DECEMBER

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THE WAR CRISIS AND CANADA'S FUTURE·.

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All!- Them Them Knew Knew She She VOL. XIX, No. 12 DECEMBER, 1940

THE COMMUNIST

A MAGAZINE OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MARXISM-LENINISM PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE U.S.A. EDITOR: EARL BROWDER

CONTENTS

Review of the Month A. B. 1059 The 1940 Elections and the Next Tasks . Eart Browder 1075 Constitution of the Communist Party, U.S.A. 1086 The Crisis of Imperialism and the Future of Canada Tim Buck 1093

Who Should Be Accused in France? V. J. Jerome 1113 The People Can Save Themselves Only by Central Committee, Their Own Action Communist Party of Great Britain 1125 Book Review-For Whom the Ben Tolls By Ernest Hemingway . Bernard Rand 1131 Index-Volume XIX, 1940 1139

Entered as second class matter November 2, 1927, at the Post Office at New York, N.Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Send checks, money orders and correspondence to THE COMMUNIST, P. 0. Box 148, Sta. D (50 East 13th Street.), New York. Subscription rat.e: $2.00 a year; $1.00 for six months; foreign and Canada $2.50 a year. Single copies 20 cents. PRINTED IN THE U.S.A...... 209

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WORKERS WORKERS LIBRARY LIBRARY PUBLISHERS PUBLISHERS

Order Order from from

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Z. Z. WILLIAM WILLIAM FOSTER FOSTER

· · this this valuable valuable book." book."

worker worker and and progressive progressive leader leader of of labor labor should should possess possess a a copy copy of of

to to defeat defeat their their strikes strikes and and organizing organizing campaigns. campaigns. Every Every militant militant

tion tion of of the the workers workers to to the the war, war, to to stifle stifle their their wage wage movements movements and and

tionary tionary trade trade union union leaders leaders at at that that time time to to break break up up the the opposi­

scheme.s scheme.s used used by by the the Government, Government, the the employers employers and and the the reac­

American American workers workers during during the the last last war. war. He He exposes exposes in in full full the the

thoughtful thoughtful and and documented documented account account of of the the experiences experiences of of the the

"John "John Labor Labor Steuben, Steuben, in in Wartime, Wartime, in in his his book, book, gives gives a a

tricks tricks of of 1914-1 1914-1 8. 8.

of of today, today, who who are are adapting adapting to to the the present present situation situation many many of of their their

knowledge knowledge is is basic basic for for a a .successful .successful fight fight against against the the warmongers warmongers

were were used used to to similar similar ends ends during during the the first first World World War. War. Such Such

that that the the workers workers be be acquainted acquainted thoroughly thoroughly with with the the devices devices that that

ized ized labor labor and and to to force force this this country country into into the the war, war, it it is is important important

Green-Hillman Green-Hillman type type of of union union officials officials are are trying trying to to hogtie hogtie organ­

"In "In these these days, days, when when the the Government Government and and Big Big Capital Capital and and the the

Prie~ Prie~ $1.00 $1.00

By By JOHN JOHN STEUBEN STEUBEN

LABOR LABOR IN IN WAR WAR TIME TIME

To To American American Labor Labor History-

An An Important Important Contribution Contribution REVIEW OF THE MONTH

The Meaning of the Election Results. Quiescent Mass Moods of DisilLusion­ ment With Roosevelt Becoming Active Again. Imperialist Promises and Maneuvers. The Role and Responsibilities of Reformist Leaders. The New Stage of Struggle for Working Class Independence and the People's Front. The Imperialist Bourgeoisie Seeks Stronger Mass Bases. Roose­ velt and the Reformists. WilZkie and the Middle C!,asses. The Purposes and Aims of the Willkie Loyal Opposition. Supplement and Alterna­ tive to Reformism. Can the Masses Be Freed From Roosevelt by · Supporting Willkie? Only a Policy of Consistent Proletarian Class Independend. CAn Do the Job. Contribution and Achievements of the Communist Party in thJe Elections. Browder's Report to th.e National Committee. Communist Emergency Convention Projects Struggle for Repeal of Voorhis Act. Makes Adjust- ment to New Situation and Reajji.rms Loyalty to Working Class Internationalism and Teachings of Marxism-Leninism.

LMOST on the morrow after ple's front party able to break away A the elections, the processes of from both capitalist parties large disappointment and disillusionment masses of labor and its allies, con­ with Roosevelt became active once fronted by the Republican Party more among wide sections of labor with a direct representative of Big and its allies. Set afoot soon after Business, still clinging to the weak­ the outbreak of the war, in Sep­ ening belief that the interests of the tember, 1939, by the sharp swing common people and of true national of the Roosevelt Administration to- defense are safer in the hands of ward activized imperialist interven- Roosevelt than in those of Willkie, tion abroad and internal reaction at divided and confused by the re­ home, these processes among the formist and Social-Democratic lead­ masses never really ceased to oper- ers, labor and large sections of its ate. They were there all the time, allies were manifestly unready and in a quiescent state, even when the unprepared for a decisive break bulk of labor and large sections of with Roosevelt and for independent the common people generally went class political action in the elections. to the polls on November 5 and cast They voted for Roosevelt but not their votes for Roosevelt. But in the without misgivings. Deep in their absence of an anti-imperialist peo- hearts and minds they continued 1059 1060 REVIEW OF THE MONTH uneasy and anxious, even though do it under camouflage and with partly reassured by Roosevelt's fine maneuverings, because this flows promises (for peace, democracy and from the objective logic of the en­ social reforms) and by the persua­ tire present course of the American sions of his reformist agents in the imperialist bourgeoisie, the course labor movement. But the inevitable for imperialist aggrandizement had to come and is coming. The abroad and reactionary dictatorship count of the election votes was at home. hardly over but sufficiently ad­ It will be recalled that there were· vanced to indicate his re-election, two main phases to Roosevelt's when the President immediately election campaign. In the first sounded the note of "hard times" phase he sought to rest his case ahead. Hard times for the masses mainly on his "record," to capitalize of the people, not for their exploit­ his New Deal past, without engag­ ers and oppressors. And in the sub­ ing in too many specific promises sequent days, the movement to­ for the future. He seemed to be wards further involvement in war particularly anxious not to make and for sharper attacks upon the such promises on the question of rights and economic standards of war and peace. And in this he was the masses was so openly and braz­ helped considerably by the Willkie enly accelerated that no one could tactic o~ not making the peace ques­ mistake its meaning. And so, the tion "an issue" at the outset of the old processes of disappointment and campaign. Then came the second disillusionment with Roosevelt are phase, the shorter one, that led di­ becoming active once more, instead rectly to election day. Here Roose­ of being quiescent as they have velt began not only to speak up been for a while. Only now the against the monopolies and the ex­ mass disillusionment is bound to ploiters of the people, which he develop more rapidly and deeply studiously avoided doing in the first and among wider masses. To guide phase. He also began making spe­ thili development and to raise it to cific promises for the future, espe­ higher levels of political conscious­ cially to keep America out of war, ness is the major task of the ad­ to keep this country at peace. vanced detachment of the working Why this change? Because he class. had discovered that the masses were Why is this the perspective? It is particularly distrustful of him on so for the following reasons: First, the question of peace, having mis­ because the solemn promises made givings also on the questions of to the masses by Roosevelt for democracy and social reforms. Be­ peace, democracy and social reform cause he had discovered that pro­ are bound to be violated; they are gressive labor, and the Communist already being violated. Not only Party as part of it, has success­ that. They will be violated rapidly fully struggled for the past year for and outrageously despite the efforts the anti-imperialist people's front of the Roosevelt Administration to under labor's leadership to be built REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1061 without Roosevelt and against him. along the lines of the anti-imperial­ Because he had discovered that ist people's front. But the course of Willkie's demagogic efforts in the the election campaign in this par­ latter phase of the campaign to ex­ ticular respect proved stronger than ploit the peace question as well as the wishes of the imperialist bour­ Roosevelt's failures in domestic geoisie. The anti-imperialist and affairs were meeting with favorable anti-war moods of the masses raised response from large sections of the and developed in struggle by pro­ petty bourgeoisie of the small towns gressive labor and by the Com­ and Middle Western farms; that munist Party, together with the these demagogic efforts of Willkie rivalries and contradictions within were meeting with favorable re­ the camp of American imperialism sponse even among certain groups itself, and the leading role of the of organized as well as unorganized Communist Party headed by Brow­ workers. Having discovered that der, in the struggle against the these moods among the masses may reformists, to free the masses from endanger his re-election, moods and the Roosevelt "leadership" and for attitudes among the masses which labor's leadership in the nation­ the struggles of the Communist these are the reasons for the last­ Party and its election campaign minute change in the election with Comrades Browder and Ford maneuvers of Roosevelt and Willkie, have successfully clarified and crys­ for their concessions to the masses tallized, President Roosevelt ob­ in the shape of demagogic and viously felt compelled to step down deceitful promises to keep America from his "record" and reluctantly at peace and to steer a course of to begin making specific promises democracy and social reforms. for the future. Now, following the elections, with This was the kind of a concession these promises indelibly marked on to the anti-imperialist and anti-war the minds of the masses of the moods of the masses which the im­ people, and with the record of vio­ perialist bourgeoisie and its two lation of these promises growing parties were determined not to day by day, if not hour by hour, make in this election campaign. Not the processes of disillusionment with even in the shape of demagogic and opposition to the imperialist promises. They were fearful of bourgeoisie are bound to develop thus strengthening these very moods, with an accelerated pace, especially knowing full well that such prom­ with the Roosevelt "democratic ises will be quickly and openly leadership." This will take place, violated. They were fearful of the not by itself, nor will it auto­ inevitable consequences of such matically grow from moods of dis­ violations, the hot resentment among illusionment with the Roosevelt the masses against the imperialists leadership into independent anti­ and their spokesmen, the disillu­ imperialist action of the masses un­ sionment that will follow and the der the leadership of labor. It will quickened tempo of mass struggle do so only in the measure in which 1062 REVIEW OF THE MONTH the advanced detachments of the maturing process of mass break­ working class organize and lead the away from Roosevelt towards class masses in the struggle against the independent political action with­ imperialist bourgeoisie as the ruling out the Roosevelts and against them; class; in the measure in which the that is, the reformist leaders, and masses find as an alternative to most particularly the Hillman Roosevelt, not a Willkie, but an group, proved the main instrument organized and effective people's of the imperialist bourgeoisie for front headed by labor; in the meas­ preventing the timely crystalliza­ ure, above all, in which the masses tion of an anti-imperialist people's are freed from reformist influences, party headed by labor to challenge in which the masses make an end effectively on a mass scale the two to reformism in the labor move­ imperialist parties in the national ment, in which progressive labor elections. moves forward to leadership on the In short, it was primarily the path of the anti-imperialist people's Hillman reformist group that bears front to the positions of Leninism. the main responsibility for the fact And this brings us to the second that the wide masses of labor and reason for the indicated perspective its allies, those not yet ready to of a more rapid and profound dis­ vote for Browder and Ford, had illusionment of the masses with the been forced to the "choice" between imperialist bourgeoisie and the Roosevelt and Willkie; and having Roosevelt "leadership." It is the been deliberately forced by the special role which the reformist reformist leaders into this sort of and Social-Democratic leaders have a choice, the bulk of the workers played in the election campaign and and large sections of their allies the terrific responsibilities assumed were led by the Hillmans into vot­ by them for its outcome. ing for Roosevelt. These reformist leaders will have The war-making and reactionary a tremendous deal to answer for, doings of the Roosevelts will be the to the masses, in the coming days, responsibility of the reformist lead­ weeks and months. For it was their ers, and primarily that of the Hill­ policy of reformism and alass col­ mans. Disillusionment of the masses laboration that kept the working with the Roosevelt "leadership" will class disunited, obstructing its more be disillusionment of the masses rapid progress to fuller political first of all with the policies of re­ independence and to leadership of formism, with the leadership of the the people against the imperialists Hillmans. In fact, only in the meas­ and war-makers. It was their policy ure in which the advanced detach­ of reformism, especially that of the ments of labor destroy the influence Hillman group, that has been poi­ of reformism and defeat among the soning the masses with the "Roose­ masses the machinations of the velt leadership." In doing so, the Hillmans, in the same measure will Hillman group was most particu­ larger and ever larger masses of larly instrumental in slowing up the workers and their allies enter REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1063 the people's anti-imperialist front T IS fully evident that "our" against the ruling class and against I imperialist bourgeoisie is very the Roosevelts and Willkies. uneasy about the internal political More than heretofore the masses outlook. It is worried. And it is try­ will need to struggle daily against nig to prepare for all eventualities. the intensifying offensive of the At first glance it is hard to under­ imperialist bourgeoisie - for peace, stand why the imperialists should security and roivil liberties. In carry­ feel uneasy about the internal ing on these struggles the masses political outlook. Haven't they suc­ will undoubtedly confront new diffi­ ceeded, with the help of the reform­ culties, not only in the form of ist and Social-Democratic leaders, greater persecutions and intimida­ in preventing the emergence of a tions from employers and govern­ mass anti-imperialist party in the ment but also the combining forces elections? Haven't they also suc­ of the reformist and imperialistically ceeded, by intimidation and terror corrupted bureaucracy and aristoc­ and violation of the Constitution, in racy of labor. The Roosevelt Ad­ preventing the registration in the ministration will use these corrupt elections of a substantial mass vote forces in the labor movement as for the Communist Party? These one of the main weapons of the are no small successes, remember­ imperialist bourgeoisie in the pres­ ing that the Government remains ent period for hamstringing the in the hands of a bourgeois-impe­ working class and paralyzing its rialist party and that the other efforts to protect and improve its party of the imperialists has re­ conditions. ceived the votes of nearly one-half But there are also arising new of the electorate. Why, then, should opportunities. As indicated in the the imperialists feel uneasy about foregoing, the outlook is for a more the internal political outlook? rapid and wider development of the The answer is: the weak founda­ masses of labor and its allies to­ tions upon which these imperialist wards political independence and successes rest. The bourgeoisie activity. There will be among the knows of the profound processes of masses less and less faith in "demo­ disillusionment with imperialist rule cratic" capitalist politicians, and that are going on among the masses. more and more faith in the class It also knows that these processes independence of labor and in its are bound to become more rapid leadership of the people, against all and intense under the impact of the capitalist politicians and against accelerated imperialist and reac­ imperialist rule in general. tionary course of the ruling class. To guide this development and to And knowing all this, the bour­ raise it to higher levels of class geoisie must inevitably be asking political consciousness and activity the question: Will the reformist is the major task of the advanced bureaucracy and aristocracy of labor sections of the American working prove strong enough in the coming class. period to keep labor and its allies

popular popular bourgeois bourgeois plurality plurality groups, groups, dropped dropped secondarily secondarily from from among among

to to take take note note of of the the fact fact that that its its defections defections occurred occurred mainly mainly in in petty­

The The Roosevelt Roosevelt tion, tion, it it Administration Administration is is safe safe to to say say had had that that these these

basis. basis. basis basis of of every every available available informa­

manent manent and and nationwide nationwide political political national national percentage percentage of of 62.5. 62.5. On On the the

of of Independent Independent Voters-on Voters-on smaller smaller a a per­ in in comparison comparison with with his his 1936 1936

ganization-the ganization-the National National Committee Committee national national percentage percentage of of 54.5, 54.5, was was

Norris Norris group group to to continue continue their their or­ cities cities of of 60.3, 60.3, while while larger larger than than his his

in in the the efforts efforts of of the the LaGuardia­ Roosevelt's Roosevelt's percentage percentage vote vote in in these these

signs signs of of evidence evidence are are to to be be found found up up a a popular popular plurality plurality of of 2,414,366, 2,414,366,

of of the the population. population. And And the the first first eighteen eighteen major major cities, cities, where where he he piled piled

own own agencies agencies among among these these sections sections majorities. majorities. Even Even in in the the country's country's

tion tion is is also also seeking seeking to to build build up up its its 000 000 population population but but with with decreased decreased

Willkie, Willkie, the the Roosevelt Roosevelt Administra­ nearly nearly every every city city of of more more than than 400,-

the the farms farms have have switched switched over over to to and and cities. cities. Roosevelt Roosevelt carried carried pretty pretty

classes classes in in the the small small towns towns and and on on licans, licans, but but also also in in the the larger larger towns towns

siderable siderable sections sections of of the the middle middle good good as as compared compared with with the the Repub­

the the results results of of the the elections elections that that con­ Roosevelt's Roosevelt's standing standing was was never never too too

But But that that is is not not all. all. Having Having found found in in not not only only in in the the small small towns towns where where

bination bination with with Green Green and and others. others. the the petty petty bourgeoisie bourgeoisie of of the the cities, cities,

so-called so-called Hillman Hillman outfit outfit in in com­ from from Roosevelt Roosevelt to to Willkie Willkie among among

own own lieutenants lieutenants in in the the unions, unions, the the There There were were also also serious serious defections defections

pletely pletely under under the the domination domination of of its its perialism. perialism.

to to place place the the labor labor movement movement com­ and and Roosevelt's Roosevelt's warmongering warmongering im­

Roosevelt Roosevelt Administration Administration is is seeking seeking the the New New Deal Deal agrarian agrarian measures, measures,

of of labor. labor. For For this this purpose, purpose, the the against against the the terrific terrific inadequacies inadequacies of of

formist formist bureaucracy bureaucracy and and aristocracy aristocracy misdirected misdirected expression expression of of protest protest

weapon weapon among among the the masses masses the the re­ these these masses, masses, it it was was undoubtedly undoubtedly a a

line, line, namely, namely, to to use use as as its its main main Willkie Willkie in in 1940. 1940. On On the the part part of of

mined mined to to develop develop further further its its "old" "old" Roosevelt Roosevelt in in 1936 1936 switched switched to to

istration istration would would seem seem to to be be deter­ middle middle farmers, farmers, who who voted voted for for

the the answers. answers. The The Roosevelt Roosevelt Admin­ siderable siderable numbers numbers of of small small and and

deal deal of of influence influence on on the the nature nature of of ers, ers, and and that that must must mean mean also also con­

rivalries rivalries in in that that camp camp have have a a good good (Gallup). (Gallup). Large Large numbers numbers of of farm­

ally, ally, the the inner inner contradictions contradictions and and nesota, nesota, Wisconsin Wisconsin and and Montana Montana

the the imperialist imperialist camp. camp. And, And, natur­ Dakota, Dakota, Kansas, Kansas, Colorado, Colorado, Min­

tions tions are are being being formulated formulated today today in in and and from from 11 11 to to 17 17 points points in in South South

Various Various answers answers to to these these ques­ dropped dropped 25 25 points points in in North North Dakota Dakota

pendence? pendence? in in the the Midwest Midwest farm farm area, area, having having

of of mass mass awakening awakening and and labor labor inde­ this this decrease. decrease. was was most most striking striking It It

begin begin to to crack crack under under the the pressure pressure important important is is the the precise precise nature nature of of

tive" tive" to to reformism reformism should should the the latter latter decreased decreased from from 62.5 62.5 to to 54.5. 54.5. Equally Equally

to to start start to to prepare prepare some some "alterna­ centage centage vote vote of of the the two-party two-party total total

strengthen strengthen them? them? And And isn't isn't it it time time 4,846,238 4,846,238 in in 1940 1940 and and that that its its per­

in in check? check? What What can can be be done done to to 10,797,090 10,797,090 in in 1936 1936 to to an an estimated estimated

REVIEW REVIEW OF OF THE THE MONTH MONTH 1064 1064 REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1065 the workers, overlapping with vari­ those auxiliary election campaign ous defections among national organizations which have proved groups (German, Italian, Irish, etc.). most effective in corralling for the Of course, Roosevelt can also Republican Party the mass votes of register certain gains, but not among the farmers, petty bourgeoisie of the masses. He undoubtedly made the cities, middle class youth, certain gains among bourgeois cir­ women and certain elements among cles. His gains among the bour­ the workers. For what purposes? geoisie are most clearly shown in The most immediate and prac­ the increased Democratic vote of tical purpose is to provide organized such Republican states as Maine and mass pressure upon the Government Vermont. to keep its course straight as de­ In the light of these figures, sired by Big Business. Wall Street which point to a weakening posi­ has learned its lesson from the dis­ tion of the Roosevelt branch of the mal failure of the Liberty League imperialist camp among the middle in the 1936 elections. It wants a mass classes of city and farm and to a base; and directly under the control corresponding strengthening of the of Big Business; and it wants to use Willkie imperialist group among this mass base to keep in check its these circles, the current maneuvers own two parties and its own gov­ of both imperialist groups among ernment. In the face of the growing the masses can be better under­ crisis of capitalism and the inevi­ stood. As already pointed out, the table awakening of the masses to Roosevelt Administration seeks to independent policies and actions, strengthen the reformist Hillman Big Business is seeking to build up group in the labor movement, and extra controls and checks. And the looks for new "radical" and "lib­ immediate practical purpose of these eral" agencies to operate among the extra controls that Willkie is build­ middle classes, such as the perma­ ing primarily among the masses of nent organization of the LaGuardia­ the petty bourgeoisie, as well as Norris group. The Democratic Party his secondary efforts to invade the alone, which was never sufficient labor movement, is to make sure for Roosevelt among the masses, is that the cost of "national" defense proving to be less and less adequate. is placed and kept fully on the And what about Willkie? It is shoulders of the people and that now fully evident that the imperial­ everything will be done to keep ist clique which supports Willkie down the anti-imperialist move­ wants him to continue to lead the ments of the masses. In short, Big "crusade." While this may not be Business no longer feels safe in its fully agreeable to certain standpat power with the two-party system elements in the Republican Party alone; it looks for additional politi­ leadership, Big Business will try to cal instruments, and precisely among have its way. This means that Will­ the masses. kie and his collaborators will seek Which brings us to the second to extend and make permanent purpose of the permanent organiza- 1066 REVIEW OF THE MONTH tions which Willkie is trying to be dominated directly by Big Busi­ build. Speaking particularly of the ness. And herein lies the meaning Big Business crowd that supports of "the Willkie opposition." Herein Willkie, it must be noted that among also lies . its immediate practical them there is little confidence in danger to the independent anti­ the ability of the reformist leaders imperialist mass movements. It is to keep labor "in check" in a crisis clear from all the foregoing consid­ period like the present one. They erations that the "Willkie opposi­ are trying, of course, to invade the tion" constitutes a serious threat to labor movement also. They have had the further progress of the anti­ their Hutchesons and Matthew imperialist people's front move­ Wolls for a long time. And now ment. It is a threat to the main line they would be very happy to get of struggle of progressive labor, into their camp more prominent which is to free the masses from and influential labor leaders, to the "Roosevelt leadership" and to achieve which end they will go a establish labor's independence and long way, but not without fear and leadership of the people. misglVmg. It follows, therefore, This latter point may not yet be that the Willkie imperialist crowd fully clear to certain labor ele­ will devote its major efforts to se­ ments, but it is a most vital and cure a mass base for itself among crucial point. It can be shown by the petty bourgeoisie of city and these main considerations. The farm, concentrating on the youth, masses of the people can be broken without neglecting the workers, away from the Roosevelt leadership, especially the unorganized and those and they will be, only by the Amer­ in smaller towns. The longer range ican working class fighting indepen­ purpose of these activities is un­ dently as a class and leading the doubtedly to provide an alternative rest of the people in an alliance to reformism; as, if and when the against the imperialist camp as a latter proves no longer capable of whole, systematically eliminating keeping labor effectively in check all reformist influences in the labor for the imperialist bourgeoisie. movement. This is a fundamental In other words, this petty-bour­ trqth. And why is this so? Because geois base (reinforced with labor) to break the masses away from the is expected by the Willkie crowd Roosevelt leadership means to break to supplement reformism at all them away from bourgeois and re­ times and to supplant it as the need formist influence~. It means to break arises. them away from class collaboration, Lastly, but equally important in from political subjection to the the aims of the Willkie mass base, bourgeoisie. Behind Roosevelt, the is to divert all mass opposition to individual, we must help the masses the imperialist course of the Roose­ see the imperialist bourgeoisie and velt Administration into the chan­ its class influence. Behind Hillman, nels of such mass agencies (distinct the individual, we must help the from the Republican Party) as will masses see reformism as the agency REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1067 of this bourgeoisie in the labor under certain circumstances, this movement. Without this the job may become possible among various cannot be accomplished. Without groups), this would "free" certain this the developing disillusionment masses from Roosevelt but not with Roosevelt may serve the inter­ from the bourgeoisie, which is not ests of the "Willkie opposition," the freedom at all, but continued po­ interests of Big Business, and not litical subjection to imperialism. the interests of labor and its allies. This would be, in substance, play­ Let us put the question plainly. ing the game of the capitalist Isn't Roosevelt serving the interests two-party system and not strug­ of the imperialist bourgeoisie every gling to break through it to day and therefore also of Big independent political action by the Business in the final analysis? He workers in alliance with all com­ is. Isn't he systematically compro­ mon people. And this was pre­ mising and betraying the interests cisely the error in John L. Lewis' of the masses in favor of the same pre-election advice to labor to ex­ Big Business against which he pre­ press its justified opposition to tends to lead and defend the people? Roosevelt by voting for Willkie. Life Isn't he therefore serving funda­ itself has already demonstrated that mentally the interests of the same the masses cannot be freed from Big Business crowd which finds in Roosevelt by directing them to Willkie its direct representative? Willkie; that it can be done and He is. Isn't this therefore the main will be done by uniting and organ­ reason why progressive labor cor­ izing the masses, headed by labor, rectly makes its main fight to liber­ into an independent political power ate the masses from the Roosevelt of their own, into an anti-imperialist leadership? It is. Then how can people's party of peace. this job be done by directing labor's The bourgeoisie will continue to dissatisfaction with Roosevelt into try to prevent the crystallization of the channels of the "Willkie oppo­ such a party by all means. It will sition"? The answer is: it cannot. do so through both Roosevelt and First, because labor is already Willkie, operating in the labor too mature politically to take Will­ movement with the help of the kie as an "opposition" to Roosevelt, reformist leaders. Roosevelt will which proves that labor cannot be continue to parade as the "liberal," freed from Roosevelt if it is done the "democrat" and champion of from the positions of Willkie; even the masses against the monopolists, though labor has proved not yet using the Hillman reformist clique sufficiently mature and prepared to to hold labor to this line, while take the field in the elections inde­ seeking to build other agencies (La­ pendently as a class, for which Guardia-Norris group, etc.) among reformism bears main responsibility. the middle classes. At the same Secondly, even if it were possible time, Willkie will be functioning as to direct labor's opposition to Roose­ the "loyal opposition," with the aim velt into the Willkie channels (and (among others) of diverting into the 1068 REVIEW OF THE MONTH channels of imperialism the grow­ such efforts threaten to make labor ing disillusionment with Roosevelt a plaything in the hands of its class and with the imperialist bourgeoisie, enemies. And to fight effectively building mass auxiliaries to the from labor's class positions means Republican Party among the middle to fight consistently against reform­ classes and making use also of re­ ism, against the leaders of Social­ formist labor leaders. This is the Democratism, especially against the outlook. Hillman group of betrayers of labor. It follows, therefore, that the This is the message of the No­ struggle for the anti-imperialist peo­ vember meeting of the National ple's front under labor's leadership Committee of the Communist Party, requires on the part of progressive the message in Comrade Browder's labor a consistent proletarian class report to that meeting ,on some of policy. This means consistent prole­ the more important lessons from tarian opposition to the bourgeoisie the recent national elections. as a class and to the entire camp of imperialism. Opposition to Roose­ • "' • velt without such a consistent pro­ HE contribution of the Com­ letarian class policy operates in the T munist Party and of its standard interests of Willkie, and opposition bearers, Browder and Ford, to the to Willkie without this kind of recent elections is of outstanding a proletarian policy works in the significance and importance. It was interests of Roosevelt. The elections this contribution that has raised the have proved this point conclusively. struggle for working class political Hutcheson & Co. have opposed independence to a high level of Roosevelt; all right, but from re­ development, bringing it to a point formist positions. Hillman & Co. where a number of important mass have 0pposed Willkie and from the labor organizations took the atti­ same reformist positions. And for tude of opposition to both imperial­ whom did they really work? For ist parties and in favor of an anti­ the imperialist bourgeoisie and imperialist people's party headed by against the working class, even labor. It was this contribution of though one group supported Willkie the Communist Party, challenging and the other, Roosevelt. the Roosevelt "leadership" among Only from the class positions of the masses from the class positions labor, from the principle of labor's of the proletariat-from the posi­ leadership of the people in an anti­ tions of its major struggle for peace, imperialist peace front, can the ma­ security and civil liberties-that has jor fight be carried on successfully influenced the general course of the to free the masses from the "Roose­ election campaign, that has played velt leadership." Only from the an important part in forcing both class positions of labor can the anti­ imperialist candidates to enter into a imperialist camp make good use of discussion on the question of peace, the contradictions and rivalries in and reluctantly to make "promises" the imperialist camp, otherwise for the maintenance of peace. It was REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1069 this contribution of the Communist effectively throughout the country, Party that has helped to prepare and Comrade Foster was able to wide masses for the inevitable vio­ address large numbers of people in lation of these promises by the various cities, the handicap imposed imperialists and their government, upon Comrade Browder by the and for the utilization of these vio­ authorities (the court's ruling pro­ lations to accelerate the processes of hibiting his leaving New York) was mass disillusionment with imperial­ also overcome in large measure. By ist rule and to strengthen the inde­ means of electrical transcriptions pendent struggles of the masses Comrade Browder's brilliant and against the imperialist reactionary effective speeches were heard and offensive of the bourgeoisie. applauded by wide masses of the It can be seen plainly that people throughout the country. Our through this campaign the Commu­ candidate for President was in the nist Party has not only maintained campaign-that is a fact-and lead­ its ties with the masses but has ex­ ing the progressive forces in its tended and strengthened them. And battles despite all efforts of the in this sense, the efforts of the im­ war-makers to the contrary. perialist bourgeoisie to isolate the But the bourgeoisie did succeed Communist Party have failed. The in preventing the Communist can­ Party is now in a better position didates from appearing on the bal­ than before to help promote the lot in nearly half the states, includ­ struggle of the masses against the ing some of the most important reactionaries and war-makers. ones. Thus the substantial mass Despite the veritable terror let anti-war vote which could have loose by the Government against the been registered on the national Communist Party and its election ticket of the Communist Party, and campaign, the mass activities of its which the imperialists were so organizations and membership have anxious to prevent, was not regis­ reached a high mark in scope and tered to any degree of approxima­ intensity. Outstanding in this re­ tion. Yet, even here, significant spect are the hundreds of thousands developments can be noted. Wher­ of people that have been won by the ever the people found Communists Party to give their signatures to its on the ballot, the vote for the Com­ nominating petitions, the excep­ munist Party increased. This means tional amount of literature spread growing political influence for the among the masses, the true mass Communist Party among the masses, campaign of visiting voters in their particularly so since the weight and homes and discussing election issues value of these votes, cast under con­ with them, the variety of meetings, ditions of extreme intimidation and symposiums, broadcastings and other persecution, is comparatively higher means for reaching the masses with than in any previous election. the Communist message. While J;;Iighly important and sympto­ Comrade Ford, our Vice Presiden­ matic is the fact that, wherever tial candidate, was campaigning the masses thought there was a real 1070 REVIEW OF THE MONTH choice of local and Congressional even putting them in the Govern­ candidates, rightly or wrongly, ment, thus giving the lieutenants of they voted in instance after instance the bourgeoisie a mass base from for the candidate that appeared to which to work for capitalism. And them more dependable for peace, this is a somewhat indirect way of security and civil liberties. And in political subjection to the bour­ the few instances where progressive geoisie. In the case of Norman labor was campaigning for anti-war Thomas it works more directly. candidates of its own, notably in Many of those who follow his re­ the case of Congressman Marcan­ formist leadership, having been tonio, important successes have persuaded by the Socialist Party been registered in the elections. Un­ election "message," drew the prac­ doubtedly the situation was ripe for tical conclusion that the logical much greater achievements along thing to do is to vote for Roose­ these lines, and this is another im­ velt. And they probably reasoned portant lesson to be learned from like this: Since the "socialization" the elections. It confirms the cor­ business is an obvious fake; and rectness of the Communist Party's since Roosevelt has "stolen" from people's front line and the effective­ the Socialist Party all of its imme­ ness of its campaigns. And it is to diate demands (so says Thomas be expected that progressive labor himself); and since Roosevelt has will henceforth pay much greater a better chance of being elected attention to the possibilities inher­ than Thomas and so do something ent in local and Congressional elec­ about these immediate demands that tions. were "stolen" from the Socialist And what can be said of the Party; and since, finally, Commu­ Norman Thomas campaign for the nism and the Soviet Union are sheer Socialist Party? Here too lie impor­ "totalitarianism" which must be tant lessons, especially for those combated to the death-then, what workers who still follow reformist is the conclusion? If all this is true, leadership. It is, of course, correct then the best way of serving to call the Norman Thomas cam­ Thomas is to vote for Roosevelt. paign a debacle, and that will be And this they did. There is also no true absolutely. But it is not the doubt that numbers of Socialist first debacle; it is the most recent Party followers made a different of a series. And what is its particu­ conclusion from Thomas' reformist lar meaning? It is that the Norman twaddle, namely, to break with Thomas reformist "message" today reformism and to support the Com­ works directly for the "demo­ munist Party. cratic" bourgeoisie instead of in­ The lesson to emphasize is that directly as is the case with Social­ reformism always serves the bour­ Democratism in other capitalist geoisie, no matter what the par­ countries. In these other countries, ticular reformist tactic may be. In the masses following reformist one case, reformism serves capital­ leaders vote for them in elections, ism and the bourgeoisie indirectly, REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1071 in other cases the same result is a more rapid advance of labor and achieved more directly, but it is its allies to independence and always the servant of the bour­ influence in the coming period; they geoisie in the labor movement. have strengthened their own party. One should also examine closely So it is not a question of minority some of Thomas' post-election apol­ parties but of what kind of a minor­ ogies and excuses for the debacle ity party. A reformist party, whose of the Socialist Party's election line of policy in the elections oper­ campaign. He is talking about the ates directly in the services of difficulties of "minority parties." the "democratic" bourgeoisie and He is blaming the masses for the against the class interests of the war "hysteria" and reactionary proletariat, such a party will achieve trends. He is subtly insinuating a one set of results; the results poison of defeatism and pessimism. achieved by Norman Thomas' cam­ He is, in fact, continuing his elec­ paign. On the other hand, a Marx­ tion campaign in the service of the ist-Leninist party, whose line of bourgeoisie. policy in the elections (and all the Now, then, if it is a matter of time) operates in the interests of difficulties for minority parties, the working class and against the surely the Communists should know imperialist bourgeoisie, will achieve plenty about them. It was the Com­ a different set of results, results munist Party, not the Socialist achieved by the campaign of Brow­ Party, that was singled out by the der and Ford. imperialists for special persecution As to the masses, the war hysteria and punishment. Hence the Com­ and .the reactionary trends do not munists are not likely to under­ stem from them but from their class estimate the difficulties of the enemies and their reformist agents. minority parties. Yet, they-the Never perhaps in the history of Communists--have succeeded, de­ American elections has reformism spite all difficulties, in widening and and its leading representatives strengthening their ties with the (Hillman, Green, Tobin, Hutcheson, masses and with the labor move­ and Norman Thomas) been so de­ ment; they succeeded in influencing cisively responsible for holding the substantial sections of labor to take masses tied down to the capitalist an independent political position in parties as in the last elections. the elections; they contributed their Beware, therefore, of the defeat­ share to forcing the imperialist can­ ist and pessimistic strains of Thomas' didates to discuss the peace ques­ post-election songs. These are po­ tion and to make commitments to litical weapons to obscure his re­ ,the masses, which progressive labor formist line and to justify it. can now use to advance the people's Objectively, they may also be prep­ cause against the imperialist bour­ arations for more open abandon­ geoisie by exposing the treachery ment of even lip-service to social­ and double-dealing of its spokes­ ism and the people. men; they have laid the basis for Contrasting the role and achiev,e-

is: is: answer answer The The people? people? American American the the of of hearing hearing public public the the at at fully fully

the the of of future future the the depends depends success success that that explained explained Browder Browder Comrade Comrade

whose whose upon upon developments developments ments, ments, Act? Act? this this of of purpose purpose the the was was What What

develop­ historic historic profound profound such such obstacles. obstacles. all all despite despite masses masses the the to to

stop stop Act Act Voorhis Voorhis the the like like measure measure duties duties its its fulfil fulfil to to Party Party Communist Communist

police police a a can can then, then, How, How, abroad. abroad. the the enabling enabling internationalism, internationalism, class class

movements movements peace peace anti-imperialist anti-imperialist working working for for struggle struggle the the forward forward

similar similar with with people people American American carry carry to to movement movement labor labor the the help help

the the of of collaboration collaboration the the demands demands should should which which decision decision practical practical a a at at

it it policy; policy; peace peace tional tional people's people's arrived arrived and and Act, Act, Voorhis Voorhis the the act," act,"

interna­ true true a a of of development development the the registration registration agents agents "foreign "foreign called called

demands demands war-makers, war-makers, the the against against so­ the the with with dealt dealt movement. movement. It It

and and peace peace for for masses masses American American the the labor labor the the of of path path the the in in geoisie geoisie

of of struggle struggle daily daily growing growing the the and and bour­ the the by by placed placed obstacles obstacles newer newer

itself, itself, Life Life countries. countries. all all in in ments ments those those of of one one precisely precisely with with dealt dealt

move­ proletarian proletarian advanced advanced the the Party Party

Communist Communist the the of of tion tion . . T

with with cooperation cooperation to to and and tionalism tionalism conven­ national national emergency emergency HE HE

interna­ proletarian proletarian consistent consistent and and * * * * * *

conscious conscious more more a a class class working working to to

win. win. American American the the forcing forcing is is itself itself Life Life

and and to to fight fight to to masses masses the the ganize ganize peace. peace. world world for for people people American American

or­ and and lead lead to to how how obstacles, obstacles, all all the the of of cooperation cooperation the the and and ism ism

despite despite masses masses the the to to knowledge knowledge our our international­ class class working working of of ress ress

transmit transmit and and Stalin, Stalin, Comrade Comrade from from prog­ the the stopping stopping actually actually of of view view

learn learn to to try try always always shall shall we we And And of of point point the the from from futile futile most most the the

labor. labor. American American of of of of one one progress progress also also is is further further it it but but books, books, statute statute

the the of of and and Party Party our our of of way way the the the the on on placed placed recently recently laws laws tionary tionary

reac­ in in most most the the of of placing placing be be one one will will doubt doubt yond yond government government its its

and and bourgeoisie bourgeoisie the the be­ is is which which culties culties organizations. organizations. progressive progressive It It

all all and and diffi­ new new movement movement the the labor labor the the overcome overcome against against and and counter counter

as as well well as as to to them them country country help help this this of of will will ments ments effectively. effectively. It It

move­ peace peace most most people people anti-imperialist anti-imperialist American American the the the the and and

against against class class war-makers war-makers working working imperialist imperialist American American the the the the serve serve to to

of of weapon weapon a a party­ thus thus is is minority minority a a still still progress. progress. though though even even It It

and and peace peace for for ability­ their their in in cooperation cooperation and and tacts tacts confidence confidence greater greater

con­ international international developing developing and and a a gain gain thus thus will will supporters supporters their their

maintaining maintaining and and from from people people Communists Communists The The American American Foster. Foster. and and

the the prevent prevent to to effort effort an an is is Browder Browder leadership, leadership, its its It It of of and and tions tions

countries. countries. other other in in movements movements and and organiza­ its its of of line, line, Party Party munist munist

organizations organizations similar similar from from ments ments Com­ the the of of effectiveness effectiveness and and power power

move­ progressive progressive all all and and zations zations the the of of understanding understanding profound profound

organi­ its its class, class, working working American American more more a a derive derive will will supporters supporters their their

isolate isolate to to the the bourgeoisie bourgeoisie imperialist imperialist and and Communists Communists the the Party, Party, Socialist Socialist

the the by by attempt attempt an an is is following: following: the the of of It It "achievements" "achievements" and and role role the the

the the is is it it brief, brief, In In Committee. Committee. Senate Senate to to Party Party Communist Communist the the of of ments ments

1072 1072 MONTH MONTH THE THE OF OF REVIEW REVIEW REVIEW OF THE MONTH 1073 It cannot and it will not, although But what was the result? Almost it creates new difficulties and ob­ everybody knows that by now. The stacles for the labor and peace peace movements of the people movements. were not destroyed. The Communist Looking at the matter for the Party and its great mass following moment, and for the sake of argu­ remained as loyal as ever to the ment, from the point of view of the principles of Marxism-Leninism, to professed aims of the authors of this the leadership of the great Stalin, Act, that is, protection of the United fighting with all their might for States from foreign agents, aren't the international proletarian peace there enough acts already on the policies of the Soviet Union. And statute books to take care of that? had they proved strong enough, Of course, there are; and more than France would have been saved enough. We can thus easily dismiss from disaster. all pretensions that the Voorhis Act However, the French imperialist is directed against "foreign agents." bourgeoisie and its governments Its sole aim and purpose is to ham­ were not altogether unsuccessful. string American organizations of a They failed to stamp out working progressive character which main­ class internationalism and they tain international contacts and co­ failed to force the Communist Party operation of a similar nature. And and its following to abandon Marx­ this is precisely what the imperial­ ism-Leninism, but they succeeded ists and war-makers are afraid of, in betraying and destroying France. because it goes contrary to their And they did it in the name of "na­ predatory plans of imperialist ag­ tional" defense, in the name of com­ grandizement and war abroad and bating "foreign" agents. internal reaction at home. Isn't there a lesson here for the We are inevitably reminded of United States? the lessons of France. There too the Labor, the peace movements and imperialist governments of Daladier, all progressive organizations must Reynaud, etc., were waging war wake up to the true significance of upon the anti-imperialist move­ the policy embodied in the Voorhis ments of the people and upon the Act. It is a policy which, if allowed Communist Party in the name of to develop, leads to national dis­ "national" defense and under the aster. It is a policy of the imperialist excuse of combating "foreign" in­ bourgeoisie in this epoch of decay­ fluences and "foreign" agents. ing capitalism which, first, produces Moreover, these same governments war and, as military developments (and with the same excuses) turn unfavorable, leads to national were also trying to destroy the betrayal and collapse. It is a policy Communist Party by forcing it to designed to strangle all people's abandon support for the peace pol­ movements for peace, progress and icies of the Soviet Union and to anti-imperialist national defense. abandon loyalty to the teachings of It follows, therefore, that a na­ · Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. tionwide mass struggle has to be 1074 REVIEW OF THE MONTH developed for the repeat of the class; the tasks of a party loyal to Voorhis Act. This is in the vital the end to the principles of Marx­ interests, and therefore the task, of ism-Leninism and working class labor, the peace movements and of internationalism, inspired as never all progressive organizations. It is before by the example of the great the struggle for working class inter­ leadership of Comrade Stalin, de­ nationalism, for the right to main­ termined to help the American tain contact and collaborate with la­ masses to reach the positions of a bor and peace organizations abroad, true international peace policy such for an international people's peace as advocated and practiced by ·the policy which alone can help the socialist Soviet Union. American people win their fight Together with our brother Com­ against the war-makers and impe­ munist parties in all countries, and rialists of the United States. learning systematically from the The Communist Party, through experiences of the model party oi its emergency national convention, the Communist International-the has made the necessary adjustments glorious party of the Soviet Union­ to enable it to fulfil among the we shall move forward despite masses the tasks and duties of a all obstacles, contributing an ever Marxist-Leninist party in the situa­ larger share to the progress and tion created by the Voorhis Act; happiness of the American working the tasks of the advanced detach­ class and the American nation. ment of the American working A.B. THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND THE NEXT TASKS

BY EARL BROWDER

(Report to the meeting of the National Committee of the Communist Party of the U.S.A., held in conjunction with the Special Convention in New York on November 16-17, 1940.)

N NOVEMBER 6, the cry went tlemen at the top are uneasy about O up from leading circles of both it, they are disturbed, they want it the Republican and Democratic par- wiped from the popular mind. ties that now, since the elections are What a revealing commentary over, all campaign documents and this is upon the true character of speeches should be immediately and our boasted democracy! Almost be­ publicly burned, with appropriate fore the election is over, its lead­ ceremonials, and should be forgot- ing participants and their servants ten as quickly as possible. Norman hasten to tell the masses that the Thomas even rushed the gun, and decisive period of the political de­ sent this message over the air be- bate, the ten days before the voting, fore midnight of November 5, im- consisted of lies, slanders, appeals mediately following Boss Flynn's to prejudice, unsound arguments, of announcement of victory for the which we must all be ashamed and third term. forget as quickly as possible! This common thought of all the The Communist Party has no "great minds" arises from their need to wash itself after the elec­ common recognition that, despite all tion in this manner. We have noth­ the best laid plans, the election ing in our campaign of which we campaign did get out of hand, it are ashamed, nothing we wish for­ took a course in its last days quite gotten, no speeches or documents displeasing to them all, and they which we are not ready to defend all found themselves saying things after the election with equal or they want forgotten immediately greater conviction. Instead of burn­ and completely. Elemental forces ing our campaign speeches, we sent had broken through the most com- to press the day after election a plete blockade, finding powerful, if permanent pamphlet of the Presi­ distorled, expression. And the gen- dential campaign addresses, copies 1075

the the whatever whatever that, that, us us by by dicta- inherent inherent registered registered the the to to not not and and try, try,

and and clear clear already already was was it it coun­ the the in in ventions, ventions, opposition opposition strong strong a a of of

con­ party party major major the the before before Even Even crystallization crystallization of of fear fear to to due due ably ably

unquestion­ was was This This dictatorship. dictatorship.

Election Election This This in in

military military a a of of edicts edicts as as through through ried ried

Intervened Intervened Masses Masses the the How How

car­ were were but but facts, facts, accomplished accomplished

1940! 1940! in in true true times times thousand thousand a a and and as as Congress Congress to to submitted submitted even even not not

1848, 1848, in in True True power." power." a a itself itself be be were were Canada Canada belligerent belligerent with with cil cil

to to ...... all all by by acknowledged acknowledged ready ready Coun­ Defense Defense Joint Joint the the and and Britain Britain

is is that that al­ namely, namely, "Communism "Communism with with bases bases naval naval for for destroyers destroyers fifty fifty

ago, ago, century century a a almost almost phenomena phenomena of of trade trade The The below. below. from from masses masses

similar similar from from conclusion conclusion Marx's Marx's of of the the of of pressure pressure rising rising the the to to cession cession

correctness correctness profound profound the the phasizes phasizes con­ in in above, above, from from pressure pressure mous mous

em­ only only however, however, laws, laws, political political enor­ the the and and leaders leaders official official their their

fundamental fundamental of of ignorance ignorance Their Their defying defying bill, bill, draft draft the the against against voted voted

Communists. Communists. the the with with alliance alliance an an Democrats, Democrats, including including House, House, whole whole

seeking seeking of of Willkie Willkie accused accused he he when when the the of of one-third one-third and and representatives representatives

Marx Marx of of genius genius the the proving proving was was he he Republican Republican of of two-thirds two-thirds Congress Congress

how how of of unconscious unconscious equally equally was was velt velt in in when when issue, issue, conscription conscription the the on on

Roose­ tendencies. tendencies. communistic communistic of of unity"-came unity"-came "national "national it it call call they they

Roosevelt Roosevelt accused accused he he when when letter letter bourgeoisie­ the the of of coalition coalition war war

the the to to law law Marxian Marxian the the following following the the in in break break decisive decisive first first The The

was was he he that that fact fact the the of of unconscious unconscious war. war. the the of of abhorrence abhorrence found found

doubtless doubtless was was Willkie Willkie Wendell Wendell pro­ their their leaders leaders their their and and parties parties

both both upon upon pressing pressing were were masses masses

saries?" saries?"

the the and and on, on, was was campaign campaign election election adver­ reactionary reactionary its its against against as as

the the because because strained, strained, was was coalition coalition well well as as parties, parties, opposition opposition advanced advanced

war war the the between between pact pact the the ready ready more more the the against against communism, communism, of of

reproach reproach branding branding the the back back hurled hurled But But Empire. Empire. British British al­ the the with with

not not has has that that Opposition Opposition the the Where Where alliance alliance the the and and law law conscription conscription

power? power? in in opponents opponents its its by by munistic munistic the the war, war, and and militarization militarization toward toward

com­ as as decried decried been been not not has has that that

steps steps decisive decisive great great two two the the over over

opposition opposition in in party party the the is is "Where "Where

put put was was cover cover its its Under Under to. to. adhered adhered

rigidly rigidly was was agreement agreement this this 2, 2, ber ber said: said:

Octo­ to to up up campaign, campaign, the the of of phase phase Marx Marx to to Manifesto, Manifesto, Communist Communist The The

first first the the In In policy. policy. domestic domestic on on introduction introduction the the In In upon. upon. improved improved

promises promises his his repeated repeated and and platform, platform, be be cannot cannot 1940 1940 in in America America of of tion tion

war war common common their their as as Roosevelt Roosevelt descrip­ appropriate appropriate and and concise concise for for

of of words words exact exact the the quoted quoted Elwood Elwood which which words words in in ago, ago, years years ninety ninety

at at Willkie Willkie when when confirmed confirmed licly licly over over Marx Marx Karl Karl by by described described was was

pub­ was was fact fact this this nominations nominations the the phase phase last last its its in in campaign campaign election election

After After Street. Street. Wall Wall of of resentative resentative the the of of feature feature outstanding outstanding One One

rep­ a a by by coalition, coalition, Party Party War War the the endorse. endorse.

by by occupied occupied be be would would office office tive tive unanimously unanimously will will you you believe believe we we

execu­ chief chief the the outcome, outcome, election election which which hands, hands, your your in in are are which which of of

TASKS TASKS NEXT NEXT AND AND ELECTIONS ELECTIONS 1940 1940 THE THE 1076 1076 THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS 1077 torial tendencies of Roosevelt, for suit being, as planned, a mandate it weakened rather than strength­ for the war policy, it was turned ened his immediate position, what­ into its opposite, a registration of ever its significance as a precedent the fact that no candidate could for the future, since it registered win the country on a war platform a fear of the people and even of so long as there was even the most Congress. The masses had begun shallow and demagogic appeal to to register their profound opposi­ the masses for peace by the other tion to the war, despite and over the chief candidate. That the promises head of the rigged-up election of both candidates were sheer combination. demagogy, there is hardly need for From this moment the course of me to emphasize here. The peace the election campaign changed its promises were concessions to mass character. What had been planned sentiment, wrung from two un­ by the coalition as a great drive willing candidates. They were ma­ to whip up war hysteria among the neuvers to deceive and cheat the masses, leading to a war mandate masses-but they have a value, if on November 5, broke down and the masses, especially the workers, took another course. Willkie awoke strengthen their independent organ­ to the fact that his candidacy was izations with the determination to fading into nothingness. In his enforce these promises in a serious Cleveland speech he suddenly struggle against the war-makers. switched tactics (without in any The turn of the campaign, in which way modifying his programmatic the masses compelled the recogni­ commitments) and made a definite tion of their desire for peace, as appeal for the anti-war vote, accus­ shown in the change from dema­ ing Roosevelt of planning to take gogy for war to demagogy about the country into the war, which peace, was a great victory for the he pledged his election would pre­ workers, for the people. It was the vent. The rise in his political pros­ outstanding feature, the surprise, of pects was sudden and dramatic, a campaign which in its beginning although that speech cost him the appeared on the surface to be cut­ support of some of his original and-dried. backers, and Dorothy Thompson­ an army in her own right-deserted The Disintegration of him for the President. So menacing Old Party Ties became the peace issue to the third­ Superficial and tendencious com­ term prospect that Roosevelt was mentators are already busy inter­ finally forced to revise his plans and preting the distribution of votes on enter the campaign speaking lists. November 5 as an unprecedented Instead of being able to whip up strengthening of the hold of the the war spirit further, Roosevelt Democratic and Republican parties was forced to engage in competition upon the masses. The true signifi­ with Willkie in promises of peace. cance of this election is quite to Thus, instead of the election re- the contrary. 1078 THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS The superficial argument runs, shaken and undermined, far beyond tQat with the biggest poll in Ameri­ the measure of the drop from 62 can history, close to fifty millions, per cent of the vote in 1936 to 55 the vote cast for all the minor par­ per cent in 1940. ties taken as a whole was the small­ As for the Republican Party, its est in modern times. A larger per­ morale, which reflects its ties with centage of votes went for the two the masses, was so low that its con­ major parties than has occurred at vention in Philadelphia could be any time in the twentieth century stampeded into abandoning all its -this in the face of the closest known and traditional leaders in programmatic agreement between favor of an unknown, a Democrat the major parties that has ever in all his previous political activity, appeared during this time. and who was chosen precisely be­ It would be the greatest mistake cause he was politically a blank to accept this surface appearance at sheet of paper upon which each its face value. Allegiance to the two voter could be invited to write his old parties among the masses has own prescription and vote for it. never been so weak as it is now. Surely, that is no evidence of a hold It is notorious that the Democratic upon the masses. Even Willkie's in­ Party has long been held together crease of votes over Landon was only by the mass prestige of the won only in the last weeks, after New Deal Roosevelt who was op­ he departed from his coalition pr'o­ posed by the majority of his own gram to engage in desperate dema­ party leaders. Roosevelt's abandon­ gogy. ment of the New Deal for an arma­ A further evidence of the weak­ ments, militarization and war policy ening of the ties of both parties has so profoundly alienated the with the masses is the unprece­ masses who followed him with en­ dented shifting from one side to thusiasm in 1936 that in 1940 they the other. The appearance of this voted for him with obvious reluc­ phenomenon among well-known tance, with suspicion, and only be­ public figures only reflected a much cause Willkie was committed to more significant shifting among the identical policies and was obviously masses of the voters. More than in dishonest in his last-minute peace any modern campaign, the theory of demagogy. There is not the slight­ the "lesser evil" came forward as est doubt that a Republican candi­ a major manifestation. The votes date who would have opposed con­ were more "against" than "for." scription, the hysterical military The Socialist Party vote for Nor­ appropriations and the deal with man Thomas is not yet known Britain-even such an old-fashioned fully or exactly. But from fragmen­ conservative as Taft-would have tary returns, it is already clear that won handily in most states outside it shows a rather complete collapse the Solid South. The hold of the and bankruptcy. In New York City Democratic Party, and of Roosevelt, it ran below the exceedingly diffi­ upon the masses has been seriously cult "write-in" vote for the THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS 1079 Communist Party. The ambigu­ ized; with a Congressional Commit­ ous banal, weasel-worded toadying tee holding public inquisitions to campaign of Norman Thomas met ferret out hidden Republicans to its natural and inevitable response drive them out of public or private among the voters, even those who employment, and to instigate any for years had followed him and his and every possible legal proceedings party banner faithfully. It had against them; with their party finally become more than they could forced to gather signatures to peti­ stomach. tions to get on the ballot, with pub­ The Communist Party, denied a lic blacklisting in the newspapers place on the ballot in more than of such signers; with their election half the states, including centers of workers imprisoned by the hun­ our greatest strength such as New dreds and assaulted by the thou­ York, Ohio, and Illinois, had not sands; with a Republican candidate even the physical possibility of for governor in one state sentenced measuring its mass influence by the to prison for fifteen years for the vote cast for its candidates. Con­ obvious fraud of obtaining signa­ sidering the unprecedented cam­ tures to its petitions on the ground paign, official and unofficial, of that the Republican Party is "the intimidation and suppression car­ Party of Lincoln"; with the party ried on against our Party, it can finally thrown off the ballot in most only be judged as a many-times of the states; with no prospects of multiplied mass influence as com­ gain for anyone but only of sacri­ pared with 1936, to have reached fice; with a thousand and one other or even surpassed that vote in 1940. large and petty persecutions. With It has always been difficult to all this, one can only speculate how get Communist votes cast, and even many votes Mr. Wendell Willkie or more difficult to get them counted. Mr. Roosevelt will be able to regis­ In order to get some measure of ter, if and when they are brought how much mass influence our Party by fate to face similar conditions. must have in order to register a For such conditions are a real test hundred thousand votes in the of how deep a party's roots have Presidential election, let us resort penetrated among the masses. to a bit of imaginative comparison. Let us suppose, for example, that The Re-emergence of the Labor Mr. Willkie and his party, even Party Movement with all their financial and proper­ A major and most important fea­ tied backing, had nevertheless been ture of the election campaign was forced to enter this campaign with registered dufing its last ten days a law on Federal statute books in the sudden and emphatic re­ denying public employment or re­ emergence of the Labor Party lief to any Republican; with the movement. This occurred in the courts revoking naturalization pa­ very heat of the final campaign pers of any citizen shown to have drive, when the Labor Party could been a Republican when natural- not even dream of finding organiza-

seize seize the the moment moment for for a a smashing smashing that that source source of of all all strength, strength, the the

displayed displayed a a brilliant brilliant capacity capacity to to lowed lowed ourselves ourselves to to be be cut cut off off from from

circles, circles, rank rank extreme extreme and and difficulties difficulties file file and and leaders, leaders, we we never never al­

must must be be strength strength said said that that because because the the progressive progressive under under the the most most

during during those those First First days. days. of of On On all, all, the the we we whole, whole, multiplied multiplied it it our our

to to bring bring about about such such have have a a result. result. appeared appeared in in progressive progressive ranks ranks

momentary momentary our our confusions confusions Party Party worked worked that that in in may may this this campaign campaign

is is now now necessary necessary kie; kie; to to examine examine neither neither It It how how is is it it diminished diminished by by any any

ballots ballots between between Roosevelt Roosevelt and and Will­ deepening deepening roots roots among among the the masses. masses.

on on November November 5, 5, and and divided divided their their showing showing multiplied multiplied influence influence and and

in in most most cases cases chose chose a a "lesser "lesser evil" evil" nist nist vote vote and and its its significance, significance, as as

and and leaders leaders and and of of rough rough these these estimate estimate organizations organizations of of the the Commu­

that, that, as as individuals, individuals, the the members members We We have have already already given given a a general general

is is in in nowise nowise diminished diminished by by the the fact fact

in in the the Campaign Campaign

The The great great significance significance of of this this event event

How How the the

Communist Communist

Party Party Worked Worked

excluded excluded except except as as voting-cattle. voting-cattle.

struggle struggle for for political political election, election, power. power. from from which which labor labor had had been been

all all toiling toiling masses, masses, the the in in very very a a great great climax climax mass mass of of a a hotly-contested hotly-contested

and and rally rally to to its its side side complete complete the the farmers farmers political political and and independence, independence, at at

labor labor will will achieve achieve its its upsurge upsurge independence independence of of the the demand demand for for labor's labor's

dous dous historical historical can can political political significance significance scene, scene, of of through through this this which which

and and emphasize emphasize gence gence now now of of a a is is new new the the party party tremen­ on on the the Ameri­

at at the the time. time. What What we we need need to to record record the the masses, masses, ~of ~of the the imminent imminent emer­

parties, parties, of of their their loosening loosening of of this this event event hold hold upon upon which which our our Party Party made made

integration integration of of the the the the old old timely timely bourgeois bourgeois and and correct correct evaluation evaluation

tation tation was was another another sign sign There There of of is is the the no no dis­ need need here here to to repeat repeat

This This great great Labor Labor Party Party the the C.I.O., C.I.O., manifes­ as as led led by by John John L. L. Lewis. Lewis.

established established campaign. campaign. progressive progressive policies policies of of

Labor Labor Party Party the the swerving swerving last last days days of of adherence adherence the the in in to to the the firmly­

Labor Labor Party, Party, emergence emergence together together of of the the with with demand demand un­ for for a a

was was shown shown so so forcibly forcibly cal cal independence independence by by the the re­ in in the the form form of of a a

is is a a lack lack which which can can be be with with remedied, remedied, the the demand demand as as for for labor's labor's politi­

fidence fidence in in timely timely both both and and major major bold bold candidates, candidates, leadership. leadership. But But this this

equivocal equivocal declaration declaration could could not not come come of of lack lack forward forward of of con­ for for lack lack of of

close close observation observation and and their their analysis. analysis. leaders, leaders, responded responded It It with with an an un­

and and people's people's ing ing itself, itself, organizations, organizations, beyond beyond any any with doubt, doubt, to to

resentative resentative by by the the progressive progressive surface surface of of trade trade events, events, unions unions but but reveal­

form, form, a a large large ent ent in in part part the the of of 1940 1940 the the most most campaign, campaign, rep­ hidden hidden

placed placed this this dilemma dilemma in in its its sharpest sharpest or or Labor Labor Party Party movement movement was was pres­

L. L. Lewis Lewis on on October October 25, 25, which which A A tremendous tremendous latent latent "third "third party" party"

the the historic historic radio radio broadcast broadcast of of John John for for peace peace and and progress. progress.

chosen chosen as as the the lesser lesser one. one. Following Following upholding upholding the the arms arms of of all all fighters fighters

which which of of the the two two evils evils should should be be in in the the labor labor movement, movement, and and for for

were were already already mongers, mongers, making making together together up up their their with with minds minds their their agents agents

tiona! tiona! expression, expression, when when the the masses masses blow blow against against the the camp camp of of the the war­

1080 1080 THE THE 1940 1940 ELECTIONS ELECTIONS AND AND NEXT NEXT TASKS TASKS THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS 1081 masses of workers, of the people. munist Party alone was a na­ We never allowed ourselves to drift tionally-organized directing center or be driven into sectarianism. We conscious of its goal. Thereby we went to the masses, we had faith won thousands of devoted adherents in the masses, we drew strength and new friends. from the masses, we gave leadership So, also, in the loosening of the to the masses. This campaign was ties between the old parties and the for us, from first to last, a mass masses, the process comes spon­ campaign. taneously out of the relations of We have already described that class forces and their struggles, great victory of the masses, their but it is given consciousness, direc­ intervention in the election cam­ tion and effectiveness by the work paign, how they frustrated the of our Party, in the first instance. original plans of the two-party When the party in power decries its coalition to make it a war campaign, opposition as "communistic," when how they forced the change from a the opposition hurls back that re­ demagogy for war to a demagogy proach, not only against the more about peace. That mass intervention advanced opposition parties but also was a spontaneous, unorganized against its chief adversary, as we movement on the whole. But its witnessed so sharply in this cam­ success was determined by the pres­ paign in the United States, we have ence within it of elements of organ­ learned from Marx to recognize this ization and leadership. Without as the consequence of the emer­ some elements of clarity, organiza­ gence of Communism as a power, tion and leadership no success is acknowledged as such by all. Our possible, and the degree of success Communist Party by its work of a mass movement is always com­ forced the two major parties, which mensurate with the degree to which held 99 per cent of the vote, never­ these factors are present. theless to recognize and combat These important and vital factors Communism as their most signifi­ of clarity, organization and leader­ cant and dangerous opposition, and ship were furnished, in the first to recriminate each other as to place, by the Communist Party. supposed Communistic tendencies Alone among all nationally-organ­ within themselves. ized political forces, the Commu­ So, also, in the upsurge of the nist Party foresaw the possibility Labor Party movement, the bour­ of this intervention of the masses, geoisie and its ideologists can see and worked consciously, systematic­ nothing but the manifestation of ally and energetically to bring it Communism. Of course the Com­ into motion and direct it to success. munist Party supported this move­ Not the Communist Party alone, of ment, and furnished its most con­ course, but the Party attracting and scious element. But it is a broad guiding and working through the mass movement, going far beyond broadest circles of militant progres­ our Party ranks. When the capital­ sives, did this work. But the Com- ist press brands this movement and 1082 THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS its leaders as "Communist," it is from Harlem. Marcantonio was only repeating the same formula plastered on every billboard and in under which Willkie and Roosevelt every newspaper as a "Communist," hurled this epithet at one another. because of his brilliant fight against The Communist· Party gave sup­ militarization and his generally pro­ port to every clearly progressive gressive record, but his constituents, and peace candidate even if he ran by no means Communists, and on the Democratic or Republican largely Catholics, returned him to ticket. All the more so did we sup­ Congress over his Tammany oppo­ port that wing of the American nent by a majority of almost two Labor Party in New York which to one. That was a great tribute revolted against the old warmonger­ to Marcantonio; it was also a dem­ ing, reactionary, and Social-Demo­ onstration that the masses do not cratic state leadership. Here again, agree that it is so terrible to come of course, the war camp instantly under the accusation of being a and unanimously brands any and Communist. every opposition to its course as Out of the whole campaign, and "Communist" beyond the slightest out of the work of the Communist shadow of doubt! The grain of truth Party in it, it is clear that we have behind this lie is that the Com­ emerged far stronger than we have munists support everything seri­ been before. And I repeat, this is ously progressive, and that without above all because we took our cor­ the existence of the Communist rect understanding and policy to Party all progressives would find the masses, and always to the this world a darker and more diffi­ masses. cult place. The Rose - Antonini - Dubinsky­ The High Importance of the Fight Hillman warmongering leadership For the Ballot within the American Labor Party are boasting of their great election The Communist Party's election victories. "They" carried the state campaign was, from beginning to for Roosevelt. Let them take re­ end, a prolonged and bitter fight sponsibility, therefore, for what to establish our place on the ballot Roosevelt gives to labor, beginning in the various states. Our Party's with the $122,000,000 war contract members and supporters conducted to Henry Ford in the days imme­ the struggle with heroism and devo­ diately following election. But it tion, enlisting several hundred was the progressive wing of the thousand persons directly in one or American Labor Party, against the another form in this fundamental most bitter and energetic opposition battle to resist the deterioration of the pro-war leaders, which gave and destruction of the democratic the A.L.P. its only independent achievements of the American peo­ electoral victories, outstandingly the ple. Our casualties ranged all the sweeping victory of Vito Marcan­ way from thousands blacklisted tonio, the fighting Congressman from their jobs, hundreds beaten THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS 1083 up, mutilated and jailed, scores the whole working class and the sentenced to prison terms on frame­ nation. up charges, and one, Oscar Wheeler, Second, this fight for the ballot candidate for governor in West was a fundamental step in the Virginia, sentenced to fifteen years' political education of the American imprisonment for soliciting signa­ masses, necessary for their under­ tures on the ground that his argu­ standing of the class nature of ments for support to the Communist bourgeois democracy, of the dic­ candidates were "fraudulent." But tatorship of monopoly capital that throughout the fight, our Party did is exercised through democratic not weaken or capitulate for a forms, of the inevitable course single moment; it carried the bat­ taken by monopoly capital toward tle through right up to the end. the destruction of these democratic It is not my purpose to review forms whenever they begin to limit all the rich detail of this struggle and hamper the supremacy of Wall at this time, valuable as such an Street's rule. It was necessary to examination would be, nor to search demonstrate to the masses, through out the many shortcomings and their own experience, that it is a weaknesses which inevitably ac­ lie that the Communists are the companied this so generally admir­ enemies of democracy, that in truth able and well-conducted campaign. it is always the most vicious anti­ Others will contribute to this task Communists who first and most de­ of review and analysis. At this structively tear down and destroy point what is most necessary is to even the limited democratic rights fix the main historical significance previously enjoyed by the masses. and political lessons of the battle The fight for the ballot was a primer for the ballot. of political education, a concrete Two points stand out in any American version, in terms of expe­ such political estimate: First, the rience, of Lenin's immortal book, Communist Party's fight for its bal­ State and Revo~ution. lot rights was the front line of struggle for all the immediate de­ Perspectives and Tasks mands of the working class and the This report is not intended as a majority of the people. Every nation complete and rounded-out review that has lost its liberties and been of the elections, their issues, the thrown into catastrophe in these experiences, and all the detailed last years started on the downward lessons. Much of what is to be said path by the suppression of the Com­ has already been dealt with in edi­ munist Party. By fighting for the torials and articles in the Daily legality and full election rights of Worker, with more to follow, and the Communist Party, we were these things are repeated and de­ fighting for no narrow party inter­ veloped in this report only in so far est, but for peace, for democratic as necessary to fix the main, the rights and civil liberties, for pro­ outstanding, the decisive character­ tection of the standards of life for istics. 1084 THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS A few words are required as to it is necessary to break completely the perspectives. While no one can with these parties, and achieve predict the exact form in which the political independence, through a imperialist war will develop, and Labor Party or Farmer-Labor in which America will be fully Party. involved, yet one thing is clear: The The trade unions are again com­ ruling classes of the United States ing forth as the most important and are riding ruthlessly into the mid­ decisive factor in this struggle, in dle of the bloody imperialist war all its phases. Now more than ever for the redivision of the world; fear before the trade unions must be of revolutionary upheaval in Eu­ extended and consolidated; must rope, and the determination to hold perfect their own inner democracy, it down by all means, remains the so that the will of the broad rank most powerful general motive driv­ and file will be truly reflected in ing American ruling circles toward a progressive, clear-headed and mil­ entrance into the war as a bellig­ itant leadership; must rally around erent. This is already tied up most themselves the farmers, the Ne­ closely with the Far East which, groes, the youth, all the democratic through the Dutch East Indies organizations and masses of the (Indonesia), may well be the door country. for United States entrance into the In the welter of imperialist war second World War. Capitalism must plans, formed and being carried out be preserved at all costs abroad if by the most reactionary and un­ Wall Street is to feel safe in democratic forces of American life, America; that is the meaning be­ it has become a matter of life and hind all the hypocritical battle cries death for the democratic forces of under which American youth is America-indispensably led by la­ being mobilized as cannon-fodder. bor-to intervene in the whole For the working class and toiling sphere of the foreign policy of this masses, therefore, the future is one country. As, at the dawn of our of intensifying struggle to keep out nationhood, a rejection of the fatal of the war, and to bring the war foreign policy engendered within to an end; of ever broader and more the sordid reactionary forces of serious battles to defeat and throw American political life, and the ac­ back the attacks of monopoly capi­ ceptance of Jefferson's proposed for­ tal against wages and living stan­ eign policy of peace based upon the dards, against social legislation, strength of cooperation with the against civil liberties and demo­ revolutionary Republican forces of cratic rights for the masses. This Europe, brought this the young struggle will inevitably force a American Republic to safety-just general recognition among the so, today, the American working working class and the toiling masses class heirs of the revolutionary that the two old parties represent republican Jefferson must work their enemy, Wall Street, monopoly for the safety of their democratic capital, the economic royalists; that heritage by compelling a foreign THE 1940 ELECTIONS AND NEXT TASKS 1085 policy of cooperation with the learn how to help the Spanish peo­ only remaining powerful progres­ ple prepare to overthrow the Franco sive forces of Europe, with the fascist dictatorship. They must be Union of Soviet Socialist Repub­ rallied to more energetic aid to the lics. Those who in America strive heroic Chinese people, fighting for to alienate the United States their national independence against from, and to continue the present United States munitions furnished foreign policy of tricky hypocrisy to the Japanese imperialists. They and sabotage of relations with, the must learn to understand and help Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the workers of the European lands are playing the same treacherous who, on both sides of the battle­ role toward America as was played lines, are preparing their forces for by the Petains and Weygands, the the overthrow of their capitalist, Lavals, Daladiers and Blums in imperialist, fascist oppressors and breaking up the keystone of France's destroyers. security-her mutual aid pact with These are the perspectives and the strongest power of Europe, the tasks of labor and the toiling masses. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The perspectives and tasks of the The imperative duty of the Ameri­ Communist Party can only be the can workers and all their demo­ same, with the Communist Party in cratic allies is to fight for the the forefront as the most far­ strength and peace of America sighted, the most advanced, the through the most cordial relations most organized, the most persistent, and cooperation with the Soviet the most courageous, the most reli­ Union and with the struggling able detachment of the working democracy of China. class. American workers must be To play such a role, the Com­ brought ever closer in information, munist Party must give the most understanding and common action serious attention to building its own with the workers and democratic forces, to recruiting new members, mass movements of the Latin Amer­ to educating itself and its sup­ ican countries. They must be rallied porters ever more thoroughly, to to the most immediate concrete aid mastering the theory and practice to the rescue of the Spanish repub­ of scientific socialism, which is com­ lican refugees in France, and their munism. These are our perspectives transportation and resettlement in and tasks. Let us move forward Latin America, supporting the cam­ with deeper confidence and deter­ paign already launched by the mination, knowing that we repre­ United Spanish Aid Committee; and sent the masses and the future.

1086 1086

repre- shall shall as as form form such such in in shall shall so- in in divisions divisions be be class class of of abolition abolition

design design Its Its thereto. thereto. applying applying State State the the thereby thereby and and race, race, by by race race and and

said said of of Statutes Statutes the the consideration consideration nation, nation, by by nation nation man, man, by by man man of of

into into taking taking State, State, that that of of Party Party nist nist exploitation exploitation all all of of abolition abolition the the ple; ple;

Commu­ the the of of emblem emblem the the select select peo- the the for for and and people, people, the the by by ple, ple,

to to power power have have shall shall State State each each peo- the the of of government government a a through through

in in authority authority Party Party highest highest The The economy, economy, national national the the of of ship ship

owner­ common common establishing establishing By By

Emblems Emblems Party Party

conclusions: conclusions: logical logical and and sary sary

II II ARTICLE ARTICLE

neces­ their their to to principles principles democratic democratic

these these extend extend to to people people American American the the America. America. of of States States United United

lead lead and and unite unite to to mission mission historic historic be be the the shall shall of of Party Party Communist Communist

its its for for class class working working the the of of tion tion organization organization this this of of name name The The

prepara­ to to and and exploitation, exploitation, talist talist

Name Name capi­ against against toilers toilers all all and and farmers, farmers,

I I ARTICLE ARTICLE workers, workers, of of interests interests immediate immediate the the

of of defense defense to to devoted devoted is is it it liberties; liberties;

Constitution. Constitution. this this in in ganization ganization popular popular all all and and democracy democracy stroy stroy

or­ its its of of laws laws basic basic the the establishes establishes de- would would who who enemies enemies actionary actionary

America America of of States States United United the the of of

re­ its its against against Constitution Constitution

States States

Party Party Communist Communist the the end, end, this this To To

United United the the defends defends and and ness," ness,"

man. man. of of brotherhood brotherhood

happi­

of of

pursuit pursuit

the the liberty, liberty,

"life, "life,

world world a a war, war, and and oppression oppression out out

of of

right right

the the

democracy, democracy,

of of

ments ments

with­ world world a a toward toward striving striving lands, lands,

achieve­

the the

upholds upholds it it

dependence; dependence;

other other of of those those with with people people American American

In­

of of

Declaration Declaration

the the

of of and and

coln, coln,

the the of of cooperation cooperation free free the the and and

Lin­

and and Jackson Jackson Paine, Paine, Jefferson, Jefferson,

International; International; Communist Communist the the in in

of of

traditions traditions the the

today today

forward forward

ing ing

embodied embodied Stalin, Stalin, and and Lenin Lenin Engels, Engels,

carry­ party party political political class class working working

Marx, Marx, mankind, mankind, of of teachers teachers greatest greatest

.I. .I.

a a is is

America America

of of States States

United United

the the by by enunciated enunciated principles principles tific tific

the the of of Party Party Communist Communist THE THE

scien­ the the to to according according socialism, socialism, of of

establishment establishment the the by by is, is, that that ciety; ciety; PREAMBLE PREAMBLE

1940. 1940. 16-17, 16-17, NOVEMBER NOVEMBER

CONVENTION, CONVENTION, SPECIAL SPECIAL THE THE BY BY AMENDED AMENDED AND AND 1938, 1938,

27-31, 27-31, MAY MAY CONVENTION, CONVENTION, NATIONAL NATIONAL TENTH TENTH THE THE BY BY ADOPTED ADOPTED

U.S.A. U.S.A. PARTY, PARTY,

COMMUNIST COMMUNIST THE THE OF OF CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION CONSTITUTION OF C.P.U.S.A. 1087 sent the idea of the unity of work­ ated for these reasons applies for er and farmer. re-admission within six months, he may, on the approval of the next ARTICLE III higher Party Committee, be per­ Membership mitted to pay up his back dues and Section 1. Any person, twenty-one keep his standing as an old member. years of age or more, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, or ARTICLE IV religious belief who is a citizen of Initiation and Dues the United States, and whose loyalty Section 1. The initiation fee for an to the working class is unques­ employed person shall be 50 cents tioned, shall be eligible for mem­ and for an unemployed person 10 bership. cents. Section 2. A Party member is one Section 2. Dues shall be paid who accepts the Party program, as every month according to rates determined by the Constitution and fixed by the National Committee. the conventions of the Party, at­ Section 3. The income from dues tends the regular meetings of the shall be distributed to the various membership Branch, pays dues reg­ Party organizations as determined ularly and is active in Party work. by the National Committee. Section 3. An applicant for mem­ Section 4. Fifty per cent of the bership shall be endorsed by at least initiation fee shall be sent to the two members of the Communist National Committee and 50 per cent Party. Applications are subject to shall remain with the State Organ­ discussion and decision by the basic ization. organization of the Party to which the application is presented. ARTICLE V Section 4. There shall be no mem­ International Solidarity and bers-at-large without special per­ Assessment mission of the National Committee or of a State Committee. Section 1. Every four months, all Section 5. Party members two members of the Party shall pay an months in arrears in payment -of assessment equal to the average dues cease to be members of the dues payment per month for the Party in good standing, and shall be previous four months, for an Inter­ informed thereof. national Solidarity Fund. This Section 6. Members who are four money shall be used by the National months in arrears shall be dropped Committee exclusively to aid the from Party membership. Every workers and toilers of other lands, member three months in arrears and their organizations who may be shall be officially informed of this victimized in their struggle against provision, and a personal effort shall fascism and military reaction, for be made to bring such member into national and social emancipation, good standing. However, if a mem­ for peace and freedom. ber whose membership is termin- Section 2. All local or district 1088 CONSTITUTION OF C.P.U.S.A. assessments are prohibited, except in a manner provided for in the by special permission of the Nation­ Constitution. al Committee. Special assessments Section 3. In matters of state or may be levied by the National Con- · local nature, the Party organizations vention or the National Committee. have the right to exercise full initi­ No member shall be considered in ative and to make decisions within good standing unless he purchases the limits of the general policies and stamps for such special assessments. decisions of the Party. Section 4. After thorough discus­ ARTICLE VI sion, the majority vote decides the The Party: Rights and Duties policy of the Party, and the minority of Members is duty-bound to carry out the de­ cision. Section 1. The Communist Party Section 5. Party members dis­ of the U.S.A. upholds the democratic agreeing with any decision of a achievements of the American peo­ Party organization or committee ple. It opposes with all its power have the right to appeal that de­ any clique, group, circle, faction or cision to the next higher body, and party which conspires or acts to sub­ may carry the appeal to the highest vert, undermine, weaken or over­ bodies of the Communist Party of throw any or all institutions of the U.S.A., its National Committee American democracy whereby the and the National Convention. De­ majority of the American people cisions of the National Convention have obtained power to determine are final. While the appeal is pend­ their own destiny in any degree. It ing, the decision must nevertheless condemns and opposes all policies be carried out by every member of and acts of sabotage, espionage, and the Party. all other forms of "Fifth Column" Section 6. In pre-Convention pe­ activity. The Communist Party of riods, individual Party members the U.S.A., standing unqualifiedly and delegates to the Convention for the right of the majority to shall have unrestricted right of dis­ direct the destinies of our country, cussion on any questions of Party will fight with all its strength policy and tactics and the work and against any and every effort, future composition of the leading whether it comes from abroad or committees. from within, to impose upon our Section 7. The decisions of the people the arbitrary will of any Convention shall be final and every selfish minority group or party or Party member and Party organiza­ clique or conspiracy. tion shall be dutybound to recog­ Section 2. Every member of the nize the authority of the Convention Party who is in good standing has decisions and the leadership elected not only the right, but the duty, to by it. participate in the making of the Section 8. All Party members in policies of the Party and in the mass organizations (trade unions, election of its leading committees, farm and fraternal organizations, CONSTITUTION OF C.P.U.S.A. 1089 etc.) shall cooperate to promote and shall have personal or political re­ strengthen the given organizations lationship with confirmed Trotsky­ and shall abide by the democratic ites, Lovestoneites, or other known decisions of these organizations. enemies of the Party and of the Section 9. It shall be the duty of working class. Party members to explain the mass Section 16. All Party members policies of the Party and the prin­ eligible shall register and vote in ciples of socialism. the elections for all public offices. Section 10. It shall be the duty of Party members to struggle against ARTICLE VII the national oppression of the Negro Structure of the Party people, to fight for complete equal­ Section 1. The basic organization ity for Negroes in all phases of of the Communist Party of the American life and to promote the U.S.A. is the Branch. unity of Negro and white toilers for The Executive Committee of the the advancement of their common Branch shall be elected once a year interests. by the membership. Section 11. All Party members Section 2. The State Organization who are eligible shall be required to shall comprise all Party organiza­ belong to their respective trade tions in one state. unions. The highest body of the State Or­ Section 12. All officers and leading ganization is the State Convention, committees of the Party from the which shall convene every two Branch Executive Committee up to years, and shall be composed of the highest committees are elected delegates elected by the Conven­ either directly by the membership tions of the subdivisions of the or through their elected delegates. Party or Branches in the state. The Every committee must report reg­ delegates are elected on the basis of ularly on its activities to its Party numerical strength. organization. A State Committee of regular and Section 13. Any Party officer may alternate members shall be elected be removed at any time from his at the State Convention with full position by a majority vote of the power to carry out the decisions of body which elected him, or by the the Convention and conduct the body to which he is responsible, activities of the State Organization with the approval of the National until the next State Convention. Committee. The State Committee may elect Section 14. Requests for release of from among its members an Execu­ a Party member from responsible tive Committee, which shall be re­ posts may be granted only by the sponsible to the Sta~e Committee. Party organization which elected Special State Conventions may be him, or to which he is responsible, called either by a majority vote of in consultation with the next higher the State Committee, or upon writ­ committee. ten request of the Branches rep­ Section 15. No Party member resenting one-third of the member- 1090 CONSTITUTION OF C.P.U.S.A. ship of the state, with the approval be determined by the National Com­ of the National Committee. mittee. Section 3. District Organizations Section 3. For two months prior to may be established by the National the Convention, discussions shall Committee, covering two or more take place in all Party organizations states. In such cases the State Com­ on the main resolutions and prob­ mittee shall be under the jurisdic­ lems coming before the Convention. tion of the District Committees, During this discussion all Party or­ elected by and representing the ganizations have the right and duty Party organizations of the states to adopt resolutions and amend­ composing these Districts. The rules ments to the draft Resolutions of of convening District Conventions the National Committee for con­ and the election of leading commit­ sideration at the Convention. tees shall be the same as those pro­ Section 4. The National Conven­ vided for the State Organization. tion elects the National Committee, Section 4. State and District Or­ a National Chairman and General ganizations shall have the power to Secretary by majority vote. The Na­ establish all necessary sub-divisions tional Committee shall be composed such as County, City and Section of regular and alternate members. Organizations and committees. The alternate members shall have Section 5. The State Organization voice but no vote. shall have full autonomy and power Section 5. The size of the National within the framework of the pro­ Committee shall be decided upon by gram, policies and Constitution of each National Convention of the the National Organization. Party. Members of the National Committee must have been active ARTICLE VIII members of the Party for at least National Organization three years. Section 1. The supreme authority Section 6. The National Commit­ in the Communist Party of the tee is the highest authority of the U.S.A. is the National Convention. Party between National Conven­ Regular National Conventions shall tions, and is responsible for enfor­ be held every two years. Only Na­ cing the Constitution and securing tional Conventions are authorized to the execution of the general policies make political and organizational adopted by the democratically elect­ decisions binding upon the entire ed delegates in the National Con­ Party and its membership, except as vention assembled. The National provided in Article VIII, Section 6. Committee represents the Party as Section 2. The National Conven­ a whole, and has the right to make tion shall be composed of delegates decisions with full authority on any elected by the State and District problem facing the Party between Conventions. The delegates are Conventions. The National Commit­ elected on the basis of numerical tee organizes and supervises its strength of the State Organizations. various departments and commit­ The basis for representation shall tees; conducts all the political and CONSTITUTION OF C.P.U.S.A. 1091 organizational work of the Party; ARTICLE IX appoints or removes the editors of Disciplinary Procedure its press, who work under its lead- . ership and control; organizes and Section 1. Breaches of Party dis­ guides all undertakings of impor­ cipline by individual members, fi­ tance for the entire Party; distrib­ nancial irregularities, as well as any utes the Party forces and controls conduct or action detrimental to the the central treasury. The National Party's prestige and influence among Committee, by majority vote of its the working masses and harmful to members, may call special State or the best interests of the Party, may National Conventions. The National be punished by censure, public cen­ Committee shall submit a certified, sure, removal from responsible audited financial report to each Na­ posts, and by expulsion from the tional Convention. Party. Breaches of discipline by Section 7. The National Commit­ Party Committees may be punished tee elects from among its members by removal of the Committee by the a Political Committee and such ad­ next higher Party Committee, which ditional secretaries and such depart­ shall then conduct new elections. ments and committees as may be Section 2. Charges against indi­ considered necessary for most effi­ vidual members may be made by cient work. The Political Committee any person-Party or non-Party­ is charged with the responsibility in writing, to the Branches of the of carrying out the decisions and the Party or to any leading committee. work of the National Committee be­ The Party Branch shall have the tween its full sessions. It is respon­ right to decide on any disciplinary sible for all its decisions to the Na­ measure, including expulsion. Such tional Committee. The size of the action is subject to final approval Political Committee shall be de­ by the State Committee. cided upon by majority vote of the Section 3. The State and National National Committee. Committees have the right to hear Members of the Political Commit­ and take disciplinary action against tee and editors of the central Party any individual member or organiza­ organs must have been active mem­ tion under their jurisdiction. bers of the Party for not less than Section 4. All parties concerned five years. shall have the fullest right to ap­ The National Committee shall pear, to bring witnesses and to meet at least once in four months. testify before the Party organiza­ The National Committee may, tion. The member punished shall when it deems it necessary, call have the right to appeal any dis­ Party Conferences. The National ciplinary decision to the higher com­ Committee shall decide the basis of mittees up to the National Conven­ attendance at such Conferences. tion of the Party. Such Conferences shall be consulta­ Section 5. Party members found tive bodies auxiliary to the National to be strike-breakers, degenerates, Committee. habitual drunkards, betrayers of 1092 CONSTITUTION OF C.P.U.S.A. Party confidence, provocateurs, per­ ARTICLE XI sons who practice or advocate ter­ By-Laws rorism, sabotage, espionage, or force and violence, or members whose Section 1. By-Laws may be actions are otherwise detrimental to adopted, based on this Constitution, the Party and the working class, for the purpose of establishing uni­ shall be summarily dismissed from form rules and procedure for the positions of responsibility, expelled proper functioning of the Party or­ from the Party and exposed before ganizations. By-Laws may be adopt­ the general public. ed or changed by majority vote of the National Convention, or be­ ARTICLE X tween Conventions by majority vote Amending the Constitution of the National Committee. Section 2. State By-Laws not in This Constitution may be amend­ conflict with the National Constitu­ ed as follows: (a) by decision of a tion and By-Laws may be adopted majority of the voting delegates or changed by majority vote of the present at the National Convention; State Convention or, between Con­ or (b) by the National Committee ventions, by majority vote of the for the purpose of complying with State Committee. any law of any state or of the ARTICLE XII United States or whenever any pro­ Charters vision of this Constitution and By­ Laws conflict with any such law. The National Committee shall Such amendments made by the Na­ issue Charters to State or District tional Committee shall be published Organizations and, at the request of in the Party press or Discussion the respective State Organizations, Bulletins of the National Commit­ to County and City Organizations, tee and shall remain in full force defining the territory over which and effect until acted upon by the they have jurisdiction and author­ National Convention. ity. THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND THE FUTURE OF CANADA

BY TIM BUCK

~ profound consequences of tion, but life is rapidly teaching the .I. the imperialist war for Canada masses that such is not likely to are becoming evident. Some of them be the case. The war is bringing are direct consequences of the war hardship, uncertainty and disillu­ and the far-reaching changes it has sionment to the masses in Canada. forced in state and class relation­ The foregoing is not to minimize ships; others flow from the policies the influence of the huge war ex­ to which Canada has been commit­ penditures upon Canadian economy. ted by the Canadian bourgeoisie and There is now in progress a tremen­ the "Liberal" government of Mac­ dous expansion of production of kenzie King. The trend of de­ war materials. Small arms, artil­ velopment in Canada, in general, lery, munitions of all types, planes, provides graphic evidence of the tanks and small naval vessels are correctness of the warning uttered all either in production or plans for by the Communist Party of the their production are afoot. U.S. A. in its statement of October, War profits are soaring. On Sep­ 1939, that: tember 5, before Canada had offi­ cially declared war, the multi­ " ... the war has basically altered millionaire owner of the Toronto all international relationships and is Globe and Mail warned the Govern­ profoundly changing the class and ment editorially that "profits must political alignments within each be adequate." Within a week Big capitalist nation." Business was pressing a veritable blitzkrieg against the 5% per cent The capitalist press and all ·profits limit upon Government con­ the organs of government-controlled tracts. Before the end of September propaganda are making frantic ef- the Hon. C. D. Howe, in charge of forts to persuade the working and Government war contracts, an­ lower middle-class people that "war nounced that he had found it im­ prosperity" will soon be experi- possible to place orders with the enced by all sections of the popula- 51f2 per cent limitation; it had there- 1093 1094 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE fore been removed. Since that day depreciation, income tax and the the sky has been the limit. new excess profits tax, ... earnings per share on the class A stock were Higher Profits Through the equal to $9.66 per share, compared the French Capitulation with $2.07 per share in the first half of 1939." (Financial Post, July The French capitulation trans­ 27, 1940.) formed the tone of Canadian finan­ cial comment from complaining The foregoing is the more "inter­ disappointment to undisguised ju­ esting" because the Canada Wire bilation. The Financial Post, author­ and Cable is one of the corporations itative organ of big capital, named to operate one of the new wrote gleefully: plants being built at governmental expense. "There is no longer any disposi­ Dozens of reports similar to that tion to save money ... conscription of Canada Wire and Cable could be is slapped upon the nation and, presto, uniforms, side-arms, etc., are quoted. Canada Foundries and needed for every able-bodied man." Forgings reported earnings for the first six months of 1940 in excess To the capitalist class, the war of earnings for the entire year had suddenly become a splendid 1939. Remington Rand of Canada opportunity to amass more riches. reported "earnings four times as Multi-millionaire lumber baron H. great" as in the first six months of R. McMillan, Chairman of the 1939. Ontario Steel Products, Eas­ Canadian Chamber of Commerce tern Steel Products, Dominion Steel and now "National Director of and Coal Corporation, and the Steel Timber Purchasing," gave voice to Company of Canada all reported the thoughts of the capitalist class doubled earnings. Canada Machin­ when, addressing a gathering of ery Corporation reported the highest business men in Vancouver, he de­ profits since 1929. clared bluntly: "We are not engaged The "fruits" of war are not in this war for high moral purposes limited to the steel and iron indus­ or because of a spirit of high ad­ try. The highly monopolized textile venture." industry also cashed in, with in­ Events provide eloquent testimony creased earnings exemplified by that he spoke the truth. The half Canadian Cottons which made net yearly reports of Canadian corpo­ profits equal to $13.48 per share rations read like tales of a new as compared with a deficit equal to bonanza. Corporations report profits $3.80 per share last year. double, triple, and even quadruple Hectic extension of plant and those of last year. For example: equipment is under way. The big "Net profits of Canada Wire and corporations are using their huge Cable, Ltd., for the first six months undistributed profits, as well as cur­ of 1940 were two and a half times rent earnings, for plant extension as high as for the same period last thus evading the much touted "ex­ year. After all charges including cess profits tax." In addition the THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1095 Government is financing construc­ from our viewpoint was the empha­ tion of a hundred and forty-two sis thrown upon Canada's position new plants (the number contracted as a source of raw materials and for on October 15) including small war supplies for Great Britain and arms, chemical, aircraft, one of the as an intermediary for business largest shell-filling plants in the between the Allies and the United world, and probably several plants States." for the construction of aircraft en­ The pages of the financial papers gines and, it is rumored, bomb exude anticipation. There is talk of sights. These new plants are to be repatriating the entire portion of operated by private corporations Canada's foreign indebtedness now and it is proposed that they shall held in Britain. There is talk of be given to the corporations operat­ transforming Canada from a debtor ing them "at the war's end." to a creditor of the British money­ The Financial Post "explains" this bags. Characteristically, the im­ proposition in the following terms: probability of Britain paying war debts to Canada while not paying "To do special jobs of war, plants them to the United States is ignored. are being expanded or new plants Plans for government expenditures built. Their capital cost is simply part of the cost of war. As such, foreshadow a staggering increase in Government is bearing most of the the national debt and the more out­ expense. Result is that with peace, spoken financial writers are already these are going to be 'paid-up' or suggesting that perhaps a higher 'written off' plants, set-ups that in interest rate on war loans is desire­ some cases will certainly make the able. There is cynical anticipation difference between economic and that part of the billions which the uneconomic operation." (Ibid., Aug. Government plans to pass on to the 3, 1940.) profiteering capitalists will be re­ invested in Canada's national debt On top of the hectic expansion of at war-time rates of interest. plant and production, Canada has Thus the capitalists of Canada ex­ become the main channel for British pect to get immensely richer from purchases of war materials in the the war. United States. The jubilation of the jackal-like capitalists can be easily Big Business Takes Over understood. This is the culmination Government of their profitable role as the brokers between British and Ameri­ The "Liberal" Mackenzie King can imperialism. John R. Lamb, government has literally turned president of the Bank of Toronto, over the administration of Canada's emphasized this in his annual ad­ economic life to the men who own dress to the shareholders when he and direct Big Business. A series of reminded them: special departments and committees have been set up to organize and "Apart from the war itself, the "coordinate" Canada's "war effort." leading development of the year The announced functions of these 1096 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE bodies runs from that of the "Vol­ regular session and a debate upon untary Service RegistratiOn Bureau" the Government's activities. It is through every phase of economic significant, and characteristic of his and civil life to those of "Director recent policies, that this is being of Internment" and the committee done to satisfy the most reactionary of "Internal Order." elements in Canada and not because The Big Business heads of these of any "devotion to democratic departments and committees, under principles." the aegis of Mackenzie King and the Cabinet, are in charge and The Blackout of Civil Liberties direct control of all phases of the While big capital, with the con­ organization and operation of Can­ nivance of the "Liberal" Govern­ ada's war activities, which means ment, is seizing upon the war and all phases of Canada's civil life, the temporary confusion of the virtually independently of Parlia­ masses to take over the admini.stra­ ment. Parliament, indeed, has tion of the country, Mackenzie King played a very minor role in Canada is carrying through an equally sys­ since September, 1939. It was called tematic campaign to crush out all into session on September 7, 1939, attempts at the exercise of civil to face Mackenzie King's chal­ liberties. There is a regime of ruth­ lenge that the members of the House less repression "legalized" by the of Commons must either endorse "War Measures Act," which gives what he had done, literally com­ the Government dictatorial powers, mitting Canada to war, or face an and the auxiliary "Defense of Can­ immediate general election. The ada Regulations" which Mackenzie members of Parliament chose to King extends and amends from rubber-stamp his actions. Imme­ time to time by "Order in Council." * diately after doing so they were Under these misnamed "Defense sent home. Parliament was not Regulations" the Communist Party called into session again until May, of Canada and more than a score of 1940-although there was a general other working class organizations election in March-and it was dis­ have been outlawed. All genuine missed again in the first week of working class papers have been August. It was convened again on suppressed. Systematic raids are November 5. King had announced carried out upon workers' homes­ that it would meet simply to com­ most of them in the small hours of ply with the constitutional require­ the morning-without search war­ ments and adjourn after two days rants or any of the technicalities but there was such an outcry from which are supposed to ensure that the bourgeois opposition press "a Canadian's home is his castle." against this exclusion of the Con­ Men and women arrested in such servative Party from effective dis­ raids are given no option as to cussion of national policies upon how they shall be tried, or whether which, basically, they agree with * Legislation-made law and put into effect with­ King, that he decided to allow a out being submitted to Parliament. THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1097 they shall be tried at all. That op­ Some Canadian fascists have been tion is entirely in the hands of the thrown into concentration camps Government. A person may receive also, to be exact, seven of them. a summary trial in a magistrate's These seven are, or were, with the court, a trial by jury, or no trial at Hitler-appointed Canadian fuehrer all: he may be whisked off to a con­ Adrien Arcand, the national lead­ centration* camp without the lay­ ers who boasted only a few ing of any charge. If a charge is months before the outbreak of war preferred the onus is upon the pris­ that they were preparing an army oner to prove his innocence, other­ of seventy thousand "blue shirts" wise his guilt is assumed. to march upon Ottawa and take Hundreds of workers have been over the government. These were thrown into prison and concentra­ also granted a trial. On the second tion camps. Upwards of two hun­ day of the trial, however, the revel­ dred of the best-known and re­ ations that threatened to come out spected leaders of the working class caused the Minister of Justice, movement have been thus impris­ Lapointe, to order its suspension oned without any formality of and the seven were interned. The charges against them. revelations that the Dominion Gov­ What the so-called "protection of ernment is anxious to prevent are the law" really means to the work­ not completely secret. The fascists ing class was illustrated recently by had intimate relationships with what happened to two workers who many men in high places in Canada, did succeed in proving their inno­ including several right near the cence in the higher court. Two top, particularly in provincial gov­ young men, one, a civil servant em­ ernments. It is suspected that it is ployed in the Dominion Department largely because of that fact that of Finance, and the other, a mem­ the interned fascists, like Sir and ber of the Air Force, were charged Lady Moseley in Britain, are being with complicity in distribution of accorded de luxe treatment. the election platform of the Commu­ Not so the poor working people nist Party. They were given a trial. who are members of the "Jehovah's After being declared guilty in a Witnesses" sect. These working men magistrate's court they appealed and women, many of whom, in against the judgment, and the Su­ marked contrast to the great ma­ preme Court upheld their appeal jority of the occupants of pulpits, and set them free. As they walked are sincere pacifists, are being out of the Supreme Court they were hounded mercilessly and sentenced seized by Mounties, hustled into a to prison for terms which in one or waiting automobile and rushed two cases have vied for ferocity away to a concentration camp with­ with the treatment meted out to out so much as official admission of Communists. the fact. Under the "Defense Regulations" no Communist or member of any * The Gofttnment prefers the word: Intern· organization which is opposed to the ment. 1098 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE war can hold public office. Commu­ oppose the war deserve capital nists, elected by big majorities of punishment. the electorate, have been seized in Attacks upon civil liberties are midnight raids and rushed off to not new in Canada but nothing like concentration camps. The myth of Mackenzie King's present campaign Parliamentary immunity is being has ever been experienced here be­ rudely dispelled: It has recently fore. R. B. Bennett, the multi­ leaked out that an "internment millionaire exponent of reaction, order" has been issued for James who, in 1932, advocated that Com­ Litterick, Communist member of the munists "be crushed beneath an Provincial Legislature of Manitoba. iron heel of ruthlessness," tried to Up to the hour of writing he has crush the strivings of the masses succeeded in eluding the Mounties, with police clubs and "Section 98" however, and continues to lead the which prescribed the penalty of revolutionary movement in Mani­ from two to twenty years' impris­ toba, from illegality. onment for members of any "un­ As part of the "Defense Regula­ lawful association." It has remained tions" there has recently been en­ for the mealy-mouthed "Liberal" acted a new law termed the humanitarian," William Lyon Ma­ "Treachery Act." This law pre­ ckenzie King, who used to boast so scribes the death penalty for "trea­ proudly of his descent from the son, assisting the enemy forces, "little Rebel," the bourgeois revo­ impeding those of his majesty or lutionary William Lyon Mackenzie, endangering their lives." The court to emulate Hitler and invoke the is given no option. In case of con­ death penalty against those who viction the penalty is death. This fight for the interests of the masses law further provides that any per­ against his sacrifice of workers• son convicted of any act likely to lives and happiness to enrich the prejudice "efficient prosecution of profiteers. the war" shall "be liable to penal Social-Democracy in the Service servitude for life." of the Bourgeoisie The Treachery Act must not be confused with military law. It is a The social reformists in Canada civil law, aimed not only against are playing their traditional role. possible saboteurs but also against The leaders of Canada's Socialist those who are opposed to the war Party, the C.C.F.* are "all out" for and the insensate sacrifice of the the war. They hold up the Churchill real interests of Canada's people. Government as the champion of Gordon Conant, Attorney General democracy. They vie with the most of Ontario, expressed it spirit when rabid jingoes in support of British he declared to a meeting of ex­ imperialism, while striving to per­ service men recently: "We've got to suade big capital that they, the get a lot more tough than we have leaders of the C.C.F., are specially been" and went on to welcome the * Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. It i& not a federation but an individual membership new Act, declaring that those who organization. • THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1099 qualified to lead "Canada's war of the Party, in support of the ap­ effort." Several of them who posed priations for war purposes last as "Lefts" until the outbreak of the July 31: war are now among the most ener­ getic of all the bourgeois politicians "The present war, I venture to say, has united our people in a in demanding more energetic prose­ manner which seemed impossible a cution of the war and more effective year ago.... methods for crushing out the anti­ "It seemed that we were follow­ war activities, in which the Com­ ing a path which led away from the munist Party is the leading force. interests of democracy towards the An example of their technique is support of selfish and narrow poli­ to be seen in the following from cies which placed property interests a speech by T. C. Douglas, C.C.F. first. Today, however, there is no member of parliament, on the occa­ longer any doubt in the minds of sion of one of the periodic increases lovers of freedom throughout the world that the present government in the severity of the "Defense of Great Britain, which is giving us Regulations": leadership in this war, stands for " ... what I mainly arose to say the democratic way of life.... is that those of us who have been "It seems to me that at last we criticizing these regulations have have recovered the power to re­ done so, not because they are too vitalize democracy. When we look severe-that is not the proper term across the seas we see the people of Britain united as they seldom -but because in many instances have been in their long history. I they are not specific enough. . . . submit this unity has been brought We are asking, not for a lessening about because the people of Britain of severity so much as for a clar­ have at last found leaders whom ification." (Parliamentary Debates, they can trust. June 13, 1940, pp. 820-21.) "Today I know that I can trust What he meant by "specific" was the government now in power in explained by his further statement Great Britain to continue this fight in the same speech that "what is and to wage it for the democratic ideals which we have at heart." .said about fascism can be said (Ibid., July 31, 1940, p. 2341.) equally about communism." No wonder that he could declare on The Canadian Forum, organ of another occasion, with the double­ the "brain trusters" of the C.C.F., talk of boast and complaint that: declared in its July issue: "In recent months some of my friends have accused me of being "All men who genuinely believe an imperialist." (Ibid., May 23, 1940, in a liberal democracy may con­ pp. 173-76.) gratulate that Messrs. Roosevelt and The unlimited support given to King are in charge of the two North American countries during this war. the capitalist class by the C.C.F. They are, we believe, trustworthy leadership is illustrated by the fol­ custodians of the traditions of free­ lowing, from a parliamentary dom which we cherish in this part speech of M. J. Coldwell, the leader of the world." • 1100 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE Under such "leadership" the L.), was seized by the Mounties an C.C.F. is being harnessed to the war hour before he was to appear before policies of the Canadian bourgeoisie a conciliation board to present the under the pretense that the objec­ seamen's case for a wage increase. tive of the war is "a new social He was rushed off to a concentra­ order." Grant McNeil, until lately tion camp without charge or trial. national vice chairman of the party, What had been done to him be­ is reported as follows: "McNeil came public only because the at­ briefly surveyed the international torney for the union went in search scene, stressing British affairs, of the president when he failed to where a state of 'war socialism' show up at the Board's hearing. now existed.... " (The Federation­ The only explanation the Mounted ist, Vancouver, B. C., September 12, Police and the Department of Jus­ 1940.) tice would vouchsafe for the action Comment is superfluous. "War was that it had been represented Socialism!"-the regime which has to them that Sullivan was a Com­ outlawed strikes, mercilessly beaten munist. No action was taken by down the living standards of the the leadership of the Trades and masses, and is fiercely assaulting Labor Congress. By its inaction it India's anti-imperialist national lib­ placed the stamp of its approval eration movement. upon the kidnaping and internment Pages could be filled with similar of one of the most popular and quotations. The leaders of the effective union leaders in Canada. C.C.F., following the invariable line With such encouragement the of Social-Democracy, are betraying Mounties plunged into a regular the Socialist workers all the way pogrom against the trade union down the line, making themselves movement. To date, dozens of active valuable to the capitalist class by unionists, including several officials their treachery, confusing and de­ of international unions, have been moralizing the workers who trust thrown into concentration camps. them, as a means of maintaining Sidney Sarkin, manager of the their influence and, thus, their value Amalgamated Clothing Workers in to the master class. Montreal; Fred Collins, member of The trade union bureaucracy, the Executive of the Toronto Trades with a few honorable exceptions, and Labor Council, and until re­ follows the same line of betrayal. cently Canadian vice president of They are giving unreserved support the International Furniture Work­ to the war policies of the Govern­ ers Union; Bruce Magnusson, secre­ ment including its most vicious tary of the Port Arthur Trades and anti-labor measures. They have ac­ Labor Council, and organizer of the tually facilitated violent attacks Lumber Workers Union (A. F. of upon the trade union movement, L.); Charles Murray, Atlantic Coast such as the following: district organizer of the Canadian Pat Sullivan, president of the Seamen's Union, and scores of Canadian Seamen's Union (A. F. of others have been seized in the small THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1101 hours of the morning and spirited adoption of a resolution barring away. Communists from membership in No action is taken by the Execu­ any union affiliated to the center tive of the Trades and Labor Con­ then being established. gress. Instead of arousing the work­ The foregoing are but typical ing people in defense of trade union examples of a long list of betrayals. rights, these "labor lieutenants of The leading "brain truster" of the the bourgeoisie" engineered a move C.C.F. signed the majority report so that the annual convention ac­ of a conciliation board, rejecting the tually endorsed the "Defense Regu­ demand of Nova Scotia miners for lations" instead of condemning the a wage increase on the grounds that outrages being committed under the corporation must be given an them. The Canadian Press was thus opportunity to make larger profits able to syndicate the following: before granting a wage increase. E. Sinfield, international official, "The fifty-sixth annual conven­ vice president of the Trades and tion of the Trades and Labor Con­ gress of Canada voted overwhelm­ Labor Congress and boss of the ingly here yesterday to support the Toronto Building Trades Council Defense of Canada Regulations. (A. F. of L.), similarly signed the Delegates [read international of­ majority report of a conciliation ficials] squelched a small but noisy board in Toronto which rejected the minority that sought support for demand of the employees of the resolutions aimed at what they term John Inglis Co. (a munitions bo­ 'curtailment of basic democratic nanza for its capitalist owners) for rights.'" union recognition. In each of these The officialdom of the C.I.O. cases the men here named were unions in Canada has tried hard to chosen to "represent labor.'' equal the officialdom of the A. F. The social traitors are being re­ of L. in fawning upon the capitalist warded with Government appoint­ class and demoralizing the work­ ments. Tallon, the secretary of the ing class movement. At the conven­ Trades and Labor Congress, has tion in which the Canadian unions quit to take a Government job. of the C.I.O. joined with the almost Similarly, Garland, national organ­ defunct chauvinistic All-Canadian izer of the C.C.F., moved from the Congress of Labor in establishing a national office of the C.C.F. into a new rival center to that of the Government job. Other and lesser A. F. of L., the officialdom joined lights of the C.C.F. have done like­ forces against the rank and file and, wise and an influential section of by police intimidations,* forced the leadership now hopes to get a slender finger into the fleshpots of • After a resolutioa to bar Communists from membership in affiliated unions had been re· war administration through some jected twice, once by standing vote, Mosher, the form of governmental collaboration. chairman, announced that he must consult his legal adviser and find out whether those voting The Manitoba Provincial Section of against were contravening the uoefense of the C.C.F. has already achieved this Canada Regulations." Th.e resolution was then passed. aim, having joined in a coalition 1102 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE government with the Liberals and The extent of the chaos for which Conservatives in that province. the background is being prepared True to form, the social reform­ may be judged by the anarchic ists were negotiating with the bour­ manner of the preparation. It is geoisie on this question precisely typified by the war expenditures. when the Mounties were engaged in At the beginning of the present a reign of terror against the work­ fiscal year (April 1) the Govern­ ing class movement in Winnipeg; ment estimated its war expenditure arresting thirteen workers, includ­ for the next twelve months at six ing Tom Ewen, member of the Po­ hundred million dollars. Actual ex­ litical Bureau of the Communist penditures were always ahead of Party. The national and provincial estimates in an attempt to catch up conventions of the C.C.F. met in with events. Estimates were ad­ the same city a few days after­ vanced month by month until Au­ wards. In the meantime, one of the gust, when the Minister of Finance thirteen arrested workers, a woman, submitted a new estimate of $940,- had been sentenced to two years in 000,000. What a guess that was may the penitentiary, and a manhunt be seen by the experience of the was on for Jim Litterick. But the Department of Munitions and Sup­ conventions endorsed the proposal ply. When the figure of $940,000,000 that the Manitoba leadership of the was stated as the probable total of C.C.F. join in a coalition with the war expenditures for 1940, the esti­ Liberals and Tories, on the pre­ mate of expenditures to be made tense that j,t was "not coalition in by the Department of Munitions the ordinary sense, but rather an and Supply was $55,000,000. By agreement for governmental coop­ October 15, however, this one de­ eration and joint responsibility in partment had expended $615,000,- an attempt to attain certain ob­ 000, of which $235,000,000 was for jectives." new plants or extension of existing plants for production of war ma­ The Other Side of the Picture terials.* There is another side to the pic­ The estimated productive capacity ture, however, and serious repre­ of the 142 new plants under con­ sentatives of the bourgeoisie are struction at the expense of the Gov­ beginning to admit that it is ernment is $1,100,000,000 worth of pregnant with danger to their war materials per year. (The Finan­ class privileges and rule. cial Post estimate is closer to $1,- Canada's economy is being com­ 500,000,000.) When it is realized pletely subordinated to the war­ that the aggregate national income time needs of British imperialism. of Canada in 1939, including capital This is causing an extreme distor­ increment, was only $4,250,000,000 tion of her economic structure and and that the plants being con- undermining the export-basis upon * $125,000,000 of this amount was foe pl_ants being built at the order of the British Govern~ which her economy has hitherto ment but the Canadian Government is financing depended. their construction. THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1103 structed at Government expense are ation may be disastrous. Canada's only part of the huge armament economy has been built, very large­ and munitions industry being built ly, around the raising of wheat for up it becomes clear that the entire export to British Empire markets basis of Canada's economy is being and there is no substitute market changed and there can be no return immediately accessible. The hungry to the "normal" or traditional op­ millions of the world need the eration of Canadian economy with­ wheat but capitalism and the im­ out a profound and shattering crisis. perialist struggle for domination A foretaste of what that may prevent the Canadian farmers sup­ mean is already being experienced plying it to them. with the wheat Cl!Op. Canada's The financial and industrial in­ wheat crop this year totalled 549,- terests of Central Canada, whose 190,000 bushels. There was a carry­ rich and powerful corporations fat­ over from last year's crop of more tened upon the above world-level than 300,000,000 bushels, making the prices maintained largely at the ex­ total wheat now on hand 850,000,000 pense of the farmers, are now fully bushels. Domestic consumption occupied with amassing new riches averages only 130,000,000 bushels from war contracts. With cynical per year. European markets other disregard for the far-reaching con­ than the British Isles are closed as sequences that it will have for a result of the war and the block­ Canada and her people, they are ade, and British imperialism, de­ insisting that the problem of wheat sirous of utilizing its purchasing must be solved by reducing acre­ power in the struggle against Amer­ age by 50 per cent. Such a drastic ican imperialism in Latin America, compulsory reduction, which is ac­ chooses to buy a lot of wheat in tually being considered by the Gov­ Argentina. The largest amount ernment, woufd confront tens of Britain is likely to buy from Canada thousands of farmers on the prairie is 160,000,000 bushels. James Gar­ provinces (where no other cash diner, the Minister of National War crop is practicable) with starvation. Services, recently made a trip to Similar, though smaller-scale, prob­ London in an effort to persuade the lems confront the tobacco growers British Government to buy more of Ontario as a result of Britain's but the press reports that he is "re­ recent deal with Turkey, and are turning with empty hands." Thus, now shaping up for the bacon hog allowing for domestic consumption raisers of the whole country. and the top British purchases to be The financial situation is preg­ hoped for, Canada faces the pros­ nant with the threat of inflation. pect of entering the next crop year Government war expenditures to with a carry-over of more than the end of the present year 500,000,000 bushels of wheat­ will exceed the total expenditures enough to fill the entire British upon the war of 1914-18. This, how­ import demand for three years. ever, is only the beginning. Govern­ The consequences of this situ- ment plans already call for much 1104 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE greater disbursements in 1941, as mean in the lives of Canada's emphasized by the Financial Post eleven million people becomes evi­ of October 26: dent if one compares the total with the average annual national income "This year the Dominion Govern­ of four and a half billion dollars. ment has to find about $1,600,000,- With the tremendous growth of war 000, including regular 'peace-time' expenditures; war costs and repa­ production the Government hopes triation to help United Kingdom to raise it to five and a half billions financing in Canada. But day by in 1941. Even if that figure is day Canada's war commitments achieved, 48 per cent of the national have grown. If between June last income will be consumed by Gov­ and April 1, next, they advance 50 ernment expenditures. per cent, the total Dominion budget To make these huge expenditures will exceed $2,100,000,000. If the for destruction possible, drastic re­ war commitments double, then the striction of consumption is being budget will be around $2,750,- 000,000." forced upon the masses of the peo­ ple. Because of the relatively small The probability is that war ex­ number of people in Canada with penditures will increase by con­ large incomes, this reduction is siderably more than 50 per cent. being secured by taxing necessities. The only limit upon their expansion "We must consume less, save at present is labor power and mate­ more and steadily invest in savings rials. Relief rolls show only a 52 certificates and war loans," de­ per cent reduction, however, despite claimed Mr. Brooke Claxton, "Lib­ the fact that all single men have eral M.P., in replying to "the been summarily cut off and 200,00U Speech from the Throne" on behalf men have been sucked into the of the Government. armed forces. There are still more It is becoming clear to the work­ than 300,000 victims of unemploy­ ers and farmers, however, that what ment on relief, tens of thousands of the well-fed gentlemen of the bour­ farmers who hunger for a cash in­ geoisie really mean is "we must come be it ever so small, tens of tighten your belt." Unprecedented thousands of 'teen age boys who taxes have been placed upon neces­ have never yet had a chance to earn sities, including bread. One example wages and, what the Financial Post will suffice to show the burden of studiously evades, rising prices. It these upon the poor. A certain is a foregone conclusion that if the widely advertised brand of break­ British defense is maintained and fast coffee, which retails in the the war continues to spread, Can­ United States at three pounds for ada's war expenditures will in­ thirty-nine cents, costs twenty-four crease to at least a billion and cents a pound in Canada because of three-quarters next year, making taxation. total Dominion Government expen­ By drastic taxation of necessities, ditures $2,400,000,000. a heavy sales tax, a tax upon wages What such expenditures will and salaries and a slight increase in THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1105 the tax upon big incomes, the Gov­ being destroyed. Decay of her basic ernment has increased its revenue "peace-time" export economy, the to an estimated $700,000,000 this building of a costly and parasitical year-mainly at the expense of the armaments and munitions industry, poor. It is obvious, however, that oppressive war taxes upon the poor, revenue from taxation will provide inflation to wipe out the equities of only a small part of the huge ex­ the urban middle classes, unprece­ penditures now being planned. Two dented profits for the rich with war loans have already been raised probable reinvestment of huge war and the third will be issued shortly. profits in war loans at war-time The bourgeoisie anticipates big rates of interest, are the elements loans from the United States in the in a prospect of financial shipwreck near future and the financial press ahead of Canada. made no bones about the belief that Secretary Morgenthau's recent "va­ The Beginning of Disillusionment cation" in Canada concerned such The disgust to which realization loans, probably-the Financial Post of the predatory aims of the capital­ suggested-through the Export-Im­ ist warmongers gives rise is being port Bank. sharpened by the cynicism of the Financial commentators are be­ bourgeoisie and its mercenary poli­ ginning to admit that inflation will ticians. Mackenzie King, who won be unavoidable. The Dominion Gov­ the Dominion Elections in March ernment will have to borrow at largely by his solemn "no-con­ least one and a half billion dollars scription" pledge, imposed conscrip­ next year which will be pumped tion upon the nation within five into the economic machinery. Re­ months of his re-election. Canadian gardless of how large a proportion troops are in Britain and their of it goes to profits, it is bound to numbers will be increased rapidly have a tremendous inflationary as soon as equipment is ready. effect which will speed-up the in­ Canadian troops are on garrison flationary effects of credit expan­ duty at Greenland and Bermuda, sion. The public debts of Canada every man between the ages of already aggregated $6,450,000,000 eighteen and sixty is registered, and in 1937; there is an increase of the regimentation of Canadian labor $814,000,000 this year to date and is proceeding at express speed. there will be more. With the pros­ But, while urging the young man pect of adding a billion and a half to cross the Atlantic to fight for to the national debt with each year "the mother country," and taxing that the war continues, it is obvious the poor to the limit of their en­ that-regardless of who is defeated durance supposedly for the same first on the field of battle-Canada's cause, the capitalist class is sys­ national debt is headed for a stag­ tematically selling the Empire short gering increase precisely a1 the time and snuggling up closer to Ameri­ when the basis of the economy by can imperialism. The sudden an­ which she has hitherto lived is nouncement of the Canada-United 1106 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE States Defense Treaty and the so­ tional lives. There is no guiding called "destroyers for bases" deal, principle to regulate their conduct, created doubt and amazement no ultimate purpose toward which among the masses who have been their energies may be directed." sedulously taught to believe that To the chauvinistic colonial­ the bourgeoisie would fight to the minded Toronto Evening Telegram last drop of its loudly avowed which had attempted to analyze the "British blood" to keep Britain's in­ probable results of the treaty and fluence supreme in Canada. It pro­ the "deal," the Globe and M·ail di­ duced no such amazement among rected an editorial warning against the leaders of the capitalist class of discussion of such matters in the course because, while the develop­ heat of the moment while the coun­ ment was a result of objective fac­ try is at war. Bourgeois awareness tors over which they had no effective of the growing disillusionment of immediate control, the dominant the masses is fairly well reflected in circles of the Canadian bourgeoisie the editorial warning of the Globe have systematica1ly connived at and Mail that: "Combination of precisely such a development. What fear, uncertainty and lack of defi­ happened constituted, in fact, a nite purpose has robbed the people logical continuation of the policies of their peace of mind." of Mackenzie King. As Lenin so well explained in One result of these events, how­ 1915, however: ever, has been the stirring of doubts in the ranks of the bourgeois ide­ "The experiences of the war, like ologists. Bishop Renison, one of the the experiences of every crisis in history, of every great calamity and most violent and jingoistic impe­ every sudden turn in human life, rialists in Canada, betrayed this stun and break some people, but when, immediately after the sign­ they harden and enlighten others." ing of the Canada-United States (V. I. Lenin, "Collapse of the Sec­ treaty, he declared that henceforth ond International," Selected Works, he would speak only of "Eternal Vol. V, p. 176, International Pub­ truths" from his pulpit and would lishers, New York.) refuse to discuss current events. Such a development, albeit as yet The Toronto Globe and Mail wel­ on a small scale, is already to be comed the bishop's statement and seen in Canada. The doubt and dis­ suggested that it would be well if illusionment deplored by the multi­ more clerics would do likewise, ac­ millionaire owner of the Globe and companying its advice with the fol­ Mail begin to be manifested in the lowing pearl of bourgeois wisdom: activities of the masses of the peo­ ple. The rising cost of living and the "The rapid growth in the prac­ increased opportunities for employ­ tice of psychiatry and neurology in­ ment find reflection in a rapid in­ dicates more than anything else the chronic state of uneasiness among crease of strikes. There were con­ the people. There is beginning but siderably more strikes during the no end to their spiritual and emo- first half of 1940 than during the THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1107 entire year of 1939, and workers are ment of Canada's war effort." demonstrating increasing confi­ The Dominion Government ap­ dence. Miners, steel workers, sea­ pointed a "Labor Coordinator" but men, lumber workers, automobile big capital was not satisfied. The and shipyard workers led the way. "Labor Coordinator" arranged an At the time of writing there are inter-provincial conference to iron strikes in Canada's two major ship­ out differences between provincial building yards; the employees at the labor regulations, etc., but big capi­ Chrysler plant at Windsor, Ontario, tal ridiculed it and demanded have voted overwhelmingly to "much more drastic steps." The strike;* freight handlers on the Financial Post Ottawa correspon­ Montreal waterfront have just voted dent reported recently that: to strike; the striking employees of a textile mill in Ontario are voting "The labor control program which Ottawa now knows must be faced on terms, the workers at the Al­ carries far-reaching implications. goma Steel Mills have won a wage . . . If the Prime Minister cannot increase and voted to join the achieve [it] ... some form of na­ S.W.O.C.; and the workers at the tional government may be neces­ huge plant of Consolidated Smelters sary.... At the moment the only at Trail, B. C., are demanding a question which is really in doubt wage increase and challenging the is timing. Just now the Government twenty-year old company union. is inclined to put off the day when The reply of big capital to the de­ drastic steps must be taken." mands of the workers has been at­ It is obvious that an attempt is tempts to have strikes declared being engineered even now to put illegal and the throwing of strike over measures for the pegging of leaders into concentration camps. wages and the regimentation of But police terror and concentration Canada's workers.* In their present camps have not prevented the mood there is little question but growth of militancy, so big capital that the workers will resist any is now demanding Government ac­ such measures and big struggles tion to fix wages and prevent work­ may be expected as a result. ers from quitting their jobs. The intense resentment of the "Should wages be pegged?" asks prairie wheat farmers against the the Globe and Mail, editorially, and manner in which they are being the editor's answer is: yes. The made victims of the war is finding Financial Post declares, in support expression in a wave of mass meet­ of the same line but with much ings and protest actions, held in more elaborate trimmings, that: spite of the "Defense Regulations." "The efficient mobilization and con­ Under the leadership of Mrs. Dorise trol of war-time labor supply is the Neilsen, progressive Unity member most immediately urgent require- * An Order in Council was announced on * The press reported the arrest of twenty-five November 8 which prohibits employers from ac­ pickets at the Chrysler plant on November 11. cepting applications for employment from workers They were charged under the Defense of Canada already employed upon munitions production. A Regulations.-Editar. penalty of ,$500 is decreed for each offense. 1108 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE of Parliament from North Battle­ tionary sections of the capitalist ford, Saskatchewan, broad farmers' press to hint that some form of conferences are being he1d. The pressure must be used in future to conferences are not radical in the ensure that more cash be forth­ ordinarily accepted sense of the coming from the non-capitalist sec­ term. The farmers are demanding tions of the population. abolition of the rule which limits The Financial Post gave the lead the amount of wheat they may de­ to a systematic campaign in that liver for sale to an average of eight direction with the following: bushels per acre sown, release of all . persons interned because of their "With corporations, 'wealthy' labor activities, the resignation of people and the middle class paying the Minister of Agriculture, exten­ heavily in increased taxes, it would be necessary to find additional sion of substantial credits to na­ money from the 'new rich,' the tional China to finance Chinese im­ workers who were in many cases portation of Canadian wheat, formerly on relief, who were now removal of the tariff on farm ma­ enjoying substantial war industry chinery, nationalization of the work incomes.... armament industries, and so on. "Today the group with surplus The significance of these demands funds are to an important degree lies precisely in their extreme workers in war industry and war­ moderation. They are the farmers' stimulated industry such as con­ struction. . . . But this group gen­ reply to the hard-faced demands of erally is spending freely, enjoying big capital that acreage be reduced the fruits of higher incomes." by half. These proposals of the farmers constitute the program A scheme calculated to satisfy big around which they must fight to re­ capital was quickly worked out and tain the farms into which many of is now in operation. It is disguised them have put their entire lives, as a "War Savings Campaign." and in most cases the lives of their Organized under the authority of families; and there is little doubt the Department of Finance and the but that the farmers will fight for Bank of Canada the scheme is di­ their farms to the limit of their rected towards involving every ability. worker in the purchase of "War While there was no open mass re­ Savings" certificates or stamps. It sistance against the legal introduc­ operates through local committees. tion of conscription, tens of thou­ According to newspaper reports sands of workers and farmers of a conference held in Ottawa, on "voted with their feet" by refusing October 29, eleven thousand firms to register. A similar type of voting are already "cooperating" by mak­ was evident in the extremely luke­ ing periodic deductions from wages. warm response of the workers and The following sentences from the middle-class people to the second press report of the proceedings of war loan which was barely success­ the conference indicate clearly that ful. This impelled the ultra-reac- the real purpose of the campaign is THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1109 to reduce consumption on the part Communist Party is the only alter­ of the already hard-pressed work­ native to national disaster. ing people. This sentiment is growing. Fur­ thermore, objective factors are "One point was stressed at all sharpening all class antagonisms in sessions and that was the need of Canada and emphasizing both the building up in Canada a sane pro­ question of the country's future and gram of saving. The sale of certifi­ the utter cynicism of big capital cates is a definite part of the war concerning the people's weal. Popu­ economy program of preventing in­ lar reaction to this, combined with flation. It is a means of avoiding the growing disillusionment, marks the expansion of luxury buying which featured the last war." cleavage which contradicts all the pretenses of Mackenzie King that So, the workers who in tens of he has achieved national unity in thousands of cases are now back at support of British imperialism and work for the first time in a decade for an imperialist outcome of the are to be saved from "luxury buy­ war. ing." The cynical irony of that is The Future of Canaoo and the becoming evident to the workers Tasks of the Communist Party who are being sucked into muni­ tions industry at wage rates so low There is no prospect or basis for that, even with overtime, tens of another cycle of post-war expansion thousands of them average less than in Canada. Canada, though a Brit­ twenty dollars per week. Obviously ish Dominion, is now an imperialist the systematic pressure by which state with a fully developed mo­ these underpaid and highly taxed nopoly-capitalist economy with workers are compelled to surrender concentration of wealth such as an appreciable portion of their exists in few other countries.* meager earnings to still further en­ Added to the acute class antago­ rich the profiteers must aggravate nisms stemming from the parasitic, the resentment they already feel. capitalist-monopoly, character of Disillusionment has already Canada's economy there is the fur­ started and the factors making for ther fact that, because of the man­ its growth are increasingly appa­ ner in which it developed and the rent. While it would be an exagger­ precarious relationships upon which ation to say that the slogan of the its economic prosperity depends, Communist Party of Canada, Canadian imperialism is acutely "Withdraw Canada from the War," sensitive to world developments, has become the slogan of the particularly to the effects of the masses, it is true that hundreds of * In 1934 only one-fifth of 1 per cent of thousands of workers, farmers and Canada's population received incomes of $5,000 or more. U'Ss than ten thousand had incomes urban middle class people, who pre­ of $10,000 or more but this group received in­ cluding capital increment and undistributed viously supported Mackenzie King's profits, 29 per cent of the national income; 65 war policies, now recognize that the per cent of all who worked for wages, salaries or commissions earned less than thirteen dollars per policy consistently advocated by the week. 1110 THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE presently spreading and intensify­ the British "Commonwealth," Brit­ ing crisis of the imperialist system ish imperialism evaded a head-on as a whole, and its consequences for collision on the issue of Canada's British imperialism and British re­ status while Canadian imperialism lations to the United States. retained the empire relationships Monopoly capital achieved dom­ around which Canada's economy ination and the finance-capitalist had been so very largely built. The oligarchy became supreme in Can­ issues raised by the deepening con­ ada largely as a by-product of the tradictions were side-stepped-not Anglo-American conflict. Monopo­ resolved. Canada remained wedged lies, closely linked with U. S. fi­ between the two imperialist giants nance-capital, arose in Canada as a economically dependent upon both. result of the advantage that mem­ She was largely free from British bership in the British Empire gave interference because of the United Canada in "empire markets" and the States and more valuable to U. S. related fact that she provided a very imperialism as a junior partner advantageous side-door through than as a possession precisely be­ which United States capital got cause of her membership in the "under the wire" of empire tariffs British Empire. and secured a valuable and grow­ The foregoing makes it clear that ing share of those markets.* Canada's relationships to Britain, The transformation of Canada to Eire, Australia, New Zealand and an imperialist state, with its mo­ South Africa are far from being the nopoly capitalist base intimately re­ idyllic "daughter am I in my lated to and powerfully influenced mother's house" relationships that by United States finance capital, Canadian and British imperialist created an acute contradiction. The propagandists pretend. They are actual status of Canada and her market relationship. The value role in the world (especially her which Canadian imperialists place role in the sharpening conflict be­ upon them reflects their dollar tween British and U. S. imperial­ value and very little else. ism) came into conflict with the That dollar value is decisive for "Dominion" status and colonial re­ the capitalist class in Canada, how­ lationship assigned to her by the ever, which explains their present British North America Act, her con­ policies of "all out to win the war." stitution. Their aid to British imperialism is The statute of Westminster was not motivated by filial sentiment the legal formula by which Cana­ but by their own market interests dian and British imperialists sought and fears. The forces of disintegra­ to evade the issue raised by this tion now evident in the British contradiction. By the show of "re­ Empire, ie., the national liberation defining" Canada's status as that of movement in India, etc., the threat a "fully autonomous" member of of axis conquest in Africa, the trend towards closer relations between * Canada exported 31 per cent of her total products, 66 per cent of it to Empire markets. Australasia and the U.S., establish- THE CRISIS OF IMPERIALISM AND CANADA'S FUTURE 1111 ment of U.S. bases and the rapid The Communist Party offers no growth of U.S. influence in Canada blueprint to the Canadian workers, and the decisive British possessions however. It is the task of our Party in the West Atlantic, on the back­ to "awaken the revolutionary con­ ground of the acute general crisis sciousness and the revolutionary de­ of the imperialist system, all this termination of the proletariat, to threatens the economic and political help it pass to revolutionary ac­ structure upon which Canadian im­ tions and to create the organizations perialism depends. suitable for the revolutionary situ­ Questions as to the future of the ation, for work in this direction." British Empire, of the probable re­ (V. I. Lenin, Cited pLace, p. 177.) lations between British and Amer­ We do not speculate upon the ican imperialism if British imperial­ exact line of development, nor as ist power survives the war are care­ to the exact shape of things in fully pushed to the background Canada when this war ends. On the in Canada. But, because of the contrary, we emphasize that such frightening possibilities that they things will be determined very suggest, these questions will not largely by the strength of the down. The ubiquitous problem of working class. We condemn in the "post-war export markets" intrudes sharpest possible terms the dema­ in capitalists' ilpeeches and editorial gogy by which the leaders of the comment for all the world as though C.C.F. delude their followers. By coming events are already casting artfully cultivating the idea that "their shadows before." "planning" (under capitalism) is It is evident, and tacitly acknowl­ synonomus with socialism or is a edged by some capitalist spokesmen step towards socialism, by repeated that, regardless of which belligerent assurances that Churchill is a dictates the "peace" treaty, the peo­ devoted champion of the people ple of Canada will be heavy losers and that he "believes that . . . by the war, with a national crisis planning must be continued for the impending. This is becoming in­ common good after the present creasingly clear to the masses as struggle ceases,"* by character­ they get a deeper insight into the izing the present state of affairs real meaning of the Canada-United in Britain as "War Socialism" States "Defense" Treaty and the and by continuous suggestion that destroyers-for-bases deal. British victory will ensure "a new Elements making for a "political" world order," the leaders of the crisis are developing in Canada. In­ C.C.F. strive to create the illu­ volvement in the imperialist war sion that the British and Canadian and the accompanying reckless poli­ imperialists are fighting for social­ cies of the capitalist class aggravate ism! By such deliberate distortion all the contradictions of capitalism of truth they distract the attention and the objective factors are mak­ of the workers from the stark reali- ing towards a revolutionary situ­ • M. ]. Coldwell, House of Commons, July ation. 31, 1940. House of Commons Deb

BY V. J. JEROME

F ALL the hoaxes in history whom the Fifth Column came into O none has surpassed the current being-as the Fifth Column! hoax of the "Fifth Column." The fascist-minded war-makers Early in the Spanish struggle the of America find the workers, and rebel General Emilio Mola boasted the common people generally, re­ in a radio broadcast that in addi­ sisting onslaughts upon their living tion to the four columns of troops standards, their rights and their on which he was counting for the liberties. Fearful of the impact here assault upon Madrid there was a of the French Popular Front attain­ clandestine column within the city ments, capital's spokesmen and ser­ ready to join the invaders the mo­ vitors seize upon the debacle of ment they penetrated the capital. France to slander the People's The bourgeois statesmen and news­ Front, in order to facilitate their papers in all lands played down the attacks upon the hard-won gains operations of that fascist-Trotskyite of America's laboring people. They phalanx which was doing the de­ attempt to shift the guilt from the structive work of world imperialism Two Hundred Families, their Fifth within the gates of People's Front Column governments and generals, Spain. Today, these very statesmen and their Social-Democratic adju­ and newspapers, playing on the tants, to the Communists, welding general anti-fascist sentiment, cyn­ force of the People's Front-here as ically hurl the epithet "Fifth Col­ there. umnist" at every opponent of the war-makers, at everyone who * * * speaks out against the people's be­ Against this background, there trayers. has appeared an expose of French In this country, as everywhere, government and military leaders, the prototypes of those forces that by an eye witness of the political undermined the French People's storms in France during the 'thirties. Front, preventing fulfillment of its J' Accuse* opens the curtain upon domestic and foreign policies and traitors within the highest ministe­ thus opening the gates to fascism, rial and military circles of France. brazenly charge that the Popular Front gains debilitated France. They *Andre Simone, ]'Accuse: The Men Who Be- tray~J France, Dial Press, Inc., New York, 354 paint the People's Front-against pp. $2.50. 1113 1114 WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? Beginning with Hitler's accession to found it flabby, overblown, exag­ power, in January, 1933, and the gerated." (P. 55.) formation, one day after, of the first In November of that year, Hitler Daladier ministry, the ruling figures guaranteed, in an interview with of the republic pass before us in Count de Brinon, Daladier's political grim processional as road-pavers of agent, that with the Saar issue the fascist Petain regime. settled, "there will be absolutely "France was not beaten by Hitler. nothing which can estrange France It was destroyed from within by a and Germany." When that message Fifth Column with the most power­ was promptly published in Le ful connections in the Government, Matin, "Daladier had made himself big business, the State Administra­ the guarantor of Hitler's sincerity. tion and the Army." (P. 353.) . . . With the publication of this The author shows up the perfidy interview the Fifth Column in of such reactionary leaders as Flan­ France made its initial bow." din, Weygand, Laval, Daladier, (P. 60.) Chautemps, Bonnet and Petain. He J'Accuse shows "appeasement" exposes the treacherous role of the elements operating against the re­ Two Hundred Families of indus­ public's interests during the Popu­ trialists and bankers, of the fifteen lar Front period. The French "non­ regents of the Bank of France. He intervention" policy in regard to lays bare the rottenness of their Spain is trenchantly criticized and controlled regimes and reveals that its dire consequences for France the Army General Staff was honey­ are grimly pointed out. The narra­ combed with fascists. tive then leads to the disastrous The book shows that from the Munich betrayal, and to its climax, outset of the Nazi regime, France's the present war. ruling circles manifested "appease­ The book abounds in factual ment" tendencies, of which Hitler material which indicts the fascist took full advantage. Thus, the betrayers of the French people. The original draft of the abortive Four­ class-conscious reader will find in Power Pact, signed by France, it useful data for overcoming the England, Germany and Italy in arguments of our native apologists June, 1933, "already indicated the of reaction calculated to shift the appeasement trend." Likewise, upon guilt of national betrayal from the Germany's withdrawal from the Fifth Column in high places to the Geneva Disarmament Conference, in people. October, 1933, the League of Na­ tions sub-committee, after much * * procrastination, rendered a milk­ The value of any such expose and-water retort. The Nazi regime consists, of course, in the clarity it realized it had nothing to fear from brings for drawing the true lessons France and England: of "appeasement." It has thus to "For the first time Hitler had explain the factors that chained tested the will to resistance of France to Britain's foreign policy; the Western democracies-and had to point out what motivated the WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? 1115 forces that condoned and abetted adversaries of the French-British successive invasions of China, Ethi­ Alliance, and of course an implac­ opia, Spain, and Czechoslovakia; to able foe of Soviet Russia." It ex­ reveal the forces that struggled for poses Laval's perfidy in signing the the security and integrity of the pact with the U.S.S.R. with the French people; to give a clear-cut, intention of undermining it even historic interpretation of the policy before its ratification. The Foreign climaxed at Munich; to show the Minister, as the Paris edition of the relationship of Munichism to the New York Herald-Tribune stated present war. shortly afterwards, was prepared J'Accuse has value as an account to annul the Franco-Soviet Pact of the long and fatal series of "for an agreement whereby the "appeasement" moves by France's Hitler regime would guarantee leading statesmen and army heads, France's Eastern frontier in ex­ who thus stand pilloried as the real change for complete freedom of ac­ Fifth Columnists, the betrayers of tion in the Memel region and in the republic. the Ukraine." (Pp. 130-31.) J' Accuse, furthermore, shows that Here, as in a few other passages, the decisive sections of the French the author indicates that French bourgeoisie pursued an anti-demo­ reactionaries approved and were cratic policy in regard to the bent upon a policy of clearing the French people in line with their aim Eastward path Hitler had charted of stamping out all democracy for himself in Mein Kampf. throughout Europe. They feared a Yet, in terms of emphasis, defeat for Hitler more than his J'Accuse passes very lightly over victory. As regards the regents of the fact that is fundamental to any the Bank of France, the real rulers serious discussion of Munichism, of the country, "national interests namely, that all of the moves in the mattered to them only so long as foreign policy wbich went under their own private interests were the pacifistic name of "appease­ thereby furthered." (P. 77.) They ment" were aimed toward the de­ therefore betrayed the national in­ struction of the Soviet Union. terests of France for their predatory We have the following as perhaps class interests. the most definitive characterization The book definitely takes the in the book of "appeasement": position that the right course for France would have been to main­ "The policy of appeasement was not dictated by sentimentality. It tain and strengthen the Franco­ was not the result of a state of mind Czecho-Soviet alliance as well as which abhorred war so profoundly friendship with republican Spain, that any sacrifice seemed preferable as a counterweight against aggres­ to it. No, this policy flowed from sion by the fascist states. It shows a purely political conception which how Petain, in his fear of com­ has been aptly expressed by the French fascist paper Combat: 'The munism, was "one of the most fer­ Right-wing parties had the impres­ vent advocates of rapprochement sion that in the event of war not with Hitler, one of the strongest only would the disaster be immense, 1116 WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? not only was a defeat or a devasta­ Soviet Union; he merely notes that tion of France possible, but more they did not consult her about the than that a defeat of Germany arrangements! would mean the crumbling of the What were the factors in the authoritarian systems which con­ Four-Power Pact? While holding on stitute the principal rampart against communism and perhaps the Bol­ to the Versailles advantages, Eng­ shevization of Europe.'" (P. 302.) land was planning partially to strengthen Germany, for the two­ It is, of course, true that the fold purpose of weakening French French bourgeoisie feared a pos­ hegemony on the continent and of sible defeat in a war with Germany spurring Hitler to advance east­ as it feared also the crumbling of ward. the Nazi gendarme against Bolshe­ Thus, MacDonald, in collusion vism. But to leave the analysis on with Mussolini, jockeyed France this basis is to explain Munichism into position within the Four­ essentially as a fear-policy, not as Power Pact. England aimed at mak­ collusion in aggression; as appease­ ing France increasingly dependent ment, not as "appeasement." upon Downing Street's foreign pol­ In a basic respect, therefore, icy. She could do this by rearming J' Accuse does not adequately pre­ Germany, while at the same time sent the essence of Anglo-French "guaranteeing" France that Hitler "appeasement," in that it fails to would not march westward-that is, set forth in any clear-cut manner provided France leagued herself its imperialist, anti-Soviet basis, its with Brita:in, Germany, and Italy, designs for promoting a counter­ which meant giving up her existing revolutionary war of aggression alliances, her girdle of strength. against the Soviet Union. This Four-Power Pact for "peace in Without this basic analysis, the the West" would back up Hitler's explanation of such developments move against the Soviet Ukraine as, for example, the Four-Power (for the sake of which he would be Pact of mid-1933 falls short of ex­ allowed to seize the Polish Cor­ plaining. The principals-England, ridor), ready, of course, to "take France, Germany, Italy-are pre­ over the works" at the proper sented; Ramsay MacDonald goes to juncture. The Pact would, further, Rome, Daladier converses with him facilitate Japan's advance against en route; Herriot fumes; people the Soviets and support her against bustle; statesmen, lawyers, jurists the United States. This is the sig­ are in a tangle. Only one thing is nificance of MacDonald's statement missing: the purpose of it all. The to the press on March 21, 1933, that, sole reference to the main objective "these were the four Powers which, of this Four-Power gangster plot if the worst were to come, would is the stray remark: "It ignored the have to bear the brunt of the work." Soviet Union.'' (P. 52.) The author The continuous drive toward does not indicate that this ganging­ an all-European imperialist :front up of European imperialist powers against the Soviet Union was the was for organized attack upon the essential point, not only of the WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? 1117 Four-Power Pact, which died a­ ing, J' Accuse presents its thesis in borning, but, regardless of realign­ a light and cursive manner, with ments and variations, of the whole deft pen-sketches of its dramatis course of the "appeasement" for­ personae, unfolding the political eign policy which culminated in the narrative around a succession of second imperialist war and its leading figures. fatal consequences for an entire The discussion of "non-interven­ series of nations. tion" thus centers around the per­ Not presenting in relief this sonality of Blum, whose actions are basic explanation, J'Accuse fails to depicted-in what is by far the best bring home effectively the lesson executed section of the book-as that the defense of French national betrayal of People's Front Spain, integrity demanded the spiking of witli the consequent weakening of the anti-Soviet front, the full sup­ France as the fascist cordon tight­ port of the Soviet peace policy, as ened about her. the basis for effective concerted Before Blum's role is unfolded, action against aggression. An array however, we are given a biographic of data on France's betrayal by sketch in which the young Leon, those in high office, unless such scion of a wealthy merchant fam­ "appeasement" is fully exposed as ily, early showed proclivities for the organized policy of the Western the fine arts and the humanities. A "democracies" for directing Hitler's sensitive plant, a music critic, a course against Soviet borders, may first-nighter at theaters, a literary well be turned to account by the commentator, with youthful tenden­ "anti-appeasement" war-makers to­ cies toward socialism, he surprised day. his relatives and friends when he entered the political arena. This * * psychological portrait shows a man This shortcoming in the evalua­ compounded of dual and conflicting tion of "appeasement" leads of attributes, an aesthete with social­ course to an inadequate presenta­ istic aspirations, a personality likely tion of the "appeasing" forces. to hesitate in moments calling for Thus, so major a factor for "ap­ decisive action. peasement" as Social-Democracy is, We are told that Blum's strength as such, not brought into the an­ in political relationships lay in his alysis. avoidance of collisions-the pen­ There are present, to be sure, chant for compromise, the "strategy Leon Blum and, to a much lesser of synthesis." extent, Paul Faure. Their acts, how­ ever, are not shown as arising from "This tendency to compromise is the policy of Social-Democracy, but the most striking feature of Blum's the rather from the accidentality of character. Perhaps it arises from synthesis he had to make between their individual make-up. the predilections of his youth and Of course, this book does not at­ his adult political activity. There tempt the scope of political dis­ always remained a gulf between his quisition or exhaustive historical private tastes and his public re­ analysis. Essentially a job of report- sponsibilities." (P. 172.)

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1118 1118 FRANCE? FRANCE? IN IN ACCUSED ACCUSED BE BE SHOULD SHOULD WHO WHO WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? 1119 the Communists represent 1,500,000 For, neither he nor the Administra­ laborers, farmers and small trades­ tive Council of his party spoke out men. You have no right to expel in favor of a government that would them. You will need them when you carry want to speed up production of out the program of the Popu­ armaments. You will need their help lar Front. On the contrary, as we just as you will need the help of saw, he assured the Rightist depu­ the C.G.T.... What are you afraid ties that they had nothing to fear: of? Do you fear that · they will he was still the Blum who on the weigh heavily on foreign policy? Spanish issue had preserved his Remember then that as head of the entire independence--of the Peo­ Government I preserved my entire ple's Front! We know, further, that independence on the Spanish is- Blum put up no real struggle in sue.... " the face of objection by the Right­ From this passage, notwithstand­ ists and in the end joined in elim­ ing the assurance that he was pre­ inating Communist participation. pared to do further for reaction In reference to the outlawing of what he had done for it in regard the Communist Party (p. 322), to Spain, one may be left with the there is no recording of the fact impression that Blum was a de­ that the notorious provocations of fender of the Communist Party. Blum and his organ, Le Populaire, Nowhere is this impression contra­ set the pace for Daladier to sup­ dicted. Yet how different Blum's press l'HumaniUi and the Commu­ cited address to the deputies would nist Party. (Have we forgotten appear in the context of the full Blum's public rejoicing at the ex­ facts. When, on the day of the pulsion of the Communist depu­ Austrian invasion (March 11), ties?)* Blum announced his intention to form a government of a national Again, in the discussion of the approach character around the People's Front, of war, we come upon the statement: the Communist Party declared that it would agree in principle to "a "Inside France confusion grew by rallying of all republican forces of leaps and bounds. The French So- the country with a view to realizing the program demanded by the elec­ *The New York Timu of October 17, 1939, tCi>rate," i.e., if the government hith­ thus commented on Blum's preposal for the erto supported prompt convocation of the Chamber of Deputies: by the People's Front ttMr. Blum said that it would have been a would become in a full sense a danger to the state to permit Parliament to meet while Communists were present to speak People's Front Government. Blum against the war and insult the men in the felt impelled by the challenge of trenches, but added that now that the Com.. munists had been expelled and arrested, the this declaration and by the pressure session could be held to strengthen understanding among all parties." of his own party rank and file to Identical in essence is the statement of Paul voice the demand for including Faure, in a dispatch from Paris to the New Leader of May 18, 1940, in regard to the Communists in the government. It suppression of the Communist Party: uonce more, it justifies French policy and the measures was part of his calculation, no taken against a party of treachery, at the moment doubt, that thereby he would tie when the destiny of Fran::e, together with that of Britain, and all hopes of democracy and freee the hands of the Communist Party. dom, are in balance." 1120 WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? cialist convention* revealed a deep of French Social-Democracy to re­ split in the Party. . .. The united action and "appeasement," to the front between the two parties was "peace at any price" camp of Dala­ severed.'' (P. 306.) dier, Bonnet, and Co. For, much more significant than the split in This passage, not elaborated, the Socialist Party at the Nantes leaves unanswered basic questions Congress was the "reconciliation," in regard to the proletarian united the "synthesis" between the Blum front of the Communist and Social­ and Faure forces. It was this con­ ist parties, an integral part of gress which heard keynoted the recent French history. Who did "independence" of the Socialist the severing? Over what issues? Party-a cynical euphemism for Through whose guilt? Was the will renunciation both of the Popular of the rank and file consulted? Front and united proletarian action Earlier in the book we are shown with the Communists: an "indepen­ that the offer for joint action came, dence" which could-and did­ repeatedly, from the Communists. mean only increasing dependence on "The French Socialist leaders ac­ the bourgeoisie. It was this congress cepted this new alliance with the which prohibited members of the Communists only reluctantly and Socialist Party from belonging to with many misgivings.'' No com­ the Friends of the Soviet Union, ment is made, however, on the basis the People's Aid, the Peace and for the misgivings, whether or not Liberty movement, and other Popu­ they expressed the attitude of the lar Front organizations. A short membership. We are not told sub­ while before, the National Council sequently that the Socialist Party of the Socialist Party had rejected leadership, dreading the prospect of the Communist Party's proposal for a politically unified class-conscious common action against the sixty­ proletariat, at first blocked and then hour work-week and all of Dala­ sabotaged the united front at every dier's decree laws directed at the stage; that it prevented by various gains of the Popular Front. ruses the closer contact from below Surely so keen an observer as the that the rank and file of both parties author of J' Accuse appears to be desired, hindered meetings of the should have noted Blum's basic United Front Coordinating Com­ pursuit of the policy of Daladier mittee, magnified every existing dif­ which the "Socialist" leader regis­ ficulty and deliberately created new tered so memorably after the ones, sowed dissension, threw up Munich betrayal, "Now we can barriers to a solid alliance between sleep easily." Writing with knowl­ the workers and the middle classes, edge from behind the scenes, M. and worked systematically for the Simone should have given the facts liquidation of the united front. to show up Leon Blum-along with The book accordingly ignores the Paul Faure--not as an inept, yield­ significance of the severance of the ing individual, whose "basic timid­ united front--the open capitulation ity betrayed him," but as the *Held in Nantes, i:n May, 1939. conscious "Socialist" component of WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? 1121 the traitorous Fifth Column, with­ "France went into the war against out whose aid reaction could not terrific odds. Laval had wrecked expect to disintegrate the People's collective security. Blum's non-in­ Front and herd the nation into an tervention policy had split the forces capable and willing to resist imperialist war.* a Hitler aggression. Daladier and Bonnet had sold one ally, Czecho­ * * * slovakia, down the river. They had As a consequence of its inade­ demolished the mutual-assistance quate analysis of "appeasement," treaty with Soviet Russia. At Mun­ the book does not bring out the· ich, the war was almost lost for imperialist character of the present France. The situation could have war. The author does not point out been reversed only if the popular that when the English and French forces of France had been con­ vinced that there would be no "appeasers" declared war on Ger­ attempts to destroy the social legis­ many in September, 1939, they re­ lation of the Popular Front; that sorted with greater desperateness the French Government genuinely to prosecute their basic policy-anti­ desired to collaborate with all the Sovietism. We do not learn, what anti-fascist governments." (P. 343.) must have been apparent to "be­ hind the scenes" observers that the This account is incontestably war was declared because Hitler true. It points to the apathy with deemed it impolitic to pursue his Which the people met the summons Drang nach Osten and allied impe­ to the "guerre sacree." The people rialism hoped to bring him by force were not "sold" on the war. of arms to redirect his course east­ "Those who believed it necessary ward. to sacrifice a faithful ally like The following is perhaps the most Czechoslovakia--one small country, comprehensive statement we get on many small countries, in order to the war: save peace-asked now: 'Why should · we fight for Poland?' Others who foresaw that this sacrifice of small * A fact of the utmost importance for under­ standing- the role and political character of and friendly nations would lead to the nsocialist" Blum has leaked out from sources war, and whose worst predictions within the late Benes government of Czecho­ slovakia. In September, 1937, Blum was commis­ were now realized wondered: 'Why sioned to represent the French Government at didn't we fight for Czechoslovakia?' the funer,al services of Masaryk, the first presi­ dent of the Czechoslovak republic. During his ... It was with gloom in their stay, Blum conferred with President Benes. The hearts that Frenchmen went to war. latter expressed misgivings over the course Of events in Spain, indicating that the fate of his At best people were resigned to country hinged upon the outcome of the Spanish suffering its consequences. They struggle. He asked Blum what France intended to do to assure the victory of the Loyalists in Spain were not convinced that it was and thereby strengthen the position of France's necessary to wage it." (Pp. 316-17.) ally, Czechoslovakia. The essence of the conversa· tion follows: Lacking was the response of the Blum: As to Spain, the Government of France sees as the only possible policy--compromise. people to the Government's slogan: Benes: Compromise! What kind of compromise? Blum: A Bourbon on the Spanish throne. The "Unity is the crying need of the French Government cannot adopt any other posi· hour." tion; for it must work in the closest conjunction with the English Government. And the English Government is bent on having a Bourbon. (!) "How could there have been 1122 WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? unity? Fight for democracy? The Munichism is supplied by Ilya slogan lost its attractiveness for Ehrenbourg, who reminds us in one part of the populace when New Masses for November 12: "The democracy not so long ago was newspaper Epogue suggested that linked with betrayal and dishonor. the uncomplimentary reference to Fight against Hitlerism? The watch­ kings be eliminated from the song word was not attractive to another portion for whom Hitler was the of the French Revolution, 'Chant bulwark against Bolshevism. The de depart,' because the British and enemy, they thought, was not across Norwegian kings were allies.") the Rhine." (P. 317.) By the entire context and atmos­ phere of the final chapter, the bel­ These observations yield an in­ Heists, who favored a thorough sight into the popular state of mind prosecution of the war, stand out as in regard to the war which the the anti-appeasers: to "see it Chamberlain-Daladier camp had through" meant to right the wrong launched. of Munich. In this sense we are Correct in what it actually says, told that ·the intervention of Faure J' Accuse, none the less, falls short and Laval "had prevented the en­ of interpreting the war as imperial­ try of Blum as Vice Premier and istic. The war is presented as a fatal Herriot as Foreign Minister in the consequence of the Munich policy. Daladier Cabinet when it was re­ We are shown the popular mis­ shuffled." In this sense, too, Ger­ confidence and the absence of mass many's peace offer of October, war hysteria. But the author un­ 1939, which the Soviet Government fortunately neglects to show that and the Communist Party of France these feelings on the part of the urged the French Government to people were an indictment of the consider in the interests of world imperialist war. Through this ne­ peace, is introduced in a manner glect, the mistrust which the that would connect such urging with people are shown to have borne the work of Fifth Columnism. toward the war-government, though (P. 324.) justified in terms of the antecedent Of the actual opposition of the Munichism, could be interpreted­ people to the war-not merely their perhaps contrary to the author's apathy or divided feelings-and of intent-as a source of aid to the role of the Communists in the betrayers of France. "When championing that opposition, we get France entered the war, she was no inkling. There is no instancing of split from top to bottom. She non-Fifth Columnist, anti-imperial­ was divided because of the war it­ ist opposition to the war. We do not self, and because of the circum­ wish to cast reflection on the keen­ stances leading up to it." (P. 316.) ness of M. Simone's observation; yet The press still reflected "appease­ there comes to our mind, as one ment" trends. "Only two of the of many such reports in the past dailies published in Paris during year, the incident recorded by Ilya the war were outspokenly anti­ Ehrenbourg, in the cited article: Munich: L'Epogue and L'Ordre." (P. 34'8.) (A comment on this anti- "An echelon of Communists stood WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? 1123 waiting at the Noisy station; they interests of the French people and were being taken to a concentration against the traitors. It is fair to camp. 'Deserters,' was the informa­ say that the role of the Communist tion solemnly passed on to the Party is not brought out in this sur­ crowd. The prisoners began to sing, vey of France's crucial years in first the Internationale, then the which that Party represented a Marseillaise. Immediately, clenched fists were raised on the platform. major factor. It was soldiers and workers saluting Thus, the author is guilty of a their comrades." serious omission in the factual ac­ count of Daladier's move for ob­ By failing to show up the preda­ taining plenary powers immediately tory character of the war, by fail­ after Munich: ing to give a clear concept of anti­ Munichism, and by minimizing the "He did not dare to put the forces in struggle against the Munich Pact to a direct vote. Many perpetrators and abettors of the deputies would not have risked an Munich betrayal-the French impe­ open stand on it. So the Chamber voted on a motion for adjournment rialists and their Social-Demo­ which implied agreement. Only 75 cratic aides-J'Accuse, despite its out of 618 Deputies saved the honor positive aspects exemplified in the of France." (P. 281.) discussion on "non-intervention," fails to become a sharp weapon Who were these 75 Deputies? Is against imperialist crime and dem­ it a coincidence to be glossed over agogy. It is the imperialists who or an organic part of the fact itself claim to repudiate "appeasement" that 73 of the 75 Deputies "who and Munich, who profess to be con­ saved the honor of France" were trite, to oust some of their Cham­ Communists? And does J' Acouse berlains from office and who de­ accuse in omitting the fact that only clare: Now let us make amends for one solitary Socialist voted with the our trust in Hitler's word! Now let Communists? us smash Hitlerism! This "anti­ An entire book is devoted to ex­ Munichism" has now become the posing the forces that betrayed the main shibboleth of the imperialist honor of France. "Appeasers," Fifth bandits and their Social-Democratic Columnists are named and branded. accomplicef But who were the forces against "appeasement"? Who spoke out * • consistently and valiantly the will Finally, while the major French of the French people for social politicians and political groupings security and national integrity? are discussed in the narrative of The author does not include the events, there is only the most inci­ Comunists in the category of the dental ·and tangential mention of Fifth Column during the war, as is the role of Communist leaders and the vogue among the actual Fifth the Communist Party. Nowhere in Columnists and their scribes. He this book is there a positive or de­ tells us that the Communist Party tailed elaboration of the struggle was outlawed. But what was the 'of the Communist Party for the position in regard to the war of this 1124 WHO SHOULD BE ACCUSED IN FRANCE? third strongest party of France, The world has heard an accusa­ with 73 representatives in the tion deserving of the name in the Chamber of Deputies, and with a Manifesto of the Communist Party daily circulation of well-nigh 400,- of France, We Accuse,* P,Ublished in 000 for its central organ before it June of this year. was suppressed? What of the expul­ sion of the Communist ITeputies and "We accuse the French bour­ their railroading to prison by a geoisie of having brought on the military tribunal? What of the present war by enslaving the Ger­ wholesale jailing and torturing of man people through the monstrous Communists and their sympathiz­ provisions of the Versailles Treaty, that imperialist endorsement of an ers? What of the smashing of trade imperialist war.... unions and the imprisonment of "We accuse the Daladier-Bonnet their militant leaders? The author gang . . . of having prepared the neither records these facts nor states present war, of having provoked the his judgment of them. misfortunes which are now raining Surely the evidence is at hand down on our country, by their pol­ and the actions were prominent, icy aimed at driving Germany into even were M. Simone not per­ war against the Soviet Union.... sonally familiar with the events, "We accuse Daladier, Bonnet, Blum and Frossard of attempting that the Communists were the van­ to escape the terrible responsibility guard and the welding force of the for their crimes, to cover up their struggle against the betrayers, the incapacity and their treason by per­ "appeasers,'' and the war-perpe­ secuting and contemptibly slander­ trators. In this respect M. Simone ing the Communists, whose ardent does not "tell all' that an eye­ and courageous voice never ceased witness was bound to know. to proclaim the truth, whose policy The world is not over for France is in entire conformity with the and its people. The lessons of the present and future interests of our people and would have saved our past must be mastered. The people country from war and invasion .... of France, and of the world, must "It is necessary, above all, to take know who betrayed and who fought the measures to re-establish the the betrayers, whom to repudiate rights of the people.... as misleaders and whom to follow "The people of France must im­ in the liberation struggle already pose its will, must take its fate begun. into its own hands." Truly to deserve the title J'Ac­ cuse, the book should, in the tradi­ *See Andre Marty, rrwho Betrayed Frttnce?, tion of Zola, really have accused. p. 19, WorO:ers Library Publishers, New Yorlc. THE PEOPLE CAN SAVE THEMSELVES ONLY BY THEIR OWN ACTION

(Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain)

N the midst of the barbarism and tion and the example of the London I the horrors of this war, the Com­ workers have given inspiration to munist Party calls upon all workers the working people throughout the and the widest sections of the country. The idea of the people tak­ people to rally and unite in defense ing independent initiative and of their interests, and for the estab­ action in their own interests is tak­ lishment of a People's Government ing root in the minds of the widest in order to win their way out of the masses. Unity in action of all the present bloodstained chaos. working people, of the millions of workers in the factories, mines and A Call to Action mills, of the trade unionists and co- The Coalition Government can operators, of the tenants, technical give no leadership to the people. Its employees and professional people, interests are the class interests of must now be the watchword. the wealthy enemies of the people. In all the blackness of the pres- The people can save themselves ent events the awakening of the only by their own action. people is the hope of the future. Already representatives of the Never has the bankruptcy of the working people from all over the ruling class been so utterly demon­ country have united to call a great strated. Never has the gulf between people's convention in order to lead rulers and ruled been so mercilessly the way to the removal of the pres- exposed. ent Government, and the establish- The intensified air war has let ment of a People's Government. loose all the horrors of war upon The example of the London work- the masses of the people. Homes are ers, in fighting for their urgent destroyed. Families are uprooted. needs and air raid protection in face The refusal of protection has cost of the resistance of the Government, the lives of thousands. There is ne­ has shown that the only way for- glect of the most elementary needs, ward lies through the initiative of because class interests stand first. the people themselves. The blows of the war, the economic The call for the people's conven- burdens and privations fall with 1125 1126 RESOLUTION OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN ever greater hardships on the peo­ fits and power and imperialist war ple. The Purchase Tax will raise aims. further the price of the necessities These miseries can be ended as of life. The economic chaos and loss soon as the people take their fate of export markets are leading to a into their own hands. critical situation in a whole series In contrast to the barbarity and of industries, especially coal, tex­ chaos of the capitalist world stands tiles, clothing and distribution. Mass the socialist world, where the two unemployment of a new type devel­ hundred million people of the Union ops and is not overcome by the ex­ of Soviet Socialist Republics ad­ tension of the war industry. Wor­ vance in peace, security, prosperity sened health, consequent on over­ and freedom. The Russian people, work and lowered standards, pre­ under the leadership of the Commu­ pares the way for disease epidemics nist Party, drew themselves out of · under the conditions of the black­ the last war and advanced to social­ out, and insanitary air-raid shelter ism. Today new nations are freely arrangements. Food and fuel diffi­ joining the U.S.S.R. and finding culties increase with the onset of liberation and peace in socialism. winter. With ever-increased strength and The war extends to world war. preparedness the people of the So­ The Anglo-American alliance fights viet Union stand ready for all the German-Italian-Japanese alli­ eventualities, to defend the heritage ance for world domination. of socialism against any attack of The war-making governments imperialism. have nothing to offer the people but The people of Western Europe the prospect of indefinitely pro­ can also win peace and freedom. longed war, destruction, disease and But for this they must organize the famine, leading to an imperialist struggle against their own rulers. peace of enslavement, renewed eco­ The Labor Party Has Failed nomic crisis and the seeds of new war. On both sides the perspective the People of the war is now officially spoken To whom shall the people look of ~n terms of a number of years. for leadership? The Labor Party, in which millions in the past placed Where Win This Lead? their hope to lead to socialism, has failed the people. The Labor Min­ On all sides the questions are isters in the Government, the Bev­ asked: "How long must this go on?" ins, Attlees and Morrisons, are the "Where is it leading?" "Where will main support of the rule of reaction, it end?" of the Churchills, Chamberlains and The Communist Party answers: It Andersons, of the Tory machine and · will go on as long as the people the war profiteers. They are united tolerate it, as long as we tolerate with the Tories on every issue of this ruling gang to sacrifice the policy. interests of the people to their pro- Under their leadership the local RESOLUTION OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN 1127 machinery of the Labor movement Communist Party leads the fight of has been paralyzed, put out of ac­ the working people. The air war has tion, or distorted to the service of revealed in the sight of the widest capitalism and the war machine. masses the role of the Communist The air war has exposed their com­ Party and of the organ of the peo­ plete abandonment of the interests ple, the Daily Worker, in the fight of the people. They bear the re­ for the protection of the people. sponsibility for the refusal of the The Communist Party fights for bomb-proof shelters which the the unity and independence of the Communist Party demanded, and working class movement. The Com­ which could have saved the lives of munist Party fights for all the im­ those now dead. They direct their mediate needs and interests of the attack against the militant workers. people, and for the final aims of the They seek to draw the Labor organ­ working class movement, the ailll5 izations into a type of Labor Front, of socialism, which can alone end in which the state, the employers the causes of the present crisis. The and the official Labor representa­ Communist Party is the only po­ tives act as a single machine, while litical party with a positive, con­ the right to strike and all independ­ structive program to lead the way ent working class activity is pro­ from the present chaos and miseries. hibited. Their path leads to fascism, The present situation shows with to the same type of regime as the inescapable clearness that only the Nazi regime in Germany. leadership of the Communist Party can save the working class move­ The Communirt Party Leads ment from destruction, deliver the the Way people from endless war and com­ This betrayal by the Labor Party plete enslavement to monopoly capi­ leadership will never kill the work­ tal and its war machine, and lead ing class struggle. Millions of Labor the way to a people's peace by the men and women, of trade unionists victory of the working people, and and industrial workers are seeking to socialism as the only final solu­ the way forward. The opposition tion of the present crisis. within the Labor movem~;mt to the Unite and Fight - policy of betrayal is making itself felt, both in official conferences and The Communist Party calls on all in spontaneous movements, despite workers in the factories, shops and all threats and intimidation. The offices, on all trade unionists, coop­ mass ferment in the factories is ris­ erators, Labor men and women, and ing, and has shaWl\\ itself in innu­ the widest sections of the people, to merable minor actions and lightning unite in the present grave hour of strikes, the prelude to greater strug­ peril and threatening catastrophe, gles. and advance their fight for their Against the coalition of the Gov­ vital needs against the Government ernment and of the dominant Labor and exploiters, who callously dis­ and trade union leadership, the regard their sufferings and grow 1128 RESOLUTION OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN rich on their blood and tears. Unite going forward in the fight for every in the fight for: vital need, can advance to the Real Air-Raid Protection: the im­ struggle for the supreme aim of a mediate construction of Haldane new Government to lead the way shelters; homes for the homeless; out of the crisis. The fight for the full immediate compensation for all needs of the people is a fight against victims of air raids; taking over of the reactionary Government of the luxury flats and mansions; exploiters, and their "Labor" agents Increase of Wages, Soldiers' Pay which stands in the way. No con­ and Dependents' Allowances: to cessions which can be extracted meet the rising cost of living; from the Government, no partial Withdrawal of th:e Purchase Tax: gain can end the causes of the crisis no taxation of wages; limitation of and the present miseries, which lie food prices; rooted in this war and the profit­ Emergency Employment Schemes: making system. The power of the to absorb the unemployed at trade ruling class must be broken. A new union rates of pay on works of Government of the people must social benefit and production of the come to power. necessaries of life; In order to unite all sections of Conscription of Wealth; the people in a mighty common Restoration of Democratic Rights; movement of struggle against the \ rithdrawal of all anti-democratic Government and for a new Govern­ regulations; full democratic rights ment, representatives of the work­ for the men in the armed services. ing class and democratic movement The unity of the working people in all parts of the country have in the fight needs to be built up on united to summon a People's Con­ a scale never before equalled. A vention for January 12, 1941. The common front must be established call for the People's Convention is of all elements in the organized La­ the most important call to the work­ bor movement who stand for inde­ ing people of this country which has pendent struggle for the interests of been issued since the beginning of the people. The Communist Party the war. All agitation and organiza­ invites the cooperation of Labor tion during the coming three months councilors, trade councils, Labor need to be directed towards the parties, trade union and cooperative central aim of rallying the widest organizations, local, district and na­ forces for representation at the Peo­ tional, and leading members of all ple's Convention. The preparation of these organs in the common fight. the People's Convention is the first In this common front the role of the step in the rallying and organizing factories and shop stewards is of de­ of the popular forces for the strug­ cisive importance. gle against the Government. The People's Convention is the The People's Convention expression of the challenge of the Only such a mighty common people to the ruling class. movement of the working people, The Communist Party participates RESOLUTION OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN 1129 actively in the broad common move­ For the British people such a ment represented by the People's peace requires the wiping out of all Convention, and gives it every sup­ the conquests of other nations by port, political and organizational, in British imperialism, and the com­ order that the People's Convention plete liberation of the Indian people shall realize the aspirations of the and all peoples subjected to the working people and lead the way to British Empire. The victory of the a People's Government. working people in a single country, Britain, will be the most powerful For a People's Government lever to hasten the victory of tre and a People's Peace working people in the other coun­ The central political aim before tries involved in the war and to the working people, towards which create the conditions for a people's the Communist Party directs all its peace. The People's Government, er..deavor, and for which the Peo­ while immediately proclaiming ple's Convention is called, must be terms of peace and calling for peace the defeat of the present Govern­ negotiations on this basis, will take ment and the establishment of a all necessary steps to organize the People's Government, representa­ defense of the power of the people tive of all sections of the united against all enemies, within and movement of the working people without. and based on the support of their The Communist Party, in fighting organizations. for a People's Government, regards The program of such a People's this as the first step in the advance Government must be directed to towards its basic aims of a complete carry through decisive measures social transformation which will against monopoly capital (taking finally eliminate capitalism and over of the banks and large indus­ class divisions, and thereby destroy tries) ; protect the interests of the the causes of poverty, unemploy­ people and improve their social ment and war by making all the standards and conditions; break means of production the social prop­ with imperialism and imperialist erty of the people and socially or­ aims, ending the domination of ganizing production for use. India and all subject peoples of the The Comrrvunist Party Calls Empire; and to win the way to the to the People speediest ending of the war and establishment of a people's peace. The present situation throws the The aim of a people's peace is the greatest responsibility on the class­ aim of a peace based on the freedom conscious workers and their leader­ of all peoples to determine their own ship, the Communist Party. Con­ destiny. Such a peace is not com­ scious of its responsibilities, the patible with imperialism and can Communist Party launches its cam­ only be realized by the victory of paign for a People's Government the working people in the leading and a people's peace, to arouse and imperialist countries. unite all sections of the people in 1130 RESOLUTION OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN the struggle for their immediate in the Communist Party. Mass re­ needs, against the Government and cruitment to the Party is essential for a new Government of the work­ in order to enable it to fulfill its ob­ ing people. ligations and to multiply many The Communist Party appeals to times its strength. Such mass re­ a~l working people for support in cruitment can be achieved more this campaign and for the strength­ than ever now, when the emergency ening of the Communist Party as of the present situation is felt the indispensable weapon of the by all and the Party stands out fight, and the organizer of victory. as the one leader of the working The Communist Party appeals for class fight. support for the Daily Worker as the The Central Committee appeals organ of the broad movement of the to every member of the Party and to working people, which has won and every class-conscious worker to deserved the confidence and en­ play his or her part in this great thusiasm of the widest sections for campaign, conscious of the glorious its record of achievement and fear­ obligations and responsibilities less voicing of the people's aims in which fall upon us in this supreme the trials and emergencies of the crisis of the British people, and with present war. greater confidence than ever in the The achievement of the great aims of communism, which can tasks before us will require the alone solve the problems of hu­ strengthening of all the agitation, manity, and in the victory of our propaganda and organization of the cause. Communist Party, both centrally, in The old order is going down in the districts, and in every branch blood and tears. With high ex­ and group. More than ever, every plosives the lords of monopoly capi­ Communist Party organ and mem­ tal are dynamiting the foundations ber needs to stand out as a leader of their own social order. All the of the people, whether nationally, present nightmare of chaos and suf­ within each district, or in every fering is only the outward sign of locality and factory. The entire life the break-up of the old order. and activity of the Party, even to Under the brutal blows of the war the agenda and work of the smallest the awakening of the people is group, must reflect the burning spreading. The struggle of the peo­ iss1:1es of the present situation, carry ple is rising. The new order of the Party's message to the people, socialism will end the present and radiate the enthusiasm which miseries and bring a happy future springs from deep political convic­ for humanity. The future belongs tion and confidence. to the people. Now is the time when every So­ Forward to the Victory of a Peo­ cialist, every class-conscious worker, ple's Government and a People's every revolutionary intellectual Peace! who seeks to change the present Forward to the Victory of So­ conditions, should find their place cialism! BOOK REVIEWS

THE BELLS TOLLS FOR oped rapidly everywhere. Every­ HEMINGWAY where reactionaries, those who hated and feared the people, com­ FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS. bined in support of Franco. The By Ernest Hemingway. Charles radio, the press, all the powerful Scribner Sons, New York. $2.75. machinery of the modern capitalist 472 pages. state rallied behind him. Hard- N JULY 18, 1936, the Spanish pressed in this emergency, the hour­ O fascists and reactionaries rose geois governments were forced to in arms against the democratically- drop their democratic mask and elected government of Spain. At exhibit their real class interests by once the people mobilized to defend combining with fascist aggression their Popular Front government, against the interests and welfare of and, though against tremendous the masses of the people. odds, they fought so heroically that When Stalin said that "the libera­ Hitler and Mussolini found it neces- tion of Spain ... is the common sary to intervene more and more cause of all advanced and progres­ openly in order to save their pup- sive mankind," he gave expression pet, Franco, from defeat. Seeing to a profound conviction that swept this, millions of anti-fascists all through the peoples of country after over the world, rallied and organ- country. There resulted, not only ized by the Communist Parties and the formation of the International the example of the Soviet Union, Brigades, that great milestone in sprang to the defense of the Spanish the development of international people. But the great capitalist working class solidarity, but also a powers, alarmed lest Madrid be- tremendous popular outpouring of come in truth the tomb of sympathy and support from every fascism and a powerful stimulus to corner of the globe. Everywhere the the world-wide socialist revolution, first mark of a progressive became sought desperately by red-baiting, support of the Spanish Republic. split labor movements, embargoes, It was inevitable, in the rapid "non-intervention," to block the forming of ranks, that not all of effective expression of this mass those who represented "advanced support. and progressive mankind" should Thus the Spanish struggle became be activated by clear and sound a worldwide issue of increasing bit- devotion to the cause of the people. terness. Class-consciousness devel- It was inevitable that there should 1131

democ- for for fighting fighting was was through through support support ernment ernment whole-hearted whole-hearted his his

Gov­ French French the the that that Brigades; Brigades; pretend pretend to to International International the the of of men men

time!) time!) that that (at (at the the to to necessary necessary was was especially especially and and people people Spanish Spanish It It

the the to to war, war, the the refugees. refugees. of of Spanish Spanish period period the the of of entire entire behalf behalf on on

the the almost almost during during consulate consulate French French the the relationship, relationship, close close picket picket to to April April

last last made made were were his his attempts attempts three three good-will; good-will; when when of of ambassador ambassador official official

police, police, York York New New the the un­ an an and and as as F.B.I., F.B.I., almost almost correspondent, correspondent,

the the Committee, Committee, Dies Dies a a the the of of than than part part more more the the as as Spain Spain in in presence presence

on on activity activity his his unaccountable) unaccountable) people; people; some, some, and and country, country, language, language,

to to (and (and great great the the the the Thus Thus of of movement. movement. knowledge knowledge His His variety. variety. chair chair

Spanish Spanish the the discourage discourage arm­ the the and and of of fuse fuse not not was was support support his his

Furthermore, Furthermore, con­ to to people. people. attempt attempt Spanish Spanish to to the the of of bourgeoisie bourgeoisie the the

for for necessary necessary became became cause cause the the Spain. Spain. of of championed championed have have can can It It to to

betrayal betrayal the the of of result result Ameri­ inevitable inevitable the the widely-known widely-known and and guished guished

distin­ most most was was the the that that war war probably probably was was imperialist imperialist He He the the of of basis basis

real real the the especially especially novelists. novelists. illuminating illuminating and and American American of of rank rank front front

the the in in stands stands he he democracy democracy and and prose, prose, bourgeois bourgeois of of English English illusions illusions

the the contemporary contemporary of of masters masters unmasking unmasking world, world, undisputed undisputed capitalist capitalist

the the of of one one the the is is throughout throughout Mr. Mr. Hemingway Hemingway inexorably inexorably spreading spreading

continued continued They They betrayal. betrayal. this this by by • • • • • •

settled settled not not were were struggle struggle Spanish Spanish

the the by by raised raised issues issues the the But But Hemingway. Hemingway. Ernest Ernest is is orew orew

motley motley this this to to recruit recruit latest latest The The butcher. butcher. fascist fascist the the

fry. fry. smaller smaller numerous numerous and and of of squads squads firing firing the the and and chambers, chambers,

Wise, Wise, Waterman Waterman James James Reissig, Reissig, man man torture torture the the prisons, prisons, the the to to over over

Her­ Cowley, Cowley, Malcolm Malcolm Allen, Allen, Jay Jay handed handed were were people people Spanish Spanish the the

Sheean, Sheean, Vincent Vincent Hicks, Hicks, Granville Granville mercy mercy Without Without Republic. Republic. Spanish Spanish

Strachey, Strachey, John John Malraux, Malraux, the the strangled strangled that that knot knot Andre Andre the the ened ened

Fischer, Fischer, Louis Louis Bates, Bates, Ralph Ralph Thus Thus tight­ difficulty difficulty with with and and -slowly -slowly

shelter. shelter. to to "non-intervention" "non-intervention" and and peasement," peasement,"

haste, haste, "ap­ undignified undignified Columns, Columns, with with Fifth Fifth scurrying, scurrying, Democracy, Democracy,

cause," cause," "their "their to to Social­ of of aid aid set-back set-back the the through through temporary temporary attack attack 01: 01:

a a face face to to unable unable friends, friends, weather weather direct direct by by ways, ways, several several their their -in -in

£air­ the the powers powers weaklings, weaklings, the the imperialist imperialist of of great great tacle tacle the the But But

spec­ ignoble ignoble the the Thus Thus meadows. meadows. applause. applause. and and alties alties

profitable profitable more more and and safer safer couches, couches, roy­ salaries, salaries, protection, protection, hangers-on hangers-on

softer softer sought sought hangers-on hangers-on dubious dubious these these offer offer did did and and could could it it Hence Hence

The The people. people. Spanish Spanish the the of of cause cause attack. attack. direct direct any any from from least least at at

the the defend defend to to "fashionable" "fashionable" or or able able safe safe was was it it that that strong strong so so theless theless

comfort­ so so longer longer no no became became It It never­ was was bourgeoisie, bourgeoisie, ruling ruling the the

fascism. fascism. against against battle battle heroic heroic from from words words kind kind than than more more force force to to

and and long long a a fought fought really really themselves themselves ever ever unable unable though though Spain, Spain, for for ment ment

had had who who refugees refugees of of France France in in move­ The The themselves. themselves. to to vantages vantages

treatment treatment brutal brutal the the of of knowledge knowledge ad­ material material foresaw foresaw people people these these

widespread widespread a a by by aided aided been been have have of of Many Many self-seekers. self-seekers. and and lings lings

not not would would illusion illusion this this and and racy, racy, weak­ cowards, cowards, spies, spies, numerous numerous be be

REVIEWS REVIEWS BOOK BOOK 1132 1132 BOOK REVIEWS 1133 generous gifts of money, articles, sear through the hypocrisy of those statements, and his large personal "defenders of democracy" who have and professional influence-all, to­ "seen the errors of appeasement" gether with his great reputation, and are now, forsooth, "fighting for singled him out as, for the English­ the rights of small nations," a book speaking world, the natural literary that would hold Spain aloft as a spokesman for the Spanish people. sound compass in the mists and Thus was laid on his shoulders also confusions of imperialist warfare. a heavy responsibility to write Was all this not a danger? Was clearly and truly of them, to prove this not genuine cause for alarm? himself worthy of his epic material. And if it were such a book, what It has long been known that then? How was it to be handled? Hemingway was working on a novel Though very far from the tower­ about the Spanish war. One can ing popularity and prestige of imagine the uneasy premonitions of Charlie Chaplin-no novelist, how­ the bourgeoisie, particularly of the ever great, could attain that in a bourgeois press, of our literary lords capitalist society-yet a progressive and masters. The New York Times, book by Hemingway would .have for example, that traditional guar­ presented something ?f the same dian of the purity of capitalist problem presented by The Great propaganda; The New York Times Dictator-and would have been even with its memories of William Car­ more uncomfortable to the powers ney, its filed and unprinted Hem­ that be. No publisher could have ingway dispatches, its whole un­ refused it. No press conspiracy savory Spanish record. could successfully have muffled What was coming? True, Hearst completely the challenging clang of (who could be relied on as a firm such a bell. supporter of Franco) had carried Were they worried? Were they? in his Cosmopolitan a Spanish story But the book they feared was not by Hemingway called "Under the forthcoming. Ridge" and filled with defeatism The bourgeoisie, opening The and sinister Russians. Yet, after all, New York Times of October 20, this might perhaps not mean much. found a lyrical, pious, and empty What was coming now? review of For Whom the Belt Tolls Perhaps a book that would tell by Ernest Hemingway. And breathed the clear and shining truth about more easily. "It's OK, boys. Every­ the Popular Front government, its thing's under control." composition, its fine record, who its supporters and enemies were and * why. Perhaps a book that would * * cut ruthlessly and with authority What does Mr. Hemingway do through the ugly and dishonest with the magnificent opportunities slander about the Soviet Union and that lay before him? its role in Spain. Perhaps a book For Whom the Bell Tolls recounts that would not only strip the last the last three days in the life of its cloak from "non-intervention" and author's latest apotheosis, Robert the "appeasers," but would also Jordan, who serves as a guerirlero

very very minor minor munist munist character, character, Party Party and and Gomez, Gomez, of of the the Communist Communist a a

commanders commanders and and even even portrays portrays one one revered revered figures figures of of the the French French Com­

of of two two or or three three of of the the Communist Communist of of the the most most widely widely known known and and

He He speaks speaks ades? ades? well, well, Of Of though though course, course, very very Andre Andre briefly, briefly, Marty, Marty, one one

organizational organizational leader leader ability, ability, of of the the and and International International program. program. Brig­

tribute tribute to to their their Who Who courage, courage, was was the the discipline, discipline, most most prominent prominent

therefore therefore pays pays (page (page 163) 163) a a just just lack lack of of respect respect for for life." life."

Communists Communists in in Spain. Spain. Hemingway Hemingway and and he he had had the the complete complete Spanish Spanish

liant liant and and outstanding outstanding role role of of the the discipline. discipline. He He was was a a true true fanatic fanatic

writer writer could could seriously seriously deny deny the the bril­ way. way. "Lister "Lister was was murderous murderous in in

No No writer writer would would dare dare ignore, ignore, no no command," command," observes observes Mr. Mr. Heming­

his his treatment treatment of of the the Communists. Communists. little little reason reason as as they they were were under under his his

his his tracks. tracks. Consider, Consider, for for example, example, men men executed executed summarily summarily for for as as

Hemingway Hemingway is is careful careful to to cover cover all all tar's tar's first first invasion invasion of of the the West West were were

Formally Formally and and not not too too obtrusively, obtrusively, ple. ple. "In "In few few armies armies since since the the Tar­

Army, Army, and and the the entire entire revolutionary. revolutionary. Spanish Spanish peo­

Communist Communist Party, Party, soundly soundly the the People's People's reactionary reactionary and and counter­

way way manages manages to to libel libel ceives ceives at at at at once once once once the the that that the the book book is is

In In dealing dealing with with Lister, Lister, not not fooled fooled Heming­ for for a a moment moment but but per­

welcoming welcoming lowed. lowed. another, another, Mr. Mr. Wilson Wilson is is

this this camouflage. camouflage. As As one one turncoat turncoat the the world world loved, loved, trusted trusted and and fol­

Oct. Oct. 28, 28, 1940), 1940), to to public, public, penetrate penetrate iards iards and and more more millions millions throughout throughout

eyes eyes of of Edmund Edmund Wilson Wilson Re­ whom whom literally literally millions millions (New (New of of Span­

quire quire the the assistance assistance of of the the sharp sharp and and indefatigably indefatigably for for her her people, people,

camouflage. camouflage. Indeed, Indeed, many many may may re­ woman woman who who worked worked courageously courageously

supply supply for for himself himself a a luxuriance luxuriance of of presents presents to to the the American American people people the the

of of a a military military man, man, he he is is careful careful to to voice." voice." This This is is the the way way Hemingway Hemingway

cated cated affair. affair. Being Being also also something something "that "that great great face," face," at at "that "that great great

subtle, subtle, clever, clever, and and highly highly compli­ and and ridiculous ridiculous woman, woman, jeering jeering at at

desertion, desertion, but but must must r:ather r:ather be be a a to to picture picture her her as as a a silly, silly, gushing, gushing,

could could not not be be just just an an ordinary ordinary the the Soviet Soviet Union. Union. He He then then proceeds proceeds

desertion desertion of of the the Spanish Spanish people people of of military military age age by by keeping keeping him him in in

ingway ingway is is no no ordinary ordinary writer, writer, his his fashion fashion she she was was protecting protecting a a son son

It It is is obvious obvious that, that, since since Mr. Mr. Hem­ gutter gutter gossip--that gossip--that in in a a cowardly cowardly

sell sell his his life life the the as as irresponsible irresponsible dearly dearly as as possible. possible. charge-Valencia charge-Valencia

and and behind behind airs airs his his (and (and leaves leaves preparing preparing hanging hanging gun, gun, in in to to the the air) air)

Pasionaria, Pasionaria, of of course. course. We We Hemingway Hemingway leave leave him, him, fatally fatally injured, injured, alone, alone,

Spanish Spanish Communist Communist up up his his Party? Party? bridge bridge La La on on scheduled scheduled time. time.

and and best best beloved beloved leader leader of of the the actions actions just just long long enough enough to to blow blow

Who Who was was and and is is the the worrying worrying best best known known about about himself himself and and his his re­

with with several several Russians, Russians, and and stops stops and and sinister sinister figures. figures.

calls calls in in some some detail detail his his relations relations exception, exception, either either fools fools or or cynical cynical

love love affair affair ture ture with with the the a a Communists Communists Spanish Spanish girl, girl, as, as, re­ without without

fighters, fighters, has has a a very very intense intense partisan partisan Hemingway Hemingway then then proceeds proceeds to to pic­

sorts sorts there there with with two two bands bands of of thus thus quietly quietly erected erected his his camouflage, camouflage,

Madrid Madrid in in May May of of 1937. 1937. He He con­ loyal loyal and and sensible sensible fellow. fellow. Having Having

behind behind the the fascist fascist lines lines north north of of captain captain and and a a Communist, Communist, as as a a

1134 1134 BOOK BOOK REVIEWS REVIEWS BOOK REVIEWS 1135 International, the great organizer Spanish people. Mr. Hemingway's and guiding spirit of the Interna­ heroine was, we are told, raped by tional Brigades. Hemingway makes them. But the girl is an idyllic and a detour, altogether unnecessary to characterless figure, never treated his story, for the purpose of attack­ seriously as a human being by her ing him with the utmost violence author-lover; and her sufferings, and vituperation. This venomous horrible as they are, certainly pale caricature shows Comrade Marty as before the most vivid and bril­ a pompous, meddling fool, a reck­ liantly written passage in the entire less and irresponsible murderer. novel, Pilar's account of the killing This, we are asked to believe, was of a number of local fascist leaders. the man who was the directing By inference we are told that this genius of the International Brig­ revolting and bloodthirsty business ades, a fighting corps which made is an example of the early Anar­ military history and by its heroic chist excesses, but the inference is service won the reluctant respect so unobtrusive that the picture con­ of its enemies and the valued love stitutes a gross libel against the and admiration of "advanced and whole Spanish people-and for that progressive mankind." And the purpose is quoted, to Mr. Heming­ praise of Mr. Hemingway (though way's credit, by Time (Oct. 21, not noticeably in his latest book). 1940). This, we are asked to believe, is Thus once again, behind a smoke­ the man who fought for discipline, screen of sound and correct refer­ organization, united and responsible ences, the final and most powerful command as an example for the impression is libelous. The clear Spanish people, who in the darkest truth-that the fascist regime was days of the Great Retreats of May, based on oppression, cruelty, and 1938, hurried to what front lines terror, consciously and painstak­ existed and marched long kilo­ ingly applied-is smeared and ob­ meters beside his men, strengthen­ scured by this disproportionate ing their morale by his courage and emphasis. his conviction. Again, was there foreign inter­ In these envenomed caricatures vention in Spain? Yes, says Mr. speak (but for want of sufficient Hemingway. There were the Moors literacy) Dies, Coughlin, the French before-mentioned; Italian and Ger­ fascists, Trotsky, Franco, and all man planes cross the sky; General the leaders and miserable, unprin­ Hans talks briefly of Guadalajara. cipled lackeys of the blackest reac­ But all this comes to the reader tion. Their poisonous hatred of the dimly and from a distance, like a Communists, of the International perusal of last year's headlines. The Brigades, of the cause of the Span­ real role of Germany and Italy? ish people could find no more of England and France? Of the superb expression. United States? Silence. The Russians are, however, very * * * immediately at hand. And what Franco, representing these forces, Russians! They are all very much turned loose the Moors upon the alike, with shaved heads, bad 1136 BOOK REVIEWS teeth, and a consistently lofty and " 'We are not.' cynical attitude. A correspondent " 'Who knows? I hope we are named Karkov is treated at con­ not ... .'" siderable length. And here too To this is reduced the magnificent Hemingway is careful to construct diplomatic and material assistance the camouflage without which the of the Soviet Union! It is for this entire picture would collapse from sort of "aid" that the Spanish peo­ its absurdity. Karkov says many ple poured forth their :love and fine and true things; some of them gratitude-as they unquestionably lie even says seriously and not as did, though Hemingway does not if he were a cynical agent of Amer­ say so--to the Soviet Union! ican imperialism presiding at a Again we find Mr. Hemingway Central American bandit uprising. cooperating with Hearst arid Wil­ But Karkov, "coming from Pravda liam Carney and Father Thorning and in direct communication with in their attempts to slander and Stalin, was at this moment one of vilify the Soviet Union and the the three most important men in Communists. Spain," and as such must be pre­ sumed to represent, in Hemingway's * • * opinion, Soviet policy. This man, One feels impelled to remind Mr. with his mistress and his several Hemingway that the Spanish peo-'­ (well-selected) wives, wanders ar­ ple continued their heroic resistance rogantly through the novel, treating for nearly two years following the everyone (including the author­ close of his novel. Judging from the hero) with a childish and insulting book alone, one would surely find condescension. It is he who ridi­ this fact fantastic and incredible. cules La Pasionaria. It is he who All the emphasis in the book is upon ridicules, insults, and threatens to disunity, sabotage and betrayal. "unmask" Andre Marty. It is he And who could unify the people and who throughout smears the unity lead such a desperate struggle? and blunts the issues of the Spanish Surely not Prieto or Miaja or the struggle. It is he who jeers at the Anarchists, for whom (to do him literally precise language used by justice) Hemingway exhibits no en­ the Communists and by all intel­ thusiasm-though here too all Anar­ ligent and experienced progressives chists, with a characteristic blur­ to describe the Bukharinites, the ring of issues, are lumped together. Trotskyites, and the P.O.U.M. Surely not the International Brig­ "'The P.O.U.M. was never seri­ ades, under the political leadership ous .... [Note the past tense, as of a self-important fool and a mur­ of May 1937!] ... They should have derer. called it the M.U.M.P.S. or the Surely not a party under the M.E.A.S.L.E.S. But no. The measles leadership of a gushing and naive is much more dangerous. It can old woman and composed of slogan­ affect both sight and hearing. . . .' " 'But they were in communica­ chanting children like Joaquin. tion with the fascists, weren't they?' Surely not Russian generals and " 'Who is not?' "agents" who complain constantly BOOK REVIEWS 1137 of the unmanageability of the of the 200,000 first issue-for this Spanish people and have apparently would clearly be impossible (at no confidence in them. $2.75 a copy) for a truthful book Surely not an industrial prole­ on Spain-and something of the re­ tariat which this book does not even ported $100,000 from Hollywood. He credit with existence. could have written a book where Surely not the peasantry, for with the facts, issues, and politics, how­ (as usual) a few exceptions (such ever little or much he chose to as Anselmo, by far the book's finest include, would be in clear and just character), the emphasis is upon a proportion. Such a book Mr. Hem­ prostitute, and a few gypsies and ingway owed to himself as an art­ declassed people. Not a single Span­ ist, to his readers, and to the Inter­ iard-for that matter, no one at all national Brigades and the Spanish -is represented as understanding people. even the most basic and elementary But For Whom the Bell Tolls problems, internal and international, gives a thoroughly distorted picture facing the Spanish people. of Spain during her struggle for Yet the struggle did continue and democracy and national indepen­ with ever-increasing unity and dence and does violence to all the heroism, right up to the final be­ important lessons taught, at such trayal by Social-Democracy and bitter cost, by that great struggle. imperialist "democracy." How, Mr. For this book, Mr. Hemingway is Hemingway? With what forces and being liberally rewarded-if he does under whose leadership? not object to the reward being in To ask these questions of Mr. cash rather than in the quality of Hemingway is not to demand that his new friends and admirers. And he write an economic-social-political in truth reward is eminently due history of Spain, 1936-1939. No one him from all who hate and fear the has the right to demand that of any Communist Party, from all enemies novelist. But one does have a right of a free Spain and a free world, to ask that a novelist be a good for it may be a long time before novelist, that is, that he write they are able to produce again so clearly and truthfully of his sub­ vicious and subtly clever a piece of ject. This Hemingway has not done. red-baiting. Very likely he could have done so by taking his self-centered, * * * death-worshiping hero out of Spain Tens of thousands of people may altogether. There are surely other perhaps finish reading For Whom forms of death that Hemingway the Bell Tolls still under the im­ could have approached with the pression that it is favorable to the same absorption in love and drink Spanish Republic. Then later it will and palmistry, the same fate-ridden occur to a certain percentage of and doomed assemblage of char­ them to wonder where and how they acters and circumstances. picked up, unsuspecting, such pecu­ Or if his readers demanded a liar ideas of what that republic novel about Spain (and they did), stood for and how it conducted its he could have sacrificed something war. That time will be when the 1138 BOOK REVIEWS Spanish people rise against their the Spanish people and of some of present brutal oppressors. Steeled the best sons of the international and disciplined by their long and working class. The imperialist pow­ bitter battles for liberty and led by ers bear equal responsibility for the the heroic Communist Party of crushing of Spain; today they bear Spain, they will take their destiny equal responsibility for the savage into their own hands and win at war that engulfs daily more and last freedom and peace and happi­ more of the world. The Soviet ness. And that day of the Spanish Union aided Spain with generous Soviet Republic will be much help without which the republic sooner than most suspect. would quickly have collapsed; to­ In the meantime, Hemingway or day as then the Soviet Union stands no Hemingway, millions and mil­ as a haven of peace, prosperity, lions the world over will more and and freedom. more look for inspiration and guid­ As with states, so also with politi­ ance to the tower of strength and cal parties. Alone of all parties and light that the Spanish people erected groups in Spain, the Communist in the course of their bloody Party held firm and true to the martyrdom. From that strength, cause of the people. Its program millions will gain courage to face alone pointed the way to victory. and overcome the insane fury, the Today, after the bankruptcy and mad destructiveness of a dying collapse of the confused and the capitalist world order. By that light, suicidal policies against which it millions will see the truth about the tirelessly struggled, the Communist bloodbath into which, for the sake Party alone fights on, mobilizing and of giant profits for others, they are uniting the Spanish people for great expected to hurl themselves on and successful struggles to come. one another. The tortured and oppressed mil­ The Soviet Union alone has a lions of the world, learning from clean record and a clear conscience and following the example of the with regard to Spain. All other Spanish Communist Party and the states and governments (save Mex­ Soviet Union, will fight and win ico) have disclosed their democratic their way to socialism and freedom. and humanitarian bankruptcy in These are the great basic lessons their treatment of the Spanish of Spain. Mr. Hemingway in his struggle and the Spanish refugees. latest book turns his back on these Today they stand exposed, continu­ lessons and faces in a reactionary ing in the imperialist war the policy direction. For that reason, history of conquest and greed which in will reject this book and sweep it 1936-39 caused them to throttle or aside as a minute obstruction in the defy popular opinion and stain their forward march. hands indelibly with the blood of BERNARD RAND INDEX-VOLUME XIX, 1940

AUTHOR INDEX

A. B.-Review of the Month, 3-16, Jan­ 84, January. uary; 101-115, February; 195-208, March; Communist Parties of France, Great Brit­ 296-305, April; 387-402, May; 483-499, ain and Germany-Joint Manifesto, June; 579-596, July; 675-689, August; 180-185, February. 774-790, September; 867-883, October; Communist Party of China-china Has 963-977, November; 1059-1074, December. Proved It Can Unite: Unity Will Bring Ackerman, A.-Lenin at the Second World Victory, 1001-1006, November. Congress of the Communist Interna­ Communist Party of Great Britain-The tional, 936-H9, October. People Can Save Themselves Only BY Allen, James 8.-The Crisis in Mexico, Their Own Action, 1125-1131, Decem­ 907-915, October; The Farmers and the ber. Struggle Against the War Program, Communist Party U.S.A.-Constitution of 628-648, July. the Communist Party, U.S.A., 1086- Amter, Israel-The Organization of an 1092. December; Resolutions Adopted Election Campaign, 344-349, April. by the Eleventh National Convention. Arnold, John-Review of "Race: Science 615-627, July; Election Platform, 797- and Politics," by Ruth Benedict, 1049- 804, September. · 1056, Nove1nber. National Committee-Break the Grip Bassett, Theod<1re R.-The Negro People of Wall Street's Twin War Party. 771- and the Struggle for Peace, 320-335, 773, September; Resolutions Adopted, April; The Third National Ner;ro Con­ 211-231, March; Resolution on the r;ress, 542-553, June. "Daily Worker," 306-307. April. Benjamin, Herbert-After a Decade of Correspondence, 186-187, February. Mass Unemployment, 259-277, March. Cowl, Margaret-The Struggle for Equal Berry, A. W.-The Negro People and the Rights for Women, 856-864, September. Struggle for Peace, 320-335, April. Dennis, Gene-The Bolshevization of the Biel, Herbert-Review of "Freedom of C.P.U.S.A. in the Struggle Againot the Thought in the Old South," by C. Eaton, Imperialist War, '03-417, May; Corre­ 575-576, June. spondence, 186-187, February; Labor Blair, F. B.-Exit Mayor Hoan, 8'2-855, and the Elections, 820-841, September; September. Roosevelt, the War, and the New Deal, Brahns, George-The Impact of the War 21-40, January. on the Structure of Capitalism, 451-'63, Dutt. R. Palme-The British Communist May. Party Leads the Struggle Against the Browder, Earl-Basic Political Outline for Imperialist War, 927-935, October. the Election Platform of the C.P.U.S.A. Editorials-Peace in Finland: A Decisive in 1940, 791-796, September; The Setback for the Incendiaries of a New Domestic Reactionary Counterpart of World War, 291-295, April; Greetincs the War Policy of the Bourgeoisie, to "Clarity," 480, May. 597-609, July; The Most Peculiar Elec­ of HWhy Farm­ History of the Eldridge, Jackson____.Review tion Campaign in the ers Are Poor," by Ann Rochester, 10,5- Republic, 884-889, October; The 1940 Elections and Next Tasks, 1075-1085, 1048, November. December; To the People Will Belong Engels, Frederick-"Marx Was Before All the Victory, 116-121, February. Else a Revolutionary," 209-210, Ma.rch. Buck, Tilllt--The Crisis of Imperialism· and Fields, Joseph-The Path of Lenin and the Future of Canada, 1093-1112, De­ Stalin. 1020-1030, November. cember. Florin, Wilhelm- Ernst Thaelmann as Budenz, Louis F.-The Reactionary Polit­ Leader of the Communist Party of ical Role of the Vatican, '31-460, May. Germany, 149-160, February. Cantos, Gregorio-The Spanish People Fight On, 666-669, July. Foster, Willjarn Z.-For a Peopltl''!i Policy Chekalin, M.-The Renaissance of Nation­ in U. S. -Soviet Relations! 978-989, No­ alities and the Consolidation of Nations vember; The Pan-American Conference in the U.S.S.R., 356-375, April. in Havana., 805-819, September; Review Communist Parties of France, Great Brit­ of "Lal:>or and Democracy" by William ain, United States, Germany and Italy­ Green, 85-89, January; Seven Year111 of The "Hiotory of the C.P.S.U." and the Roosevelt, 232-268, March; The Three Propagation of :Marxism-Leninism in Basic Tasks of the Communist Peace the World Communist Movement, 73- Policy, 610-614, July; The Trade Unions 1139 1140 INDEX

and the War, 890-906, October; The War Meyer, Frank-Aspects of Historical Ma­ Aims of American Imperialism, 308-319, terialism, 737-748, August. April; World Socialism and the War, Miller, Theodore-Review of "Dividends to 500-515, June. Pay" by E. D. Kennedy, 376-384, April; Fuernberg, F.-A Brilliant Manual of Bol­ Review of uTwo Systell1.S" by Eugene shevik Tacties, 749-762, August. Varga, 89-95 .January. George, H. A.-"Socialism" of the Second International, 72-9-736, August. Mitln, M.-The Power of Stalinist Predic­ George, Harrison-Review of "Th~ Fat tion, 141-148, February, Years and the Lean" by Minton and Novick, Paul-Zionism and the Imperial­ Stuart. 763-768, August. ist War, 463-479, May. Green, Gil-Imperialist War and "'Demo­ Rand Bernard-Review of "For Whom cratic" Demagogy, 521-530, June. the Bell Tolls," by Ernest Hemingway, Hall, Rob Fowler-New Forces for Peace 1131-1138, December. and Democracy in the South, 690-706, Roca, Bias-The Cuban People and the August. New Constitution, 916-926, October; Hudson, Roy-For a Greater Vote and a Forging the People's VIctory in Cuba, Stronger Party! 707-715, August. 13~-140, February. Jerome, V. J.-Who Should Be Accused In Rochester, Anna-The Farm Problem and France?, 1113-1124, December. the Working Class, 565-574, June; Re­ Johnson, Oakley-Charles Emil Ruthen­ view of "Theory of the Agrarian Ques­ berg: Fighter Against Imperialist War, tion" by V. I. Lenin, 188-191, February. 350-355, April; The Haymarket Mar­ Sparks, N.-Exit Mayor Hoan, 842-855, ty,·s and May Day, 1940, 418-430, May. September Kosiachenko, G.-rrhe Basic Principle of Stalin, .Toseph-How Does Social-Democ­ Socialism, 1038-1044, November. racy Understand the National Ques­ Lande, C. G.-Dynamic Changes In the tion? 716-728, August. Population of the Soviet Union, 1031- Toohey, Pat-Greater Attention to the 1037, November. Problems of the Negro Masses! 278-288, Landy, A.-The "Foreign Agent" Fraud March. and the Battle for Democracy, 122-132, Trachtenberg, Alexander-Lenin Speaks of February. Debs, 618-520, June. Lenin, V. I.-On the World Imperialist Ulbricht, W.-Anti-Capitalist Sentiment in War, 516-517, June; The United States Germany, 41-48, January. of Europe Slogan, 17-20, January. Vedra!, Jan-Soviet Socialist Republics in Lo, B. T.-Amerlcan Policy In the Far the Baltic, 1007-1019, November. East and the Roosevelt Regime, 554- Ward, Conrad-Awakening in the British 564, June. Weot Indies, 161-172, February. Lucas, D. C -E'ngels on Dialectics of Na .. Welden, James-China's Liberation Strug­ ture (rev.), 950-960, October. gle and the Far Eastern Crisis, 990- Martel, Harry-Anti-Trust Laws and the 1000, November. Attack on Labor, 58-66, January; The Williamson, John-The Ohio Relief Crisis, Stalinist Concept of "Nation," 531-541, 67-72, January; Shifting Politico.! Align­ June. ments In Ohio, 336-343, April. Mendelsohn, L.-On Lenin's Classic Work, Yaroalavsky, Emilian-On Bourgeois and "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Bourgeois-Democratic Revolutions, 49- Capitalism," 173-179, February. 57, January.

SUBJECT INDEX The following key shows the pages covered by each month: 1- 96, January 289-384, April 577-672, July 865-960, October 97-192, February 386-480, May 673-768, August 961-1066, November 193-288, March 481-576, June 769-864, September 1057-1152, December

A.B.C. Party (Cuba.), 133ff. Alexander VI, Pope, 436. Abolitionists. See Slavery in the United Aliens, Eleventh Convention, C.P.U.S.A., States. resolution on, 626. Abramovich, 732. Almazan, 485f, 907. Adams, John, attack on Jefferson, 123. Altgeld, John P., 422. Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Amalgainated Clothing Workers of Amer· 237, 1048f. ica, support Roosevelt, 340. Agriculture, crisis in, 94; effect of war on, American Bankers Association, 298. 629ff; in Canada, 1103; in Mexico, 913f; American Christian DefenderS!, 607. in Southern states, 704; in Spain, 667; American Civil Liberties Union, 709. In "C'. S., 257, 538, 565ff; in U.S.S.R., 145, American Committee for Democracy and 1032f; in West Indies, 163ff; labor pro­ Intellectual Freedom, 689. ductivity in, 568f; Lenin on, 188f; American Federation of Labor. 85ft; and etagnation of in U.S.A., 257; vs. finance eight-hour day struggle, H9f; and 1941 capital, 666ft; see also Farmers. · elections, 821ff; and Roosevelt, 232ft; at INDEX 1141

National Negro Congress, 551; cooper­ Democrats and, 390; Trotskyites and, ates with Dairymen's Union, 643; Wm. 390ff. Green and, 85ff; loyalty to Imperialists, Anti-trust laws, and attack on trade unions, 507; Negroes in, 325; 1940 convention, 58ff; "Appeal to Reason," 5171'l. 968ff; opposes conscription, 891; opposes "Appease·ment," 765, 863, 872; and col- Farmer-Labor party, 680ff. See also lapse of France, 1114!. Congress of Industrial Organizations. Arabs, in Palestine, 468. American imperialism, 483ff, 868, 874; aims "Army and Navy Journal," 889. of, 310f, 485, 599!, 654, 888, 893, 908; and Arnold, Thurman, 58ft, 605. China, 559; and Cuba, 923; and Dutch Arcand, Adrien, 1097. East Indies, 487; and Greenland, 484, Associated Farmers, 607, 640. 487, 600; and Latin America, 621tf; and Associated Industries of Alabama, 700. Social-Democracy, 874; anti-Soviet pol­ Associated Press, 285. icies, 211f, 508; "appeases" Japan, 998f; Austria, American policy toward, 24f; Cath­ at Havana conference, 805ff; Canada olic Church in, 440; national minorities and, 1105; collaborates with British, in, 505f. 975; confticts with Britain, 24f, 10ltf, Austro-Marxism, 947. 1111; fatalistic propaganda in regard Aveling, Edward, 423. to war involvement, 487; in Far East, Ayres, Leonard, 377f, 451. 997; 1940 elections and, 1059tf; policies of, 766; position in war, 97 8; requires Baldwin, Hanson W., 871. proletarian base, 1068; shift in align­ Balfour declaration, 466, 468, 472. ments, 67 5ff; stakes in war, 1020; sup­ Baltic countries, 686, 10071'l; Lenin on, 1009. ported by both old parties, 83lf; vs. Bankhead-Janes Farm Tenant Act, 635. democracy, 529; vs. German imperial­ Bank of France, 1115. ism, 312. 676f; war policies, 512ff; Banks, and farm debts, 566. Willkie groups as threat to, 1066!. See Barbados (West Indies), 162tf. also Big business. Barkley, Senator, 300. American La.bor Party, 346; In 1940 elec­ Barnes, Peter, 230. tion, 1082f. Barrios, Martinez, 666. American Liberty League, and the New Basle Manifesto, 516!. Deal, 238. Batista, Col., 135, American Peace Mobilization, 8 77tf. Bauer, Otto, 536. American Railway Union, 62. Babel, August, 159f. American Vigilant Intelligence Federation, Bell, James F., 606. 607. Ben Gurion, David, 463, 472. American Work and Assistance Standards Benedict, Ruth, "Race, Science, &nd Pol• Act, 27ltf. !tics," (rev.), 10491'l. American Youth Congress, 545, 602; and Bennett, R. B., 1098. independent labor political action, 325; Berg, H. A., 700. and struggle for peace, 250, 317; Com­ Bera-er, Victor, 845. munist Party and, 714; protects youth Berstein, Eduard, 958. rights, 976. Bessarabia, 777. Anglo-American imperialist contradictions, Bestelro, 656. 195ff; see also American imperialism; Bethlehem Steel Co., 973. Great Britain. Bethune, Norman, 564. Anti-capitalist forces, 503tf, 509. Better America Federation, 607. Anti-Comintern pact, 508. Big business, and American foreign policy, Anti-Lynching Bill, 38, 227, 283, 325, 705. 983; and "national unity," 3lff, 119, 822; and 1940 elections, 586; and profits, Anti-Imperialist people's front, 108, 319, 969!; and world capitalism, 256!; assault 387f, 796, 867, 903; and Farmer-Labor on standard of living, 968; attacks peo­ Party, 684, 835tf; and 1940 elections, ple, 800; backs both parties, 830; con­ 38ff; growth of, 110f, 506, 776; In Ohio, trolling power of, 872; friendliness to­ 339f· in the South, 705; International ward Roosevelt, 15, 679f; greed tor ties,' 989; must be built from below, profits, 12; imperialist aims, 485; in 403; N.A.A.C.P. and, 333. Canada, 1095f; In Ohio politics, 67tf; Anti-Semitism, eradlcted In the Soviet interest in China, 563; position in elec­ Union, 1055; Lenin on, 476; result of tion campaign, 1061f; post-election pro­ capitalism, ~051; Stalin on. 477f, 605. gram, 1065!; pro-fascist, 883; struggle Anti-Sovietism, 508, 525, 879!, 977, 988, with Roosevelt, 237ff; war policy of, 1135; and Bi&" Business, 822f; and 195f, 210, 616, 797; see also American "revision" of Marxismf 394ff; and in1perialism. Socialist Party, 1070; directed at the Bigelow Old-Age Pension Plan, 67, 72. Negro people, 550; In France, 508; in Bill of Rights, 225f, 785. Japan, 508; In Mexico, 909; in U. S., Biro-Bidjan, 477, 537. 985 · of American imperialism, 211; Bittelman, Alex, 351. of William Green, 198; of Franco-Brit­ ish diplomacy, 1116; of French Govern­ Bloor, Ella Reeve, 335, ment, 1121; of Hitler, 509; of Love­ Blum, Leon, 245, 608, 782, 11171I. stone, 198; of N.A.A.C.P., 328; of Roose­ Boehm, Max Hildebert, 534. velt, 779; of Norman Thomas, 198; of Spanish Social-Democrats, 667; of U: S. Bolshevik self criticism, 219, 761; Bee also Government, 198, 211f, 556, 832; Somal- Mastering Bolshevism. 1142 INDEX

Bolshevism, see "History of the C.P.S.u.,u Canadian Forum, 1099. Marxism-Leninism; Mastering Bolshe­ Capitalism, and agriculture, 10451f; and vism. imperialist war, 308; and U. s. war Bolshevization, 206. policy, 588; cause ot anti-Semitism. 1052; contradiction-S of, 376f; decay of, 4, 89ff, Boltt, Richard, 69. 501ff, 613, 776, 876, 903, 939; European, Bonfield, John, 422. 601; impact of war on, 451ff; see also Book reviews, "Dialectics of Nature/' by Big business, Imperialism. F. Engels, 950ff; "Dividends to Pay," Cardenas, Lazaro, 909. by E. D. Kennedy, 376ff; "Fat Years and Capitalist crisis, and conflicts among bour­ the Lean," bY Minton and Stuart, 763ff; geoisie, 105, 401, 525f; early develop­ "For Whom the Bell Tolls," by n>ent of, 767; and farmers, 188, 565, Ernest Hem,ingway, 113lff; "Freedom 1048; and fascism, 734; Lenin on, 378. ot Thought in the Old South," by Cartel, for Pan American trade, 812f. Clement Eaton, 575ff; "Imperialism: Casado, 656. The Highest Stage of Capitalism, by Castellanos, Martin, 916. V. I. Lenin, 173ff; "J'Accuse. The Men Catholic Church, Browder on, 433; Com- Who Betrayed France," by Andre munists and, 447ff; in Spain, 663. Sin10ne, 1113ff; "Labor and Democ­ Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 1051. racy, by Wm. Green, 85ff; Left-Wing Chamberlain, Neville, 245, 292, 527. Communism, by V. I. Lenin, 749ff; Chartism, 9 31. Race: Science and Politics, by Ruth Ch~ang Kai-shek, and Chinese unity, 9 93. Benedict, 1049ff; "Second Imperial­ Clubas, Eddy, 918. ist War," by Earl Browder, 649ff; Chile, 816. "Theory of the Agrarian Question," by China, and the colonial world, 990f; anti­ V. I. Lenin, 188ff; "Two Systems," by imperialist front in, 7 77; bourgeoisie in, Eugene Varga, 89ff; "Why Farmers Are 559; in defense of, 987; enemies of, Poor," by Anna Rochester, 1045ff. 198f; liberation struggle, 990ff, 1001· na­ Bourgeois-democratic revolutions, Yaro­ tional unity, 561ff; U. S. policy to~ard, slavsky on, 49ff. 22f, 655ff, 562, 699f; see also Communist Bourgeois democracy, limitations of, 302. Party of China. Bourgeoisie; see Big business, Capitalism., Chinese-Japanese war, 309. Imperialism. Chrysler Motor Corporation, 896. Boykin, Frank, 697. Chrysler, Walter, 606. Bricker, John, 67, 336. Chukotsk national region (U.S.S.R.), 366ff. British Guiana, 162ff. Church and state, 431ff. British Labor Party, 943. Churchill, Winston, 527. British West Indies, 161ff. Civilian Conservation Corps, 237. Brookings Institution, 971. Civil rights, and the Negro people, 283ff; Brooks, Sidney, 606. attack on, 27f, 224, 783, 878; defense of, Browder, Earl, analyzes election result.s, 899; in Communist Party election plat­ 1075ff; and 1940 elections, 870; Con­ form, 793f; in Milwaukee, 849; in South­ gressional election campaign of, 346ff; ern Rtates, 575f, 618; stru~gle for, 971; early anti-war position, 844; in election struggle for ballot rights, 1082f. cam:paign, 1069; on attack on unions, Civil war (U. S. ), 691ff. 69; on attacks on Party, 27, 786; "Clarity" (periodical), 480. on China, 564; on election campaig-n, Class collaboration, 595; 1062. 344, 707ff; on Farmer-Labor Party, Class struggle, sharpened, 503. 801!; on fight for peace, 589, 628; Claxton, Brooke, 1104. on Havana conference, 809; on histori­ Clayton Act, and attack on unions, 63f. cal materialism, 746; on Latin America, Cleveland Graphite Co., 338. 819; on Negro people, 278, 288; on new Cleveland Industrial Safety Council, 71. political situation, 711; on Roman Cath­ Cleveland, Ohio, relief crisis in, 68. olics, 433; on shift in Roosevelt's po8i­ Coalition of Patriotic Societies, 606. tion, 399; on ~ocialist Party, 1025; on Coldwell, N. J., 1099. the New Deal, 244; on the South, 703; Collins, Fred, 1100. on Voorhis Act, 1072; persecution of, Colonial countries, and struggle for China's 213; resolution on report of, 615; freedom. 997; anti-imperialist front in, Ruthenber~ and, 354; "Second Imperial­ 777; effect of war on, 502, 610; exploita­ ist \Var" (rev.), 649. tion of, 94; Havana conference on, 810 · Bullltt, William c., 613. liberation movemtent in, 545; self-deter: Burton, Mayor, 68ff. mination in, 591. Business cycles, 451f. Communism; see Bolshevism; "History of Butler, Nicholas Murray, 234. the C.P.S.U."; Lenin; Marxism-Lenin­ Buttrick, George A., 431. Byelo-Russia, 47, 372. ~f~Ln~astering Bolshevism; Socialism; Communism, American contributions to, Caballero, Largo, 668. 124ff. Cacchlone, Peter V., 345. Camacho, Avila, 908. Cornmunists, persecution of, 1124. Campbell, James E., 608. Communist International, 309f, 605; on co­ Canada, 312; civil rights In, 1096; Impe­ lonial emancipation, 734; on the Ver­ rialism and, 1053!T. sailles Treaty, 731; second congress of, Canada Wire and Ca.ble, Ltd., 1094. 93GIT. INDEX 114::1

•'communist International" (periodical), Communists, excluded from key military 712. positions, 607. Communist Parties, and anti-imperialist "Communist, The," greetings to "Clarity," struggle, 759; and study of the "History 480; study of, 208, 712. of the C.P.S.U.," 73ft; development of, Compton, Karl T., 31. 750; in Latin America, 815ff; party of Confederation of Labor, Mexican (C.T.Y.), a new type, 1025; on Havana confer­ 911. ence, 809; Stalin on nature of, 342f. Con&"re!'s ot Industrial Organizations, and Communist Party of Canada, 1096, 1109. Nee'roes. 326, 543; and 1940 elections, Communist Party of China, 555ft, 990; and 821ft, 833ff; and W.P.A., 45; cooperates Kuomintang, 1003f; manifesto on third with Dairymen'.B Union, 643; in Can­ anniversary of Japanese war, 1001ff. ada, 1100; national defenae policy, Communist Party of Cuba, 133ft, 916f. 593ft; 1940 convention, 9681!; opposes Communist Party of France, 756, 790, conscription, ll91ff; program, 104, 299. 1119!; demagogic attack on, 123; dur­ See also American Federation of Labor. ing the war, 520; municipal programs. Connolly, .Jo.mea, 230, 441. 851; on responsibility for the war, Connolly, !eaator, 283. 1124f; on the war, 180ff; persecution of, Conscri!lti••· 7H, 877, 1076. 1073; warns of betrayal, 687ft. Con»titutien., Party. See Communist Party, Communist Party of Germany, 180, 520; U.I!I.A. Thaelmann as leader of, 149ft. Cooper, Alfred Duff, 524. Communist Party of Great Britain, 790, Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, 928ft; resolution on the war. !125ft. !US. Communist Party of Italy, 948. Corey, Lewis, 500. Coughlin, Charles E., 447. Communist Party of Mexico, 910ft, 915f. Crane, C. R., 470. Communist Party or Pal~stine, 469, 478. "Crisis" (periodical), 328. Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1-i6f, Cromwell, .Jamea, iH. 623, 716. Crusaders (!uci•t body), 606. Cuba, H:il.vana conference, 816; new con­ Communist Party of Spain, 668. stitutie:a of, 916ff; political situation in, Communist Party, U.S.A., achievements 133ft; U. s. policy in, 22. in 1940 election campaig-n, 1061f, Czecho•levakia, 24f, 736; and Social­ 1068ft, 1080ft; and Catholics, H7fi; Demecracy, 736. and Civil Rights, 617, 620; and farmers, 645ff; and historical material­ "Daily Worker," and election ca.mpaicn, ism, 747; and National Negro Congress, 3-4:7; and farm correspondence, 647; and 714, and Negro people, 334, 415f, 543, the Necro people, 288; Browder on, 128, 652, 802ft; and 1940 elections, 216ft, 341, 635; in the struggle for peo.ce, 218; Na.­ 387f, 707, 771ft, 867ft, 884ft; and Roo•• tional Committee OD. lOG!; study of, 712. velt, 232ft; and struggle for peace, 109ft, "Daily Worker," London, 1127, 1130. 253ft, 402, 487, 492, 589, 609, 6101!, 891; Dairy Farmers Union, cooperates with la• and the unemployed movement, 276f; bor, 643. and working women, 864; as leader of Daladier, and Spain, 2!5. people's front, 39, 789f; as leader of Dan, Theodore, 732. working class. 429, 685, 799; attack on, Danbury Hatters case, 63. 13ft, 27f, 116ft, 213, 708, 785, 794, 836, Darwin, Charles, 956. 899; bolshevization o!, 398f, 403ft, H2ft; Davey, Martin L., 67. Browder's report on election results, Davis, .John P., 545, 547. 1075ff; defense of, 221ff; education in, Davis, Senator, on the Negro people, 285. 712f; election tasks, 216ft; 345f, 707, Death rate, in U. S., 322. 840-884; emergency convention amends constitution. 1072ff; Wm. Green distorts Debs, Eugene V., 63; anti-war position, role, 86; Hudson on party building, 351, 518ft, 844; Lenin on, 6171!. 707ff; in Milwaukee, 851, 855; in Demagogy, imperialist war and, 521ff; of Ohio, 71f, 341ft; in Southern states, Second International, 729ft, 967; of 702; membershij), 709; National Com­ Willkie and Roosevelt, 1061; Roose­ tnittee, 305; on "Daily Worker," 306f; velt's University of Virginia speech, 584f. National Comn1ittee resolutions, 211ff; Democracy, in U.S.S.R., 984; Lenin on, National Convention resolutions, ·615ff; 130ff, 524; limits of bourgeois, 872; nationalization demands of, 498; 1936 Marxism-Leninism and, 124ff; Roosevelt election struggle, 2391!; 1940 election attacks on, 242; Southern forces for, platform, 79lff; on attacks on unions, 690; struggle for in U.S.A., 1221!. 66; on Finnish conflict, 199f; on municipal socialism, 845; on national Democratic front, 117ff, 300, 698; and defense, 596; on Negro question, 700; Roosevelt, 243!. on Roosevelt Admin., 6f; on the war, Democratic Party, 300f; and bourgeoisie, 1093; on tw.o old parties, 7, 33; press, 675; and civil rights In the South, 621; 208; role of, 906; Ruthenberg as and 1940 elections, 36; anti-war senti­ founder of. 353; self-critical exam­ ment in, 317; bids for women's votes, ination of work, 406; solidarity with 861; calla for "unity," 1075; in Ohio, Irish people, 230f; text of amended con­ 336; Iosee hold on voters, 1077!; ne­ stitution adopted by emergency con­ glects real issues, 78 7!; on Ute war, vention, 1086ft. 488t, 7711!; relations with RepublicanJII, 1144 INDEX

106; reluctantly supported by workers, Engeht, Frederick, 11Dialectfcs of Nature,,. 8201'f; supported by A. F. of L. leaders, (rev.), 950ff; on American commu­ 681. nistic colonies, 126tr; on democracy, Democratic-Republican Party (Cuba), 127t'f; on dialectical materialism, 950; on 1341'f. equality, 1053; on freedom, 143; see Democratic rights; see Civil Rights. also Marx. Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung. 43. England; see Great Britain. Dewey, 'l'homas E., 4, 3Q6, 493. England, .John, 435. Dialectical materialism, contrasted with Epstein, Henry, 59f. mechanical materialism, 743f; Engels Equality, material basis of bourgeois, 1053. on, 950; Lenin as master of, 177; Lenin Estonia, 9, 687, 778. on, 744. Ethiopia. 24f. Dickson, C. B., 29. EurOpean federation; see United States of Dictatorship of the proletariat, 624, 943; Europe. Social-Democracy and, 943. Ewen, Tom, 1102. Dies Committee, 123, 429, 529, 900; agent of big business, 800; attack on labor, 59, 392; supported by Roosevelt, 32f. Fair labor standards act, 213, 641, 697, 972. Dies, Martin, 598, 605, 708. Far East, U. S. policy In, 12, 22f, 990ft. Dilling, Elizabeth, 350. Farm Bureau, 6311'f. Dimitroff, Georgi, 618; on Bolshevik self­ Farm Incomes, In U. S., 1046. criticism, 219; on Communists as lead­ Farm mortgages, 636. ers, 10271'f; on new situation, 39f; on Farm population, 569f, 767. peace struggle, 490ft, 530; on realign­ Farm relief, 573f.. ments among bourgeoisie, 24, 401, 777; Farmer-Labor cooperation, 228, 643. on Social-Democracy, 265, 499, 848, 1024; Farmer-Labor Party, 252!, 319, 602, 643, on Stalin, 207; on struggle against cap­ 9011'f, 974; A. F. of L. opposes, 6801r; Italism, 830; on U. S. war policy, 49Zf. and 1940 elections, 35ft, 108f, 687, 840; Donham, W. B., 234. and people's front, 684; as anti-Impe­ Douglas, T. C., 1099. rialist people's front, 835f: Browder on, Dubinsky, David, 588. 801f; need for, 820f; reemergence of Du Pont family, 606. demand for, 1079f. Dutch East Indies, 484, 487, 1084. Farmers, and capitalist crisis, 565; and Dutt, Clemens, 950. 1940 elections, 587, 840; and Roosevelt, 15, 407f; aRd the war, 228ft, 628; and Earhart, H. B., 606. working class, 5651r; In Cuba, 921; Eastman, Max, 500. demands of, 229f; In Canada, 1107!; Eaton, Clement, "Freedom of Thoucht In In people's front, 506; needs of the Old South" (rev.), 575f. Southern, 704; see also Agriculture. Eaton Manufacturlna; Co., 338. Farmers Alliance, 695. Economic planning, and monopolist dom- Farmers Educational and Cooperative Un­ Ination In Germany, 44. Ion, 602, 631f. Egan, Charles E., 102. Fascism, and Catholic church, 448; crowth Ehrenboura;, IJya, 1122. of, 502; In Canada, 1097; In Spain, Election campala;ns, orcanlzatlon of, 344ft. 656ft'; In U. B., 606, 900. Elections, 1940, 601ft; A. F. of L. and, Faulkner, Harold U., 60. 8211'f; and C.P.U.S.A., 2161'f, 387ft, Faure, Paul, 735; 1117. 707, 867ft, 884ft; and farmers, 351'f, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 316; at­ l08f, 587, 840; and Intensifying of po­ tack on C. P., 708; attack on labor, litical struggle, 108f; and Negroes, 36, 28. 70. 324f, 587; and Party-bu!ldlng, 707ft; Federal Council of Churches, 431. and Party recruitinl', 714; and the Fedora! Union; see United States of Europe. South, 703; Big business and, 586; Federal Reserve Board, 296. Browder on, 344, 707ft; Browder on results of, 1075ff; Communist Part:r Fielden, Samuel, 423. and, 387!, 77ll'f; Communist Party In, Fifer, Joseph, 424. 1068ft; Connnunlst platform, 7911'f; "Fifth Column," 604, 814, 887; demag<>l!'ic C.I.O. and, 821ft, 833ft; concealing of use of term, 1113. real issues in, 786f; labor and, 820ft• labor's role, 35fr; lesson of France and: Finance capital; see American imperial­ 778; meaning of result, 1059f!; people's ism; Big business; War, second impe­ front movement in, 406!; preparations rialist. for 220f; two old parties In, 77ll'f; Wall Finland, and Soviet peace policy, 392f; and Street's policy, 586; youth and, 587, U.S.S.R., 653; anti-Sovietism in. 1009; 840. peace in. 291ft; Roosevelt and, 199; U. S. Eliot, George Fielding, 195. policy on, Sff, 12ff, 23f. Ell~~f.er, Senator, and Anti-Lynching Bill, Fischer, Adolph, 423. Embarge; see Neutrality. Fish, Hamilton, 324. Emergency peace mobilization, 834. Florida, 320. Emergency Relief Act, 236f. Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 350, 709. Emmett, Robert, 441. Empiricism, 955. Fodor, M. W., 737. Employment; see Unemployment. Forbes, Hank, 345. Engel, George, 423. Ford, Henry, 236; 1082. INDEX 1145

Ford, James W., 288, 459, 870; 1069. U.S.S.R., 1>08; government expenditures, "Foreign agent" fl'aud, 122tr. 455; industrial production, •58; ma­ "Fortune" (magazine), 302. neuvers in Scandinavia, 291ft; relations Foster, William z .. 35; in election cam­ with France, 1114f; responsibility for paign, 1069; on labor organization in war, 180ff; peace sentiment in, 393; Southern states, 704; on Ruthenberg, supported by Roosevelt, 311f; sup­ 350. pression of Irish, 230f; war aims, 526f; Four Power Pact, 1116f. see also Communist Party of Great France, and American intervention, 677; Britain. betrayed by reactionaries, 1113tr; Green, William, 869; anti-Soviet position, colonies of on American continent, 810; 198; "Labor and Democracy" (rev.), anti-democratic trend, 628f; anti-Sem­ 85ff; pro-war position, 316, 588, 892tr; Itism in, 503: Catholic church In, 439tr; supports warmongers, 1064. C. P. warns of betrayal, 687ff; govern­ Greenland, and U. S., 484, 487, 600. ment expenditures, 455; Industrial pro­ Grew, Ambs.ssador, 998. duction, 458f; lessons of collapse, 1073f; Grottkau, Paul. 844. peace sentiment in, 393: People's Front Ground rent, Marxian theory ot, 1047f. in, 1113tr; reasons for collapse, 77 8tr; Gypsy nation, 364tr. responsibility for war, 180ff; see also Communist Party of France. Haas, Jacot· de, 467. Franco, Francisco, 666. Haiti, 327. Franklin, Jay, 6. Haldane, J. B. S., 950. Freedmen's Bureau, 693. Hamilton, John D. M., 324. French revolution, 51f, 438f. Hancock, John, 31. Fur Workers' Union, 599. Hankins, Frank Hamilton, 534f. Harrison, Carter H., 421. Havana conference, 811, 816f, 909; Brow- Gallacher, William, 460, 61S. der on, 8 09; Foster on, 805ff. Gallup PoJI, 293, 317. Hay, John, 654. Gardiner, James, 1103. Haymarket mart··rs, 418ff. Garner, John, 283, 597. Heath, Frederick, 853. Garvey movement, 329f. Heinz, Howard, 606. Gary, Joseph, 422. Heinzen, Karl, 129f. General Motors Corp., profits of, 896. Hegel, and development of dialectics, 951. Georgia, reconstruction in, 693. "'Hemisphere defense," 871, 879, 881. Georgia (U.S.S.R.), 716ff. Hemingway, Ernest, "For Whom the Bell German-Soviet Pact; see Soviet-German Tolls," (rev.) 1131tr. Non-Aggresc.~ion Pact. Henderson, Neville, 527. Germany, and American imperialism, 312; 464tr. Zion­ Herzl, Theodore, and Havana conference, 805ff; and Hillman, Sidney, 869; and defense advisory ism, 461if; anti-capitalist sentiment in, betrays labor. 969; of commission, 824; 41ft; anti-Sovietism in, 508; duty hinders independent political action, German workers to fight Hitler, 184; 835!; political policy, 203; pro-war posi­ covernment expenditures, 455; indus­ tion, 316, 580tr, 892tr; role in elections, trial production, 458!; national minor­ supports Roosevelt, 112. Social-Democracy in, 151, 1062!; ities in, 605; Hlllqult, Morris, 845. 730f; see also Communist Party of Hindenbur~r. 524. Germany. Historical materialism, 396f, 737tr; Brow­ Gibbons, James Cardinal, H5t. der on, 746; "History of the C.P.S.U." Gifford, Walter F .. 31. on, 741; Lenin on, "142. Gil, Portes, 91%. "History of the C.P.'3.U.," 522, 754, 945; Gilbert, Dudley, 608. main lessons of, 131ft; on historical Glidden Paint Co., 338. materialism, 141; on Marxism-Leninism, Gold, Ben, 598. 73tr, 305, 400; study of, 410, 712; see Goldmann, Nahum, 475. also Marxism-Leninism. Goldschmidt, Altonse, 365. Hitler, Adolf, 887; accepted by Social­ Gomez, l\1arlano, 137. Democrats, 735; anti-Sovietism, 509; ob­ Gompers, Samuel, 63, 87, 471, 588. 524f; strengthened by Great 322. jectives, "Gone With the Wind," 285, Britain, 508. Good neighbor policy, 22f, 881, 909; &nd Hoan, Daniel, 842ff. farm exports, 637. Homestead Act for Today, 641f, 705. Grande, Munoz. 658. Homestead Steel strike, 427. Great Britain, and Canada, 1099; and Hook, Sidney, 958, 960. and Cuba, 923; and China, 556, 562; Administration, and economic cri­ Dutch East Indies, 437; and Havana Hoover conference, 805tr; and Palestine, 463tr; sis, 233f. and American big business, 195; Hoover, Herbert, and "appeasement/' 6'17; anti-democratic trend, 529; "appease­ and 1940 election, 778; on U. S. war ment" policy, 997; colonies of on policy, 524; supports Mannerheim, 293f. the American continent, 810; Com­ Hoover, .J. Edgar, 14, 70f. munist Par~y leads anti-war forces, and the Negro people, 285f; fed­ S., 24f, 101ff; Housing, 927ff; confticts with U. eral program cut, 30. encouraged German aggression, 525; im­ perialist policy of, 610tr, 978; enemy ot Houston, George A., 606. 1146 INDEX

Howe, C. D., 1093. Jefferson, Thomas, attacked for demo­ Hull, Cordell, and reciprocal trade trea­ cratic ideals, 123ff; on church and ties, 12; and the war, 196; at Havana state, 431!. conference, SlOt; on Dutch East Indies, Jerome, V. J., 420. 484; on Monroe doctrine, 676. Jesuits, 663. Hungary, 731. Jewish People's Committee, 479. Hunter, Howard 0., 973. Jewish question, socialist solution of, 477f. Hutcheson, Wm., 202. Jews, in U.S.S.R., 477, 478, 537; in U. S., Hutton, Ed. F., 606. discriminated against, 478f; Palestin­ ian, accorded bloody treatment by Chamberlain, 464; see also, Anti-Semi­ Ibarruri, Dolores, 1134. tism, Biro-Bidjan, Zionism. Iceland, and U. S. imperialism, 484, 487, Johnson Act, 311. 600. Johnson, Andrew, concessions to slave Ickes, Harold, on third party, 111. power, 692. Imperialism, and crisis in Canada, 1093ff; Johnson, Hugh, 236, 493. and national betrayal, 581ff; and Jordan, Virgil, 89. revolutionary movement, 507f; and Jung, Harry, 606, 607. United States of Europe, 18ff; antag­ onisms of, 511; bankruptcy of, 988; de­ pression as normal state, 376ff; impact Kautsky, Lenin on his agrarian theory, of war on capitalism, 451ff; Lenin on, 189; Lenin's struggle against, 178, 357, 376ff, 522f; on Lenin's work on, 173ff; 730. Roosevelt and, 247; struggle against, Kennedy, E .. D., "Dividends to Pay" (rev.), 199; see also American imperialism; 376ff. Anti-imperialist people's front; Big Kennedy, Joseph, 513. business; Peace, struggle for. Keyn.os, J. M., 455, 897. Imperialist war; see War; and War, sec­ King, A. C., 470. ond imperialist. King, Mackenzie, 1098; and Big business, Independent Labor Party, 729. 1095: imposes conscription, 1105. India, 312, 777; Communist Party of Great Kirk, General, and anti-Sovietism, 292. Britain on, 1129. Klingberg, Otto, 1050. Industrial mobilization plan, 28ff, 58, 483, Knox, Frank, 639. 861, 899. Knox, Judge, 884. Industrial production, decline In, 296f. Koehler, Bernard, 41. Industrial Rayon Co., 338. Kriege, Hermann, 189f. Industrial unionism, Wm. Green and, 87. Ku Klux Klan, 320. Industrial Workers of the World, 86, 946. Kuomintang, united front with Commu­ Inflation, danger of, 972!. nist Party, 555, 994, 1003f. Inglis, John Co., 1101. Kuusinen, Otto, 9. Injunctions, and anti-labor drive, 63. Insurance companies, 566, 634. International Federation of Trade Unions, Labor; see working class. 733. Labor and Socialist International, 730; see International Ladies Garment Workers also Second International. Union, 340. Labor Party; see American Labor Party; International relations; see American im­ Fanner-Labor Party. perialism; Peace, struggle for; War, Labor Party (Great Britain), 943; fails second in1perialist; also names of coun­ the people, 1126. tries concerned. Labor productivity, in agriculture, 568f. International Socialist Commission (1916), Labor unions; see Trade unions. 518. International Women's Day, 420. Labor's Non-Partisan League, 545, 602; Internatknalism, of people's front, 989; and 1940 elections, 820ff; In Ohio, 340. proletarian, 208; 1072ff. LaFollette, Robert M., Sr., 768. Ireland, and Vatican, 434, 440f. La Guardia, F. H., 1064. Ireland, John, 446. Irish Land League, 441. Lamont, Thomas W., 886. Irish people, Communist Party, U.S.A., Land questions; see Agriculture. solidarity with, 230f. Lasser, David, 275. Italy, anti-Sovietism in, 508f; industrial production, 458f. Latin America, and American imperial­ ism, 981; and Anglo-American con­ flicts, 102f; and farm exports, 637; and Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 467, 473. Havana conference, 805ff; anti-imperial­ Jackson, Robert, anti-union drive, 605. ist front in, 777, 907; Browder on, 819; Catholic Church in, 438; det'ense of, 881; Jamaica (West Indies), 162ff. defense power of, 987; Eleventh Nation­ Japan, and Dutch East Indies, 487; and al Convention, Communist Party, need U.S.S.R., 982; anti-Sovietism in, 508!; for cooperation with democratic forces blockades China, 1002; conflicts with in, 1085; resolution on, 621; peace move­ U. S., 24ff, 311, 484; government ex­ ment in, 393; people's unity in, 923; penditures, 455; in China, 666; industrial struggle for liberation of, 309, 485f; production, 458; see also Chinese-Jap.­ U. S. policy in, 12f, 22, 311f, 599, anese war. 792, 874, 901. INDEX 1147

Latin American Confederation of Labor, MacDonald, Ramsay, 730, 1116f. 817f. MacRory, Joseph Cardinal, 434. Latvia, 687, 778. Madison, James, 127. Maginot Line, 292. Lawrence, David, 579. Magnes, J. L., 470. Lea~rue Against Imperialism, 734. Magnusson, Bruce, 1100. League of Nations, 527f, 988. Malliet, Wendell, 326. Mannerheim., Karl, 292f. Lenin, V. I., as master of dialectical ma­ Mannerheim Line, 292, 294. teriaJism, 177; as scholar, 17 5ff; at Sec­ Manpower and Citizen's Association (Brit­ ond World Congress of the Communist ish Guiana), 168. International, 936ff; contributions to Manuilsky, D. Z., on foreseeing trends, :Marxism, 71f, 305;" Imperialism" (rev.), 400; on Marxism-Leninism, 394; on ne_w 173ff; "Left-Wing Communism" (rev.), colonial empires, 875; on weaknesses 1n 749ff; on agr~rian question, 188f; on Communist parties, 411. anti-Semitis1n, 476; on the Baltic state,s, Mao Tse-tung, and united front with Kuo­ 1009: on danger of "examples," 959; on mintang, 994f; on the second imperial­ democracy, 130ff, 524; on dialectical ist war, 990f. materialism, 7 44; on equal rights for Marcantonio, Vito, 1070, 1082. women, 856ff, 864; on Eugene Debs, Martin, Grau San, 135ff. 517ff; on first imperialist war, 516ff, Marty, Andre, ll34f. 1024; on French Revolution, 62; on his­ Marx, and struggle for democracy, 127ft; torical materialism, 742; on imperial­ Engels on, 209f; on agricultural prob­ ism, 376ff, 622f; on Marxist prediction, lems, 189f; on capitalist crises, 380!; on 14lf; on national question, 941; on Communist Parties, 342; on eight-hour Party tasks, 1111·; on reformism, day struggle in America, 419; on free­ 877 · on revolutions, 51, 53ff; on Social­ dom, 143; on historical materialism, De~ocracy, 938, 964, 1023; on social­ 740ff; on papacy. 439; on revolutions, ism in one country, 20, 395; on 49f; on strength of Communists, 1076; socialist wages, 1039; on "'United Stntes on the American CiYil War, 691f; of Europe," 627; on war, 256; path of, on U. S. agriculture, 538. 1020ff; shows way to emancipation, 1029; Marxism-Leninism, and bourgeois-demo· sixteenth anniversary of death of, 3f, 8; cratic revolutions, 49ff; and democracy, teachings of, 116ff; Thaelmann on, 124ff; and experimental attitude, 304f; 158 · "Theory of the Agrarian Ques­ and natwnal question, 370ff, 716ff; and tion'," (rev.), 188ff; work on agricul­ Negro people, 288, 550; and study of the ture, 1045f. "History of the C.P.S.U.," 73ff; aopects Leninism; see Bolshevism; ~ommunism; of historical materialism, 737ff; at­ ~Iarxism-Leninism; Mastering Bolshe­ tacked by renegades, 500; In Great vism; Stalin. Britain, 928; "nation," concept of, Leo XIII, Pope, H2. 531ff; need for mastering, 219, 412ff; "'Lesser evil" theory, 825ft; 1078; see also path of Lenin and Stalin, 1261r, 1020ff; Social-Democracy. power of Stalinist prediction, 14lff, 208, 400; "revisions," 394; see also, Bolshe­ Lewis John L., 88; and Farmer-Labor vism; Communism; Dictatorship of the Pa'rty, 682; and labor unity, 388; and proletariat; "History of the C.P.S.U."; national elections, 1067, 1080, and Lenin; Masterin;- Bolshevism; Socialism National Negro Congress, 545; on Ne­ in one country; Stalin. gro-white unity, 281f; on 1940 elec­ tions, 201f; on profiteering, 784; op­ Mastering Bolshevism, in C.P.S.U.A., poses war, 893. 403ff; in the new situation, 711; review Libby, Frederick J., 651. of "'Left-Wing Communism," 749ff; self­ Liberal Party (Cuba), 139. criticism and, 219, 761; Stalin on, 206f, 388f, 398ff, 412, 1026. Liberals and the war, 249. Maverick, Maury, 692, 700. Liebknecht, Karl, 159f. May Day, and Haymarket martyrs, 418ff. Lincoln, Abraham, 692. McClaughry, R. W., 425. McCormick Harvester Co., 419, 421. Lindbergh, Charles A., 569. McMahon, Henry, 468. Lingg, Louis, 423. McMillan, H. B., 1094. Lippmann, Walter, on the war, 492f, 6GO, McNary, Cbarles, 300. 886. McWhirter, Felix, 606. Mead, George H., 606. Lister, Enrique, 1134. Menocal, Mario Garcia, 133ff. Lithuania, 687, 778. Mensheviks, 56, 534. Litterick, James, 1098, 1102. Merrick, F. A., 606. Lloyd George, David, 460, 467, 5H. Messersmith, George S., 560. Logic, dialectical vs. formal, 957. Louisiana, reconstruction in, 693. Mexican Confederation of Labor, 911. Lovestoneites; see Trotskyites-Lovestone- Mexico, and :U. S. foreign policy, 22, 485, ites. 621; at Havana conference, 816; crisis Luxemburg, Rosa, 159f, 947. in, 907fi; see Communist Party of Lynching, 320, 332, 699; see also Ant!­ Mexico. Lynchln~r Biil. Milwaukee, Socialist Party in, 8Utr. 1148 INDEX

Minton, Bruce, "Fat Years and the Lean" National Urban League, 333, 661. (rev.), 768. Neebe, Oscar, 423. Minute Men and Women of Today, 606. Negroes, 299f; and civil rights, 618; and Missil!sippi, lynchings in, 320. civil rights in old South, 675!; and Molotov, V. M., on Franco-British schem­ election campaig:1, 840; and farm prob­ in&". 392f, 774f. lem, 646; and 1940 elections, 36, 324f, Monopolies, 598, 635; and profits, 376ft, 382. 587; and Party work, 334, 415f, 543, Monopoly, in agriculture. 1046ff; in 652; and struggle for peace, 320I'f; and Canada, 1110. the C.P.U.S.A., 27SI'f; and the war, Monroe Doctrine, U. S., 484, 676. 279ft; attitude toward old parties, 602; Montgomery Constitution, 692. Browder on, 278, 288; Communist Party Morgan, J. P., 443. election platform on, 802ft; discrimina­ Mortgage companies, and farm debts, 566. tion against, 1055; economic conditions, Mortgages, farm, 635. 321f; ignored by Roosevelt administra­ Moseley, General, 608. tion, 15; in Cuba, 920; in first imperial­ Most, Johann, 844. ist war, 330f; in West Indies, 167ff; in­ Motylev, V., on the "Open Door·• policy, telligence tests of, 1060f; Marxism­ 655. Leninism and, 288, 560; Negro-baiting Moulton, Harold, G., 31. and the Fifth Column, 605; Populist M-plan; see Industrial mobilization plan. leaders and, 696. Munich betrayal, 736; and collapse of Negro-white unity, 281f, 690. France, 1115f. Netherlands, An1erican colonies of, 810. Municipal ownership, 846. Neutral!ty Act, 12, 21, 311, 877. Municipal socialism, &45ff. New Deal, abandoned, 6ft. 211'f, 300ff, 583, Murphy, Frank, 28ft, 68ft, 118. 794; abandoned by Roosevelt, 5ff, 310, Murray, Charles, 1100. 316; and Democratic Party, 1078; and second imperialist war, 2lff, 186f; Nation, Marxist-Leninist concept, 531ft. and farmers, 632ff; and socialism, National Advisory Defense Commission, 254ft; campaign issue, 493; weaknesses 893. of, 300, 302f. National Association for the Advancement "New Leader," on Havana conference, of Colored People, 320, 551; and anti­ 816!. imperialist people's front, 333; anti­ "New Republic/' on Havana conference, Soviet position, 3 28 ; supported first 811; on Marxism, 394. World War, 331. "New York Herald Tribune," on Great National City Bank, 377, 465 Britain, 196, 489, 660. National Committee of Independent Voters, "New York Journal-American," 811. 1064. "New York Post," on Mexico, 485f. National defense, 692, 871, 899; and Com­ "New York Times," on anti-labor drive, munist pol!cy, 610f; and imperial!sm, 66, 101, 658. 784; and 1940 election, 788f; and peo­ .,New York World-Telegram," 488. ple's fight for peace, 689; effects of slo­ Nineteen-forty elections; see Elections, gan of, 879; false slogan, 983; major 1940. issue, 969. Norris, George W., 1064. National Grange, 631. National groups, and election campaign, O'Connell, W!lllam Cardinal, 446. 846. October revolution, 963f. National Industrial Recovery Act, 236f. Oglesby, Richard, 424. National minoritiel!l, danger to imperial­ Ohio, political shifts In, 336ft; relief crisis ism, 505f. in, 6 7ff; struggle for peace in, 338. Nationalities, renaissance of, in Soviet Old-age pension, 801. Union, 356ff. O'Neal. Edward A., supports Roosevelt, 631. National Labor Relations Board, 69, 213, "Open Door" policy, 654!. 641. Opportunism, new forms of, 1023; see Re- National Labor Union, 857. formism, Social-Democracy. National liberation movements, 606, 643. Order of '76, 606. National minorities, and the war, 510f. Ottoman American Development Co., 471. National Negro Congress, 542ft; and in- Owen, Robert, 12:;f. dependent pol!tical action, 326; and Owens, John, 72. people's peace front, 333; and the war, 279tf. National question, Lenin on, 941; Second Palestine. and the war, 46 3tf; fascism in, International on, 947; Stalin on, 370ft, 47ll'f. 716f. Palmer raids, 122. National Resources Committee, 569. Panama Conference, 484. National Revolutionary Party (Cuba), 139. Pan American conference in Havana, 805ff; Nationalist Union Party (Cuba), 139. see Havana conference. Pan American economic cartel, 812. National Union (fascist body), 606!. Papacy, Marx on, 439; see Vatican. "National unity," 248f, 597, 708, 1076; and Parsons, Albert, 418, 423. Big business, 31ff, 119; demagogic slo­ Party-building; see Communist Party, gan, 315, 338, 821; pro-war slogan, 893; U.S.A., Party building. real unity possible only under social­ Party of the Mexican Revolution (P.R.M.), ism, 113, 115. 909ft. INDEX 1149

Party press, 208. Radio broadcasting, and election campaign, Pasionaria, 1134. 348. Pastor, Ludwig Von, 436. Randolph, A. Phillip, 548, 551. Peace, struggle for, 488ff; and a people's Reciprocal trade policy, 12, 637. peace, 976f; and against imperialism, Reconstruction (American Civil War), 691. 11; "lnd anti-imperialist people's front, Recruiting; see Comtnunist Party, U.S.A., 615, 678, 686; and Emergency Peace Party building. Mobilization, 834 ~ and farmers, 628ff; and independent political action, 214ff; Red Army; see U.S.S.R., army. and results of elections, 1070, 1077; and Red-baiting, 1136; by Robert LaFollette, slogan of Communist International, Sr., 768; in Mexico, 909; in Milwaukee, 510; and U. S. foreign policy, 25f, 3161'I; 854; Lewis fails to combat, 900. See and working class, 13f, 604ff; Browder also Dies Committee. on, 798; Communist Party, U.S.A., and, Reed, Senator, and the economic crisis, 1091'I, 253f, 402, 487, 492, 689, 609ff, 891; 234. Foster on, 2501'I; growth of, 39lf, 65; Reformism, as agent of reaction, 1062, in Ohio, 338; intensifying of, 1084; 1066f. 1070f; Lenin on, 877; see also Negroes in, 320tf; Southern forces in, Second International; Social-Dernoc­ 690ff. racy. Pearl, Philip, 680. Refugees, political, 689. Peasants; see Farmers. Relief, see Unemployment relief. Pelley, William Dudley, 607. Renan, Ernest, 634. People's front; see Anti-imperialist peo­ Renegades, Lenin on, 516. ple's front; see also names of countries. Renison, Bishop, 1106. People's Governn1ent needed in Britain, Re::tt, Marxian theory of, 1047f. 1129. Republican National Committee, tie to People's National Party (Jamaica), 168. fascist organizations, 606. People's Party (1890), 696. Republican Party, 300f; agrees with Roose­ "People's World," and fann correspon­ velt's foreign policy, 315f; and bour­ dence, 647. geoisie, 675; and civil rights, 620; and Petty-bourgeoisie, in people's front, 606. Negroes, 324; and 1940 elections, 35, Philippines, Eleventh National Convention, 601; and Reconstruction, 694; anti-war C.P.U.S.A., resolution on, 621. sentiment In, 317; attitude toward Pickens, W•lllam, 280f, 326. Roosevelt, 32; bids for women's votes, Pinkerton Detective Agency, 421. 860; calls for ..unity," 1075; farm Plus X, Pope, 443f. policy, 639; In Ohio, 71, 340; loses Plus XI, Pope, 432, 446. hold on voters, 1077f; neglects real Pius XII, Pope, 433, 446. Issues, 788; New Deal and national Pitcairn, Raymond, 606. defense, 585f; on the war, 488f, 1711'f; Pittman, Key, on U. S. In Orient, 484. post-election program. 1065f; program, Plekhanr.v, Georg-e, 54. 886; supported by A. F. of L., 681. Poland, anti-Sovietism In, 1009; national Republic Steel Co., 338. minorities In, 372. Revolution of 1906, 50ff. Political refugees, 689. Revolutionary Union-Communist Party Poll-tax, 28 31'I, 321, 620, 696. (Cuba), 139. Populist Party, 695. Revolutions, 49ff; Lenin on, 51, 53f; Stalin Porter, Paul, 8 64. on, 60; see also Bourgeois-democratic Portuguese Revol~tion, 54. revolutions. Potash, Irving, 699. Richards, James, 230. P.O.U.M., 1136. Rienzi, Adrian, 168. Powell, Dr. 661. Rivera, Primo de, 662. Pratt, Mr. (General Motors), 31. Roca, Bias, 809, 819. •·Pravda," on Soviet peace policy, 977. Rochester Anna, .. Why Farmers Are Prediction, Marxist-Leninist, 14lff, 208, Poor," (rev.) 1045ff. 400. Rodriguez, Melchior, 667. Presidential election; see Elections, 1940. Profiteering, 337; and inilation, 972; and Rogers, James Grafton, 66. "national defense," 784; by war indus­ Roll, Erich, 133. trie,s, 310, 629, 878; in Canada, 1103; Roman Catholic Church; see Catholics; Roosevelt and, 247. Vatican. Profits, 896; war, 1093. Progressive League (Barbados), 168. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis; see Fascis1n, Ger­ Proletarian revolutions; see Bourgeois- many, Italy, Japan, Munich betrayal. democratic revolutions; October revo­ Roosevelt administration, aband.ons New lution; Revolutions. Deal, 6ff, 21ff, 300ff, 583, 794; and Ohio Proletariat; see Working class. politics, 71; and war contracts, 974; as Propaganda, for war, 314. le"der of reaction, 15, 105, 399, 612f, Public Contracts Act, 863, 972. 629; attack on labor, 58ff, 339f, 783; Ig­ Public opinion, 302. nores needs of Negroes, 322f; policy in Public works, decline in expenditure~ 297. Ch!na, 654ff; post-election betrayals, Public Works Administration, 237. 1069ff; war policy of, 21ff, 117, Pullman strike (1894), 427. 186f, 21lf, 245f, 310f, 404, 894; seeks to subjugate unions, 1064; sharpness Quick, William F., US. of shift underestimated by Party, 411. 1150 INDEX

Roosevelt, Franklin D., and Finland, 199; nature of, 494; war propaganda of, and Negro people, 283; and the war, 314; see also Reformis:rn. Second In­ 196, 487, 493, 642, 687, 697, 605; anti­ ternational. Soviet position, 608, 779; demagogy Social-Democratic Federation, 108f. of, 1076; earlier position on monopo­ Socialism, and struggle for peace, 26; and lies quoted, 114; election campaign the New Deal, 254ft; as goal, 613; com­ plans, lllf; Gainesville speech, 697; pensation under, 1043ff; nations under, on economic conditions, 90; reasons 536f; in one country, Lenin on, 20, 396; for shift by, 764; retreat of, 239ft; transition to communism, 1038ff; Vati­ whmn he represents, 826f. can and, 441f. Roosevelt, Theodore, 63. Socialist democracy, 985ff. Rose, Alex, 109. Socialist Labor Party, in Milwftukee, 844. uRuhr-Arbeiter" (periodical), 42. Socialist Party, U.S.A., 608; and economic Russell, Bertrand, 533. crises, 234ff; and first world war, 350, Russia, tsarist, national policy of, 718. 620; and Roosevelt, 232; Browder on, Russia; see U.S.S.R. 1025; election platform of, 496ff; farm Ruthenberg, Charles Emil, 277, 670; and policy, 640; Wm. Green and, 86; in fight against war, 360ft, 844. Milwaukee, 842tf; in 1940 election, 1070ft, 1078f. Society of Jesus, 663. "St. Louis Post-Dispatch," 886f. South Carolina, 320, 690. Sanctuary, Col., 607. Santos, Bienvenido, 662. Southern Conference for Human Welfare, Sarkin, Sidney, 1100. 702!. Sarra, Ernesto, 921. Southern Negro Youth Congress, 70lf, 705. Savory, Dr., 551. Southern states, civil rights In, 618; and 1940 elections, 703; freedom of thought Scandinavia, 2 91 ff. Schaack, Michael J., 423. in (rev.), 575f; forces for peace and Schwab, Michael, 423. democracy, 690tr. Science, 602f; Marx's interest in, 960f. Soviet-Finnish peace treaty, 509. Scott, Emmett J., 324, 326. Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, 8, 48, "Second ImperiaJist War," by Earl Brow­ 411, 509, 879, 981f. der (rev.), 649tf. Soviet peace policy, 9f, 197f, 318, 491f, Second International, and non-interven­ 509tf, 686f, 980f; and the war, 774ft; benefits U. S., 880f; supported by C.P. tion, 664; demagogy of, n~rr; in 1914. 504:; enemy o:r peace, 511; reformism o:f, U.S.A., 651. 505; supports war, 309; war and, 940f; Soviet Union; see U.S.S.R. e-ee also Labor and Socialist Interna­ Spain, agriculture in, 657; and the war, tional; Reformism; Social-Democracy. 245f, 668; attitude of Social-Democracy Seeley, Charles il., 984. on, 736; Civil War, l131tf; faocism In, Self-criticism; see Bolshevik self-criticism. 656tr; U'. S. policy toward, 24f, 662, Self-determination, for Negro people, 562. 765; Vatican and, 438f. Sentinels of the Republic, 606. Spargo, John, 362. Sharecropping, 190, 567, 698; see also Ag- Spies, August, 423. riculture, Farmers. Springer, R., 534. Sherman Act, used for attack on unions, Stakhanovite movement, 10-41. 68ff, 598. Stalin, Joseph, as leader, 618, 869; con­ Shlnwell, E., 730. tinuer of Lenin's lifework, 3, 939; con­ Shop Stewards Committee, 946. tributions to Marxism, 74!, 305, 394; on Simone, Andre, ":J' Accuse; The Men Who anti-Semitism, 477f; on bolshevization, Betrayed France," (rev.), 1113ff. 206; on decline of capitalism, 297f; on S!nfleld, E., 1101. French Re_volution, 52; on historical Sit-down strike of capital, 242. rnaterialism, 396:ff; on India, 535; Slavery, abolition of, 692; and civil rights, on "'Left-Wing' Communism," 750; 675. on Lenin, 1029; on mastering Bol­ Smith, Al, 234, 238. shevism, 206f, 388f, 398tf, 412, 1026; on Munich policy, 738; on national ques­ Social-Democracy, 754, 946; and American tion, 356ft, 366,370, 531; on nature of imperialism, 874; and anti-Soviet slan­ Communist Parties, 342; on reformlsm, ders, 667; and foreign born, 627; and 877; on revoiutions, 50; on ri8e of Ger­ national betrayal, 582; and Negro peo­ man fascism, 524; on role of Party, 207; ple, 551; and third party, 10Sf; anti­ on second imperialist war, 526; on So­ Soviet position. 986; as main enemy of cial-Democracy, 207, 945, 964; on labor, 389f; collapse of, 877; danger of Soviet foreign policy, 9~1; on Spain, underestimating, 406, 789; demagogy of, 1131ff; on unity of Soviet people, 729ft; disastrous effect of work of, 821f; 113; path of, 1020ff; prediction, 14lff, distorts historical materialism, 395f; in 208. 400; teachings of, 116ff, 130; Canada, 1098ff; in France, 1118; in Thaelmann on, 158; see also Bol­ Germany, 157, 730; in :Milwaukee, 842ff; shPvisrn, Comn1unism, "History of in 1940 election, 1059tr; leads to fas­ C.P.S.U.," Lenin, Marxism-Leninism, cism, 1127; Lenin on, 938, 964, 1023; Mastering Bol!lhevism. moves toward fascism, 81, 405; need for fighting, 413tf, 941f; new variety of, Standard of living, 896. 303f; sabotage of revolutionary move­ Steel Workers Organizin:- Committee, in ment, 507; Stalin on, 207; treacherous Canada, 1107. INDEX 1151

Steele, Walter S., 606f. Unemployment, 899; among Negroes, 321; Sterling, Carloo Marquez, 919. among women, 859; continuance of, 90f, Stettinius, 31, 893. 93; ignored by Roosevelt, 14; in Canada. Stevens, Thaddeus, 693. 110·!; in Ohio, 337; increase in, 296f; Stock ownership, concentration of, 379. ten years of, 259ff; see also Workers Stone, Melville R., 422. Alliance; Works Projects Administra­ Strikes, in West Indies, 161ff; the war and, tion. 897. Unemployment insurance, A. F. of L. on, Struggle for peace; see Peace, struggle for. 86. Stuart, John, "Fat Years and the Lean" unemployment relief, in Canada, 1104. (rev.), 763. U.S.S.R., achievements, 89ff, 142f, 302f, Students; see Youth. 1126; and Baltic states, 9, 1007ff; and Sullivan, Pat, 1100. Finland, 291ff, 312, 392; and Japan, 982; Sun Yat-sen, 555. and triuinph of Marxism, 394; anti­ Supreme Court, 62. capitalist force, 503f; anti-Semitism Surplus Commodities Stamp Plan, 637. eradicated in, 1055; army, 293, 503, 509, Swope, Gerard, on the economic crisis, 234. 1013; attacked by Social-Democrats, 390; capitalist antagonism toward, 603; Tadjik nation, 362ff. C.P.U.S.A., National Convention resolu­ Taft, Robert A., 836, 1078. tion on, 622; democracy In, 985f; John Taylor, Myron, 196, 212, 315, 431ff. P. Davis on, 547; free from economic Temporary National Economic Commit- crises, 233, 265f; German people turn tee, 114. toward, 46; helps China, 999; Influence Tenancy Law, projected, 705. among American workers. 409; influ­ Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, ence in world affairs, 309f; invincibil­ 62. . ity of, 1028; nationalities in, 328f, Thaelmann, Ernst, 149ff, 618. 356ff, 533, 537f; need tor cooperation 'l~hird Party; see Farmer-Labor Party. with, 1085; opposed Versailles system, Thomas, Norman, 500, 608, 869; and na- 941; population changes, 1031; rela­ tional 'defense, 591; and third party, tions with France, 1115f; relations 108; anti-Soviet position, 198; calls with U. S., 22f, 312!; Roosevelt for "unity," 1075; election claims of, and, 243; socialist agriculture, 648: 496ff; hostility to progressives, 389; trade unions in, 685f; twenty-third an­ hinders independent political action, niversary, 963f; U. S. policy toward, 83H; in 1940 eleetion, 1070ff, 1078f; 978; unity of people in, 113f; wages in, on Daniel Roan, 843; on the war, 494ff. 1038tf; women In, 859f; see also Anti­ Thompson, Dorothy, 598, 1077. Sovietism; October revolution; Social­ Thompson Products, Inc., 338. ism; Socialist democracy; Soviet-Ger­ Thon, Joshua, 466. man Non-Aggression Pact; Soviet peace Thorez, Maurice, 618. policy. Tobin, Daniel, 897. Union Revolutionary-Communist Party Toledano, Vicente Lombardo, 9H. (U.R.C.), 917. Toledo, relief crisis in, 68. United Fruit Co., 818. Trades and Labor Congress, Canadian, United Mine Workers of Ame:fica, anti­ llOOf. war position, 250, 317; convention deci­ Trade union unity, and 1940 elections, 37, sions, 200ff; prog-ram, 325. 974. United Naticnal Democratic Party (Cuba), Trade unions, and Sherman Anti-Trust 139. Acttr, 598; and socialism, 903; and United States, and Anglo-French rivalries, struggle for peace, 1084: and the war, 196ff; and Finland, 291!; anti-Soviet 890ff; attack on, 14f, 28ff, 58ff, 213; policy in, 10f, 312, 832; being dragged Green distorts history of, 85ff; growth toward war, 298, 871!; Communist elec­ of, 252; Hillman's influence in, 824; in tion platform for, 791ff; conflicts among Canada, 1100; in Ohio, 343; in South, bourgeoisie, 105f; conflicts with Britain, 704; in U.S.S.R., 685f; in West Indies, 101ff; contributions to Co1nmunism, 165f; I.~enin on, 946; problems facin&", 124f; economic conditions, 296!; Far­ 969ff; Roosevelt seeks to dominate, Eastern policy, 554ff; foreign policy, 1064. 12ff, 21ff; history, "The Fat Years and the Lean" (rev), 763; industrial produc­ Trinidad, labor movement in, 161ff. tion, 4 58f; Lenin on, 517; loans to Trotskyites-Lovestoneites, 500; and Neg-ro China. 563; mood of masses in, llff; people, 551; and 1940 election, 109; anti­ Palestine policy of, 470!; policy toward Sovietism, 198, 390ft; attack 1\.farxism, U.S.S.R., 978ff; reactionary policy of 304; false concept of a nation, 503, 605; government, 783; role in war, 614; war in France, 1113; in Spain, 1136; Second aims of, 308ff, 493, 597f. International and, 664; undermining United States of Europe, 17, 255, 314, 527, role of, 81!. 610f. True, James, 607. United States Shoe :Machinery Corp., 62. U. S. Steel Corp., 896. Turkish revolution, 54. Turkmenian nation, 368ff. Van Nuys, Senator, 283. Vandervelde, Emile, 735. Unemployed, demonstrations in 1930, 259f; Varg-a, Eugene, "Two Sy1tems" (rev.), program for, 268, 89ff. 1152 INDEX

Varney, Harold Lord, 606. Welles, Snmner, 196, 212, 315, 433. Vasconcelos, .Jose, 918. Wells, H. G., 52, 633. Vatican, reactionary role of, 431ft'. West Indies, labor movement in, 161ff. Versailles Treaty, 528, 731, 939f. Wheeler, Burton K., 203, 682. Viereck, George Sylvester, 607. White, John P., 89. Virginia, 693. White, ·walter L., 328. 334. Vivo, Jorge, 916. Whitfield, Owen H., 553. Voohris Act, 1072ft. ·wilkins, Roy, 281, 328. Williams, Roger, 432. Wages, 897; C. P. of Great Britain resolu­ Willkie, Wendell, 886; demagogy of, 1076, tion on, 1128; in Canada, 1107; in line in election campaign, 778; post­ U.S.S.R., 95, 1038ff; proposed control of, election program, 1059ff, 1065; shifts 972. tactic during election campaign, 1077; Wages and Hours Law; see Fair labor significance of his nomination, 826; standards act. Southern support of, 7 00. Wagner Act; see National Labor Relations Wilson, Woodrow, 63, 470, 519. Act. Windhorst, Lunwig, 435. Wagner Health Bill, 30. Wise, Stephen S., 475. Waldman, Louis, 109, 198. Wish, Harvey, 420ft. Wal! Street; see Big Business. Woll, Matthew, &8, 202. 816. "Wall Street Journal," on Anglo-American Women, and election campaigns, 349, 840; conflicts, 102!. and Party work, 415f; and struggle for Wallace, Henry A., 872. peace, 862f; International Women's Day, Walsh-Healey Act; see Public Contracts 420; in U.S.S.R., 869f; struggle for equal Act. rights for, 8561'f; unemployment among, Wang Chlng-wel, 562. 859. Wood, General (Sears-Roebuck), 31. War, capitalist necessity, 503; Communists Worker~correspondents, development of. and, 867ft; impact on capitalism, 451ft; 714. in light of Lenin's "Imperialism.," 176ff; Workers Alliance, 263f, 299; see also Un­ Lenin on, 266, 516ft; see also Imperial­ employment. ism,; Peace, struggle for; Soviet peace Workers' Social Insurance Bill, 266. policy. Working class. achievements of, 876; and War, first Imperialist world war, 523, 763; anti-imperialist people's front, '178!; and colonial peoples, 992; contrasted and farmers, 204f, 228, 666ft; and 1940 with second, 601; Lenin on, 102; op­ election, 35ft, 200ft, 820ft; and the war, posed by Ruthenberg, 360ft, 844. 8911I; as independent political force, War Resources Board, 30f. 300f, 602; as leader of the people, 969f; awakening, 604; Communist Party elec­ War, second imperialist, 939; and aims tion rights and, 869; dangers confront­ of U. S. Imperialism, 308, 313, 663, 679; ing, 119, 202; historic role, 966; need and Anglo-American contradictions, for independent political action, 786!; 101ft; and anti-imperialist people's persecuted in Canada, 1096; post-elec­ front, 615; and bolshevizatlon of C.P. tion tasks of, 1062f, 1083f; tasks, 200, U.S.A., 403ft; and British West Indies, 491, 495, 616. 16lff; and Canada, 1093ff; and colonies, Workingmen's Party (Philadelphia, 1828), 992; ant.l Communist Party of Great 419. Britain, 927ff; and deepened capitalist Works Progress Administration, 28ff, 299, contradictions, Sff; and demagogy, 467; and the unemployed movement, 621ff; and farmers, 628; and Negroes, 264ff; discriminates against Ne&"roes, 326; and 1940 elections, 1060; and re­ 320f; in Ohio, 68; in the South, 698; grouping of capitalist forces, 401; and see als() Unemployment; Workers Alli­ South, 697; and Soviet-Finnish conflict, ance. 292f; and unemployment, 973; and U. S. economy, 297; attitude of worlrers, Yague, General, 658. 690ff; bourgeois democrats and, 301f; Yergan, Max, 549. Communist Parties on, 180ff; C. P. of Young Communist League, publishes "Clar­ Great Britain, resolution on, 1125ff; ity," 480; need for theoretical devel­ effect on German economy, 44; exten­ opment, 83. sion of, 483f; impact on capitalism, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., 338. 451ff; Marxism-Leninism and, 196; Youth, and election campaign, 587, 840: meaning, 528ff; Molotov on, 774ff; per­ and 1940 election, 587, 840; and Party spective of, 1084; resolution on Earl work, 415f; attitude toward old par­ Browder's report, 615; role of France ties, 602; in South, 702; shift away from in, 1120; Roosevelt's drive toward, 2lf, Roosevelt, .(07f; see also American 117ff, 186f; Social-Democracy and, 249, Youth Congress. 389f, 511, 520; Spain and, 668; struggle against, 1020; supported by Republican Zhdanov, A., 50. and Democratic parties, 771ff; weakens Zimmerwald Manifesto, 516f. capitalism~ 1012; Zionism and, 463ff. Zionism, and the war, 463ff. Watson, Tom, 696. Zionist Jewish Agency, 463, 474. Weir, El. T., 606. Zoerg-iebel (Berlin police cominissioner), Weizmann, Chaim, 464. 155. / ·'

In a new jmproved edition THE ORIGIN OF THE FAMILY, PRIVATE PROPERTY AND -THE STATE . · By Frederick Engels

· The publication of this ne,w ·edition of l;ngel.s' celebrated classic ' constitutes a valuable addition to the growing arsenal of authori­ tative Marxist-Leninist translations available in the English lan­ guage. . In this work, Engels traces the universal transition, among peoples in' ell parts of the globe, from primitive savagery through the various stage.s of barbarism to civilization-and indicate's the point in the development of peoples when the state first comes 'into existence, ,on the hee'ls of the appearance of private property. ·, Price $1.00 f • Order from W 0 R K E R S_. ll B R A R Y p- U B l 1·s H E R S P. 0~ Box 148, Station D, New York, N.Y ' '

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