Regional Rail Link Project

August 2010

Heritage Impact Report

Revision 0 20.8.10 [BR]

RRL-0000-EEE-REP-001

bryce raworth • conservation urban design 19 Victoria Street St Kilda Vic 3182

Regional Rail Link Project Heritage Impact Report

Regional Rail Link Project VICTORIA

Heritage Impact Report

August 2010

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Contents

1.0 Introduction 4

2.0 Methodology 4

3.0 Sources of Information 5

4.0 Historical Context 6

5.0 Sunshine Signal Box 7 5.1 Location 7 5.2 Description 7 5.3 History 9 5.4 Listing and Controls 11 5.5 Statement of Significance 11 5.6 Heritage Policies 12 5.7 Proposal 12 5.8 Discussion Analysis 12

6.0 Black Arch Rail Bridge, 14 6.1 Location 14 6.2 Description 14 6.3 History 15 6.4 Listing and Controls 16 6.5 Statements of Significance 17 6.6 Heritage Policies 18 6.7 Proposal 19 6.8 Discussion Analysis 19

7.0 Row Houses, Footscray 20 7.1 Location 20 7.2 Description 20 7.3 History 21 7.4 Listing and Controls 24 7.5 Statements of Significance 24 7.6 Heritage Policies 25 7.7 Proposal 25 7.8 Discussion Analysis 25

8.0 Moreton Bay Fig Tree, Footscray 27 8.1 Location 27 8.2 Description 27 8.3 History 28 8.4 Listing and Controls 28 8.5 Statement of Significance 29 8.6 Heritage Policies 29 8.7 Proposal 30 8.8 Discussion Analysis 30

Conclusion 31

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Appendix A City of Brimbank Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay Schedule Citaition Sunshine Signal Box 32

Appendix B City of Brimank Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay Schedule Citation Black Arch Rail Bridge 33

Appendix C City of Maribyrnong Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay Schedule Citation Black Arch Rail Bridge 34

Appendix D City of Maribyrnong Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay Schedule Citation Row Houses 35

Appendix E City of Maribyrnong Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay Schedule Citation Moreton Bay Fig Tree 36

Appendix F City of Brimbank Planning Scheme Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay 37

Appendix G City of Brimbank Planning Scheme Clause 65 Decision Guidelines 41

Appendix H City of Brimbank Planning Scheme Clause 22.07 Brimbank Heritage Policy 43

Appendix I City of Maribyrnong Planning Scheme Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay 48

Appendix J City of Maribyrnong Planning Scheme Clause 65 Decision Guidelines 52

Appendix K City of Maribyrnong Planning Scheme Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy 54

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1.0 Introduction

KBR Arup has commissioned this report into the impacts on heritage elements resulting from development of the Regional Rail Link Section One.

The Regional Railway Link is a new railway line from West Werribee, via Deer Park, along an existing rail corridor through Sunshine and Footscray to Southern Cross Railway Station. This railway will separate country trains from suburban trains, giving Geelong, and Ballarat rail services their own dedicated tracks through the metropolitan railway system to Southern Cross Railway Station.

The project is to include up to 22 kilometres of new railway and the construction of a number of new railway bridges. The proposed alignment of the Regional Rail Link will affect a number of heritage elements of local significance along the proposed railway line in the City of Brimbank and the City of Maribyrnong. This Heritage Impact Report will assess the effects these works will have on the following heritage elements in these municipalities:

• Sunshine Signal Box (City of Brimbank); • Black Arch Railway Bridge (City of Brimbank/City of Maribyrnong); • Row Houses, 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray (City of Maribyrnong); • Moreton Bay Fig Tree, adjacent to the Footscray Hotel, at 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray (City of Maribyrnong).

Other heritage elements along the Regional Rail Link of state significance that are entered on the Victorian Heritage Register are to be assessed in site-specific heritage impact statements, which are not part of this document.

2.0 Methodology

This heritage impact statement has been prepared with regard to the Burra Charter and its guidelines, as amended in 1999, and in general accordance with Heritage Victoria’s guidelines for heritage impact statements. It seeks to respond to four key questions:

• What physical and/or visual impacts will result from the proposed works? • If there are detrimental impacts, provide reasons why the proposal should be permitted • Has the design been influenced by, or had to address any Local Planning Scheme provisions? • What measures are proposed to mitigate the detrimental impacts?

The section of the Regional Rail Link relevant to this report is a portion that extends through the City of Brimbank and the City of Maribyrnong, along the existing railway corridor from the to northwest of Sunshine Station. This section of track will be referred to generically as the Sydenham Railway Line, which includes all lines suburban (electric) and country (non-electric traction). An exception to this is in historical discussion, which may refer to earlier names of lines eg Bendigo Railway Line.

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In addition to a visual description of the location of each element, its location from Southern Cross Station has been cited, as is consistent with railway infrastructure practice.

3.0 Sources of Information

The analysis in this report draws upon a site visit and external inspection of each of the four heritage elements, along with a review of the heritage overlay provisions in the City of Brimbank and the City of Maribyrnong planning schemes.

The relevant clauses in the City of Brimbank Planning Scheme are Clause 22.07 Brimbank Heritage Policy, Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, and Clause 65 Decision Guidelines.

In the City of Maribyrnong planning scheme the relevant clauses are Clause 22.11 Cultural Heritage Policy, Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, and Clause 65 Decision Guidelines.

Other documents referenced include the Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study and the ‘Heritage Place Report’ of each of the three sites in the City of Maribyrnong.

It is intended that this report be read in conjunction with the engineering drawings prepared by KBR Arup for the Regional Rail Link Project.

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4.0 Historical Context

The and Railway Line was built in stages from the 1850s, with the first section of the line, between Melbourne (Spencer Street) and Sunbury, opened on 13 January 1859.1 Originally the line was to be built and operated by a private enterprise, called the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Company; but the railway was constructed by the recently formed Department of the Victorian Government. By 1862 the line extended from Melbourne to Bendigo.2

In 1921, as part of the electrification of Melbourne’s suburban railway system, the metropolitan lines between Footscray and St Albans were converted to electric traction.3 In 1929 the Albion to Jacana line opened connecting Sunshine with the (Melbourne to ). The purpose of this line was to redirect freight trains away from the North Melbourne to Broadmeadows line, which had steeper grades and were busier because of suburban railway traffic. It is of interest to note that the combination of busy suburban railway traffic and country passenger and freight trains has, eighty years later, created the need for the proposed Regional Rail Link Project on this line to reduce congestion. The opening of the Albion to Jacana line coincided with the introduction of three position signalling between West Footscray and St Albans.

The standard gauge railway line was built in the early 1960s along the Sydenham Railway Line between Albion and Footscray, allowing direct rail services to operate between and Victoria. The iconic and Melbourne to passenger trains used this line. As part of those works a fourth platform was added to Sunshine Railway Station to enable passengers to transfer between Sydney and Adelaide trains.

1 Robert Lee, The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004, p 43. 2 The line was later extended beyond Bendigo to other centres in Northern Victorian and Southern New South Wales. 3 Robert Lee, The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004, p 178.

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5.0 Sunshine Signal Box 5.1 Location

Figure 1 Map showing the location of the Sunshine Signal Box (Reproduced from Melway)

A timber signal box situated to the north west of Sunshine Railway Station, between the Hampshire Road overpass, and the junction of the Ballarat and Sydenham Railway Lines. The signal box is approximately 12.4 kilometres along the Sydenham Railway Line.

5.2 Description

A two-storey timber signal box with a hipped roof clad in corrugated galvanised steel sheeting, built north west of Sunshine Railway Station and the up side of the junction between the Sydenham and Ballarat railway lines, of a standard Victorian Railways design (E1 Design).4 Similar boxes are extant at Ringwood and Frankston.5

The signal box is elevated on exposed timber posts that have timber cross-bracing. The upper portion of the signal box has walls clad in weatherboards on both levels, and a strip of windows that extend along its east elevation and return along its north and south elevations. There are three multi-paned windows on the lower level of the east elevation

4 www.vicsig.com.net, ‘Sunshine Signal Box’, retrieved 26 July 2010. ‘Sunshine railway signal box’ in the Brimbank City Council Post-contact Heritage Study, Site No: 026, p 144. 5 www.vicsig.com.net, ‘Sunshine Signal Box’, retrieved 26 July 2010.

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Figure 2(left) Sunshine Signal Box looking from the west side of the Sydenham Railway Line Figure 3 (right) Sunshine Signal Box looking from the east side of the Sydenham Railway Line.

Figure 4 West and south elevations of Sunshine Signal Box

An iron railed balcony extends across its north, south and east elevations accessed by two steel ladders. On the upper level is a small addition, most probably containing toilets, which cantilevers/projects from the west elevation. Also on the west elevation is intrusive ducting for services, which is more recent origin.

The Hampshire Road overpass has diminished the visual link between the signal box and the Sunshine Railway Station. Close by on the down side of the signal box is a smaller flat roof building clad in cement sheeting, or similar, which is of more recent origins. Also adjacent to the signal box are steel stanchions that carry the electric cabling for adjacent suburban railway lines, and there are also various steel boxes that contain electric equipment near the base of the signal box. To the west of the signal box, adjacent to the bus interchange, is a row of peppercorn trees and a canary island palm.

The interior of the signal box was not inspected, but the original tappet-type interlocking frame signal equipment, of Victorian Railways standard design, has been replaced by computer controlled signalling and switching equipment. However, remnants of the original equipment are understood to be extant. 6

6 ‘Sunshine railway signal box’ in the Brimbank City Council Post-contact Heritage Study, Site No: 026, p 144.

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5.3 History

At the time that the Melbourne to Bendigo Railway Line opened there was no railway station at Sunshine. The closest railway station was further northwest at Albion. It was not until 1885, when a railway between Melbourne and Ballarat via Bacchus Marsh, was completed, which branched off the Melbourne to Murray River Railway Line at Sunshine, that a station was opened there. This station, originally known as Braybrook Junction, was opened on 7 September 1885 and soon after a contract was let to build the station buildings. In 1887 a railway opened at Braybrook Junction connecting it with Newport and the port facilities at Williamstown. In 1907, Braybrook Junction was renamed Sunshine after H V McKay moved his Sunshine Harvester works to a site adjacent to the station. A for the Sunshine Harvester Works was built near the station around 1911.7

Figure 5 Sunshine Railway Station circa 1915, the signal box is on the right hand side (State Library of Victoria Picture Collection)

On the evening of 20 April 1908, the worst railway disaster in Victoria occurred at Sunshine Railway Station, when a Melbourne-bound train from Bendigo collided with the rear of a Melbourne-bound train from Ballarat.8 Human error, mechanical failure and poor signalling at the junction were given as reasons for the accident. Although a signal box existed at the station, to the southeast of the current signal box, the construction of the existing signal box in 1914-15, closer to the junction of the Ballarat and Bendigo lines, was probably in response to this accident to ensure that better signalling and ultimately safer practices were in place at the junction.

As part of the standard gauge railway line, grade separation of the Hampshire Road occurred in 1961, which involved building the existing road flyover to the northwest of Sunshine Station, which visually removed the signal box from

7 www.vrhistory.com/locations/t1994b.pdf, p11, retrieved on 22 July 2010. 8 Argus, 21 April 1908, p 5.

bryce raworth pty ltd conservation•urban design 9 Regional Rail Link Project Heritage Impact Report the station proper. In 1965 the control of signals at Albion was transferred to the Sunshine Signal Box. In 1976, the line between Sunshine and Deer Park West Junction was duplicated.9 In recent decades the equipment at the signal box changed from the mechanical interlocking frame-type to solid-state interlocking apparatus. The levers were removed but the frames remain in place.10

Figure 6 Sunshine Railway Station and Signal Box in 1924 (PROV VPRS 12800/P1/H5563)

Figure 7 Sunshine Station and Signal Box in 1935 (Museum Victoria Collection)

9 www.vicsig.net, ‘Sunshine Signal Box’ retrieved 22 July 2010 10 ‘Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study’ p 144.

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5.4 Listings and Controls

Victorian Heritage Register The Sunshine Signal Box is not included on the Victorian Heritage Register.

Australian Heritage Database The Sunshine Signal Box is not included on the Register of the National Estate.

National Trust of (Vic) The Sunshine Signal Box is not included on the Register of the National Trust.

City of Brimbank The Sunshine Signal Box is included on the heritage overlay schedule of the City of Brimbank Planning Scheme, with an individual heritage overlay HO39 (Sunshine Railway Signal Box). This overlay includes the full extent of the buildings on the subject site. External paint controls apply, but prohibited uses may be permitted.

Subject Site

Figure 8 City of Brimbank Heritage Overlay Map showing the extent of (HO39)

5.5 Statement of Significance

The following is the statement of significance in the Brimbank City Council Post- contact Cultural Heritage Study:

The Sunshine Signal Box is of State significance as a rare surviving example of a large tappet and lever hipped roof Metropolitan signal box, in relatively original condition. With an 80 lever frame, it is one of the largest surviving examples of its type, comparing with the 79 lever Frankston Signal Box. The Sunshine box is also historically significant for its connection with the expansion of Sunshine and the Sunshine Harvester Works in the early

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decades of this century. It is one of the few substantial structures relating to that period.11

The Sunshine Signal Box is of local significance as it is not included on the Victorian Heritage Register and is a surviving example of a large hipped roof metropolitan signal box, in relatively original condition externally. The Sunshine Signal Box is also historically significant for its connection in the early twentieth century with the later expansion of Sunshine into a major junction along the Sydenham Railway Line and the nearby Sunshine Harvester Works.

5.6 Heritage Policies

There is a framework of policies relating to works in or around heritage places in the Brimbank Planning Scheme.

As noted above, the site is subject to a heritage overlay (HO39). It is therefore subject to the provisions of Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay. The relevant page of the Heritage Overlay Schedule in the Brimbank Planning Scheme is reproduced in Appendix A of this report and Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay is reproduced in Appendix F of this report. In assessing this proposal under Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, the relevant authority should also make reference to Clause 65 Decision Guidelines, which is reproduced in Appendix G of this report.

The proposal also needs to be reviewed in light of Council’s local heritage policy, Clause 22.07 Brimbank Heritage Policy, which provides more detailed guidelines about development that might be appropriate in Heritage Overlay areas. Clause 22.07 Brimbank Heritage Policy is reproduced in Appendix H in this report.

Generally, local heritage policies encourage the retention of all significant and contributory heritage places in a heritage overlay. An assessment of the proposed scheme against these principles is contained in the following sections.

5.7 Proposal The proposed track alignment of the Regional Rail Link will involve the removal of the Sunshine Signal Box.

5.8 Discussion/ analysis

The Regional Rail Link Project will require the use of additional land in the environs of the existing rail corridor of the Sydenham Railway Line, between Southern Cross Railway Station and the line’s junction with the Ballarat Railway Line on the down side of Sunshine Railway Station. The absence of vacant land in the environs of the Sunshine Railway Station and engineering requirements for the new railway will require the removal of the Sunshine Signal Box, in order to build the two new tracks of the link.

11 Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study, p 143.

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The Sunshine Signal Box is identified in the Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study to be of State significance. However, that level of significance has never been endorsed by Heritage Victoria, who do not include the signal box on their Victorian Heritage Register. Until the Sunshine Signal Box is added to the Heritage Victoria register, it should only be assessed at a local level.

It is noted that the signal box is included in a heritage overlay (HO39) in the Brimbank Planning Scheme, The purpose of a heritage overlay as defined by Clause 43.01 and Clause 22.07 of the Brimbank Planning Scheme is to conserve places of cultural significance to this municipality. The Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study identifies the signal box to be of historical value as a surviving example of this type of signal box. However, the study does note that similar boxes also are extant at Frankston and Ringwood.

When assessing its historical significance it should be acknowledged that the signal box is, at least, the second built at Sunshine, and was erected sixty years after the completion of the Melbourne to Bendigo Railway Line. There are a significant number of heritage elements along the line, or more specifically the Melbourne- Sydenham section, which are earlier and/or provide equal, if not greater, interpretative value in understanding the history of this railway.

Diminishing the significance of the signal box is the past removal of its original signalling apparatus, which it was specifically designed to house. Although, it continues to serve a similar function currently, it does not significantly demonstrate the early twentieth century signalling system it once housed. Also diminishing its significance is its visual isolation from the Sunshine Railway Station since the completion of the Hampshire Road overpass in 1961. Viewed from most vantage points, the signal box is no longer interpreted as an integral part of this railway station complex.

Relocation of the signal box is worthy of consideration as an alternative to demolition, however any new site for the signal box should preferably be within the environs of the junctions of the Sydenham and Ballarat railway lines.

The removal or demolition of any heritage place requires careful consideration. Accepting this, I am satisfied in this instance that the removal of the Sunshine Signal Box, given its limited heritage value, will not significantly diminish the cultural significance of the Sydenham Railway Line, nor the broader heritage value of Brimbank. That is to say, weighed against the benefits that the Regional Rail Link Project will provide Brimbank, and a broader region, extending beyond the metropolitan area to Western and Northern Victoria, the removal of this heritage element, of identifiable but limited heritage significance, seems acceptable.

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6.0 Black Arch Rail Bridge 6.1 Location

Figure 9 Location of the Black Arch Rail Bridge (reproduced from Melway).

A masonry railway bridge across Stony Creek in Sunshine, situated between Sunshine Railway Station (west direction) and Tottenham Railway Station (east direction). The bridge is set back from Sunshine Road (to its south) by vacant land. Immediately to its north is another railway bridge of more recent origin and beyond this is the Matthew Hill Reserve. Stony Creek delineates the boundary between the City of Brimbank and the City of Maribyrnong. Steel bracing has been fixed to the north and south sides of the bridge. The Black Arch Bridge is approximately 11.01 kilometres along the Sydenham Railway Line.

6.2 Description

Figure 10 (left) Black Arch Railway Bridge looking south Figure 11 (right) Black Arch Railway Bridge looking south along Stony Creek.

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Figure 12 Black Arch Railway Bridge looking north along Stony Creek.

This is a single arched rusticated bluestone railway bridge with a raised keystone and drafted stringcourses. The stringcourses are at three locations - at the footings, the springing level of the arch and the base of the parapet. Pilasters frame the semi-circular arched vault. Curved wing walls have concrete extensions and the creek bed has been concreted in parts. Steel bracing has been fixed to both sides of the bridge. Another railway bridge has been built to its immediate north.

6.3 History

The bridge was built as part of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway, opened in 1859. The design of the railway is attributed to George Christian Darbyshire (1820-1898), Engineer-in-Chief of the Victorian Railways (1856-1860 and 1891-1898). The design of the line is influenced by British railway design of wide tracks (broad gauge), large earthworks, solid masonry bridges and abutments, and gentle grades. This high standard of construction was very costly.12

Darbyshire is also credited with designing other bridges including the Saltwater Bridge over the Maribyrnong River and the five span continuous box girder viaduct at Taradale, both on the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway. He is also credited with designing the Geelong to Ballarat Railway Line and the Bendigo to Echuca Railway Line.13

The contractor that built the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Line was Cornish & Bruce, who brought out stonemasons from England to work on the project.14

12 Melbourne’s Living Museum of the West, ‘Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study’, p 148. 13 George Christian Darbyshire. (2010, May 19). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 26, 2010 14 Black Arch rail bridge’ in the Brimbank City Council Post-contact Heritage Study, Site No: 027, p 148.

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6.4 Listings and Controls

Victorian Heritage Register The Black Arch Rail Bridge is not included on the Victorian Heritage Register. The site was considered for addition to the Victorian Heritage Register in September 2001, but it was determined it was not of sufficient significance to warrant inclusion.

Australian Heritage Database The Black Arch Rail Bridge is not included on the Register of the National Estate.

National Trust of Australia (Vic) The Black Arch Rail Bridge is not included on the Register of the National Trust.

City of Brimbank The Black Arch Rail Bridge is included on the heritage overlay schedule of the Brimbank Planning Scheme with an individual heritage overlay HO40 (Black Arch Rail Bridge, Sunshine Road, Sunshine). This overlay includes the full extent of the bridge. External paint controls apply.

City of Maribyrnong The Black Arch Rail Bridge is included on the heritage overlay schedule of the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme with an individual heritage overlay HO164 (Black Arch Bridge, off Sunshine Road, Sunshine). This overlay includes the full extent of the bridge. External paint controls do not apply.

Subject Site

e

Figure 13 City of Brimbank Heritage Overlay Map showing the extent of (HO40).

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Subject Site e

Figure 14 City of Maribyrnong Heritage Overlay Map showing the extent of (HO164).

6.5 Statements of Significance

The following is the statement of significance in the Brimbank City Council Post- contact Cultural Heritage Study:

One of the most intact and least-modified early bluestone railway bridges in the region and part of the first major Government railway line. The distinctive stone work demonstrates the engineering and stonemasonry skills of the period while its setting allows the visual impact to be fully appreciated, but unfortunately, only from the south side.15

The following is the statement of significance in the Maribyrnong Heritage Review – Industrial Places:

The Black Arch rail culvert is one of the most intact and least-modified early bluestone railway bridges in the region and part of the first major Government railway line. The distinctive stone work demonstrates the engineering and stonemasonry skills of the period while its setting allows the visual impact to be fully appreciated, but unfortunately, only from the south side. ([AHC] Criteria B2 & D2) The scale and elaborate stonework, as well as its general form demonstrates the influence of imported British railway engineering and design standards at the onset of railway development in Australia. As part of the first Government railway in Victoria, one of the first country railways in Australia and a line built to British engineering standards with IK Brunel as supervising engineer (from England) this demonstrates the beginnings and origins of railway construction in Victoria ([AHC] Criterion A4).16

15 Brimbank City Council Post-contact Cultural Heritage Study, p 147. 16 Maribyrnong Heritage Review – Industrial Places, p 175-177.

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A bluestone railway bridge built as part of the Melbourne, Mount Alexander and Murray River Railway Line. The bridge is of aesthetic value as a small stone bridge along the Sydenham Railway Line that demonstrates a high level of craftsmanship. It is of historical significance as a bridge that has carried rail traffic across Stony Creek since the opening of this railway in 1859.

6.6 Heritage Policies

There is a framework of policies relating to works in or around heritage places in both the Brimbank Planning Scheme and the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme.

As noted above, the site is subject to a heritage overlay (HO40) in the Brimbank Planning Scheme. It is therefore subject to the provisions of Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay. The relevant page of the Heritage Overlay Schedule in the Brimbank Planning Scheme is reproduced in Appendix F of this report. In assessing this proposal under Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, the relevant authority should also make reference to Clause 65 Decision Guidelines, which is reproduced in Appendix G of this report.

The proposal also needs to be reviewed in light of Council’s local heritage policy, Clause 22.07 Brimbank Heritage Policy, which provides more detailed guidelines about development that might be appropriate in Heritage Overlay areas. Clause 22.07 Brimbank Heritage Policy is reproduced in Appendix H in this report.

The Black Arch Bridge is also subject to a heritage overlay in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme (HO164). It is therefore subject to the provisions of Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay. The relevant page of the Heritage Overlay Schedule in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme is reproduced in Appendix C of this report. In assessing this proposal under Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, the relevant authority should also make reference to Clause 65 Decision Guidelines, which is reproduced in Appendix J of this report.

The proposal also needs to be reviewed in light of Council’s local heritage policy, Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy, which provides more detailed guidelines about development that might be appropriate in Heritage Overlay areas. Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy is reproduced in Appendix K in this report.

Generally, local heritage policies encourage the retention of all significant and contributory heritage places in a heritage overlay. An assessment of the proposed scheme against these principles is contained in the following sections.

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6.7 Proposal The Regional Rail Link Project will retain the Black Arch Bridge, and it will continue to be used by trains on the Sydenham Railway Line. The two proposed railway lines of the Regional Rail Link will cross the Stony Creek approximately ten metres to the south of the Black Arch Bridge, carried upon a new bridge that is to be constructed for that purpose. There will be no physical intervention with the bridge, but some modification to its environs, particularly to its south.

6.8 Discussion/ analysis

It is noted that the Black Arch Bridge is identified to be of heritage value to both the City of Brimbank and the City of Maribyrnong. Both municipalities have included the bridge in heritage overlays in their respective planning schemes. The purpose of heritage overlays is to retain, conserve and enhance places of cultural significance to Brimbank and Maribyrnong. The inclusion of this site in heritage overlays means that a cautious and considered approach needs to be used in any development that affects the bridge and/or its environs.

The Regional Rail Link Project will require the use of additional land in the environs of the existing rail corridor of the Sydenham Railway Line. In the vicinity of the Black Arch Bridge there is vacant land/parkland to the north and to the south of the existing railway corridor. A newer railway bridge mostly obscures the north side of the Black Arch Bridge, which has also significantly diminished its parkland setting. While construction of a new bridge/rail alignment to the north of the existing railway corridor would retain views of the Black Arch Bridge from its south, an alignment in this location, I am advised, is not practical for the convergence/divergence of lines associated with the Regional Rail Link Project further along the Sydenham Railway Line.

The proposed alignment of the proposed Regional Rail Link bridge, approximately ten metres to the south of the Black Arch Bridge, will retain some views of the south side of the bridge. However, this alignment is to be built within the extent of the heritage overlay (defined as 20 metres along the bank of the Stony Creek). If a further set back from the south side of the bridge can be achieved, this should be considered, in order to maximise views of the bridge from the south. However, the proposed alignment, with some form of pedestrian access underneath the proposed bridge, will enable views of the Black Arch Bridge to be retained from its immediate south. While no formal pedestrian access is proposed as part of the design, it will nevertheless still be accessible by foot.

The proposed works will retain all of the Black Arch Bridge, and entail no intervention with its fabric. There will be changes to its context, however much of the character of its original parkland setting has previously been lost when the railway bridge to its north was built. I am satisfied that the proposed works will not significantly diminish the cultural significance of the Black Arch Bridge – the bridge will retain its historical links with the Sydenham Railway Line, and will continue to be able to be appreciated for its aesthetic qualities, albeit within a restricted range of viewpoints.

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7.0 Row Houses, Footscray 7.1 Location

Figure 15 Location of the row houses at 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray (reproduced from Melway).

A group of three row houses at 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray. They are situated on the west side of the street between the Melbourne to Sydenham Railway Line and Buckley Street. The row houses are adjacent to and south of the Victoria Street underpass, 6.5 kilometres along the Sydenham Railway Line.

7.2 Description This site comprises three single-fronted late-Victorian brick cottages. Their hipped roofs are concealed from view from Victoria Street by ornate parapets with Classically-inspired cement rendered mouldings. Cast iron verandahs extend across the front of each house. These have corrugated galvanised steel roofs and cast iron columns and lace fretwork. The windows of the houses are timber frame in a tripartite arrangement. Each house has a four-panel timber front door.

Several changes to the houses and their environs in the twentieth century have significantly altered their context. The grade separation of Victoria Street and the Sydenham Railway Line has elevated the houses a considerable height above street level, and the original garden setback from Victoria Street now contains utilitarian brick steps that lead up to the houses from the footpath. A shop, which was built as part of this group, at the Buckley and Victoria Streets corner, has been demolished. A yard that once extended between No 102 and the Sydenham Railway Line is now occupied by three single-storey brick cottages, designed in a mock-heritage style.

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Figure 16 (left) Row houses, Victoria Street, Footscray Figure 17 (right) Victoria Street looking north from Buckley Street.

Figure 18 Row houses looking southwest from Victoria Street.

7.3 History

The Footscray village reserve at the junction of the Maribyrnong and Yarra rivers was surveyed in 1848. It was named after the Kentish village of Foots Cray. One year later the township had a hotel, a pound and a river punt connecting it to tracks leading to Melbourne, Williamstown and Geelong. Footscray’s first industries were boiling down works and stone quarries, but the gold rushes and the construction of railways through the district improved transport communication with Footscray and subsequently stimulated its development.

Footscray was reshaped by the Land Boom of the 1880s and 1890s, as industries and their workers left suburbs closer to Melbourne for districts further from the city, such as Footscray, Brunswick and Hawthorn, which offered workers affordable quality housing. Self-made industrialists joined contractors to dominate local government, promoting Footscray as a desirable working-class community, distinguished by high rates of home-ownership. On becoming a city in 1891, Footscray celebrated this milestone with gusto.17

17 John Lack, ‘Footscray’ in Andrew Brown-May & Shurlee Swain, The Encyclopedia of Melbourne, pp 280-281.

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Figure 19 MMBW Detail Plan of 1895, showing the row houses at the corner of Buckley and Victoria Streets (State Library of Victoria Map Collection) .

Figure 20 Victoria Street Railway Crossing before the construction of the underpass circa 1920-30 (PROV collection, VPRS 12800/P7/308).

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Figure 21 Victoria Street after the completion of the underpass circa 1930-40, the subject houses are behind the railway bridge (PROV Collection, VPRS 12800/ P3/ADV 308)

These three row houses in Victoria Street are part of the Land Boom period of Footscray’s development. James Burnside, a Braybrook farmer, developed this land in 1889, building three brick row houses and an adjoining shop/residence (since demolished). Burnside arrived in Melbourne in 1854 during the height of the Victorian gold rush, later purchasing a farming property on the Keilor Plains.18

18 City of Maribyrnong “Heritage Place Report’ for ‘Row Houses at 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray (HO70).

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7.4 Listings and Controls Victorian Heritage Register Nos. 102-106 Victoria Street are not included on the Victorian Heritage Register.

Australian Heritage Database Nos. 102-106 Victoria Street are not included on the Register of the National Estate.

National Trust of Australia (Vic) Nos. 102-106 Victoria Street are not included on the Register of the National Trust.

City of Maribyrnong Nos 102-106 Victoria Street are subject to a site-specific heritage overlay in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme HO70 (Row Houses, 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray).

Subject Site

e

Figure 22 City of Maribyrnong Heritage Overlay Map showing the extent of HO70.

7.5 Statement of Significance The following is the statement of significance in City of Maribyrnong Heritage Place Report for the Row houses at 102-106 Victoria Street:

Architecturally, this is a typical late 19th century house row distinguished by its detailing and siting. Historically, it is of local interest as a speculation by one of the nearly established rural landowners.19

Aesthetically, this group of residences is typical of late 19th Century housing. Its unusual siting, elevated above street level, is a result of later grade separation works in its environs that removed the Victoria Street level crossing. Historically, the group is of local interest as a speculative development of a Braybrook farmer.

19 City of Maribyrnong, ‘Heritage Place Report’, Heritage Overlay HO70.

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7.6 Heritage Policies

There is a framework of policies relating to works in heritage places in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme.

The Row Houses at 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray are subject to a heritage overlay in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme (HO70). It is therefore subject to the provisions of Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay. The relevant page of the Heritage Overlay Schedule in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme is reproduced in Appendix D of this report. In assessing this proposal under Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, the relevant authority should also make reference to Clause 65 Decision Guidelines, which is reproduced in Appendix J of this report.

The proposal also needs to be reviewed in light of Council’s local heritage policy, Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy, which provides more detailed guidelines about development that might be appropriate in Heritage Overlay areas. Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy is reproduced in Appendix K in this report.

Generally, local heritage policies encourage the retention of all significant and contributory heritage places in a heritage overlay. An assessment of the proposed scheme against these principles is contained in the following sections.

7.7 Proposal

The Regional Rail Link Project will retain the Row Houses at 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray. The two proposed railway lines of the Regional Rail Link Project will cross Victoria Street to the north of these houses, elevated approximately 2m above the existing rail conditions. The north elevation of the house closest to the railway line (No 102 Victoria Street) will be setback 4-6 metres from the alignment of the southern track of the Regional Rail Link. There will be no physical intervention with the existing bridge, with a new bridge proposed adjacent to it, but some modification to the associated environs.

7.8 Discussion/analysis

The Row Houses at 102-106 Victoria Street, Footscray are identified to be of heritage value to the City of Maribyrnong. The local planning scheme has included the houses in a site-specific heritage overlay (HO70). The purpose of heritage overlays in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme is to retain, conserve and enhance places of cultural significance in the municipality. The inclusion of these houses in a site-specific heritage overlay requires a cautious and considered approach to the development of the environs of the subject site as part of the Regional Rail Link Project.

Twentieth century works in the environs of the houses have significantly altered their original context. Arguably, much of their character is derived from their unusual elevated siting above the level of Victoria Street, which occurred through grade separation works that removed the Victoria Street level crossing in the early twentieth century. The houses in their original context, at street level, would have

bryce raworth pty ltd conservation•urban design 25 Regional Rail Link Project Heritage Impact Report been modest in character and little would distinguish them from other late nineteenth century cottages in Footscray.

The Regional Rail Link Project will require the use of additional land in the environs of the existing rail corridor of the Sydenham Railway Line. In the vicinity of the Row Houses the alignment of the new railway line will be to the south of the existing Sydenham Railway Line. This will involve the removal of the three dwellings to the north, but will retain all of the original fabric of the Row Houses. The north elevation of the Row House at No 102 Victoria Street will be set back 4- 6 metres from the Regional Rail Link alignment. The 2m elevation of the Regional Rail Link above the existing track will to some extent block or impinge upon the views to the houses that might otherwise be opened up by the demolition of their neighbours.

In some respects the works will return the houses to their original context, where they had a closer physical and visual relationship to the Sydenham Railway Line, with only a fenced in yard separating the north wall of 102 Victoria Street and the railway reservation.

The proposed works will alter the setting of the Row Houses, but will not significantly diminish their identified individual cultural significance, which will be conserved. Views toward the dwellings will be largely retained albeit within an altered context, and the houses will continue to be able to be appreciated for their historic and aesthetic qualities.

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8.0 Moreton Bay Fig Tree, Hopkins St, Footscray 8.1 Location

Figure 23 Location of the Moreton Bay Fig Tree (reproduced from Melway)

A Moreton Bay Fig tree situated adjacent to the Melbourne to Sydenham Railway Line, northwest of the intersection of Wightman and Hopkins Streets, near the Footscray Hotel.

8.2 Description

The subject tree is a mature Moreton Bay Fig, which provides a canopy of foliage over a vacant portion of land to the northwest of the corner of Wightman and Hopkins Streets.

Figure 24 (left) Moreton Bay Fig tree viewed from Hopkins Street Figure 25 (right) Moreton Bay Fig tree and Footscray Hotel

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8.3 History

Moreton Bay Fig trees (Ficus macrophylla) are a large evergreen banyan tree of the Moraceae family that is a native of most of the east coast of Australia, from the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland to the Illawarra in New South Wales, and Lord Howe Island. Its common name is derived from Moreton Bay, near Brisbane. As the Moreton Bay Fig tree is a strangler fig, seed germination usually takes place in the canopy of a host tree and the seedling lives as an epiphyte until its roots establish contact with the ground. It then enlarges and strangles its host, eventually becoming a freestanding tree by itself. Individual trees may reach a substantial height. Its aggressive root system makes it usually only suitable for large gardens or public parklands.

Moreton Bay Fig trees are widely used as a feature tree in public parks and gardens in Australia, and in other regions with warmer climates including California, Portugal and Southern Italy.20 Little is known of the origins or history of this Moreton Bay Fig tree, but it is thought to have been planted towards the end of the nineteenth century. Its relationship (if any) to the adjacent Footscray Hotel, which was built in c1875, is not known.21

8.4 Listings and Controls

Victorian Heritage Register The Moreton Bay Fig Tree is not included in the Victorian Heritage Register.

Australian Heritage Database The Moreton Bay Fig Tree is not included on the Register of the National Estate.

National Trust of Australia (Vic) The Moreton Bay Fig Tree is not included on the Register of the National Trust.

City of Maribyrnong The Moreton Bay Fig Tree is subject to a site-specific heritage overlay in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme HO136 (Moreton Bay Fig, Footscray Hotel, 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray). The extent of the heritage overlay is outlined in the map below and defined in the relevant page of the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme reproduced in Appendix F of this report.

20 Wikipedia contributors. "Ficus macrophylla." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, retrieved 22 Jul. 2010. 21 City of Maribyrnong, ‘Heritage Place Report’ for ‘Moreton Bay Fig at the Footscray Hotel, 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray (HO136).

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Subject Site e

Figure 26 City of Maribyrnong Heritage Overlay Map showing the extent of (HO 136)

8.5 Statement of Significance The following is the statement of significance in City of Maribyrnong Heritage Place Report for the Moreton Bay Fig tree at 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray:

Moreton Bay Fig at the Footscray hotel, is significant to the City of Maribyrnong:

• as a very mature tree which is uncommon within the general planted context of the City, judged by their maturity and type (Criterion B2); • its association, with the Footscray Hotel, as an early and historic place in the City (Criterion A4)22

The Moreton Bay Fig at the Footscray Hotel, 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray is of heritage significance to Maribyrnong as a mature tree in the environs of the Footscray Hotel.

8.6 Heritage Policies

There is a framework of policies relating to works in heritage places in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme.

The Moreton Bay Fig at the Footscray Hotel, 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray is subject to a heritage overlay in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme (HO136). It is therefore subject to the provisions of Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay. The relevant page of the Heritage Overlay Schedule in the Maribyrnong Planning Scheme is reproduced in Appendix E of this report. In assessing this proposal under Clause 43.01 Heritage Overlay, the relevant authority should also make reference to Clause 65 Decision Guidelines, which is reproduced in Appendix J of this report.

The proposal also needs to be reviewed in light of Council’s local heritage policy, Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy, which provides more detailed guidelines

22 City of Maribyrnong ‘Heritage Place Report’, Moreton Bay Fig tree at Footscray Hotel, HO136.

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about development that might be appropriate in Heritage Overlay areas. Clause 22.07 Cultural Heritage Policy is reproduced in Appendix K in this report.

Generally, local heritage policies encourage the retention of all significant and contributory heritage places in a heritage overlay. An assessment of the proposed scheme against these principles is contained in the following sections.

8.7 Proposal

The proposed Regional Rail Link will involve the removal of the Moreton Bay Fig at 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray. The existing railway cutting adjacent to the tree will be widened to build an additional two tracks.

8.8 Discussion/ analysis

The Regional Rail Link Project will require the use of additional land in the environs of the existing rail corridor of the Sydenham Railway Line, between Southern Cross Railway Station and the line’s junction with the Ballarat Railway Line on the down side of Sunshine Railway Station. The absence of vacant land, in the environs of the Moreton Bay Fig at the Footscray Hotel, 48 Hopkins Street, Footscray will require the removal of the this tree, in order to build the two new tracks of the Regional Rail Link.

The works associated with the Regional Rail Link Project in the immediate environs of the Moreton Bay Fig tree involve widening the existing railway cutting on its south side. The proposed alignment of the Regional Rail Link is to be sited between the Sydenham Railway Line (north side of the railway corridor) and the (south side of the railway corridor). Although the proposed design retains the tree, it its likely there will be adverse impact arising from damage to the roots and the tree will die. Therefore the tree will be removed in order to build the new tracks. Movement of the line further north, to avoid affecting the Moreton Bay Fig, would involve acquisition of land to the northwest of the railway corridor.

The statement of significance for the Moreton Bay Fig in the Maribyrnong ‘Heritage Place Report’ is unclear about the origins of the tree, and apart from its obvious aesthetic qualities, does not establish any links to its historical significance, particularly the adjacent Footscray Hotel. The statement of significance describes the tree as being ‘uncommon’, however I note from my survey of the Sydenham Railway Line corridor that a mature Moreton Bay Fig is extant on the down side of the adjacent Footscray Railway Station complex.

Given the identified heritage value of this Moreton Bay Fig tree, it is apparent that its removal of this element will to some extent diminish the cultural significance of Maribyrnong, but it is also clear that this impact is limited in extent. On a broader metropolitan basis such trees are not uncommon. Weighed against the benefits that the Regional Rail Link Project will provide Footscray, and a broader region, extending beyond the metropolitan area to Western and Northern Victoria, the removal of this tree, of rather sketchily defined heritage significance, seems acceptable.

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9.0 Conclusion

The Regional Rail Link Project involves an extensive upgrade of the existing Sydenham Railway Line to the west of Melbourne. Despite the scale of the works associated with this project, the impact it will have upon heritage elements along this rail corridor is relatively minor.

Four sites of local significance are identified to be directly impacted upon by the Regional Rail Link Project. Of these, only two, of negligible heritage value, the Sunshine Signal Box and a Moreton Bay Fig, will require removal. Another two sites, the Black Arch Bridge and a group of row houses, will be retained, with no physical intervention on their original fabric. Instead, the alignment proposed for the Regional Rail Link will conserve these, maintaining their original uses, and retaining views of these heritage elements.

The impacts upon these heritage assets seems acceptable when weighed against the benefits that the Regional Rail Link Project will provide Brimbank and Maribyrnong, and the broader region, extending beyond the metropolitan area to Western and Northern Victoria. The removal and/or modification of these heritage assets, and their environs will not significantly impact upon the cultural significance of the cities of Brimbank and Maribyrnong.

BRYCE RAWORTH

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APPENDIX A: CITY OF BRIMBANK PLANNING SCHEME-SUNSHINE SIGNAL BOX

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APPENDIX B: CITY OF BRIMBANK PLANNING SCHEME- BLACK ARCH RAIL BRIDGE

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APPENDIX C: CITY OF MARIBYRNONG PLANNING SCHEME- BLACK ARCH RAIL BRIDGE

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APPENDIX D: CITY OF MARIBYRNONG PLANNING SCHEME-ROW HOUSES

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APPENDIX E: CITY OF MARIBYRNONG PLANNING SCHEME-MORETON BAY FIG TREE

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APPENDIX F: CITY OF BRIMBANK HERITAGE OVERLAY (CLAUSE 43.01)

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APPENDIX G: CITY OF BRIMBANK DECISION GUIDELINES (CLAUSE 65)

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APPENDIX H: CITY OF BRIMBANK HERITAGE POLICY (CLAUSE 22.07)

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APPENDIX I: CITY OF MARIBYRNONG HERITAGE OVERLAY (CLUASE 43.01)

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APPENDIX J: CITY OF MARIBYRNONG DECISION GUIDELINES (CLAUSE 65)

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APPENDIX K: CITY OF MARIBYRNONG CULTURAL HERITAGE POLICY (CLAUSE 22.11)

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