the area of Compton are located in the Los Angeles Terminal Control Area (TCA). The TCA is airspace restricted to large, commercial airliners. Each TCA has an established maximum and minimum altitude in which a large aircraft must travel. Smaller aircraft desiring to transit the TCA may do so by obtaining Air Traffic Control clearance. The aircraft may then proceed to transit when traffic conditions permit. Aircraft departing from other than LAX, whose route of flight would penetrate the TCA, are required to give this information to Air Traffic Control on appropriate frequencies. Pilots operating small aircraft often rely on geographical landmarks, rather than charts, to indicate their locations. If a pilot is unfamiliar with the geographical landmarks of the Southern California basin, they may misinterpret a

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particular landmark and inadvertently enter the restricted TCA airspace. This misunderstanding may result in a mid-air collision.

Over the past ten years, there have been significant occurrences of near-miss collisions in or near Los Angeles International Airport. Each year, more than 20 average runway incursions occur on LAX runways. This threat continues to grow each year as passenger flights and cargo transports continue to increase, and the FAA flight control systems struggle to keep up.

Following are recorded crashes in and around the Los Angeles International Airport based on commercial and domestic flights into or out of LAX (on average, over 10 emergency landings occur due to in-flight emergencies yearly):

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Table 7-1: Major Air Crashes near the Los Angeles International Airport Year Event 2000 KLM 767 Passenger Jet dropped an engine cover due to bird strike onto Dockweiler State Beach immediately after takeoff and made a successful emergency landing; 2000 Alaska Air Flight #261 enroute to LAX on an in-flight emergency and catastrophic instrument failure, crashed into the Pacific Ocean just 7 air minutes from LAX (88 passengers and crew killed); 1991 USAir Flight 1493 collided on touchdown with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner, Flight 5569, that had been holding in position on the same runway. The collision killed all 12 occupants of the SkyWest plane and 22 people aboard the USAir 737 1986 Aeroméxico Flight 498 began its descent into LAX when it collided with a Piper Cherokee over Cerritos, California, crashing into a residential neighborhood. All 64 passengers and crew aboard the Aeroméxico flight were killed, in addition to 15 on the ground. The three occupants of the Piper were killed immediately. 1978 Crew aboard Continental Airlines DC-10 aborted takeoff due to ruptured tires and were unable to keep the aircraft from running off the runway. The aircraft caught fire after coming to a stop, and the passengers and crew evacuated. All 14 crew members survived, but two of the 186 passengers were killed. 1969 A Scandinavian DC-8 crashed 7 miles from the airport into Santa Monica Bay on pilot error – killing 15, injuring 28 passengers. 1969 A United 727 suffered catastrophic failure on takeoff and crashed into Santa Monica Bay killing all 28 passengers and crew;

Currently, an airport security plan is under consideration by the City of Los Angeles to increase the airport capacity of LAX to approximately 78 million annual passengers (MAP) per year. This substantially increases the potential of an aviation emergency occurring in or near Compton. The FAA has promised to improve its radar and navigational systems, yet system failures grow each year – increasing the risk of a catastrophic aviation emergency in or near Compton. Nearly all of the crashes involve pilot error or a combination of traffic control error, pilot error, judgment, maintenance oversight or mechanical failure – these situations substantially increase the risk of an aviation emergency in or near Compton.

Commercial Transportation Incident (Rail/Truck)

A major commercial transportation (rail/truck) incident that occurs in a heavily populated industrial area or residential area can result in considerable loss of life and property. When a commercial truck is involved in an accident, there is no longer control as to the direction the truck will travel. Potential hazards could be overturned tank trailers, direct impact either into a 102 residence or industrial building, or entering into the normal flow of traffic. When a rail car is involved in an accident (BLEVE or rupture) or derailment, a combination of products and materials that may be extremely hazardous and/or flammable could be released. Each of these hazards encompasses many threats, such as hazardous materials incidents, fires, explosions, severe damage to rail lines, roadways, adjacent buildings or vehicles, roadway closures, evacuations, and loss of life if pedestrians or those in either the adjacent buildings or vehicles are affected by the incident.

Generally, transportation accidents are incidents that are handled by local jurisdictions or by jurisdictional mutual aid responses. A transportation accident, combined with a volatile hazardous substance or a large number of people, has the potential for becoming an event that requires a major mobilization of local, county, state and federal agencies. Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 102 For the City of Compton

Rail Train derailments are so localized that the incidents themselves would not constitute a disaster. However, if there are volatile or flammable substances on the train and the train is in a highly populated or densely forested area, death, injuries, damage to homes, or wild fires could occur. There have been 15 MAJOR train accidents in the State of California since 1950, as shown in Table 7-2.

Table 7-2: Major train accidents in California since 1950 Incident Location Metrolink collision Chatsworth Metrolink collision Glendale Southern Pacific collision Beaumont Union Pacific derailment Kelso Freight train derailment Cajon Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe/Union Pacific collision Cajon Union Pacific derailment Beaumont Southern Pacific derailment San Bernardino Southern Pacific derailment West Surf Union Pacific collision Kelso Southern Pacific collision Thousand Palms Southern Pacific collision Tracy Two Southern Pacific trains collision Indio Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Rosedale Burlington Northern Santa Fe/Metrolink Placentia Union Pacific derailment Commerce Union Pacific derailment Pico Rivera

Compton has two railroads that cross the City in a north-south direction: the Metro Blue Line passenger rail and the Alameda Corridor freight rail expressway. The Metro Blue Line railroad 103 runs through several commercial and residential areas and its crossings impact traffic movement throughout the City. There are seven east-west streets connecting each side of the City; of the City’s major east-west arterials, Rosecrans and Artesia have overpasses but three, Compton, Alondra, and Greenleaf have at-grade crossings. The other streets that have crossings are El Segundo, Palmer, Pine, Myrrh and Elm Streets. There is also one pedestrian crossing at Caldwell Street. The Alameda Corridor extends through or borders the cities of Vernon, Huntington Park, South Gate, Lynwood, Compton, Carson, Los Angeles, and the County of Los Angeles. It is a series of bridges, underpasses, overpasses and street improvements that separate freight rail, passenger and street traffic. The project was intended to reduce truck traffic; however, the expansion of activities at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and at the Intermodal Container Transfer

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Facility south of Compton have increased the impact of truck traffic on the I-710 and other truck routes through the City of Compton. An important element of the Alameda Corridor is the Mid- Corridor Trench located in Compton. This facility carries freight trains in an open trench that is ten miles long, 33 feet deep, and 50 feet wide between State Route 91 in Carson and 25th Street in Los Angeles. Along the southern route, corridor tracks remain at-grade to maintain access to the Dolores Railroad Classification Yard and access to the Intermodal Container Transfer Facility (ICTF). This also allows the corridor to cross over Compton Creek.

Truck According to the City’s General Plan, the State of California Vehicle code establishes regulations on the use of local streets and roads by trucks and other heavy vehicles. The Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles generate many truck trips that must cross the City in a north- south direction. The businesses located along the Alameda Corridor or in the industrial area in the south of the City also generate many truck trips as well as local delivery truck trips. Map 7-2 identifies the streets that trucks are allowed on in Compton, although trucks often use streets that are not designed for their weight.

Map 7-3: Truck Routes in Compton (2009) (Source: 2030 General Plan)

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The freeways surrounding Compton have thousands of large trucks carrying all sorts of cargos (including hazardous materials) everyday. Because of this routine heavy truck traffic, the Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 104 For the City of Compton

potential for a highway accident involving one or more trucks carrying volatile cargo is great. Generally, these accidents are handled as incidents by the appropriate jurisdiction; however, because of the dense population in and around the City of Compton combined with the sheer volume of vehicular traffic, the risk of a crash becoming a catastrophic event grows.

Chain reaction accidents on the crowded interstate freeways that surround Compton must also be considered. These events can quickly grow into localized disasters that overstrain local responders. Potentially, they could expand into catastrophic incidents involving hazardous materials, mass casualties, fire, and transportation disruption. Depending on the occurrence, the response could involve mass evacuation, mutual aid and other aspects of managing a disaster.

National Security Emergency

Because of international political changes, the possibility of full-scale nuclear war is significantly reduced. However, limited nuclear strikes by rogue nations, terrorist activities, and radiological materials accidents are still likely. Terrorist activities could result in the use nuclear weapons – a weapon of mass destruction (WMD) being detonated or incorporated into a non-nuclear explosive device (“dirty bomb”) that would not provide a nuclear explosion, but spread nuclear materials and radiation in the area of the explosion.

The following is provided for information and planning purposes:

Air Burst An air burst, by definition, is when a nuclear weapon is detonated and the fireball does not touch the surface of the earth. Usually, the weapon is set to detonate at a height of between 5,000 and 15,000 feet. Air bursts are generally selected for their capability to generate high over- pressure and shock effect over large areas, as well as to ignite fires for great distances. Neither radiation nor radioactive fallout is considered to be a significant factor in the event of an air burst.

Surface Burst A nuclear detonation is considered a surface burst when the fireball generated touches the surface of the earth. Surface bursts could include water bursts, underwater bursts and underground bursts. Surface bursts produce large amounts of radioactive fallout. Therefore, some targets may be selected not only for destroying facilities, but to also use the downwind fallout to prevent access or restrict movement in large geographical areas.

Detonation of a nuclear bomb can produce various damaging effects. Included are blast and 105 over-pressure, intense heat and light, nuclear radiation (fission and fusion), electromagnetic pulse, and for surface bursts, radioactive fallout.

Blast When the weapon is detonated, a tremendous pressure is developed. This over-pressure rapidly expands outward in all directions, creating extremely high winds. The expansion continues until the over-pressure is reduced to normal pressure. The rapid outward expansion of air creates a vacuum that must equalize. The winds then reverse to the opposite direction and continue until the air pressure is equalized. Damage and injury are caused not only by the outward expansion phase of the wind and pressure, but also in the opposite direction when the air is rushing back to fill the vacuum. It is believed that an ordinary California home would be destroyed at about 1.5 to 2 psi, often 2 to 5 miles from the detonation. Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 105 For the City of Compton

Thermal Radiation Thermal radiation is a burst of intense light and heat. This phenomenon can initiate fires as well as produce casualties. A one-megaton explosion can produce flash-blindness up to 13 miles on a clear day, or 53 miles on a clear night. Thermal radiation can cause skin and retinal burns many miles from the point of detonation. A one-megaton explosion can cause first-degree burns at distances of approximately 7 miles, second-degree burns at approximately 6 miles, and third- degree burns at approximately 5 miles from ground zero. Detonation of a single thermonuclear weapon could cause many thousands of burn casualties.

Initial Radiation Defined as that radiation emitted during the first minute after detonation, it is comprised of gamma rays and neutrons. For large yield weapons, the range of the initial radiation is less than that of the lethal blast and thermal radiation effects. However, with respect to small yield weapons, the initial radiation may be the lethal effect with the greatest range.

Fallout Fallout is produced by surface debris drawn into and irradiated by the fireball, then rising into the atmosphere and eventually returning to earth. When a nuclear detonation occurs, fission products and induced radioactive material from the weapon casing and debris that was pulled up into the fireball returns to earth as fallout. A source of ionizing radiation, fallout may be deposited miles from the point of detonation and thus affect people otherwise safe from the other effects of the weapon. The radiation danger associated with fallout decreases as the radioactive material decays. Decay rates range from several minutes to several years.

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Intense electric and magnetic fields that can damage unprotected electronic equipment. This effect is most pronounced in high altitude bursts (above 100,000 feet). Surface bursts typically produce significant EMP up to the 1 psi over-pressure range, while air bursts produce somewhat less. No evidence exists suggesting that EMP produces harmful effects in humans.

Dirty Bomb A dirty bomb is a conventional explosive salted with radioactive isotopes — cesium, cobalt and iridium isotopes that are widely used for industrial and medical purposes-- in order to spew out nuclear material and contaminate a wide area. The military usefulness of such devices is widely disputed. The TNT in such a bomb may still be more dangerous than the nuclear material. Its destructive power would depend on the size of the conventional bomb and the volume and nature of the nuclear material. 106 Domestic Terrorism Terrorism is the use of fear for intimidation, usually for political goals. Terrorism is a crime where the threat of violence is often as effective as the commission of the violent act itself. Domestic Terrorism focuses on local threats of terrorism using commonly used weapons; weapons of mass destruction; and civil unrest which may be designed to disrupt businesses and other services. Tactics of civil unrest may includes blockades, riots, acts of civil disobedience, trespassing, vandalism, disrupting transportation routes, and interfering with computer networks.

Persons employing terrorist activities ordinarily attack high profile targets in order to generate media coverage and widespread public attention and fear. Accordingly, health care clinics, government offices, public places with high concentrations of pedestrians, and other, similar,

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facilities are all potential terrorist targets.

Specific Situations Obvious structural targets include: • Government • Religious groups • Racial groups or of a specific national origin • Business • Public infrastructure including major shipping ports, major airport, and major rail terminals

A significant date to a particular terrorist group may be April 19th (based upon the 1993 Branch Davidian Incident in Waco, Texas) and the April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City, OK Bombing of Federal Building, and the Columbine High School shootings on April 20, 1999. Other dates include 9-11, for the anniversary of the East Coast Terrorist attacks in New York, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001.

Potential individual targets include: • Government and school officials • Religious or ethnic leaders • Business persons • Visiting dignitaries • Leaders of radical groups

Special events held that might be a terrorist target: • Conventions or meetings • Newsworthy trials • Religious or ethnic festivals

The greatest threat from terrorism is directly related to the City of Compton’s’ proximity to the Los Angeles International Airport. The Airport ranked one of the top in the world with 61 million passengers and 2.1 million tons of goods in 2006 alone. In the event of a major crash, explosion, or biochemical release, the residents of Compton could be significantly impacted.

Public Health Emergency

The City of Compton, like most California cities, has no Public Health Office or Public Health Officer. The County of Los Angeles Department of Health and the State of California, under the Department of Health Services (DHS), manage local public health and safety issues nationally in coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Centers for Disease Control 107 (CDC). Local health departments and physicians are required to report on 83 different diseases. Public health labs are required to report 18 of the 83 reportable diseases.

Problems (infection or illness) would be identified by a variety of entities: • Clinicians (urgent care, hospitals, clinics) • Pharmacists • Veterinarians • Animal Control • Vector Control • Emergency medical personnel (first responders, EMT’s, Paramedics, ER personnel) • Laboratorians

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• Pathologists • Coroner

Under the direction of the Director of DHS, the Division of Communicable Disease Control (DCDC) would have primary responsibility for planning and coordinating the DHS (state) response to a public health emergency. The Emergency Preparedness Office (EPO) is a branch of DHS that is responsible for ensuring that the Department of Health Services is prepared to respond to disasters and for coordinating DHS disaster response activities.

The response activities at the State level would be carried out in collaboration with the Emergency Medical Services Authority (EMSA), the Health and Human Services Agency, and the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (OES).

The Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management (OEM) and Department of Health would coordinate personnel and material resource acquisition and distribution in coordination with local, state, and federal agencies. In addition, potential pharmaceutical distribution sites have been identified in each locale within of Los Angeles County to assist in dispensing pharmaceuticals or vaccines if there is a credible public health threat.

A public health emergency could be linked to intentional exposure of a contagious disease that may be treated as an act of terrorism by law enforcement officials. However, the underlying public health emergency still must be addressed at the local level. The most realistic presentation of a public health emergency is a natural pandemic associated with influenza, or an intentional (terrorist) act of exposing the public to a bio-weaponized material (smallpox, anthrax, etc.)

The worst natural disaster in modern times was the infamous “Spanish flu” of 1918-1919, which caused 20 million deaths worldwide and over 500,000 deaths in the U.S. Although the Asian influenza pandemic of 1957 and the Hong Kong influenza pandemic of 1968 were not as deadly as the Spanish influenza pandemic, both were associated with high rates of illness and social disruption.

Influenza is a highly contagious viral disease. Pandemics occur because of the ability of the influenza virus to change into new types, or strains. People may be immune to some strains of the disease either because they have had that strain of influenza in the past or because they have recently received influenza vaccine. However, depending on how much the virus has changed, people may have little or no immunity to the new strain. Small changes can result in localized epidemics. But, if a novel and highly contagious strain of the influenza virus emerges, influenza pandemic can occur and affect populations around the world. 108

California, with its west coast location and several major ports of entry for flights (LAX) and shipping from Asia (a likely location for the development of a novel virus), would likely be among the first U.S. locations for influenza pandemic to establish a foothold.

The California Department of Health Services (DHS) estimates that the impact of an influenza pandemic on California’s population of 35 million could include: • 8.8 million persons ill with influenza (estimated range: 5.3 million to 12.3 million); • 4.7 million outpatient visits (estimated range: 2.8 million to 6.6 million); • 97,200 persons hospitalized (estimated range: 58,300 to 136,000); • 21, 500 deaths (estimated range: 12,900 to 30,200).

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These estimates underscore the need for advance planning to lessen the impact of a pandemic.

Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, public health vaccines ended in 1972 in the United States. Live viruses were maintained as part of government weapons programs. These types of agents may be directed toward a civilian population in manner similar to the intentional release of Anthrax in domestic mail in October 2001 in Florida, Washington, and New Jersey, resulting in 5 deaths. Other Class “A” agents include: anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, and viral hemorrhagic fevers (filovirouses and arenaviruses).

Class B viruses include: Q fever, Brucellosis (Brucella abortus, etc), Glanders (Burkholderia mallei), Viral encephalitides (Venezuelan equine encephalitis), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B), Food/Waterborne (Salmonella, Shigella, Cholera, Cryptosporidium.

Other viruses, like the West Nile virus (WNV), which was discovered in 1999 in New York City, and St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) could impact the City of Compton. In just under 3 years, the WNV reached Los Angeles County (September 2002). SLE is endemic to Imperial County for over 20 years. There is no cure for these and most viruses. In 2002 alone, the WNV epidemic infected over 3400 victims across the United States; of those infected the CDC has reported over 200 deaths.

Vaccinations also present a potential risk to the public because a small percentage of those receiving vaccinations may have adverse reactions – which are sometimes fatal. Reactions may include allergies, disability, or development of actual illness as a direct result of preventive measures taken.

Public Health Emergencies in the City of Compton

A local crisis or disease cluster develops with an illness presented by patient onset that strains the resources of public safety in response, transport, and treatment of those infected with a disease or virus. Local health departments begin active surveillance, which may trigger a national surveillance. Major issues and challenges associated with this type of emergency are: identifying the disease, eliminating transmission of the disease (isolation, vector control, and possible quarantine), treatment of those already infected, surveillance of the disease, treatment of those exposed to an infection but not yet showing symptoms, and the potential for dealing with mass fatalities associated with a public health emergency (epidemic), and addressing the panic and fear associated with wide spread disease or epidemic.

California maintains plans to address public health emergencies: the Department of Health Services (CDHS) “Bioterrorism Surveillance and Epidemiologic Response Plan,” and the 109 Department of Health Services (DHS) “Influenza Pandemic Response Plan.” The Federal government and Office of Homeland Security have additional plans in place. Many are currently under development.

The Public Health Officer has the authority under California Health and Safety Code to institute a variety of measures, including, but limited to isolation, quarantine, and to order the destruction of public and private property declared to be a threat to the public health and safety (infection or contamination). These are generally extreme measures that are implemented when a severe crisis or state of emergency exists or is declared.

Pandemic

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The California Influenza Pandemic Response Plan states “in California, an influenza pandemic (worldwide epidemic) could result in nine million persons ill with influenza. The number of persons hospitalized would probably be about 97,000 persons (compared with about 3,000 in a normal year) and 21,000 deaths (compared with about 200 in a normal year). In order to lessen the impact of a pandemic, the Department of Health Services (DHS) has developed the “Influenza Pandemic Response Plan” to promote an orderly and effective response, from the first novel virus alert through the conclusion of the last wave of the pandemic.

Biohazards and Bioterrorism Bioterrorism and its potential for mass destruction have been subjects of increasing concern. Terrorist groups have used or threatened to use biological agents in a variety of circumstances, both domestically and internationally. Current concerns regarding the threat of bioterrorism result from the production of biological weapons for use in the 1991 Gulf War and from the increasing number of countries that are engaged in the proliferation of such weapons. Many foreign countries possess offensive biological weapons programs and the existence of these programs increases the likelihood that biological expertise will be transferred, directly or indirectly, to groups and individuals with grievances against the government or society.

The growth of religious cults and extremist political groups also increases the threat of bioterrorism today. In 1995, a Japanese doomsday cult released the nerve agent Sarin in a Tokyo subway following several failed bioterrorist attacks in Japan. The group had also planned similar attacks in the United States (U.S.). A significant biological attack in the U.S. was the intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars with Salmonella by a religious cult in Oregon in 1984, it was the first major bioterrorism act reported.

The most significant biological terrorist attack on US soil occurred on the east coast in October 2001 through December 2001. Military (weapons) grade anthrax was sent via the United States Postal system in letters addressed to elected officials and prominent members of the print and television media. When the letters were opened, millions of spores were released infecting all surfaces and people entering the area. Five people died and hundreds were exposed.

California is vulnerable to bioterrorist incidents. California has the largest population and the largest economy in the nation and continues to be a major port of entry for travelers to the U.S. One in every eight Americans lives in California and two-thirds of the population lives in the coastal urban areas surrounding the San Francisco and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. California is the home to numerous extremist groups, some motivated to bring about social disruption. In addition, numerous sophisticated biotechnology laboratories that could provide essential supplies and facilities for potential bioterrorists onsite or by theft are located in California. 110

The public health infrastructure at the local and state levels must be prepared to detect, control, and prevent illness and injury resulting from biological and chemical terrorism, especially a covert terrorist attack. Preparation for bioterrorism involves strengthening of the existing infrastructure for the surveillance of infectious diseases; detection, and investigation of outbreaks; identification of etiologic agents and their modes of transmission; the development of prevention and control strategies; and; the mobilization and management of resources required to respond to disease outbreaks and other health emergencies.

Bioterrorism Preparations

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The County of Los Angeles and State of California maintains aggressive public health surveillance programs. In addition, the use of vaccines for influenza is encouraged for those at risk (children, elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. The United States through the CDC, Health and Human Services, and Office of Homeland Security are currently evaluating the use of vaccines for smallpox to public health workers.

There are concerns that the smallpox virus could be used for bioterrorism. The risk for smallpox occurring as a result of a deliberate release by terrorists is not known, but is considered very low. Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the National Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), two groups that provide recommendations to CDC and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on vaccine use and policies, met to review current smallpox vaccine recommendations. There is an expected availability of about 286 million doses of smallpox vaccine by the end of the 2002. This stockpile would be enough to protect every United States citizen, if needed.

Impact of Technological and Human-Caused Hazard Issues on The City of Compton

Because of the nature of technological and human-caused hazards it is difficult to identify specific locations or populations clusters that would be vulnerable to a particular hazardous event. As such, no specific infrastructure, government structure, population centers have been identified as being targets or at any greater risk than any other location. Impacts that are not quantified, but can be anticipated in future events, include: • Injury and loss of life; • Commercial and residential structural damage; • Disruption of and damage to public infrastructure; • Secondary Health hazards e.g. mold and mildew; • Damage to roads/bridges resulting in loss of mobility; • Significant economic impact (jobs, sales, tax revenue) upon the community; • Negative impact on commercial and residential property values; and • Significant disruption to students and teachers as temporary facilities and relocations would likely be needed.

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PART III: MITIGATION PLANNING

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Section 8: Mitigation Strategies

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The content of Section 9: Mitigation Strategies was previously included in the 2005 Executive Summary (including the 2005 Mitigation Actions Matrix). This change was made to better clarify the process of determining and refining appropriate mitigation action items. In addition, Section 9: Mitigation Strategies now includes FEMA’s definition of “Mitigation Measures”. 2. The Task Force updated the Mitigation Actions Matrix in the following ways: a. The action items themselves were updated including appropriate coordinating organization, timeline, and plan goals addressed. b. Columns were added for priority ranking (low, moderate, and high) and a Comments column. 3. The Task Force reaffirmed the plan goals from the 2005 Hazard Mitigation Plan. Overview of Mitigation Strategy As the cost of damage from natural disasters continues to increase nationwide, the City of Compton recognizes the importance of identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Mitigation Plans assist communities in reducing risk from natural hazards by identifying resources, information and strategies for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City.

The plan provides a set of action items to reduce risk from natural hazards through education and outreach programs, and to foster the development of partnerships. Further, the plan provides for the implementation of preventative activities, including programs that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from natural hazards.

The resources and information within the Mitigation Plan:

1. Establish a basis for coordination and collaboration among agencies and the public in the City of Compton; 2. Identify and prioritize future mitigation projects; and 3. Assist in meeting the requirements of federal assistance programs

The Mitigation Plan is integrated with other City plans including the City of Compton Multi- 112 Hazard Functional Plan, the General Plan and its associated Environmental Impact Report, the Capital Improvement Plan, as well as department specific standard operating procedures.

Planning Approach The four-step planning approach outlined in the FEMA publication, Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying Mitigation Actions and Implementing Strategies (FEMA 386-3) was used to develop this plan:

 Develop mitigation goals and objectives - The risk assessment (hazard characteristics, inventory, and findings), along with municipal policy documents, were

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utilized to develop mitigation goals and objectives.  Identify and prioritize mitigation actions - Based on the risk assessment, goals and objectives, existing literature/resources, and input from participating entities, mitigation activities were identified for each hazard. Activities were 1) qualitatively evaluated against the goals and objectives, and other criteria; 2) identified as high, medium, or low priority; and 3) presented in a series of hazard-specific tables.  Prepare implementation strategy - Generally, high priority activities are recommended for implementation first. However, based on community needs and goals, project costs, and available funding, some medium or low priority activities may be implemented before some high priority items.  Document mitigation planning process - The mitigation planning process is documented throughout this plan.

FEMA defines Goals as Goals general guidelines that The Task Force developed mitigation goals to avoid or reduce explain what you want to long-term vulnerabilities to hazards. These general principles achieve. They are usually clarify desired outcomes.

broad policy-type The goals are based on the risk assessment and Task Force input, statements, long-term, and and represent a long-term vision for hazard reduction or enhanced mitigation capabilities. They are compatible with community needs represent global visions. and goals expressed in other planning documents prepared by the City.

FEMA defines Mitigation Each goal is supported by mitigation action items. The Task Force Activities as specific actions developed these action items through its knowledge of the local area, risk assessment, review of past efforts, identification of that help you achieve your mitigation activities, and qualitative analysis. goals and objectives. The five mitigation goals and descriptions are listed below.

Protect Life and Property

Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses, infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to losses from natural, human-caused, and technological hazards. 113 Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for avoiding new development in high hazard areas and encouraging preventative measures for existing development in areas vulnerable to natural, human-caused, and technological hazards.

Enhance Public Awareness Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of the risks associated with natural, human-caused, and technological hazards.

Provide information on tools; partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in implementing mitigation activities.

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Preserve Natural Systems Support management and land use planning practices with hazard mitigation to protect life.

Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve hazard mitigation functions.

Encourage Partnerships and Implementation Strengthen communication and coordinate participation with public agencies, citizens, non-profit organizations, business, and industry to support implementation.

Encourage leadership within the City and public organizations to prioritize and implement local and regional hazard mitigation activities.

Strengthen Emergency Services Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure.

Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry.

Coordinate and integrate hazard mitigation activities where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures.

The Task Force also developed hazard-specific mitigation goals, which appear in Section 2: Mitigation Strategies.

How are the Mitigation Action Items Organized? The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged to reduce risk. Each action item includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation.

The action items are organized within the following Mitigation Actions Matrix, which lists all of the multi-hazard (actions that reduce risks for more than one specific hazard) and hazard- specific action items included in the mitigation plan. Data collection and research and the public participation process resulted in the development of these action items (Section 3: Planning Process). The Matrix includes the following information for each action item: 114

Funding Source The action items can be funded through a variety of sources, possibly including: operating budget/general fund, development fees, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), other Grants, private funding, Capital Improvement Plan, and other funding opportunities.

Coordinating Organization The Mitigation Actions Matrix (Table 8-1) assigns primary responsibility for each of the action Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 114 For the City of Compton

items. The hierarchies of the assignments vary – some are positions, others departments, and other committees. The primary responsibility for implementing the action items falls to the entity shown as the “Coordinating Organization”. The coordinating organization is the agency with regulatory responsibility to address hazards, or that is willing and able to organize resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, county, or regional agencies that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs.

Plan Goals Addressed The plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a way to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals once implementation begins.

The plan goals are organized into the following five areas:

 Protect Life and Property  Enhance Public Awareness  Preserve Natural Systems  Encourage Partnerships and Implementation  Strengthen Emergency Services

Ranking Priorities To assist with implementing the Hazard Mitigation Plan the Task Force adopted the following process for ranking mitigation action items. Designations of “High”, “Medium”, and “Low” priority have been assigned to each action item using the following criteria: Does the Action:  solve the problem?  address Vulnerability Assessment?  reduce the exposure or vulnerability to the highest priority hazard?  address multiple hazards?  benefits equal or exceed costs?  implement a goal, policy, or project identified in the General Plan or Capital Improvement Plan?

Can the Action: 115  be implemented with existing funds?  be implemented by existing state or federal grant programs?  be completed within the 5-year life cycle of the LHMP?  be implemented with currently available technologies?

Will the Action:  be accepted by the community?

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 be supported by community leaders?  adversely impact segments of the population or neighborhoods?  require a change in local ordinances or zoning laws?  positive or neutral impact on the environment?  comply with all local, state and federal environmental laws and regulations?

Is there:  sufficient staffing to undertake the project?  existing authority to undertake the project?

Comments Task Force members provided status updates on each of the mitigation action items identified in the 2005 plan. The Status was indicated in the comments column using the following categories: New, Revised, Completed, Deleted, and Deferred.

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Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 116 For the City of Compton

Following is Table 8-1: Mitigation Actions Matrix which identifies the existing and future mitigation activities developed by the Task Force. The coordinating organization titles are abbreviated and described here:

Natural Hazards Mitigation Committee=NHMC Building & Safety Department=B&S Planning Department=Planning Public Works Department=PW City’s Office of Emergency Services=City’s OES City Council=CC City Manager=CM General Services Department=GSD Fire Department=FD Information Technology Systems=ITS Community Redevelopment Agency=CRA General Services=GS Water Department=WD Economic & Resource Development=E&RD Municipal Law Enforcement=MLE Parks &Recreation=P&R Risk Management=RM

The plan goals addressed are abbreviated as follows: Protect Life and Property=PL&P Public Awareness=PA Natural Systems=NS Partnerships and Implementation=P&I Emergency Services=ES

Funding Sources GF=General Fund * Funding Source Unknown Capital Improvement Program=CIP

Table 8-1: Mitigation Actions Matrix

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New, New,

Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source Multi-Hazard Action Items MH-1 Integrate the goals and NHMC Ongoing X X H Reassigned GF action items from the City City’s of Compton Natural OES and

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 117 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source Hazards Mitigation Plan Planning into existing regulatory documents and programs, where appropriate. MH-2 Identify and pursue funding NHMC Ongoing X X M Responsibility Change GF opportunities to develop City’s and implement mitigation OES activities. MH-3 Establish a formal role for NHMC All Ongoing X X M Responsibility Change GF the NHMC to develop a Departme - NHMC disbanded, it sustainable process for nts is the responsibility of implementing, monitoring, all departments and evaluating citywide mitigation activities. MH-4 Identify, improve, and NHMC Ongoing X X X X M Responsibility Change GF sustain collaborative Planning - Falls under programs focusing on the Planning’s normal real estate and insurance activities. industries, public and private sector organizations, and individuals to avoid activity that increases risk to natural hazards. MH-5 Develop public and private NHMC Ongoing X X M Responsibility Change GF partnerships to foster City’s - Falls under OES’s natural hazard mitigation OES normal activities. program coordination and

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 118 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source collaboration in the City. MH-6 Develop inventories of at- NHMC 1-2 X X X H Responsibility Change GF risk buildings and B&S Years - Falls under Building infrastructure and prioritize & Safety’s normal mitigation projects. activities. MH-7 Strengthen emergency NHMC Ongoing X X M Responsibility Change GF services preparedness and City’s - Falls under OES’s response by linking OES & normal activities. emergency services with Fire natural hazard mitigation programs and enhancing public education on a regional scale. MH-8 Develop, enhance, and NHMC Ongoing X X M Responsibility Change GF implement education City’s - Falls under OES’s programs aimed at OES normal activities. mitigating natural hazards, and reducing the risk to citizens, public agencies, private property owners, businesses, and schools. MH-9 Establish policy to ensure NHMC 2 years X X H Responsibility Change GF mitigation measures are in City’s - Falls under OES’s place to safeguard critical OES & normal activities. facilities. Fire MH-10 Partner with other B&S Ongoing X M GF organizations and agencies with similar goals Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 119 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source to promote building codes that are more disaster resistant at the local level. MH-11 Develop policy for B&S, 3 years X X H This is an ongoing GF government to determine Planning Ongoing activity. what reconstruction criteria should be applied to structures damaged during a disaster. MH-12 Develop plans for B&S 2 years X X M Lack of funding and * temporary protection of staff support contents of a damaged building to protect against further damage. MH-13 Develop and implement PW 1 year X X M Lack of funding and * programs to coordinate staff support maintenance and mitigation activities to reduce risk to public infrastructure from severe weather events. MH-14 Coordinate and integrate City OES 2 years X X X M Must be updated on a * natural hazard mitigation Ongoing regular basis activities, where appropriate, with emergency operations plans and procedures. MH-15 Identify, improve, and CC, 3 years X X M Lack of funding and *

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 120 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source sustain collaborative CM staff support programs focusing on the real estate and insurance industries, public and private sector organizations, and individuals to avoid activity that increases risk to natural hazards. MH-16 Develop public and private City OES 2 years X X L Lack of funding and * partnerships to foster staff support natural hazard mitigation program coordination and collaboration in county. MH-17 Identify bridges at risk from PW 1 year X X M Lack of funding and * flood or earthquake staff support hazards, identify enhancements, and implement projects needed to reduce the risks. MH-18 Encourage the NHMC 1 year X X M Responsibility Change GF development of unifying City’s - Falls under OES’s organizations to ensure OES normal activities. communication and dissemination of natural hazard mitigation information. MH-19 Improve communication PW Ongoing X X L GF

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 121 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source between DOT and city/county road departments to work together to prioritize and identify strategies to deal with road problems. MH-20 Strengthen emergency NHMC 2 years X X X Not Mitigation operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry. MH-21 Develop a Preliminary NHMC 2 years X X H Lack of funding and * Damage Assessment B&S staff support (PDA) process and review Responsibility Change PDA data to identify concerns. MH-22 Develop activities that PW 2 years X X L Lack of funding and * protect and enhance the staff support quality of surface waters such as vegetative buffer zones along streams to filter polluted runoff from existing development, storm water detention of sufficient capacity to hold the first inch of rainfall.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 122 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source MH-23 Compile a directory of out- B&S 1 year X X M Lack of funding and * of-area contractors to help staff support with repairs/reconstruction so that restoration occurs in a timely manner MH-24 Mandate the avoidance of CC 4 years X X H Lack of funding and * development in designated staff support high hazard areas. MH-25 Conduct a study to NHMC 3 years X M Ongoing and updated GF determine sufficient City’s Ongoing as new information information to identify OES comes in disaster-prone areas such as floodplains, earthquake fault lines, storm surge zones, etc. MH-26 Work with Office of Planning 1 year X X M * Planning & Zoning and Municipal Planning Offices to review regulations pertaining to the jurisdiction to make sure that adequate zoning regulations are in place to reduce future development in high hazard areas. MH-27 In coordination with PW 5 years X X X H This is an ongoing GF Caltrans, retrofit of Ongoing process highway bridges/tunnels

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 123 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source MH-28 In coordination with PW 5 years X X X H This is an ongoing GF Caltrans, retrofit of railway process bridges/facilities MH-29 Retrofit of Hospitals B&S 5 years X X The City does not control any hospitals MH-30 Install and improve back- GS, 2 years X X H We now have up power in critical FD emergency generators facilities. at City Hall. Also all four fire stations have generators and maintenance service agreements. MH-31 Integrate the City’s PW 2 years X X X M Lack of funding and * Mitigation Plan into current staff support Capital Improvement Plans to ensure that development does not encroach on known hazard areas. MH-32 Create a database with ITS 3 years X X M Lack of funding and * information to track the staff support status of repair or reconstruction. MH-33 Identify safe evacuation PW 2 years X X H This was deleted routes in high-risk debris because it is a flow and landslide areas. duplicate item MH-34 Identify which types of Planning 3 years X X M This will be included repairs and/or General with the 2011 General

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 124 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source reconstruction, if any, Plan Plan update would be exempt from update local codes, particularly 2011 zoning and land development codes. MH-35 Comply with the ongoing PW 2 years X M Lack of funding and * research efforts of the staff support Federal Insurance Administration (FIA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE). MH-36 Determine who the NHMC 2 years X X M Responsibility change * stakeholders are in the Planning, to Planning recovery reconstruction OES Department process. Lack of funding and staff support MH-37 Determine which codes Planning, Ongoing X X M This will be updated and/or standards should be B&S General as General Plan is applied to the General Plan completed. California Reconstruction Policy. update Building Code. 2011 MH-38 Identify which types of Planning 3 years X X H This will be included in * repairs and/or General the General Plan reconstruction, if any, Plan update would be exempt from update local codes, particularly 2011 zoning and land development codes.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 125 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source MH-39 Improve water quality, PW 5 years X X L Lack of funding and * protect wildlife habitats, staff support encourage waterfront revitalization, enhance recreational opportunities, and balance public and private property rights. MH-40 Purchase a complete Planning 5 years X X Duplicate GIS/GPS setup and provide training on said setup to all pertinent community personnel. MH-41 Utility and B&S 5 years X X H Lack of funding and * communications staff support systems supporting emergency services operations will be retrofitted or relocated to withstand the impacts of disasters. MH-42 In conjunction with Los B&S 4 years X X City has no health Angeles County, public facilities and private medical and health care facilities in the community will be retrofitted or relocated to

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 126 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source withstand the impacts of disasters. MH-43 Conduct interim planning CRA, 2 years X X Not mitigation to locate, set up, and B&S, manage temporary sites FD where business and government functions can continue their operations during recovery. MH-44 Determine ‘abandoned B&S Ongoing X M GF structure’ policy to determine in what instances government will demolish structures and what the process will be to accomplish this task. MH-45 Determine temporary GS Ongoing X M GF protection measures; install plastic sheeting on roofs, cover exterior openings such as windows or doors, draining trapped water in ceilings or draining accumulated flood waters, temporary shoring to avoid imminent building collapse or damage. MH-46 Conduct site plan review to B&S, Ongoing X Will be updated as

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 127 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source determine new Planning General General Plan is constructions, repair and Plan completed reconstruction of damaged update structures. 2011 MH-47 Inventory alternative WD, 5 years X X H GF firefighting water sources FD Ongoing and encourage the development of additional sources. MH-48 Determine locations and City OES 3 years X X X M Lack of funding * arrangements for business Planning Planning and CRA resumption and housing and CRA more skilled in this where people relocate. area MH-49 Partner with other E&RD 2 years X M Lack of funding and * organizations and staff support agencies in the community to identify grant programs and foundations that may support mitigation activities. MH-50 Develop incentives for E&RD 2 years X M Lack of funding and * local governments, staff support citizens, and businesses to pursue hazard mitigation projects. MH-51 Identify all organizations City OES 2 years X X X L Lack of funding and * within the jurisdiction that staff support have programs or interests

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source in natural hazards mitigation. MH-52 Educate agency personnel FD 3 years X X H Lack of funding and * on federal cost-share and staff support grant programs, Fire Protection Agreements, and other related federal programs so the full array of assistance available is understood. MH-53 Incorporate a pre-disaster City OES 2 years X X X Not mitigation program under which the President may provide technical and financial assistance to local governments that are determined to have identified their natural hazards and to have demonstrated the ability to form effective public- private partnerships. MH-54 Ensure repairs or CM 2 years X X Not mitigation construction funded by Federal disaster assistance conforms to applicable codes and standards.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 129 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source MH-55 Promote hazard mitigation CC 2 years X H GF as a public value in Ongoing recognition of its importance to the health, safety, and welfare of the population. MH-56 Write and administer E&RD 3 years X X Not mitigation appropriate grants to enhance all agencies/departments’ incident response capabilities. MH-57 Promote public education City OES 1 year X X H GF to increase awareness of Ongoing hazards and opportunities for mitigation. MH-58 Educate the public about City OES 2 years X X X H Lack of funding * emergency sheltering and P&R Responsibility evacuation procedures. changed to better align with staff duties MH-59 Hold a town- City- NHMC 2 years X X X H Lack of funding * sponsored hazard City’s Reassigned mitigation seminar for the OES community residents for personal mitigation. MH-60 Post the community’s ITS City’s 1 year X X Hazard Mitigation Plan on OES

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source the website. MH-61 Distribute via water bill, WD and Ongoing X X X H Reassigned GF maps of evacuation routes City’s (since that will facilitate the OES 1/2006) community’s safe evacuation. MH-62 Send news releases to City OES 2 years X X M Part of normal GF local newspapers and Ongoing responsibility radio stations about pre- disaster information. Design to reach all areas of the City. MH-63 Inclusion of disaster City OES, 1 year X X H Part of normal GF preparedness information ITS Ongoing responsibility on the City’s website. MH-64 Hold workshops about FD 5 years X X X M Part of normal GF hazard mitigation and Ongoing responsibility family disaster planning with the boys and girls clubs, scouting organizations, County churches, PTA, Red Cross Youth Corps, VOAD, Chamber of Commerce, Rotary, Kiwanis,

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source and Lions Clubs. MH-65 Distribution of information B&S 2 years X X M Fire Marshall GF on fire safety, smoke Ongoing responsibility alarms and sprinkler systems to homeowners of structures built before 1980. (As depicted in the 2003 Hazard Vulnerability Analysis) MH-66 Train EMS, fire fighters, FD, 3 years X X Not mitigation law enforcement, public NHMC works, healthcare City’s OES providers and other support personnel in unified command using the Incident Management System (IMS) model. By understanding the role of each discipline will result in a cohesive performance of their assigned tasks yielding an overall emergency response that is not only effective, but

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 132 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source rapid with optimal outcome. MH-67 Establishment of an City OES Done X alternate EOC to be used in case the primary one becomes unusable. MH-68 Ensure that when FD, 2 years X H This is not a one-time completed, there is a ITS, Ongoing project. capability to communicate PW with all EOC agencies with redundant backups in voice and data communications. MH-69 Enhance disaster response FD, 2 years X X M Will be completed GF and EOC operations via Planning, General when plan is finished. expansion of City’s ITS Plan Recommended ITS GIS/GPS. 2011 department as lead. MH-70 Familiarize public officials CM 1 year X X Not mitigation of requirements regarding public assistance for disaster response. MH-71 Establish a formal role for CM July X X We do not control the the county to develop a 2005 county sustainable process for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating countywide mitigation activities. Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 133 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source MH-72 Coordinate the PW 1 year X H Not a one-time project GF maintenance of emergency Ongoing transportation routes though communication among the various roads department, neighboring jurisdictions and Caltrans. MH-73 Determine what kinds of PW 5 years X X X L Lack of funding * minor repairs and temporary protection activities (e.g., temporary roofing, protect against loss of life/injury, shoring, protect contents) can be done in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. MH-74 In conjunction with the FD, 5 years X X X X H Responsibility Change GF Sheriff’s Department, MLE Ongoing – City now has own enhance response Police Department capability of county and municipal fire, police, and emergency medical services personnel to special populations. MH-75 Identify bridges at risk from PW, 2 years X X X H Bridges have been * flood or earthquake County of identified; required hazards, identify LA, and enhancements to enhancements, and DOT reduce risk are being

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 134 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source implement projects needed investigated. to reduce the risks. MH-76 Hold workshops about City’s Ongoing X X X M hazard mitigation and OEM and family disaster planning FD with the boys and girls clubs, scouting organizations, County churches, PTA, Red Cross Youth Corps, VOAD, Chamber of Commerce, Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions Clubs. MH-77 Develop strategies for City’s Done X X X We have a debris debris management for OEM removal contact in severe storm events. place already. MH-78 Purchase a complete ITS, Fire, 2 years X X M Has started, needs to * GIS/GPS setup and B&S train more and acquire provide training on said more data. setup to all pertinent Recommended ITS as community personnel. lead. MH-79 Incorporate the building GS and 2 years X X X M * inventory into the hazard City Clerk assessment. MH-80 Monitor trees and P&R and 1-2 X X X M * branches in public areas at PW years risk of breaking or falling in wind and sand storms.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 135 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source Prune or thin trees or branches when they would pose an immediate threat to property, utility lines or other significant structures or critical facilities in the community. MH-81 Promote public education P&R and 1-2 X X X X H For park participants * to increase awareness of City’s years distribute literature for hazards and opportunities OES fire department/City’s for mitigation. OES MH-82 Encourage interested P&R 1-2 X X M For P&R – send email * individuals to participate in years to staff for interested hazard mitigation planning employees. and training activities. MH-83 Partner with other City’s 2-3 X X X L * organizations and OES years agencies in the community to identify grant programs and foundations that may support mitigation activities. MH-84 Develop incentives for City’s 1-3 X X X X M * local governments, OES years citizens, and businesses to pursue hazard mitigation projects. MH-85 Identify new sources of City’s 2 years X X M *

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 136 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source support such as OES philanthropic foundations, community foundations, and professional organizations such as the Urban Land Institute or American Planning Association who might be able to provide technical or financial support for mitigation and recovery planning. Earthquake Action Items EQ-1 Integrate earthquake NHMC 2 years X X X M Reassignment GF hazard mapping data for City’s Ongoing Los Angeles County and OES improve technical analysis of earthquake hazards. EQ-2 Identify funding sources for NHMC Ongoing X X L Reassignment GF structural and nonstructural B&S retrofitting of structures that are identified as seismically vulnerable. EQ-3 Educate the public on the NHMC Ongoing X X X M Responsibilities GF California Earthquake City’s updated Insurance Program. OES, and Risk Manage Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 137 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source ment EQ-4 Encourage seismic NHMC Ongoing X X X H Reassigned GF strength evaluations of B&S critical facilities in the City to identify vulnerabilities for mitigation of schools and university, public infrastructure, and critical facilities to meet current seismic standards. EQ-5 Encourage reduction of NHMC Ongoing X X X M Reassigned GF nonstructural and structural City’s earthquake hazards in OES homes, schools, businesses, and government offices. EQ-6 Encourage reduction of NHMC 1 year X X X H Reassigned GF nonstructural and structural City’s Ongoing Not a one-time project earthquake hazards in OES homes, schools, businesses, and government offices. EQ-7 Encourage seismic GS 2 years X X M Not a one-time project GF strength evaluations of Ongoing critical facilities in the City to identify vulnerabilities for mitigation of schools and universities, public Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 138 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source infrastructure, and critical facilities to meet current seismic standards. EQ-8 Identify funding sources for E&RD 2 years X X M Not a one-time project GF structural and nonstructural Ongoing retrofitting of structures that are identified as seismically vulnerable. EQ-9 Encourage purchase of CC, Ongoing X M GF earthquake hazard CM insurance. EQ-10 Strengthen emergency City’s 6 mo – X X M This action item is * operations by increasing OES and 1 yr currently being collaboration and CEMT pursued. Meetings coordination among public with the concerned agencies, non-profit agencies and organizations, business, organizations are and industry. being scheduled, etc. EQ-11 Minimize earthquake GS and 5-10 X X X H * damage risk by retrofitting B&S years critical facilities. EQ-12 Review priorities for CM, 1 year X X M * restoration of the Mayor & community’s infrastructure CC and vital public facilities following a disaster. City Manager will setup a workshop and establish a

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 139 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source priority list. EQ-13 Identify safe evacuation City’s X X H * routes in high-risk debris OES flow and landslide areas. Flood Action Items FLD-1 Analyze each repetitive NHMC 1-2 X X X Not necessary – there flood area within Compton years are no repetitive flood and identify feasible properties in Compton mitigation options. FLD-2 Develop better flood NHMC 5 years X X X X M Reassigned * warning systems. PW 1-2 Delayed due to lack of years funding FLD-3 Identify surface water NHMC 5 years X X X H Reassigned * drainage obstructions for PW and Delayed due to lack of all parts of the City. WD funding FLD-4 Inventory and map data in NHMC 3 years X X X M Reassigned * the City on flood-prone City’s Delayed due to lack of areas. OES, funding WD FLD-5 Develop site plans that will B&S Ongoing X M GF result in a building that is inherently safe from flood damages. FLD-6 Ensure compliance of B&S Ongoing X H GF regulations that require that any building that has been substantially

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 140 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source damaged, for any reason, must be brought into compliance with the NFIP regulations. FLD-7 Recommend revisions to B&S 3 years X X M Delayed due to lack of * requirements for funding development within the floodplain, where appropriate. FLD-8 Analyze each repetitive B&S 3 years X X Duplicative flood property within the City and identify feasible mitigation options. FLD-9 Enhance data and PW 3 years X X M Delayed due to lack of * mapping for floodplain funding information within the City and identify and map flood- prone areas outside of designated floodplains. FLD- Identify surface water PW 4 years X X X City does not have 10 drainage obstructions for authority over the all parts of the unincorporated county unincorporated county. FLD- Establish a framework to PW 4 years X X X X L Delayed due to lack of * 11 compile and coordinate funding surface water management plans and data throughout the county City.

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source FLD- Enact a local ordinance B&S 2 years X X X M Lack of funding * 12 that prohibits draining, filling, or construction of buildings, roads, or other infrastructure in designated wetlands. FLD- Comply with the ongoing PW 2 years X X H Lack of funding * 13 research efforts of the Federal Insurance Administration (FIA) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE). FLD- Record all structures within PW 3 years X X M Lack of funding * 14 the floodplain, as well as, areas of repetitive losses due to flooding. FLD- Revise the Zoning and Planning 5 years X X M Lack of funding * 15 Subdivision Ordinance to require the utilization of various pervious surfaces within the floodplain in order to reduce storm water runoff. This should include utilizing the use of various pervious surfaces in parking lots in recreational areas near the floodplain.

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source FLD- In conjunction with Los PW, 3 years X Included with General 16 Angeles Flood Control Planning Plan 2010 update District, promote the wise use of floodplains to reduce flood losses, and protect the natural and cultural resources and functions of floodplains. FLD- In conjunction with Los PW 3 years X L Lack of funding * 17 Angeles County Flood Control District, identify structures to be demolished by the government. FLD- Develop restoration of PW, 5 years X X M Lack of funding * 18 degraded wetlands to Planning reestablish their natural functions. FLD- Protect surrounding PW 3 years X X M Lack of funding * 19 surface water and ecosystems from pollutants often associated with flooding and storm water runoff. FLD- Partner with local RM 1 year X X X M GF 20 insurance agencies to hold workshops for property owners to educate about

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source the National Flood Insurance Program and its requirements. FLD- Partner with local RM 1 year X X X M GF 21 insurance agencies to increase advertising on the NFIP. FLD- Enhance data and Planning, 6 mo - X X X X M * 22 mapping for floodplain City’s 1 year information within the City, OES and identify and map flood- prone areas outside of designated floodplains. FLD- Develop a “how to” PW 2 years X X X M GF 23 mitigation display booth to be used at special events. This display would include pictures and information, such as that contained in FEMA’s Retrofitting for Homeowners Guide, Elevating Your Flood Prone Home, how to elevate critical structures and utilities and information on the NFIP. FLD- Develop site plans that will B&S and 5 years X X X M GF 24 result in a building that is GS

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source inherently safe from flood damages. FLD- Distribution of literature to FD and X X X X X M GF 25 homeowners and WD businesses located in or near floodplains in the County. Literature will include flood mitigation strategies and projects as well as promotion of the purchase of flood insurance. (As depicted in the 2003 Hazard Vulnerability Analysis). Windstorm Action Items WND- Develop and implement NHMC 2 years X X X Wind removed as a 1 programs to keep trees significant threat from threatening lives, property, and public infrastructure during windstorm events. WND- Enhance strategies for NHMC 2 years X X X Wind removed as a 2 debris management for significant threat windstorm events. WND- Map and publicize NHMC 5 years X X X X Wind removed as a 3 locations around the city significant threat that have the highest incidence of extreme Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 145 For the City of Compton

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source windstorms. WND- Support/encourage NHMC 5 years X X X Wind removed as a 4 electrical utilities to use significant threat underground construction methods where possible to reduce power outages from windstorms. WND- Increase public awareness NHMC Ongoing X X X Wind removed as a 5 of windstorm mitigation significant threat activities. WND- Encourage development NHMC Ongoing X X X Wind removed as a 6 and enforcement of wind- significant threat resistant building siting and construction codes. WND- Encourage development B&S Ongoing X X Wind removed as a 7 and enforcement of wind- significant threat resistant building sites and construction codes. WND- Support/encourage PW, 4 years X X Wind removed as a 8 electrical utilities to use CM, significant threat underground construction CC methods where possible to reduce power outages from windstorms. WND- Develop and implement PW 3 years X X Wind removed as a 9 programs to keep trees significant threat from threatening lives, property, and public Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 146 For the City of Compton

Plan Goals

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source infrastructure during windstorm events. Dam Failure Action Items DAM- Enhance data and PW 3 years X X X M Delayed due to lack of * 1 mapping for dam funding inundation information within the City and identify/map inundation areas DAM- Record all structures within PW 3 years X X M Delayed due to lack of * 2 the inundation areas funding

DAM- Develop and distribute FD and 3 years X X X X X M GF 3 emergency evacuation WD procedures to citizens residing in the Dam inundation area. Literature will include flood mitigation strategies and projects as well as promotion of the purchase of flood insurance. (As depicted in the 2003 Hazard Vulnerability Analysis). Technological and Human-Caused Action Items TECH Develop and implement a ITS X X X X H Project completed. GF -1 backup server system to Backup servers

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Plan Goals

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source protect City documents established at Fire and vital information and Station #3 and offsite ensure continuity of in Las Vegas. government. TECH Maintain database of all FD Ongoing X X X H HazMat records GF -2 businesses and industries maintained and within the City that produce updated by Fire or maintain hazardous Marshall’s Office on a materials on premises. regular basis. TECH Work with outside law FD, OES, Ongoing X X X X H Part of day to day GF -3 enforcement and CM, MLE operations for all intelligence agencies to agencies listed under gather information on and coordinating report suspicious activities organization. within the City. TECH Work with outside law FD, OES, Ongoing X X X X H Part of day to day GF -4 enforcement and CM, MLE operations for all intelligence agencies to agencies listed under maintain awareness about coordinating potential terrorist threats organization. and incidents in the United States. TECH Work with CalTrans, Los PW Ongoing X X X M Several railway GF -5 Angeles County MTA, and crossing upgrades and the Alameda Corridor repairs are currently Transportation Authority being completed along (ACTA) to ensure City Willowbrook Avenue railway crossings are and Metro Blue Line.

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Action Item Item Action Identifier Item Action Coordinating Organization Tim PL&P PA NS P ES Completed Deleted Deferred Revised New Ranking Comments ( Revised, Completed, and Deleted, Deferred Funding Source maintained and safe for pedestrians and motorists. TECH Work with ACTA and other FD Ongoing X X X X H Drills conducted on a GF -6 outside agencies to regular basis. conduct derailment and containment drills along the Alameda Corridor.

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Section 9: Planning Process

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The content of Section 9: Planning Process was previously contained in the 2005 Appendix B: Public Participation. This change was made due to the fact that the Task Force recognized the importance of public participation and opted to bring that content to the core of the 2010 Plan. 2. The Team updated the list of meetings that they had been involved in for the 2010 update. 3. The Team updated the distribution list of the Outside Agencies that were informed of the availability of the 2010 Plan Update. 4. The Team added Table 10-1: Task Force Timeline and Table 10-2: Task Force Level of Participation to better define the effort involved in the planning process. Plan Methodology DMA 2000 emphasizes the importance of participatory planning in the development of Mitigation Plans. This Mitigation Plan was written using the best available information from a wide variety of sources.

Throughout the planning process, the City made a concerted effort to gather information from city and county departments, as well as state and federal agencies, the local business community, Compton residents, and other stakeholders.

The Task Force solicited information from agencies and people with specific knowledge of natural hazards and past historical events, as well as planning and zoning codes, ordinances, and recent planning decisions. The hazard mitigation strategies contained in this plan were developed through an extensive Disaster Mitigation Act of planning process involving local businesses and residents. 2000 On January 25, 2011, staff presented the Mitigation Plan to the Requirement §201.6(c) (1) City Council for consideration. A copy of the City Council [The plan shall include…:] Resolution adopting the Mitigation Plan appears in Section 3: Planning Process. the planning process used to

develop the plan, including The rest of this section describes the mitigation planning process including 1) Task Force involvement, 2) extended Task Force how it was prepared, who support, 3) public and other stakeholder involvement; and 4) was involved in the process, integration of existing data and plans.

and how the public was involved. Task Force The Task Force first met on May 13, 2010 to review the updated requirements associated with DMA 2000 and to develop a work plan for updating the 2005 Mitigation Plan. Over a period of 6 months, the Task Force met a total of 3 times.

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Who Participated in Developing the Plan? The Mitigation Plan is the result of a collaborative planning effort between City of Compton citizens, public agencies, non-profit organizations, the private sector, regional, and state and federal organizations. Public participation played a key role in development of goals and action items. A Task Force guided the process of developing the plan and consisted of representatives from each department in the City of Compton and Compton Unified School District Police Department.

Table 9-1: Task Force Timeline

Month Meetings 1 2 3 4 5 6 Planning Team Meeting #1 Planning Team Meeting #2 Optional Departmental Meetings Planning Team Meeting #3 (Internal Plan Review) Public Meeting (City Council) Submit Final Draft Plan to Cal-EMA & FEMA

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Table 9-2: Task Force Level of Participation

ing ing

Meeting #1 Meeting #2

Issue Request for for Issue Request Proposal with Contract Plann Emergency Consultants of Writing and Research Update Plan 2010 Task Force (5/13/10) Task Force (7/20/10) Comment and Review Plan on Draft Council Attend City Meeting Public theand Plan Finalize Review EMA/FEMA Cal

Stacy Barnes X X X X X X X X Sabrina Negreros X X X Maria Martin X X X X Robert Burnett X X X X X Triphenia Simmons X X X X X Martin Urquhart X X X X Alex Santos X X X X Victor Orozco X X X X X Patrick Steward X X X X X Delmonsha Green X X X X Dwayne Coleman X X X X X Sheri D. Eaton X X X X Stephen Ajobiewe X X X X Homer V. Post X X X X X Jon Thompson X X X X X X X Bryan Batiste X X X X John Strickland X X X X X Hien Nguyen X X X Kimberly McKenzie X X X X X Willie Norfleet X X X X X Vince Flowers X X X Bob Childs X X X X Kofi Sefa-Boayke X X X X X Salvador Galvan X X X X Kambiz Shoghi X X X X X

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ing ing

Meeting #1 Meeting #2

Issue Request for for Issue Request Proposal with Contract Plann Emergency Consultants of Writing and Research Update Plan 2010 Task Force (5/13/10) Task Force (7/20/10) Comment and Review Plan on Draft Council Attend City Meeting Public theand Plan Finalize Review EMA/FEMA Cal Kareemah Bradford X X Carolyn Harshman X X X X X X

Task Force Involvement The Task Force was responsible for the following tasks:

 Establish plan development goals  Prepare timetable for plan completion  Ensure plan meets DMA 2000 requirements, and federal and state guidelines  Organize and oversee public involvement  Solicit participation of government agencies, businesses, residents, and other stakeholders  Gather information (such as existing data and reports)  Develop, revise, adopt, and maintain plan

The Task Force, with support from other City staff and local organizations, identified and profiled hazards; determined hazard rankings; estimated potential exposure or losses; evaluated development trends and specific risks; and developed mitigation goals, objectives, and activities.

During its meetings the Task Force gathered and shared information, assessed risks, identified critical facilities, developed mitigation strategies, and provided continuity throughout plan development to ensure the plan addresses jurisdiction-specific hazard vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies. Members communicated regularly by phone and email between group meetings.

The Task Force will meet annually after the plan is adopted. Members will provide project direction and oversight, assist with plan evaluation, and convene supplementary meetings as- needed.

Outside Agency Involvement A variety of agencies and individuals provided data and expertise during plan development, including Compton Unified School District. The agencies were informed of the availability of the draft mitigation plan. Any comments received have been incorporated into the final document.

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Stakeholder Interviews Stakeholder interviews were conducted during the meetings identified above. The interviews identified common concerns related to hazards and identified key activities to reduce risk from hazards.

State and Federal Guidelines and Requirements for Mitigation Plans Following are the Federal requirements for approval of a mitigation plan:

 Open public involvement, with public meetings that introduce the process and project requirements.  The public must be afforded opportunities for involvement in identifying and assessing risk, drafting a plan, and public involvement in approval stages of the plan.  Community cooperation with an opportunity for other local government agencies, the business community, educational institutions, and non-profits to participate in the process.  Incorporation of local documentation including the local General Plan, the Zoning Ordinance, the Building Codes, and other pertinent documents.

The following components must be part of the planning process:

 Complete documentation of the planning process  A detailed risk assessment on hazard exposures in the City  A comprehensive mitigation strategy, which describes the goals and objectives, including proposed strategies, programs and actions to avoid long-term vulnerabilities  A plan maintenance process, which describes the method and schedule of monitoring, evaluating and updating the plan and integration of the Mitigation Plan into other planning mechanisms  Formal adoption by the City Council  Plan review by Cal EMA  Plan approval by FEMA

These requirements are identified in greater detail in the following plan sections and supporting documentation.

Public participation opportunities were created through use of local media, the City’s website, a public workshop, and meetings with representatives from businesses and school districts. In addition, the makeup of a Task Force ensured a constant exchange of data and input from outside organizations. Through its consultant, Emergency Planning Consultants, the City had access to numerous existing mitigation plans from around the country, as well as current FEMA Mitigation Planning standards (386 series) and the State of California Mitigation Plan Guidance.

Other reference materials consisted of state, county, and city mitigation plans, including:

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 County of Los Angeles Mitigation Plan (2005)  State of California Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (2007)

Hazard specific research: City staff collected data and compiled research on four hazards:

1. Earthquake 2. Flood 3. Dam Failure 4. Technological and Human-Caused

Research materials came from the City’s General Plan, the City’s Hazard Analysis contained in the Emergency Operations Plan, and state agencies including Cal EMA and CalFIRE. The City of Compton staff conducted research by referencing long time City of Compton employees and locating City of Compton information in historical documents. Information was also incorporated from after-action documentation provided for previous proclaimed and declared disasters. The City of Compton staff identified current mitigation activities, resources, and programs, and potential action items from research materials and stakeholder interviews.

Public Participation To facilitate communication between the Task Force and Compton residents, and to involve the public in ongoing planning and evaluation, this plan will be available to the public through a variety of venues. A downloadable copy of the plan will be posted on the City’s website and a hard copy will be available for review in the City Clerk’s Office. Community involvement increases the likelihood that hazard mitigation will become a standard consideration in the City’s evolution.

Hazard Mitigation Programs The City of Compton adheres to the Stafford Act, the California Emergency Services Act, and DMA 2000, which require local governments to develop and implement Mitigation Plans. Cities and counties have intimate knowledge of local geography, and they are on the front line with personnel and equipment during a disaster. Local governments are in the best position to assess their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and constraints.

Coordination with Federal Policies The City is involved in the NFIP, which helps the City receive funding for flood insurance and flood mitigation projects. Data from the NFIP was used in the risk assessment, resulting in a number of mitigation activities. The City’s continued involvement in NFIP supports this plan.

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National Flood Insurance Program Established in 1968, the NFIP provides federally-backed flood insurance to homeowners, renters, and businesses in communities that adopt and enforce floodplain management ordinances to reduce future flood damage. The City of Compton adopted a floodplain management ordinance and has Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) that show floodways, 100- year flood zones, and 500-year flood zones. The Planning Director is designated as floodplain administrator.

Current Mitigation Programs The City intends to incorporate mitigation planning as an integral component of daily operations; the Task Force will work to integrate mitigation strategies into the general operations of the City and partner organizations. After conducting a capability assessment (Section 3: Risk Assessment), the Task Force will identify additional policies, programs, practices, and procedures that could be modified to address mitigation activities. In addition, the City intends to implement the plan through its involvement in FEMA and Cal EMA programs. Table 9-2: Existing Processes and Programs identify existing processes/programs through which the plan could be implemented.

To facilitate communication between the Task Force and Compton residents, and to involve the public in ongoing planning and evaluation, this plan will be available to the public through a variety of venues.

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Table 9-4: Existing Processes and Programs Process Action Implementation of Plan Administrative Departmental or  City Manager’s Office organizational work  Planning Department plans, policies, and  Public Works Department procedural changes  Other departments as appropriate Administrative Other plans  Reference plan in Emergency Operations Plan  Address plan findings and incorporate mitigation activities in General Plan Budgetary Capital and  Include line item mitigation measures in operational budgets budget as appropriate Regulatory Executive orders,  Building Code ordinances, and  Capital Improvement Plan (Require hazard other directives mitigation in design of new construction)  Comprehensive Planning (Institutionalize hazard mitigation in land use and new construction)  National Flood Insurance Program  Storm Water Management Plan  Zoning Ordinance Funding Traditional and  Once plan is approved, seek authority to nontraditional use bonds, fees, loans, and taxes to sources finance projects  Seek assistance from federal and state government, foundation, nonprofit, and private sources, such as Hazard Mitigation Grant Program  Research grant opportunities through U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Community Development Block Grant Partnerships Creative funding  Community volunteers and initiatives  In-kind resources  Public-private partnerships  State support Partnerships Advisory bodies  Disaster Council (city and county) and committees  Emergency Management Ad Hoc Committee  Inter-Agency Coordination Group  Safety Committee

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Use of Existing Data The Task Force gathered and reviewed existing data and plans during plan development. Numerous electronic and hard copy documents were used to In addition to being support the planning process: required by DMA 2000, adoption of the plan is  City of Compton General Plan, (Draft, 2010)  City of Compton Hazard Mitigation Plan (2004) necessary because:  County of Los Angeles General Plan, (Draft, 2008)  It lends authority to the  County of Los Angeles Mitigation Plan, (2005) plan to serve as a  HAZUS reports guiding document for all  Historic GIS maps and local inventory data local and state  Local Flood Insurance Rate Maps government officials;

 It gives legal status to These documents are updated as needed to reflect the mitigation the plan in the event it is strategies identified in Section 8: Mitigation Strategies. challenged in court;  It certifies to program and grant administrators Federal Data that the plan’s A variety of federal data was collected and used throughout the recommendations have mitigation planning process: been properly considered and  Census data approved by the governing authority and  FEMA “How To” Mitigation Series (386-1 to 386-9) jurisdictions’ citizens;  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration statistics and  It helps to ensure the The Task Force also examined public laws and programs (such as continuity of mitigation the National Flood Insurance Program) during plan development. programs and policies over time because A list of existing data and plans used to support the mitigation elected officials, staff, planning effort appears in Appendix A: Resource Directory. The and other community length of this list demonstrates the importance of mitigation decision-makers can planning in existing programs. Implementing the plan through refer to the official existing programs is identified as a mitigation action in Section 8: document when making Mitigation Strategies. A description of the implementation process decisions about the and potential funding sources is provided. community’s future. Plan Adoption Source: FEMA. 2003. “How Adoption of the plan by the local governing body demonstrates the to Series” - Bringing the Plan City’s commitment to meeting mitigation goals and objectives. Governing body approval legitimizes the plan and authorizes to Life (FEMA 386-4) responsible agencies to execute their responsibilities.

The City Council must adopt the Mitigation Plan before it is reviewed by Cal EMA and approved by FEMA. The resolution of adoption by the City Council is in Section 3: Planning Process.

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City Council Public Meeting City of Compton conducted one public meeting concerning the update to the Mitigation Plan on January 25, 2011. The City Council heard the item on April 26, 2011.

Invitation Process The Task Force identified possible public notice sources. The Mitigation Plan was posted on the City website. The City Council meeting agenda was posted at City Hall on January 3, 2011. The City Council meeting agenda packet was posted on the City’s website and a print copy was made available outside of Council Chambers.

Results The Task Force presentation to City Council on January 25, 2011 began with an overview of the project objectives. The Task Force Chair presented the staff report on the Plan, including an overview of the Hazard Analysis, Mitigation Goals, and Mitigation Actions.

The staff presentation concluded with a summary of the input received during the public review of the document. The meeting participants were encouraged to present their views and make suggestions on possible mitigation actions. The Task Force Chair then fielded questions from the City Council. The meeting lasted approximately 90 minutes and was aired on local community access cable television Channel 36 for the duration.

The Council was supportive of the overall goal established by the Task Force to become a more disaster resistant community. The City Council commended the Task Force representatives for its dedication and efforts to satisfy the DMA 2000 requirements. The City Council formally approved the adoption of the update to the Mitigation Plan on April 26, 2011.

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Attachment 9-1: City Council Resolution

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Attachment 9-2: Task Force and Department Focus Group Sign-In Sheets

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Section 10: Plan Maintenance

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Team updated the composition of the list of Task Force members. 2. The Team designated the City Manager as having authority to approve updates and amendments to future Mitigation Plans.

The Plan Maintenance section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the City will integrate public participation throughout the plan maintenance process.

Monitoring and Implementing the Plan Plan Adoption Adoption of the Mitigation Plan by the City’s governing body is one of the prime requirements for approval of the plan. Once the plan is completed, the City Council will be responsible for adopting the Mitigation Plan. The governing body has the responsibility and authority to promote sound public policy regarding hazards. The local agency governing body will have the authority to periodically update the plan as it is revised to meet changes in the hazard risks and exposures in the City. The approved Mitigation Plan will be significant in the future growth and development of the City.

The City Council will be responsible for adopting the Mitigation Plan. This governing body has the authority to promote sound public policy regarding hazards. Once the plan has been adopted, the City Council will be responsible for submitting it to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at California Emergency Management Agency (Cal EMA). Cal EMA will then submit the plan to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for review and approval. This review will address the requirements set forth in 44 C.F.R. Section 201.6 (Local Mitigation Plans). Upon acceptance by FEMA, City of Compton will gain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds.

Convener The City Council will adopt the Mitigation Plan and the Task Force will take responsibility for plan maintenance and implementation. The City Council, will serve as a Convener to facilitate the Task Force meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the Task Force. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all of the Task Force members.

Task Force The Task Force will be responsible for coordinating implementation of plan action items and undertaking the formal review process. The convener will assign representatives from City departments, divisions, and agencies, including, but not limited to, the current Task Force.

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In order to make the Task Force as broad and useful as possible, the City Manager may choose to involve other relevant organizations and agencies in hazard mitigation. These additional appointments could include:

 A representative from the American Red Cross  A representative from a county government emergency response agency

The Task Force will meet at least once a year. Meeting dates will be scheduled once the final Task Force has been established. These meetings will provide an opportunity to discuss the progress of the action items and maintain the partnerships that are essential for the sustainability of the mitigation plan.

Implementation through Existing Programs City of Compton addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its General Plan, CIP, and City Building and Safety Codes the Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations - many of which are closely related to the goals and objectives of existing planning programs. The City of Compton will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures.

The City of Compton Planning Department is responsible for adhering to the State of California’s Building and Safety Codes. In addition, the Task Force will work with other agencies at the state level to review, develop and ensure Building and Safety Codes are adequate to mitigate or present damage by hazards. This is to ensure that life-safety criteria are met for new construction.

Some of the goals and action items in the Mitigation Plan may be achieved through activities recommended in the CIP. Various city departments develop the CIP and review it on an annual basis. Upon annual review of the CIP, the Task Force will work with the city departments to identify areas that the Mitigation Plan action items are consistent with CIP goals and integrate them where appropriate.

Within six months of formal adoption of the Mitigation Plan, the recommendations listed above will be incorporated into the process of existing planning mechanisms at the City level. The meetings of the Task Force will provide an opportunity for Task Force members to report back on the progress made on the integration of mitigation planning elements into City planning documents and procedures.

Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects FEMA's approach to identify the costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost- effectiveness analysis.

Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster-related damages later.

Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can provide decision-

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makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects.

Given federal funding, the Task Force will use a FEMA-approved benefit/cost analysis approach to identify and prioritize mitigation action items. For other projects and funding sources, the Task Force will use other approaches to understand the costs and benefits of each action item and develop a prioritized list. For more information regarding economic analysis of mitigation action items, please see Appendix B: Benefit/Cost Analysis.

Evaluating and Updating the Plan Formal Review Process The Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and timeline, and identifies the agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The Convener or designee will be responsible for contacting the Task Force members and organizing the annual meeting. Task Force members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan.

The Task Force will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the City, as well as changes in State or Federal policy, and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The Task Force will also review Section 3: Risk Assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The coordinating organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of their projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised.

The Convener will assign the duty of updating the Plan to one or more of the Task Force members. The designated Task Force members will have three months to make appropriate changes to the Plan before submitting it to the Task Force members. The Task Force will also notify all holders of the City plan when changes have been made. Every five years the updated plan will be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at the California Emergency Management Agency and the Federal Emergency Management Agency for review. The City Manager is authorized to approve future updates and amendments to the Mitigation Plan.

Continued Public Involvement The City of Compton is dedicated to involving the public directly in the continual review and updates to the Mitigation Plan. Copies of the plan will be available at City Hall in the City Clerk’s Office and on the City’s website (www.comptoncity.org). The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in the Compton Bulletin and on the City’s website. This site will also contain an email address and phone number where people can direct their comments and concerns. A public meeting will also be held after each evaluation or when deemed necessary by the Task Force. The meetings will provide the public a forum in which they can express their concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan.

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PART IV: APPENDICIES Appendix A: Resource Directory

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Team confirmed the accuracy of the Resource Directory and amended as necessary.

The Resource Directory provides contact information for local, regional, state, and federal programs that are currently involved in hazard mitigation activities. The Task Force may look to the organizations on the following pages for resources and technical assistance. The Resource Directory provides a foundation for potential partners in action item implementation.

The Task Force will continue to add contact information for organizations currently engaged in hazard mitigation activities. This section may also be used by various city members interested in hazard mitigation information and projects.

American Public Works Association (APWA) Level: National Hazard: Multi http://www.apwa.net 2345 Grand Boulevard Suite 500 Kansas City, MO 64108-2641 Ph: 816-472-6100 Fx: 816-472-1610 Notes: The American Public Works Association is an international educational and professional association of public agencies, private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high quality public works goods and services. Association of State Floodplain Managers (ASFM) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floods.org 2809 Fish Hatchery Road Madison, WI 53713 Ph: 608-274-0123 Fx: Notes: The Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals involved in floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood preparedness, warning and recovery Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) 167 Level: National Hazard: www.bssconline.org Earthquake 1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005 Ph: 202-289-7800 Fx: 202-289-109 Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earthquake risk mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation. California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov

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655 S. Hope Street #700 Los Angeles, CA 90017-2321 Ph: 213-239-0878 Fx: 213-239-0984 Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental health, economic vitality, informed land-use decisions and sound management of our state’s natural resources. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFIRE) Level: State Hazard: Multi http://www.fire.ca.gov/php/index.php 210 W. San Jacinto Perris CA 92570 Ph: 909-940-6900 Fx: Notes: The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFIRE) protects over 31 million acres of California’s privately-owned wildlands. CalFIRE emphasizes the management and protection of California’s natural resources. California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) Level: State Hazard: Multi http://www.dot.ca.gov/ 120 S. Spring Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 Ph: 213-897-3656 Fx: Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the state’s boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, CalTrans is also involved in the support of intercity passenger rail service in California. California Department of Water Resources (DWR) Level: State Hazard: Flood http://www.dwr.water.ca.gov 1416 9th Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-6192 Fx: Notes: The Department of Water Resources manages the water resources of California in cooperation with other agencies, to benefit the State’s people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and human environments. California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/index.htm 801 K Street MS 12-30 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-445-1825 Fx: 916-445-5718 168 Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice on California’s geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources. California Emergency Management Agency (CalEMA) Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calema.ca.gov 3650 Schriever Ave Mather, CA 95655 Ph: 916-845-8510 Fx: 916-845-8511

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Notes: California Emergency Management Agency coordinates overall state agency response to major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state’s readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war-caused emergencies, and for assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts. California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES) Level: State Hazard: Multi http://ceres.ca.gov/ 900 N St. Suite 250 Sacramento, Ca. 95814 Ph: 916-653-2238 Fx: Notes: CERES is an excellent website for access to environmental information and websites. California Planning Information Network Level: State Hazard: Multi www.calpin.ca.gov

Ph: Fx: Notes: The Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local planning agencies, known as the California Planners’ Book of Lists. This local planning information is available on-line with new search capabilities and up-to-the- minute updates. California Resources Agency Level: State Hazard: Multi http://resources.ca.gov/ 1416 Ninth Street Suite 1311 Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-653-5656 Fx: Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state’s natural, historical and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration and respect for all the communities and interests involved. Community Rating System (CRS) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood http://www.fema.gov/nfip/crs.shtm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Community Rating System (CRS) recognizes community floodplain management efforts that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. Property owners within the County would receive reduced NFIP flood insurance premiums if the County implements 169 floodplain management practices that qualify it for a CRS rating. For further information on the CRS, visit FEMA’s website. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 9 Level: Regional Hazard: Multi http://www.epa.gov/region09 75 Hawthorne Street San Francisco, CA 94105 Ph: 415-947-8000 Fx: 415-947-3553

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Notes: The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment through the themes of air and global climate change, water, land, communities and ecosystems, and compliance and environmental stewardship. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Region IX Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov 1111 Broadway Suite 1200 Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510-627-7100 Fx: 510-627-7112 Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from and mitigating against disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Mitigation Division Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov/fima/planhowto.shtm 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA’s mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country. Floodplain Management Association Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floodplain.org P.O. Box 50891 Sparks, NV 89435-0891 Ph: 775-626-6389 Fx: 775-626-6389 Notes: The Floodplain Management Association is a nonprofit educational association. It was established in 1990 to promote the reduction of flood losses and to encourage the protection and enhancement of natural floodplain values. Members include representatives of federal, state and local government agencies as well as private firms. Landslide Hazards Program, USGS Level: Federal Hazard: http://landslides.usgs.gov/index.html Landslide 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive MS 906 Reston, VA 20192 Ph: 703-648- 4000 Fx: 170 Notes: The NLIC website provides good information on the programs and resources regarding landslides. The page includes information on the National Landslide Hazards Program Information Center, a bibliography, publications, and current projects. USGS scientists are working to reduce long-term losses and casualties from landslide hazards through better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of ground failure both nationally and worldwide. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Level: National Hazard: Wildfire http://www.nfpa.org/catalog/home/index.as p 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02169-7471 Ph: 617-770-3000 Fx: 617 770-0700

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Notes: The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating scientifically-based consensus codes and standards, research, training and education National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP) Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.fema.gov/nfip/ 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202-566-1600 Fx: Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA’s mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection, with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities throughout the country. National Oceanic /Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.noaa.gov 14th Street and Constitution Ave NW Rm 6013 Washington, DC 20230 Ph: 202-482-6090 Fx: 202-482-3154 Notes: NOAA’s historical role has been to predict environmental changes, protect life and property, provide decision makers with reliable scientific information, and foster global environmental stewardship. National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ 14th and Independence Ave., SW Room 5105-A Washington, DC 20250 Ph: 202-720-7246 Fx: 202-720-7690 Notes: NRCS assists owners of America’s private land with conserving their soil, water, and other natural resources, by delivering technical assistance based on sound science and suited to a customer’s specific needs. Cost shares and financial incentives are available in some cases. National Weather Service (NWS) Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ 520 North Elevar Street Oxnard, CA 93030 Ph: 805-988- 6615 Fx:

Notes: The National Weather Service is responsible for providing weather service to the 171 nation. It is charged with the responsibility of observing and reporting the weather and with issuing forecasts and warnings of weather and floods in the interest of national safety and economy. Briefly, the priorities for service to the nation are: 1. protection of life, 2. protection of property, and 3. promotion of the nation’s welfare and economy. National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development Level: Federal Hazard: Flood http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ 1325 East West Highway SSMC2 Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301-713-1658 Fx: 301-713-0963

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Notes: The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) enhances National Weather Service products by: infusing new hydrologic science, developing hydrologic techniques for operational use, managing hydrologic development by NWS field office, providing advanced hydrologic products to meet needs identified by NWS customers. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.scag.ca.gov 818 W. Seventh Street 12th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90017 Ph: 213-236-1800 Fx: 213-236-1825 Notes: The Southern California Association of Governments functions as the Metropolitan Planning Organization for six counties: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura and Imperial. As the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization, the Association of Governments is mandated by the federal government to research and draw up plans for transportation, growth management, hazardous waste management, and air quality. Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) Level: Regional Hazard: www.scec.org Earthquake 3651 Trousdale Parkway Suite 169 Los Angeles, CA 90089-0742 Ph: 213-740-5843 Fx: 213/740-0011 Notes: The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end-users and the general public in order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives. State Fire Marshal (SFM) Level: State Hazard: Wildfire http://osfm.fire.ca.gov 1131 “S” Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916-445-8200 Fx: 916-445-8509 Notes: The Office of the State Fire Marshal (SFM) supports the mission of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFIRE) by focusing on fire prevention. SFM regulates buildings in which people live, controls substances which may, cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; provides statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; regulates hazardous liquid pipelines; reviews regulations and building standards; and trains and educates in fire protection methods and responsibilities. 172 US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www.usace.army.mil P.O. Box 532711 Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325 Ph: 213-452- 3921 Fx: Notes: The United States Army Corps of Engineers work in engineering and environmental matters. A workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other professionals provide engineering services to the nation including planning, designing, building and operating water resources and other civil works projects.

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US Geological Survey (USGS) Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http://www.usgs.gov/ 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ph: 650-853-8300 Fx: Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life. US Geological Survey (USGS), Water Resources Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.water.usgs.gov 6000 J Street Placer Hall Sacramento, CA 95819-6129 Ph: 916-278-3000 Fx: 916-278-3070 Notes: The USGS Water Resources mission is to provide water information that benefits the Nation’s citizens: publications, data, maps, and applications software.

Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPC) Level: Regional Hazard: www.wsspc.org/home.html Earthquake 125 California Avenue Suite D201, #1 Palo Alto, CA 94306 Ph: 650-330-1101 Fx: 650-326-1769 Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a great resource, with information clearly categorized – from policy to engineering to education. Westside Economic Collaborative c/o Pacific Western Bank Level: Regional Hazard: Multi http://www.westside-Ia.or 120 Wilshire Boulevard Santa Monica, CA 90401 Ph: 310-458-1521 Fx: 310-458-6479 Notes: The Westside Economic Development Collaborative is the first Westside regional economic development corporation. The Westside EDC functions as an information gatherer and resource center, as well as a forum, through bringing business, government, and residents together to address issues affecting the region: Economic Diversity, Transportation, Housing, Workforce Training and Retraining, Lifelong Learning, Tourism, and Embracing Diversity. 173

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Appendix B: Benefit/Cost Analysis

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Team confirmed the accuracy of the Benefit/Cost Analysis section and amended as necessary.

Benefit/cost analysis is a key mechanism used by the California Emergency Management Agency, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other state and federal agencies in evaluating hazard mitigation projects, and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93-288, as amended.

This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analysis of hazard mitigation projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from: The Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Mitigation Plan, and Federal Emergency Management Agency Publication 331, Report on Costs and Benefits of Hazard Mitigation.

This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of benefit/cost analysis, nor is it intended to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local projects. It is intended to: 1) raise benefit/cost analysis as an important issue, and 2) provide some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects.

Why Evaluate Mitigation Strategies? Mitigation activities reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing Evaluating hazard property damage, injuries, and the potential for loss of life, and by mitigation provides reducing emergency response costs, which would otherwise be incurred. decision-makers with an understanding of the Evaluating hazard mitigation provides decision-makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as potential benefits and well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. costs of an activity, as well Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking, which is influenced by many variables. 174 as a basis upon which to compare alternative First, natural disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike, including individuals, businesses, and public services such projects. as fire, police, utilities, and schools. Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of the costs are non-financial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such events produce “ripple-effects” throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster’s social and economic consequences.

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While not easily accomplished, there is value, from a public policy perspective, in assessing the positive and negative impacts from mitigation activities, and obtaining an instructive benefit/cost comparison. Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these actions.

What are Some Economic Analysis Approaches for Mitigation Strategies? The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost- effectiveness analysis. The distinction between the two methods is the way in which the relative costs and benefits are measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the value of mitigation for public sector and private sector activities.

Benefit/Cost Analysis Benefit/cost analysis is used in hazards mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. Benefit/cost analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages, and risk.

In benefit/cost analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio greater than 1 in order to be funded.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. This type of analysis, however, does not necessarily measure costs and benefits in terms of dollars. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can also be organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in the outcome. Hence, economic analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows.

Investing in public sector mitigation activities 175 Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves estimating all of the economic benefits and costs regardless of who realizes them, and potentially to a large number of people and economic entities. Some benefits cannot be evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a diverse set of beneficiaries and non-market benefits.

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Investing in private sector mitigation activities Private sector mitigation projects may occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it may be mandated by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its own merits. A building or landowner, whether a private entity or a public agency, required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options:

1. Request cost sharing from public agencies 2. Dispose of the building or land either by sale or demolition 3. Change the designated use of the building or land and change the hazard mitigation compliance requirement; or 4. Evaluate the most feasible alternatives and initiate the most cost effective hazard mitigation alternative

The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concerns. For example, real estate disclosure laws can be developed which require sellers of real property to disclose known defects and deficiencies in the property, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards to prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies is expensive and time consuming, but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller.

How Can an Economic Analysis be Conducted? Benefit/cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether or not to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternative mitigation activities is outlined below:

1. Identify the Alternatives: Alternatives for reducing risk from hazards includes structural projects to enhance disaster resistance, education and outreach, and acquisition or demolition of exposed properties, among others. Different mitigation project assists in minimizing risk to hazards, but do so at varying economic costs.

2. Calculate the Costs and Benefits: Choosing economic criteria is essential to systematically calculating costs and benefits of mitigation projects and selecting the most appropriate alternative. Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include:

 Determine the project cost. This may include initial project development costs, and 176 repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over time.  Estimate the benefits. Projecting the benefits or cash flow resulting from a project can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectiveness of the project, which may not be well known. Expected future costs depend on the physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This is difficult to project. These considerations will also provide guidance in selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be projected. Financing alternatives must be researched, and they may include retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commercial loans.  Consider costs and benefits to society and the environment. These are not easily measured, but are assessed through a variety of economic tools including existence

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value or contingent value theories. These theories provide quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments. Even without hard data, however, impact of structural projects to the physical environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation projects.  Determine the correct discount rate. Determination of the discount rate can just be the risk-free cost of capital, but it may include the decision maker’s time preference and also a risk premium. Including inflation should also be considered.

3. Analyze and Rank the Alternatives: Once costs and benefits have been quantified, economic analysis tools can rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best alternative given varying costs and benefits include net present value and internal rate of return.

 Net present value. Net present value is the value of the expected future returns of an investment minus the value of expected future cost expressed in today’s dollars. If the net present value is greater than the project costs, the project is determined feasible for implementation. Selecting the discount rate, and identifying the present and future costs and benefits of the project calculates the net present value of projects.  Internal Rate of Return. Using the internal rate of return method to evaluate mitigation projects provides the interest rate equivalent to the dollar returns expected from the project. Once the rate has been calculated, it is compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total costs of the project.

Once the mitigation projects are ranked on the basis of economic criteria, decision-makers can consider other factors, such as risk; project effectiveness; and economic, environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation.

How are Benefits of Mitigation Calculated? Economic Returns of Hazard Mitigation The estimation of economic returns, which accrue to building or land owner as a result of hazard mitigation, is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider reductions in physical damages and financial losses. A partial list follows:

 Building damages avoided 177  Content damages avoided  Inventory damages avoided  Rental income losses avoided  Relocation and disruption expenses avoided  Proprietor’s income losses avoided

These parameters are estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard mitigation project and the resulting reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probability that an event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by

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the owner. The salvage value of the investment is important in determining economic feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines. This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over a period of time.

Additional Costs from Hazards Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that change as a result of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed “indirect” effects, but they have a very direct effect on the economic value of the owner’s building or land. They are positive or negative, and include changes in the following:

 Commodity and resource prices  Availability of resource supplies  Commodity and resource demand changes  Building and land values  Capital availability and interest rates  Availability of labor  Economic structure  Infrastructure  Regional exports and imports  Local, state, and national regulations and policies  Insurance availability and rates Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total economic impact models are usually not combined with economic feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic impacts of changes in an economy. Decision makers should understand the total economic impacts of natural disasters in order to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to understand the potential impacts of a disaster, and the benefits of mitigation activities.

Additional Considerations Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision-makers in choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from hazards. Economic analysis saves time and resources from being spent on inappropriate or 178 unfeasible projects. Several resources and models are listed on the following page that assist in conducting an economic analysis for hazard mitigation activities.

Benefit/cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important issues. It is important to consider the qualitative factors of a project associated with mitigation that cannot be evaluated economically. There are alternative approaches to implementing mitigation projects. Many communities are looking towards developing multi-objective projects. With this in mind, opportunity rises to develop strategies that integrate hazard mitigation with projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and small business development, among others. Incorporating hazard mitigation with other community projects can increase the viability of project implementation.

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Resources CUREe Kajima Project, Methodologies For Evaluating The Socio-Economic Consequences Of Large Earthquakes, Task 7.2 Economic Impact Analysis, Prepared by University of California, Berkeley Team, Robert A. Olson, VSP Associates, Team Leader; John M. Eidinger, GandE Engineering Systems; Kenneth A. Goettel, Goettel and Associates Inc.; and Gerald L. Horner, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1997.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, Riverine Flood, Version 1.05, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1996.

Federal Emergency Management Agency Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard Mitigation. Publication 331, 1996.

Goettel and Horner Inc., Earthquake Risk Analysis Volume III: The Economic Feasibility of Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings in The City of Portland, Submitted to the Bureau of Buildings, City of Portland, August 30, 1995.

Goettel and Horner Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects Volume V, Earthquakes, Prepared for FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Branch, October 25, 1995.

Horner, Gerald, Benefit/Cost Methodologies for Use in Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Proposed Hazard Mitigation Measures, Robert Olson Associates, Prepared for Oregon State Police, Office of Emergency Management, July 1999.

Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police – Office of Emergency Management, 2000).

Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Development of a Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology, National Institute of Building Sciences, Volume I and II, 1994.

VSP Associates, Inc., A Benefit/Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Volumes 1 and 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Numbers 227 and 228, 1991.

VSP Associates, Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects: Section 404 Hazard Mitigation Program and Section 406 Public Assistance Program, Volume 3: Seismic Hazard Mitigation Projects, 1993. 179

VSP Associates, Inc., Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model, Volume 1, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Number 255, 1994.

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Appendix C: Acronyms

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Team confirmed the accuracy of the Acronyms and amended as necessary.

Federal Acronyms AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ATC Applied Technology Council b/ca benefit/cost analysis BFE Base Flood Elevation BLM Bureau of Land Management BSSC Building Seismic Safety Council CDBG Community Development Block Grant CFR Code of Federal Regulations CRS Community Rating System EDA Economic Development Administration EPA Environmental Protection Agency ER Emergency Relief EWP Emergency Watershed Protection (NRCS Program) FAS Federal Aid System FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEMA Program) FTE Full Time Equivalent GIS Geographic Information System GNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (International) GSA General Services Administration HAZUS Hazards U.S. HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HMST Hazard Mitigation Survey Team 180 HUD Housing and Urban Development (United States, Department of) IBHS Institute for Business and Home Safety ICC Increased Cost of Compliance IHMT Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team NCDC National Climate Data Center NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NFPA National Fire Protection Association NHMP Natural Hazards Mitigation Plan (also known as “409 Plan”) NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences NIFC National Interagency Fire Center

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NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NWS National Weather Service SBA Small Business Administration SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer TOR Transfer of Development Rights UGB Urban Growth Boundary URM Unreinforced Masonry USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers USBR United States Bureau of Reclamation USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFA United States Fire Administration USFS United States Forest Service USGS United States Geological Survey WSSPC Western States Seismic Policy Council

California Acronyms AandW Alert and Warning AA Administering Areas AAR After Action Report ARC American Red Cross ARP Accidental Risk Prevention ATC20 Applied Technology Council20 ATC21 Applied Technology Council21 BCP Budget Change Proposal BSA California Bureau of State Audits CAER Community Awareness and Emergency Response CalARP California Accidental Release Prevention

CalBO California Building Officials 181 CalEMA California Emergency Management Agency CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency CalFIRE California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection CalREP California Radiological Emergency Plan CALSTARS California State Accounting Reporting System CalTrans California Department of Transportation CBO Community Based Organization CD Civil Defense CDMG California Division of Mines and Geology

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CEC California Energy Commission CEPEC California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council CESRS California Emergency Services Radio System CHIP California Hazardous Identification Program CHMIRS California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System CHP California Highway Patrol CLETS California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System CSTI California Specialized Training Institute CUEA California Utilities Emergency Association CUPA Certified Unified Program Agency DAD Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Services) DFO Disaster Field Office DGS California Department of General Services DHSRHB California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch DO Duty Officer DOC Department Operations Center DOF California Department of Finance DOJ California Department of Justice DPA California Department of Personnel Administration DPIG Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant DR Disaster Response DSA Division of the State Architect DSR Damage Survey Report DSW Disaster Service Worker DWR California Department of Water Resources EAS Emergency Alerting System EDIS Emergency Digital Information System EERI Earthquake Engineering Research Institute EMA Emergency Management Assistance EMI Emergency Management Institute EMMA Emergency Managers Mutual Aid EMS Emergency Medical Services 182 EOC Emergency Operations Center EOP Emergency Operations Plan EPEDAT Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool EPI Emergency Public Information EPIC Emergency Public Information Council ESC Emergency Services Coordinator FAY Federal Award Year FDAA Federal Disaster Assistance Administration FEAT Governor’s Flood Emergency Action Team

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FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FFY Federal Fiscal Year FIR Final Inspection Reports FIRESCOPE Firefighting Resources of Southern California Organized for Potential Emergencies FMA Flood Management Assistance FSR Feasibility Study Report FY Fiscal Year GIS Geographical Information System HAZMAT Hazardous Materials HAZMIT Hazardous Mitigation HAZUS Hazards U.S. (an earthquake/hurricane/flooding damage assessment prediction tool) HAD Housing and Community Development HEICS Hospital Emergency Incident Command System HEPG Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance HIA Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit HMEP Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program IDE Initial Damage Estimate IA Individual Assistance IFG Individual and Family Grant (program) IRG Incident Response Geographic Information System IPA Information and Public Affairs (of State Office of Emergency Services) LAN Local Area Network LEMMA Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee MARAC Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council MHID Multi-Hazard Identification MOU Memorandum of Understanding NBC Nuclear, Biological, Chemical NEMA National Emergency Management Agency 183 NEMIS National Emergency Management Information System NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association NPP Nuclear Power Plant NSF National Science Foundation NWS National Weather Service OA Operational Area OASIS Operational Area Satellite Information System OCC Operations Coordination Center

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OCD Office of Civil Defense OEP Office of Emergency Planning Cal-EMA California Emergency Management Agency OSHPD Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development OSPR Oil Spill Prevention and Response PA Public Assistance PC Personal Computer PDA Preliminary Damage Assessment PIO Public Information Office POST Police Officer Standards and Training PPA/CA Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA) PSA Public Service Announcement PTAB Planning and Technological Assistance Branch PTR Project Time Report RA Regional Administrator (CalEMA) RADEF Radiological Defense (program) RAMP Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities RAPID Railroad Accident Prevention and Immediate Deployment RDO Radiological Defense Officer RDMHC Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator REOC Regional Emergency Operations Center REPI Reserve Emergency Public Information RES Regional Emergency Staff RIMS Response Information Management System RMP Risk Management Plan RPU Radiological Preparedness Unit (CalEMA) RRT Regional Response Team SAM State Administrative Manual SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SAVP Safety Assessment Volunteer Program SBA Small Business Administration SCO California State Controller’s Office 184 SEMS Standardized Emergency Management System SEPIC State Emergency Public Information Committee SLA State and Local Assistance SOP Standard Operating Procedure SWEPC Statewide Emergency Planning Committee TEC Travel Expense Claim TRU Transuranic T-T-T Train- the-Trainer UPA Unified Program Account

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 184 For the City of Compton

UPS Uninterrupted Power Source USAR Urban Search and Rescue USGS United States Geological Survey WC California State Warning Center WAN Wide Area Network WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Project

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Appendix D: Glossary

Does the updated plan document how the Task Force reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan and whether each section was revised as part of the update process? 1. The Team confirmed the accuracy of the Glossary and amended as necessary.

Acceleration The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every second that something falls toward the surface of earth its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second. Asset Any manmade or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to people; buildings; infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or landmarks. Base Flood Flood that has a 1 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Also known as the 100-year flood. Base Flood Elevation (BFE) Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used as the standard for the National Flood Insurance Program. Bedrock The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel. Building A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight. Coastal High Hazard Area Area, usually along an open coast, bay, or inlet that is subject to inundation by storm surge and, in some instances, wave action caused by storms or seismic sources. 186 Coastal Zones The area along the shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the land rises above the ocean. This land/water interface includes barrier islands, estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct drainage to the ocean. Community Rating System An NFIP program that provides incentives for NFIP (CRS) communities to complete activities that reduce flood hazard risk. When the community completes specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these communities are reduced.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 186 For the City of Compton

Computer-Aided Design And A computerized system enabling quick and accurate Drafting (CADD) electronic 2-D and 3-D drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile/cross-section drawings. Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map. Critical Facility Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals. Debris The scattered remains of assets broken or destroyed in a hazard event. Debris caused by a wind or water hazard event can cause additional damage to other assets. Digitize To convert electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer applications. Displacement Time The average time (in days) which the building's occupants typically must operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original building due to damages resulting from a hazard event. Duration How long a hazard event lasts. Earthquake A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated within or along the edge of earth's tectonic plates. Erosion Wearing away of the land surface by detachment and movement of soil and rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the action of wind, water, or other geologic processes. Erosion Hazard Area Area anticipated being lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time. The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average annual long-term recession rate by the number of years desired. Essential Facility Elements important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state following a hazard event. These would 187 include: government functions, major employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations. Extent The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 187 For the City of Compton

Extratropical Cyclone Cyclonic storm events like Nor'easters and severe winter low-pressure systems. Both West and East coasts can experience these non-tropical storms that produce gale- force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or snow. These cyclonic storms, commonly called Nor'easters on the East Coast because of the direction of the storm winds, can last for several days and can be very large – 1,000-mile wide storms are not uncommon. Fault A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially displaced parallel to the plane of fracture. Federal Emergency Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single Management Agency point of accountability for all Federal activities related to (FEMA) disaster mitigation and emergency preparedness, response and recovery. Fire Potential Index (FPI) Developed by USGS and USFS to assess and map fire hazard potential over broad areas. Based on such geographic information, national policy makers and on-the- ground fire managers established priorities for prevention activities in the defined area to reduce the risk of managed and wildfire ignition and spread. Prediction of fire hazard shortens the time between fire ignition and initial attack by enabling fire managers to pre-allocate and stage suppression forces to high fire risk areas. Flash Flood A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an extremely fast rate. Flood A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land. Flood Depth Height of the flood water surface above the ground surface. Flood Elevation Elevation of the water surface above an established datum, e.g. National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North 188 American Vertical Datum of 1988, or Mean Sea Level. Flood Hazard Area The area shown to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude on a map. Flood Insurance Rate Map Map of a community, prepared by the Federal Emergency (FIRM) Management Agency that shows both the special flood hazard areas and the risk premium zones applicable to the community.

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Flood Insurance Study (FIS) A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of flood hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface elevations in a community or communities. Floodplain Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete inundation by water from any source. Frequency A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude, duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard with a 100-year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years on average, and would have a 1 percent chance – its probability – of happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies depending on the kind of hazard being considered. Fujita Scale of Tornado Rates tornadoes with numeric values from F0 to F5 based Intensity on tornado wind speed and damage sustained. An F0 indicates minimal damage such as broken tree limbs or signs, while and F5 indicated severe damage sustained. Functional Downtime The average time (in days) during which a function (business or service) is unable to provide its services due to a hazard event. Geographic Area Impacted The physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced. Geographic Information A computer software application that relates physical Systems (GIS) features on the earth to a database to be used for mapping and analysis. Ground Motion The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify ground motions Hazard A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards in this how to series will include naturally occurring events 189 such as floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm people or property. Hazard Event A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard. Hazard Identification The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area. Hazard Mitigation Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk from hazards and their effects.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 189 For the City of Compton

Hazard Profile A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when they are recorded and displayed as maps. HAZUS (Hazards U.S.) A GIS-based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool developed by FEMA. Hurricane An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas, in which wind speeds reach 74-miles- per-hour or more and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east of 160°E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Hydrology The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is developed by a hydrologic study. Infrastructure Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and sewer treatment facilities, and includes an area's transportation system such as airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways, bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries, harbors, dry docks, piers and regional dams. Intensity A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place. Landslide Downward movement of a slope and materials under the force of gravity. Lateral Spreads Develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of soil as an underlying layer liquefies in a seismic event. The phenomenon that occurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like viscous fluid. Liquefaction causes two types of ground 190 failure: lateral spread and loss of bearing strength. Liquefaction Results when the soil supporting structures liquefies. This can cause structures to tip and topple. Lowest Floor Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including basement) of a structure. Magnitude A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical measures specific to the hazard.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 190 For the City of Compton

Mitigation Plan A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects of hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to minimize future vulnerability to hazards. National Flood Insurance Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes Program (NFIP) flood insurance available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management regulations in 44 CFR §60.3. National Geodetic Vertical Datum established in 1929 and used in the NFIP as a basis Datum of 1929 (NGVD) for measuring flood, ground, and structural elevations, previously referred to as Sea Level Datum or Mean Sea Level. The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency are referenced to NGVD. National Weather Service Prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal (NWS) storm warnings and can provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather and flood warning plans. Nor'easter An extra-tropical cyclone producing gale-force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy snow or rain. Outflow Follows water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and pound them with debris, and erode beaches and coastal structures. Planimetric Describes maps that indicate only Human-Caused features like buildings. Planning The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit. Probability A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur. Recurrence Interval The time between hazard events of similar size in a given location. It is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. Repetitive Loss Property A property that is currently insured for which two or more 191 National Flood Insurance Program losses (occurring more than ten days apart) of at least $1000 each have been paid within any 10-year period since 1978. Replacement Value The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of cost per square foot, and reflects the present- day cost of labor and materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality. Richter Scale A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F. Richter in 1935.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 191 For the City of Compton

Risk The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an adverse condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the intensity of the hazard. Riverine Of or produced by a river. Scale A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two points on the earth's surface. Scarp A steep slope. Scour Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of flood waters. The term is frequently used to describe storm-induced, localized conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence. Seismicity Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes. Special Flood Hazard Area An area within a floodplain having a 1 percent or greater (SFHA) chance of flood occurrence in any given year (100-year floodplain); represented on Flood Insurance Rate Maps by darkly shaded areas with zone designations that include the letter A or V. Stafford Act The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL 100-107 was signed into law November 23, 1988 and amended the Disaster Relief Act of 1974, PL 93-288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA and its programs. State Hazard Mitigation The representative of state government who is the primary Officer (SHMO) point of contact with FEMA, other state and Federal 192 agencies, and local units of government in the planning and implementation of pre- and post-disaster mitigation activities. Storm Surge Rise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface. Structure Something constructed. (See also Building)

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 192 For the City of Compton

Substantial Damage Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Hazard Area whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before-damaged condition would equal or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the damage. Super Typhoon A typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph or more. Surface Faulting The differential movement of two sides of a fracture – in other words, the location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement of the ground characterize surface faults. Tectonic Plate Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate boundaries that cause seismic activity. Topographic Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include manmade features. Tornado A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tropical Cyclone A generic term for a cyclonic, low-pressure system over tropical or subtropical waters. Tropical Depression A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph. Tropical Storm A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and less than 74 mph. Tsunami Great sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption. Typhoon A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western North Pacific Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guam and the North Mariana Islands. Typhoons whose maximum sustained winds attain or exceed 150 mph are called super typhoons. 193 Vulnerability Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power – if an electric substation is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and damaging than direct ones.

Prepared by: Mitigation Plan 193 For the City of Compton

Vulnerability Assessment The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment. Water Displacement When a large mass of earth on the ocean bottom sinks or uplifts, the column of water directly above it is displaced, forming the tsunami wave. The rate of displacement, motion of the ocean floor at the epicenter, the amount of displacement of the rupture zone, and the depth of water above the rupture zone all contribute to the intensity of the tsunami. Wave Run-up The height that the wave extends up to on steep shorelines, measured above a reference level (the normal height of the sea, corrected to the state of the tide at the time of wave arrival). Wildfire An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly consuming structures. Zone A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area.

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