Vol. 28, No. 23 June 10, 1985

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF EVIEW NEWS AND VIEWS Upgrading Education Through Reform People Can Preserve World Peace Many cliff carvings made by no• madic tribes 4,000 years ago can be found on the Ulanqab Grasslands in Inner Mongolia. Many of such carvings, all full of imaginative fig• ures, were done on cliffs and clusters of rocks on mountain peaks in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner (county). They are valuable resources for studying the social development of the nomadic tribes.

Inner Mongolian archaeologist Gai Shanlin (left), v/ho discovered the rock carvings, has trekked a total of 1 0,000 km to study them.

Some carvings depict cattle The border between the territories of two ancient tribes is etched in rock.

SPOTUCiHT Ancient Rock Carvings in Inner Mongolia

This carving shows an ancient vehicle used by hunters. Animal figures. BEIIING REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 23 June 10, 1985 Education Reform High on Agenda CONTENTS In his speech at the national education conference, Deng Xiaoping urged the nation to attach greater importance to edu• NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Boosting Medical and Health cation (p. 15). The conference passed a resolution on educa• Projects tional reform, which covers funding, developing vocational LEHERS 5 schools and improving curricula, enrollment and job assigning EVENTS A TRENDS 6-10 systems, and encourages competition between colleges (p. 16). China Slams the Sham Sino-E. European Ties Furthered How Does Ctiina's Central Sank Function? Water Pollution: a Growing Threat Newly-appointed president of the People's Bank of China Vocational Schools Working Chen Muhua tells how the state's leading financial institution Harder exercise overall monetary policy control while remaining flexible Orbis Eyes China Tour Children's Reading Has Wide on specifics (p. 17). , Range INTERNATIONAL 1T-14 How Can World Peace Be Safeguarded? Korea: Common Desire. Links Li Yimang, president of the Chinese Association for In• Koreans ternational Understanding, said at a recent international forum Britain: Tt^iMfHi US-Soviet: Arms Talks on worttf^ace in Beijing that the most urgent task that must Along be;wderta&i^>tQ ssafe^ard world peace is to stop the arms race Paraguay; Democracy and Re• by the two superpowers. The Chinese people, a long-time peace form Demanded Canada: Tough Budget Raises champion, will continue to mike utmost efforts to the end Taxes (p. 18). Albania: More Flexible Policies Adopted Deng Xiaoping on Developing Peasants Turn to Science for Help Education 15 Upgrading Education Through Many educated Chinese peasants have turned to specialized Reform 16 lines of production since the introduction of the contract re• People's Bonk Cruciol to Macro• sponsibility system. By adopting scientific farming methods, economics 17 these specialized households, which have organized themselves The People Desire, Safeguard Peace 18 into research teams, can obtain far better results than ordinary Peasants Turn to Science for Help 22 peasants (p.'22). Tibetan Students Studying in Beijing 26 Former Defence Minister's Memoirs FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 27-28 Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal is an absorbing account of BUSINESS & TRADE 29-30 Peng Dehuai's career, from his service in warlord armies to CULTURE & SCIENCE 31-32 command of the Chinese People's Volunteers in Korea. Writ- BOOKS 33-34 ^ten as his "confession" on orders from his "cultural revolution" COVER: Yuan Longping (first from ^interrogators, the volume also includes extracts from Peng's left), an agronomist in Hunan, and. "letter of 80,000 characters" to the Party Central Committee some peasants. Photo by Qu Weibo criticizing the Great Leap Forward (p. 33).

Published every Monday by Distribution and subscriptions handled by Subscription prices (1 year): BEIJING REVIEW China Intamcrtlenai Booic Trading Austrolio A.$M.OO USA USSIS.OO 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), New Zealand NZ. $18.00 UK £8.00 The People's Republic of China F.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can. $15.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Boosting Medical and Health Projects Plague, cholera and smallpox, up only a small segment of China's by XIN XIANGRONG once rampant, are now things of population—1.35 per thousand Cultural Editor the past, while relapsing fever people nationwide — and the coun• In a Ministry of Public Health and typhus have been wiped out in try now has only two hospital document it approved and trans• most of the country. Snail fever, beds per thousand citizens. Al• mitted at the end of April, the which used to affect 11 million though the incidence of disease State Council formulated a series people and threatened the health has been vastly reduced, the of new policies for the purpose of 100 million others in 348 coun• health system must still treat a of rallying efforts in every field ties, is no longer such a great dan• huge number of patients. Every of endeavour towards speeding ger: 10 million of its victims year, about 15 million people con• the development of medical and have been cured, and 247 coun• tract one, contagious disease or health service in China. These ties have eliminated the snails another, and there are still not policies are necessary because, that spread the disease. enough doctors or hospitals to go despite the considerable growth around. achieved in the past several dec• Despite yearly increases, state ades, the country's medical and The State Council recently heahh facilities still fall short of allocations for medical and the needs of its population. approved a Ministry of health development are still far Public Health document too low, accounting for 0.25-0.3 By the end of 1984, there were in which it defined a series percent of the GNP (although the figure could be larger if allot• 198,000 hospitals and related in• of new policies to rally stitutions in China — 54 times ment for free medical care and la• more than in 1949, the year the efforts towards speeding bour-protection benefits are in- People's Republic was founded. up the development of jjluded). A somewhat lopsided During that period the number of medical and health *^ management system has also hin• doctors, nurses and ^hg^i^^^ dered the development of China's workers rose 7,8 tiieSS^^^W^Tmh health-care service. lion. More than 95 percent of To boost the development of China's townships now have their China has also made some this undertaking, the government own hospitals, and 87.2 percent headway in the treatment of other will gradually increase its invest• of the country's villages have their medical problems. In particular, ment while bringing the expertise own clinics. Pre-liberation China its skills in curing burns and reat• of all sectors of the nation into had very few disease-prevention taching severed limbs are consi• full play. or maternity and child-care insti• dered among the most advanced tutions, medical colleges and re• in the world. Among other measures: search institutes, but today they The average life expectancy of • State-owned medical and have sprung up all over the coun• the Chinese people has risen from health institutions, now the main• try. After decades of hard work, 35 years in 1949 to 68 years in stay of the health-care system, will China has established an impres• 1984. be further improved and develop• sive health-care network spanning ed. the length and breadth "of its vast But when all is said and done, Industry, communications and territory. the health-care system is still un• able to keep pace with the Other businesses are now en• About 100 million government nation's growing needs. This can couraged to run their own hospi• employees and factory workers be attributed to China's huge pop• tals to serve the entire society. now enjoy free medical care, in ulation, its weak economic Government public health depart• addition to labour-protection and .foundation and a shortage of doc• ments will provide technical welfare benefits. Their family tors and medical facilities. Health assistance in this area. members can also go to hospitals care professionals with college or • All medical and health insti• at half the normal cost. secondary school education make tutes will be given more power in 4 Beijing Review. No. 23 LETTERS

Views on Improvement For obvious reasons. Western culture has a predominant in- Generally speaking, -Beijing Re• -fluence in our country. Therefore, view has, as a political and theo• we lack understanding of eastern retical weekly, fulfilled its task of cultures. I am very much interested covering events in China and the making tiieir own decisions. The in reports about other parts of the world. Therefore, I do not agree government will allot a fixed world which are very important with some readers who suggested amount of funds and put them at but unfamiliar to me. that it should run articles on Chi• the hospitals' own disposal. A new A. H. Camargo B. nese history and philosophy. These management system will be intro• Armenia-Quindio, Colombia subjects are interesting and should duced under which directors as• be reported. However, as detailed sume full responsibility for the reports of the everyday life in Tourism and Folk Art operation of their hospitals, includ• China, they should also be pub• ing the power to hire doctors and Your reporting is diversified. So lished in China Reconstructs. workers on a contract basis. it is very difficult for me to say Otherwise, some articles would be which column is good and which • Collective enterprises, which repeated and reports on some sub• is not. But I can certainly say that are becoming more and more im• jects would be too brief. I think your coverage of tourism and folk portant in China's social and eco• the best way is to let the three art is very interesting. nomic life, will be encouraged to magazines — China Reconstructs, In addition, your layout is well run hospitals together with urban China Pictorial and Beijing Review done, and your comments are fair. neighbourhoods, democratic par• — keep up their present work, The cover should be 'given a better ties and local people's organiza• each fulfilling its own tasks. touch, however. tions. In view of this division of la• M. A. Garrido M. • Individuals, after passing bour, 1 think Beijing Review's cen• San Marcos, Peru strict examinations, are also trefold colour pages are a waste. allowed to open private clinics. 1 hope you will instead print the Subjects Favoured by Hospital employees are allowed inside front and back covers in Italians to practise medicine in their spare colour. time and to keep the money they 1 read every article, even the I like very much Deng Xiao- earn to themselves as long as very short ones, published in Bei• ping's speech, "China Sticks to they fulfil their regular tasks. jing Review. 1 think we Italian Socialism." It clearly shows that readers are most interested in the • Village clinics will be streng• Chinese leaders have not turned a following subjects: thened to provide more effective blind eye to the danger of capital• care for local residents. Such ist restoration, and are seeking (1) The lives of China's young clinics may be run on a co-opera• measures to avoid this danger people, as well as their work, tive basis or by individuals, de• while adopting policies for the education and role in the country's pending on the will of the local present reform. In addition, the political life; people. In underdeveloped areas, achievements made in recent years (2) The family lives, work and local governments may subsidize in agriculture have proved the road social activities of women; . rural doctors who cannot earn of reform is correct. (3) The situation in Chinese re• enough to support themselves. Heinz-Gunter Foerster search on handicrafts, medicine, Bielefeld. FRG • All hospitals are encouraged etc.; to send doctors out to make house (4) China's public health orga• calls. They are also required .A Source of Information nizations, organizations for re• to make their service more access• Beijing Review is very interest• tirees, and current political and ible to patients by developing ing. Its reports on world develop• economic organizations; and home care and extending treat• ments provide me with important ment hours. information in political and eco• (5) Literature. nomic geography for my study of Mario Mammucar All these measures will help social sciences. Rome, Italy bring new growth to China's med• ical and health service.

June 10, 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

China Slams the Sham When Tian Xiaowen went into to their own advantage. College say it is very good to build col• a department store in Shenyang, entrance examinations are a' leges with local funds rather than Liaoning Province, recently, he favourite target of high-tech trick• state money, schools spring up found the saleswomen busily put• sters like Cheng Yuan, a young everywhere regardless of local ting on their lipstick. "Yesterday woman seeking enrollment in the conditions," he continued. "We I lost a workpoint when my Northeast Agricultural College in should find a way to have our manager caught me without Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. people speak the truth, without makeup," one explained and then She was recently caught using a falsehood or boasting." went back to chatting with her pocket walkie-talkie to communi• colleagues, ignoring the growing cate with her husband, who sta• China's top leaders have repeat• crowd o^ dismayed customers. tioned outside the examination hall ed recently the need to follow the with a matching transceiver and a principle of "seeking truth from It seems that the compulsory large bagful of textbooks. fact" and eliminate showiness cosmetics were part of the store's and trickery. courtesy campaign. But although This tendency to let ambition the manager was diligently look• override both ethics and honesty In his speech to a national ing after his staff's appearance, has aroused much concern among education conference on May 19, no one was checking to see wheth• both government leaders and law- Party Central Advisory Com• er the customers were getting abiding citizens alike. In an article mission Chairman Deng Xiaoping more than lip service. "They published last month, Li Riii, vice- urged officials at all levels to should just give us better service, director of Party Central Com• "give fewer empty talks and do instead of putting on this show," mittee Organization Department, more practical work." grumbled Tian. recalled the late 1950s as a time "The bad work style of whiling when^i exaggeratioi n ruled Chinese away their time by issuing direc• The problem is a familiar one: ^^ffifiigl i>itiiiiii|j^'JMg-'**'"'' period, tives and giving empty talks must sham and petty trickery iMoMlif''^IffwTOte , wheafyields often rose be changed," he stressed. a lack of concern with real results. by 75 tons per hectare overnight, Sometimes form wins out over while ambitious afforestation plans Nowhere were his instructions content in the minds of minor of• were completed within a few taken more to heart than in Sima ficials seeking favour from their dozen days. Nineteen provinces Village, a small town in Hebei superiors, as it did in a village in claimed that they had completely Province. Party and government Suining County in Jiangsu Prov• wiped out illiteracy and 12 uni• cadres there not long agp^ sent ince. The local Party secretary versities were supposedly set up in back an award they had won for was named a model worker and a single village as local cadres dramatically boosting local earn• given a promotion last year after jockeyed for political advantage. ings. The area's actual per-capita he reported that the village had a income of 506 yuan accidentally per-capita income of 500 yuan, "By repeating so many old became 1,189 yuan when a higher making it one of the richest in the stories, 1 don't mean to say that department made a clerical error— county. Unfortunately,' the villa• things are still the same now. But making the village a champion in gers' income was only 300 yuan can we say that we have not been Ningjin County, in which Sima is each; the Party official had influenced by those events at located. But the Sima cadres re• invented the rest to better his all?" he asked. China's media turned their plaque: "We would position. have been good at reporting good rather be called backward than ac• news, Li added, and some people cept this award under false pre• In more extreme cases, simple have become adept in catering to tenses," they said. self-aggrandizement can turn to their tastes. "Now that earning a outright fraud, with some of the lot of money has become glorious, Coincidentally, Ningjin County more ingenious con-artists even some areas have been faking re• became famous for inflating its turning China's national fascina• ports of 'ten thousand yuan house• production figures in 1958. Now, tion with science and technology holds.' When they hear someone however, its farmers realize they 6 Beijing Review, No. 23 can no longer feed themselves on future in economic, trade and we all hold that there is potential proud illusions. "This is 1985, technological co-operation. The for further development," he not 1958," said Duan Jingbin, a Germans also expressed their hope added. village leader. "We cannot lie for further ties. about these things." Poland. Li's talks with govern• Happily shed of their unwanted ment leaders in Warsaw from Water Pollution: reward, the villagers were embar• May 21-27 culminated in the rassed to come in for still more signing of a new five-year bilateral A Growing Threat praise from their higher-ups — trade agreement. According to this time not for their oversized the pact, China will supply Poland China's booming industrial income, but for their honesty in with rice, tea, cotton, silk, cera• growth has brought its people in• reporting the true facts of the mics and machine-building equip• creased prosperity — and the un• matter. ment, while Poland will export wanted, growing threat of serious coal mining machinery, coal water pollution. washing equipment, power sta• tions, trains, automobiles and steel. The vigorous industrial devel• Sino^E. European opment of the past several dec• Li and his Polish counterpart, ades will undoubtedly be epochal Ties Furthered Janusz Obodowski, both vowed to in the country's history. But the seek new channels to promote the boon could become a bane if the Mutual benefit in economic co• construction of each other's pollution goes unchecked. operation has brought China closer countries. relations with the German Dem• China ranks 6th worldwide in ocratic Republic (GDR), Poland Sino-Polish trade this year is set total water resources, but only and Hungary, which Vice-Premier to rise by 180 percent, a level 84th in per-capita water supplies. Li Peng visited from May 15 to unprecedented in their history. Moreover, its water resources are June 1. Hungary. Li's four-day visit to unevenly distributed, and many Hungary also brought the signing places are faced with possible The advanced itechnology and of a long-term trade contract for shortages. equipment avaikible WMM^^i||B^ tries is attractive to China, whose Even as the first spring floods enormous market is in turn in• Before leir^ng BuSapest, Li sstil>' ^iHl0k||||HgM^China, people teresting to them. that the agreement signed between in Beijinpl^^ffl^(iW8*R> use China and Poland and Hungary water economically. Li's visit is therefore described have brought the three countries by Beijing officials as an event into a new stage of sustained and And in the rivering south criss• of great significance in enhancing stable development in economic crossed by rivers and canals, pollu• friendly co-operation between and trade relations. tion could pose a threat for cen• China and the three East Euro• turies to come. Wuxi, in Jiangsu pean countries. "This is positive progress, and Province, is now renowned for its During his tour, Li and his hosts in Berlin, Warsaw and Budapest expressed satisfaction PLACES IN THIS ISSUE over their bilateral relations and vowed to promote further ties. GDR. Li's visit, held from May 16-21, came as the two countries are making new progress in streng• thening their economic exchanges. Sino-GDR trade is expected to rise by nearly 55 percent in 1985, and a long-term trade pact is being prepared to ensure its sustained development. During his stay, Li said that (1) Shenyang (p. 6) (2) iiangsu (p. 6) (3) Hebei (p. 6) (4) Dalian (p. 8) (5) Xiamen (p. 9) (6) Shandong (p. 22) China and the GDR have a bright (7) Llaoning (p. 23)

June 10, 1985 7 urban ahd rural industries. But water will certainly mean added News in Brief most of its waterways, including financial problems for the country. the historic Grand Canal, are It is far better to nip the problem The Ked Cross Society of already seriously polluted and • in the bud." China is ready to discuss "at will remain so unless prompt Water pollution has already any tirrte and any place" the action can be taken. reuniiMi of people separated aroused the concern of the Chinese by the Taiwan Straits, said Shanghai, the industrial centre Government. The State Council Cui YuoTi, minister of Pub• of China, is also threatened by has acted to check the problem lic Health smi-newty-elecied serious pollution. Dianshan Lake, and ban the construction of enter• president of the Chinese Red some 50 kilometres west of the prises which will cause serious Cross. city, is the only source of clean pollution in cities and rural areas. fhe humanitarian or• water for Shanghai's population of And Vice-Premier Li Peng has ganization will continue to about 10 million. Although it is even vowed to make cleaning up work for the country's mo- carefully kept free of industrial ef• the environment a central issue in dcrnizatiun and contribute to fluents, it is now under threat coming state policy decisions. the strengthening of friend• from a sudden boom in tourist and ship wiih Red Cross socie• recreation construction — most of ties in other ^countries, Cui its buildings which have not been Vocational Schools added in a gesture towards provided with proper sewage its counierpart in Taibei. disposal facilities. The city hosts Working Harder *. * * a daily influx of more than 30,000 tourists. China will introduce mili• The vocational school graduates tary training in all .•>econdapy Another threat to Shanghai's in Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, schools and uni\cr:>ii)us in a water supply is a new harbour are much sought-after by local bid to build up ijfe jrcscTvcs project at Guangang, on the employers. Since the end of 1979 The^lPilWiflf^a time Huangpu River upstream of the when the city founded its first ^siiilRne Chinese Fettle's municipality. The project, which vocational training programme, Liberation Army is drasti• includes new wharves and a large 8,125 students have graduated. Of cally trimming its regular storage area, will be completed in these, 7,644 are now employed by forces. three years in a bid to ease state-owned or collectively owned 'I'hc new courses will be congestion in Shanghai harbour. enterprises — in sharp contrast to mandatory in 52 universities. HQywiilW'i' 'ty'WwUlJafcrfnftde neces• the figure of 30 percent for Jin- and 102 senior mftMfP'* sary by the serious pollution zhou's untrained young workers. schools from September. around the city's present water Vocational education is under• University students ..will supply centre downstream, where going drastic changes in order to hHve it^, bot^ of compul• the Huangpu receives a daily input meet the demands of' China's sory military training courses of 5.1 million tons from the city's modernization drive. Technical in their first two academic industrial and residential sewers. and vocational schools are being vcars, while senior midyk; offered as an encouraging alterna• schools will give 72 hours.* i "If the problem cannot be checked, the consequences will be tive for high school students who very serious," said a Shanghai fail to find places in universities Over 45 million people, specialist visiting Beijing. and have to be retrained for em• or one-third of China's total ployment. labour force, found jobs Once water supplies become from 1979-84. The country contaminated, herculean efforts In Dalian, one of the country's is expected to employ 30 and huge amounts of money are 14 open coastal cities, vocational million more people between needed to repair the damage. The schools now enrol 20 percent more 1986 and 1990, an average ot British Government, for example, students than ordinary middle six million annually. spent 25 years and 500 million schools. Local leaders and edu• By the end of last year. pounds sterling on rejuvenating cators think this- will help train a 52.16 million urban residents the River Thames, which was ef• skilled labour force able to keep were working in collective fectively "dead" as a water source pace with the port city's rapid enterprises, while 3,39 mil• for the city of London. But, the social and economic growth. lion others were listed as self- Shanghai specialist adds, "China In a bold move, the city govern• employed. , ' is capital deficient. The money- ment has also ruled that only tech• consuming treatment of polluted nical and vocational school grads

8 Beijing Review, No. 23 niques in ophthalmology with" Chi• nese surgeons, and conduct more than 60 operations for patients suf• fering from blindness, cataracts, glaucoma and other eye diseases.

Some 150 leading eye surgeons from provinces in northern China are in Beijing to inspect the plane, observe operations, attend lectures and exchange notes with their overseas colleages.

"The objective is to combat blindness through an international exchange of skills," Orbis execu^ tive director Oliver Foot said at a Students at the Guongihou Arts ond Crafts Vocational School learning the ceremony marking the start of the finer points of advertising design under the guidance of their instructor. tour.

Blindness afflicts 42 million peo• or ordinary middle school students three-year vocational schools have ple world wide. A further 500 mil• who have attended training turned out more than 3,000 grad• lion suffer from diseases or condi• courses can be employed by state- uates, of whom 95 percent have tions that can cause or contribute owned and collectiveiy owned qualified for employment in vari• to blindness. enterprises. ous fields. China has an estimated 5 million Dalian's more than 50 vocational Vocational education is also blind people and numerous other schools are funded by educational booming in the Xiamen Special suffering from eye diseases, accord• departments, enterprises and in• Economic Zone in Fujian Province. ing to Zhang Huirong, a Beijing dividuals. Factories and enterprises Since 1980, theSEZ has set up doctor. are further encouraged 4o run the Lujiang V^Stiqj^ University and 78 y:^c<^>nal clas^ in senior training programmes in co-opera• and curable eye dis• middle"^ schools. At the moment, tion with colleges in the area. • eases are spreading at a rate faster these classes enrol just under than the world's population growth. In Shanghai, a serious shortage 4,000. Two-thirds of all blindness can be of manpower in the service trades The university offers nine prevented or cured with techniques will bring a record 24,000 students specialities including civil engineer• already known — if only the exper• into vocational schools this year. ing, foreign languages, electronics, tise and the patient can be brought The figure is 20 percent up over management and secretarial work. together," an Orbis report said. 1984, a municipal official said. About half of the 90 workers The Orbis DC-8 aircraft contains Specialized technical and voca• employed by a foreign-funded a inodern operating theatre com• tional schools will take in a further telephone manufacturing company plete with laser and microsurgery 88,000 young people, or 55 percent in the SEZ are graduates of tech• equipment,'and educational facili• of all Shanghai students at the nical courses. ties. senior middle school level. In the past three years, Orbis has Over 130 of the east China carried out missions in more than city's 289 vocational schools are Orbis Eyes China 50 cities in 36 countries, and located in urban areas and run in treated over 3,000 patients. Some co-operation with more than 40 Tour 2,300 doctors hhve participated in companies, the official said. Orbis programmes. About 70 percent of their 100 Orbis, the world's only flying eye Orbis can treat a mere handful or so vocational courses are hospital, arrived in Beijing on May of the millions who desperately oriented towards service trades 27 to begin a three-week tour of need medical attention. However, such as tourism, driving, dress• China. making and cooking, he added. it can help train local doctors and During the visit the American nurses, who in turn can treat nu• Over the past few years, two- or doctors will discuss the latest tech• merous patients, Foot said. fune 10, 1985 9 Beijing's Tallest Skyscraper Stands Out ebina & the World Panda Logo Sought for Games

Internatibhal Mansions, Artists from China and Beijing's tallest building, throughout Asia ha\ been towers 101 metres over asked to submit iiesigns fat eastern Chang An Bou• a symbol representing the levard. The 31-storey giant panda, the olticial skyscraper has 47,741 mascot of the Uth Asian square metres of office Games scheduled foi Beijing and residential floor- in 1990. space. Also called the China International Trust The organizing committee and Investment Corpora• has called for image em• tion (CITIC) Building, the bodying strength,^ initiative, newly-completed struc• friendship and tbe spirit of ture is already renting moialitv in spLils It is aKi accommodations to 80 .• .'«oH(!lting an emblem for the foreign firms. •'•A*ian G»mss> whith will cm- \jkity, friendship, afl^-China's jnutnt culiuic. Tt^i; dcMgn qiuiii L-iirry the «efll Dfiithi: Asian Olympic Council attS^.. ihJ words-: -nib AW Gimies., Bcijinn, 1^)90" Earlier a group of 1,200 Beijing in Children's Reading children toured Tianjin Port and Bohai Bay to celebrate Intema- Wu on Sino-lndoiiesian Has Wide Range Relations The tour, sponsored by the China China's Foreign Minister Cfaina has 129 papers and Children's Fund and the All-China Wu XucLiian ihi^i month di-&- periodicals solely devoted to chil• Women's Federation, both headed cribi.d .illeguuon^ .ibui Chnu dren, with a total circulation of 50 by Kang Keqing, was supported by was invt'lvcd in-' Ind^uiesia's million, according to the Ministry the navy and the ministries of rail• "September 30 Movement"..'! of Post and Telecommunications. ways and communications, which of 196^«s not tDnforrainfi U« These publications include 46 offered a special train, three ships tbe'iSfetorical eaHtie*!^WwP newspapers and 83 periodicals and and the harbour facilities free of -'Chinese Communist Party journals devoted to popular charge. had not had any contact with science, music, sports, recreation the Indonesian Communist and school book references. National People's Congress Vice- Party for 18 ye«8, he added. Chairman Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme In addition, the number of chil• and other senior Party and State In an irflerview piiblis^hcd* dren's books has increased rapidly. officials joined the children, whom on fune T, Wu gave no limesf' According to the latest statistics, they called "China's flowers." table -for the resumption of the country published more than SittO-lndoncsiun rehitionfMiie 900 million copies of 4,090 chil• said L'liina was pr^^l^id to dren's books in 1984, averaging if tl-jerc, difficUl- three copies for each child. lies on the fndonesian sides China has about 350 million but stressed that Chiilg children up to 14 years old. Their faced no problems in resuip development is now receiving ing lies. growing attention under the coun• try's one-child per-family policy. 10 Beijing Review, No. 23 INTERNATIONAL

Korea talks themselves, which have been in political limbo since they broke down after their seventh session Common Desire Links Koreans in Seoul in July 1973. The first signs of a thaw came last Septem• After an interval of 12 years, Pyongyang and Seoul resume ber, when North Korea offered Red Cross talks on reunifying families seperated since the relief aid for flood victims in the Korean War — a new step towards detente between North South. With contact once again and South. resumed, Red Cross organizations in Pyongyang and Seoul were able to get the discussions moving visits between separated familites by LIU ZHENGXUE and again. FENG ZHIYUAN and relatives. The South has agreed in principle to accept the An early agreement on reunifying ORTH and South Korea held new family reunion proposal. the separated families will go far N their 8th round of Red Cross towards ending more than 30 years The leader of the North's talks in Seoul on May 28-29 to of post-war suffering throughout delegation, Li Jong Ryul, added discuss the problem of reunifying the Korean Peninsula. But perhaps that both sides have also agreed families separated since the 1950- even more significantly, the two to hold a working meeting at Pan• 1953 Korean War. Coming on the sides recently proposed holding munjom on July 15, and to send heels of a meeting for economic talks between their respective art troupes headed by their respec• talks in Panmunjom on May 17, parliaments — & move not only tive Red Cross leaders to celebra• the new session was a positive conducive to Korea's independent tions marking the 40th anniversary move towards detente on the and peaceful reunification, the of Korea's National Liberation. Korean Peninsula. « common desire of all Koreans, During the talks, the North The accords bro^ght nev^ hope but also favourable to defusing Korean delegation called for to the 10 million Koreans separated curreBt tensions in the divided package discussions of five-previ• from their kinsmen on both sides nation and safeguarding the peace ously-agreed agenda items, particu• of the 38th Parallel. They also and stability of Northeast Asia and larly an initiative on allowing breathed new vitality into the the world.

Britain pov and Konstantin Chemenko. At the end of last year, Mrs. Towards Better Relations Thatcher received a delegation led by Mikhail Gorbachev, then a Since her re-election in 1983, Prime Minister Margaret member of the Soviet Communist Thatcher has made sound moves towards improving East- Party Politburo, making her the West relations. first Western leader to have had direct contact with the new Soviet by YUCHENGZHI ingly amiable relations with chief. Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, British Foreign RITISH Prime Minister Mar• Mrs. Thatcher gave notice of her Secretary Geoffrey Howe has been B garet Thatcher, dubbed the intentions when she went to Hun• dispatched on trips to the Soviet "iron lady" for the tough foreign gary in February 1984. The trip Union, Romania and Hungary. Last was her first official visit to an policies she advocated in her first month he also travelled to Dem• East European country, and a sign four years in power, has been ocratic Germany, Czechoslovakia of the importance she assigned to steering a different course since and Poland, thus becoming the improving East-West relations. her re-election in October 1983. first foreign office official to have toured all the East European coun• In particular, her new tactic has In 1984 and 1985, she went to tries since World War II. led to the opening of new dialogues Moscow to attend the funerals of with the Soviet Union and increas- former Soviet leaders Yuri Andro- By Mrs. Thatcher's own account.

]une 10, 1985 however, her two important diplo• alid improviffg the British economy. Union. This position seems aimed matic achievements in 1984 were at forcing the United States to drop Meanwhile, Britain has also the signing of the Sino-British Joint its controversial strategic defence made headway in its negotiations Declaration on Hongkong, and initiative, in return for cuts in with Spain on the question of Britain's agreement with the Eur• Moscow's offensive nuclear missile Gibraltar in accordance with a opean Economic Community arsenal. But unless the "Star Wars" "historic accord" concluded last (EEC) on its budget return. programme is dropped, the Soviets November. The two nations have say,'no agreement will be possible The declaration on the future of further agreed to hold annual talks on nuclear disarmament in general. Hongkong won Britain interna• on the island's sovereignty. tional praise, and opened a new Dependent on exports for 30 Washington, for its part, is pre• era of warmer relations with percent of its gross national pro• senting "Star Wars" as research China. duct, Britain has been hard-hit by into new nieans of defending against nuclear attacks. The plan Britain's budget return from the declining foreign trade, slow is not yet a problem for the Geneva EEC was also a long-pending economic recovery and high unem• talks at its present stage, govern• problem, and a major cause of dis• ployment. The • island nation is ment lobbyists insist. putes among EEC members. The thus anxious to strengthen and ex• satisfactory settlement of the issue, pand its economic ties with the Meanwhile, the two nuclear proclaimed by London's Financial Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. powers are also mounting propa• Times as a "turning point for A successful diplomacy, Mrs. That• ganda campaigns and diplomatic Europe," is profoundly important cher believes, will aid this im• initiatives to earn public support, for strengthening the EEC's unity portant objective. especially in Western Europe, and strengthen their respective negotiat• ing pfositions. On April 7, Soviet US-Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev called for a moratorium on research, ex• Arms Talks Plod Along periments and deployment of offen• sive space weapons. He also urged The second round of US-Soviet arms talks opens in Ge• a conc'jrren!; freeze on the stockpil• neva with the focus still on space weapons. ing of strategic nuclear arms and the deployment of medium-range plan. Moscow has recently called missiles. Later, on April 25, the by FANG MIN repeatedly fftii^^jpting courtter- Soviet Union further proposed that measures if the (Tnited States h.olds both sides cut their offensive stra• HE United States and the So• firm on the plan. At ihe negotiat• tegic nuclear forces by one quarter T viet Union opened the second ing table, the Soviets also insist or more, provided the space arms round of their arms talks in Geneva that an agreement on space arma• race be prevented. Washington, on May 30. ments is needed before the other however, sees the offers as little dif• At the first round held in March two issues can be brought up for ferent from earlier Soviet pro• and April, the two sides concen• discussion. The three items must posals, and has made no new moves to end the Geneva deadlock. trated on three main issues — stra• be linked, according to the Soviet tegic nuclear weapons, medium- range nuclear missiles and space arms. But the session was marked Paraguay more by exchanges of irreconcila• ble proposals than by any real pro• gress. This trend continued last Democracy and Reform Demanded month, when US Secretary of State George Shultz met Soviet Although Paraguay has traditionally been quiet, sharp so• Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko cial contradictions at home and the ending of military in Vienna for talks that did little rule in some neighbouring countries have brought calls to clear the air. On the key issue for democratic changes. of disarmament, in fact, the two America, appeals for democratiza• countries stand poles apart on a by LIU XIAOLU tion are now being heard in tradi• wide range of problems — most tionally docile Paraguay. notably President Reagan's pro• W-r ITH the development of the posed "Star Wars" space weapons democratic process in South On May 14 about 5,000 people

12 Beijing Review, No. 25 rallied in tlie capital, Asuncion, students tried to kidnap govern• ports, mainly agricultural prod• to protest against the dictatorial ment officials, made wanton ar• ucts. 30-year rule of President Alfredo rests and forced large numbers of Stroessner's military government. people to flee the country. On the other hand, Paraguay The demonstrators demanded that Some of, Paraguay's problems has been influenced by neigh• the army loosen its grip in favour stem from difficulties in agricul• bouring Argentina, Brazil and of democratic politics, as has ture, which is still the leading Uruguay, all of which have turned already happened in neighbouring sector of its economy. Huge tracts away from military rule in the Argentina and Brazil. Earlier, a are controlled by the 25 major past two years. Facing this trend February 16 rally involving more landlords who own 32 percent of towards democracy, the Stroess• than 10,000 people and organized the country's farmland, leaving ner government has had to make by the February Revolutionary most peasants landless and near- some gestures, including allowing Party and other opposition groups destitute. The military also shields a number of Colorado Popular accused the Stroessner government a great number of foreign immi• Movement members to return of autocratic rule, and expressed grants including international from abroad after 25 years in its determination to "draw a polit• racketeers, drug dealers, and even exile. That move, however, did ical outline for a democratic Nazi war criminals such as the in• little to ease tensions. In March Paraguay." famous "Angel of Death," Doctor 1984 the military government or• Joseph Mengele. dered the non-party newspaper The Paraguayan democratic • In recent years, Paraguay's AbC Color, which criticized the movement is at least partly in• economic situation has been authorities, to close down. The fluenced by recent sweeping gloomy. Its foreign debt is draconian measure prompted changes in South American US$4 billion, and unemployment Paraguay's anti-military parties politics, but domestic factors has been steady at about 9 per• and groups to launch their protest have also played a large role. cent. Recent serious flooding has rallies, and brought increased Ruled by the Stroessner govern• also caused a sharp drop in ex- demands for democracy. ment since 1954, the country has maintained the appear• ance of peace and stlbffity jp. Canada spite of sharp internal contradic• tions. After the coup that brought him to power, Stroessner banned Tough Budget Raises Taxes the country's left-wing groups, restricted freedom of the press With the national debt soaking up more and more revenue, and association, and persecuted the Canadian government is making efforts to reduce dissidents. As commander-in-chief its budget deficit. of the armed forces, he also holds an iron grip on both the military The budget is aimed at shocking and the ruling Colorado Party, by XU DEQIAN new life into the Canadian econo• whose members are mainly high- my, now on a slow upturn. The N his budget speech to the ranking officers. This unchalleng• House of Commons on May country's gross national product ed power allows him to exercise I 23, Canadian Finance Minister which grew at a rate of 4.7 per• dictatorial rule over his 406,752- Michael Wilson announced a cent in 1984, rose by only 3.7 per• square-km country and its 3 mil• tough new budget for fiscal 1985- cent in the first quarter of this year. lion to 4 million people. To fur• 86 that reduces the country's rising Even worse, unemployment has ther consolidate its hold, the mili• deficit by cutting spending and in• been holding steady at around 11 tary junta in 1970 decreed that creasing taxes. percent due to insufficient invest• anyone criticizing the president, ment in industry. top ministers or judges of the su• The first budget proposed by the preme court would be jailed for Progressive Conservative govern• The government and opposition six years. Faced with growing dis• ment since it came to power last parties, however, have different contentment and opposition, the September, the plan calls for total opinions on how to deal with the military called for national nego• revenue of Canadian $71.2 billion, problem. The opposition are cal• tiations in 1974, in an attempt to against total expenditures of $105 ling for increased spending to defuse potentially explosive ten• billion. The proposed deficit of create more jobs, while the govern• sions. But soon the military gov• $33.8 billion is $4.4 billion down ment of Prime Minister Brian Mul- ernment, on the pretext that from fiscal 1984-85. roney encourages private enter-

]um 10. 1985 13 prises to boost their investment in production in order to increase employment. The government is Albania also targeting a lower budget defi• cit to help decrease interest rates, which are now running as high as More Flexible Policies Adopted 10 percent. After the death of Enver Hoxha, the world waits to see Canada's other major problem is what changes, if any, his successor will bring to Albania. its steep national debt now ap• proaching $200 billion — a per- ber reached agreements on trans• capita level second only to Italy by JIN LIANGPING port, culture, science and tech• among the Western countries. Its nology, telecommunications and interest payments alone soak up LBANIAN leader Enver Hoxha postal service. One month later, one of every $3 government earns. Adied April 11, and two days la• the two countries agreed to open Reducing that budget bulge, ter politburo member Ramiz Alia their common border, v^hich had however, will not be easy: The gov• was named his successor. been closed since World War 11. ernment will not be able to curtail The supreme leader of Albanian social welfare spending, nor will it Earlier at the end of 1983, Alba• Party of Labour for the past 40 cut the defence budget, because of nia and Italy also reopened the years, Hoxha took a tough line in its commitments to the Northern ports of Durres and Trieste to both his domestic and foreign Atlantic Treaty Organization. That each other's ships, giving the Al• policies. leaves administrative costs as the banians a sea route to Western Europe for the first time in 40 major target for the finance minis• Alleging that "Albania is the years. ter's axe. only country that really depends Raising revenue is also proble• on its own strength to build socia• In a further move away from its matic. Will higher taxes on cig• lism," he also kept his distance long isolation, Albania recently fin• arettes, alcohol, gasoline and candy from both the Soviet Union and ished a new railway line from bars — and an income tax hike on the United States. Albania would Shkoder to Hani i Hotit. The line Canadians earning salaries of over never be reconciled with either of up with Yugoslavia's Titograd- $40,000 a year — one expected to the major powers, he once declar• Hani i Hotit Railway in this June, boost government income by only ed. joining the Albanian railway to $200 million, far from enough to networks throughout Europe. Both His polioief^o^l^ set to con• make a dent into the national defi• Albania and Yugoslavia have said tinue under Alia, who, in a speech cit. that their economic exchanges and at the late leader's funeral, stressed relations will be greatly improved Not unexpectedly, the proposed that nothing would make Albania by the new tie. budget has received a mixed wel• depart from Hoxha's line. come. The government has hailed Relations between Albania and it as just and tough, while the op• In recent years, however, Alba• Turkey have gained strength fol• position have caustically described nia's foreign policies have in fact lowing the signing of a civil avia• it as "tough but unjust," and likely shown some flexibility. The coun• tion and other protocols last year. to cause a decrease in employment. try emphasizes a good-neighbourly Trade relations between Albania policy in which political and Taking a long-term view, how• and the East European countries ideological differences do not af• ever, economists seem to agree that also improved to varying degrees. fect economic and trade relations. the deficit-reducing budget is at Albania maintains further trade least a good beginning towards It has established diplomatic ties links with countries that have no tackling Canada's economic head• with France, Austria, Belgium, the diplomatic relations with it, such aches — although it will probably Netherlands, Portugal and the as the Federal Republic of Ger• have no immediate effect on either Scandinavian countries. Alia has many (FRG) and Britain. When the debt or unemployment. The also pledged that he will make ef• Bavarian leaders visited Albania experts expect that the Canadian forts to overcome Albania's diffi• economy will grow but at a re• last August, reports said the two culties with other West European duced rate of 3-3.5 percent in sides discussed the possibility of nations, and called for progress in the coming year. Interest rates are establishing diplomatic relations normalizing relations with Yugo• expected to drop, although unem• between Albania and the FRG. slavia. ployment will continue to run at Albania also restored its trade 10-11 percent. Albania and Greece last Decem• relations with China in 1983.

14 Beijing Review. No. 23 Deng Xiaoping on Developing Education

The following is the major part and rural areas have come to opinions of large numbers of of a speech delivered at the recognize the importance of know• teachers and students, ease their national education conference on ledge, qualified personnel and worries and solve problems for May 19. 1985. —Ed. education. This is a big advance them. within our Party. On the other We've said on many occasions hand, a number of our comrades, What is meant by leadership? To that China's economy might ap• including some high ranking offi• lead is to serve. I said a few years proach that of the developed cials, do not yet fully realize the ago that 1 would like to be the countries by the centenary of the necessity of developing and re• head of the logistics department for founding of the People's Republic. forming education. They lack a comrades in educational, scientific This prediction is based, among sense of urgency. Some acknow• and technological institutions. I other things, on China's ability to ledge the importance of education, have the same attitude today. Lead• develop education, raise its but less so when it comes to solv• ing cadres must do more practical scientific and technological level ing concrete problems. work. The bad work style of and train hundreds of millions of whiling away their time by issuing qualified people at all levels and Isn't it true that we have already directives and giving empty talks in all spheres of work within this acted to shift the focus of the work must be changed. Every depart• period of time. of the Party and the state to eco• ment and area, and cadres with nomic construction? That focus prime 'responsibility in particular, The strength and the economic should have covered education. should pay attention to this prob• growth of our country is increasing• Leaders who neglect education are lem. ly dependent on the competence of immature leaders, lacking the long its work force and the quantity view and therefore incapable I am optimistic about the growth and quality of its intellectuals. of leading the tnOdernization pro• of education in our country. It is Given a sound educational system, gramme. Leaders at all levels true there are difficulties, but we China, as a nation of 1 billion, must pay keen attention to doing should also .ivtake_ note of the can tap its ^^normous intelle^ual as good a job in education as in favourable factors. No'inatter from resources to an extent without "p«[^ lie work. what angle we look at it, econ• cedent. With this advantage, plus omic development in the past few the advanced socialist system, we The Panf'Witnittees and gov• years has been rapid. The econ• are certain to reach our goal. ernments at all levels should set omy is the foundation. Expansion strict standards, give fewer empty of the economy will certainly Children now in their first year talks and do more practical work. stimulate educational growth. of school will be the new force, They should attend to such prob• People in all circles of society after a dozen years of education, lems as "How to implement the for the great endeavours which have great enthusiasm for running decision on educational reform in will usher in the 21th century. schools, in both the cities and your own area and department"; countryside. Many patriotic over• "How to solve the problem of in• The Party Central Committee seas Chinese have taken the initia• sufficient school buildings and has decided to make great efforts tive to donate funds to set up to develop education, and to carry teaching aids"; "If the funds for schools. Now we have worked out it right through from primary to schools are not enough, how can a correct programme (the pro• middle school. This is a strategic we raise them"; "How to improve gramme for reform of education — move. If we fail now to set the food in the canteens for teach• Ed). In these circumstances, if the this task for the whole Party, we ers and students"; "How to ar• leaders at all levels make con• will be delaying something truly range teacher training"; "How to scientious efforts to take this work important and will thus fail to improve ideological and political in hand, I think it can be done fulfil our historic responsibility. work in the schools," and so on. well; there are no grounds for pes• Leading cadres at all levels of simism. Several years of down-to- In the past few years, a growing Parly committees and governments earth work will create an number of comrades from the should go down to the schools unprecedented flowering of educa• central authorities to the localities regularly, hear the views and tion for the Chinese nation. O

fune 10, 1985 15 Upgrading Education Through Reform

HINA will do its utmost to junior middle school education The documents also says more C train a large number of able universal in the next six years in administrative powers will be given people for its economic and social the cities and coastal areas, and to universities and colleges in the development. within the next 10 years in the following aspects: countryside. This constitutes the fundamental • Deciding on teaching plans goal of the on-going educational Now, because of a shortage and curricula, and compiling and reform, according to a decision of of middle school teachers, build• choosing teaching materials; the Party Central Committee which ings and other facilities, only about was made public on May 29. two-thirds of the pupils are able to • Accepting projects from or co• proceed to junior middle schools. operation with other social estab• The Decision on the Reform of lishments for scientific research the Educational System urges the All local governments should and technological development, as country's educational departments take practical measures to build a well as setting up combines involv• to train millions of skilled workers stable contingent of qualified ing teaching, scientific research for all trades and professions. teachers in sufficient numbers. and production; Unprecedented achievements in These include principally train• • Suggesting appointments and education have been registered over ing of' the existing teachers and removals of vice-presidents and of• the past three decades' since the raising their social status, pay and ficials at various levels; founding to New China. Most of living conditions. the people who are now the main• • Disposal of capital construc• stay of the country's economic Teaching tion investment and funds allocated construction were brought up dur• by the state; and At the same time, the central ing this period. government will place the respon• • Developing international ex• However, the document says, sibility for developing basic educa• changes by using their own funds. China's present educational system, tion with the local governments guidelines, curricula and methods and encourage state-owned enter• are not in keeping with the socialist prises, mass organizations and in• Practice modernization programme. dividuals to pool education funds. As well as eoroUing students ac• The deci;!^ says China will cording to state quotas, universities Problems work hard to K^feVelop pre-schooi and colleges will also admit education and special education for students sponsored by other estab• The document lists the following the blind, deaf-mutes, the disabled lishments and students who pro• as major problems: Weak elemen• and mentally-retarded children. vide for their own expenses, tary education, shortage of schools abandoning the previous practice and qualified teachers, and retard• Meanwhile, it says China is to that all students had to be enrolled ed development of vocational and encourage more junior middle according to the state plan. How• technical education. school graduates to enter technical ever, all students will still have schools. Outdated textbooks and over- to pass entrance examinations. Vocational and technical school specialization in certain faculties Students who pay for themselves also hamper the development of graduates will have priority in job will seek jobs by themselves. modern science and culture in assignment. Other job seekers will China. have to take technical tests. The present system of state stip• ends for students at institutions of Vocational and technical educa• Besides, over-strict control by higher learning will also be re• tion are the weakest links in the relative government departments formed and a scholarship system system, the document adds. over schools, particularly over the set up, the decision says. All institutions of higher learning, has Last year there were only 3.7 students, except those at teachers' stunted their vigour. million vocational and technical colleges, those who are to work school students, against 45.54 mil• under very tough conditions after The decision says that a nine- lion in ordinary middle schools. graduation and those who have year compulsory education will be Short-term technical colleges will financial difficulty, will have to introduced step by step. be set up to take technical school pay for tuition, accommodation it says China will strive to make graduates and on-job workers. and miscellaneous expenses. •

16 Beijing Review, No. 23 People's Bank Cruciol to Macroeconomics

—An interview with Chen Muhua, state councillor and newly appointed president of the People's Bank of China

Question: As the central bank inces, municipalities and autono• and the leading financial organiza• mous regions, as well as for the tion of the state, how can the Peo• various special banks. The ple's Bank of China exercise con• branches and the special banks trol on the whole while being should never exceed the limits set flexible with regard to specific for them. matters in monetary management? We called a national bank con• Answer: In September 1983, the ference recently. The conference State Council designated the Peo• reviewed the bank's work in the ple's Bank of China as the coun• first few months of this year and try's central bank in an attempt to outlined the tasks for the future. strengthen the management and While making efforts to strengthen comprehensive balance of credit macroeconomic control by every funds and better serve the state's means, we will adopt various flex• macroeconomic planning. Since ible methods to ensure the sus• then the bank has stopped offering tained, stable and co-ordinated industrial and commercial credits development of China's economy. and dealing with savings deposits. Q: You say that the central The People's Bank of China pro• ternational monetary activities on bank and the various special vides leadership for and exercises behalf of the Chinese government. banks will adopt the method of control over China's nui^jB^fe^i^ys- If ,it does a^ood job in the "eating from separate pots." What tern. It has 10 major tasks: (IT'Wr**#bve-mentioi^ IQ^ields, thePeo- do you mean? study and draw up principles, pol pie's Bank of China caa, as' tSe ' 1ri*'=»«i«saiV^^^,,all the credit icies, decrees and basic systems for central bank of the state, play a funds of the People's #arik of Chi• the country's monetary work, and positive role in exercising control na and the various special banks to take care of their implementa• over major matters while remain• will be incorporated in a compre• tion after they are approved; (2) ing flexible with regard to minor hensive state credit plan. The var• To exercise control over the money ones. In his government work re• ious special banks will adopt in• supply and to regulate the circula• port to the Third Session of the dependent accounting. The verified tion of currency on the market; (3) Sixth National People's Congress working funds and credit funds for To exercise unified control over last March, Premier Zhao Ziyar.g various banks will be left at their the interest rates of Renminbi sav• put forward five requirements for own disposal. Now a creditor- ings deposits and loans and the improving economic control in light depositor relationship has been exchange rate between Renminbi of China's current economic cons• and other currencies; (4) To draft truction. His second requirement forged between the People's Bank credit plans on behalf of the state has a particularly strong bearing on of China and the various special and exercise unified management the work of the bank. According banks. The various special banks of credit funds; (5) To manage the to his requirement, the bank will and financial institutions should state's foreign exchange and control draw up a unified credit plan strengthen their co-operation in gold and silver transactions and and monetary policy, strengthen funds and make up each other's reserves; (6) To manage the state its regulatory functions, strictly deficits so as to speed up the circu• treasury; (7) To examine and ap• control the total amount of lation of funds. Actually, these are prove the establishment, closure credit funds and currency in cir• concrete methods to ensure control and merger of monetary institu• culation, appropriately raise the over major matters and flexibility tions; (8) To co-ordinate and audit interest rates of savings deposits with regard to minor ones. They the transactions of the various and open up more loan sources. As are put forward in view of the de• monetary institutions; (9) To exer• the centra! bank of the state, we velopment of the economic situa• cise control over the monetary mar• will set limits on the money supply tion. As they were just recently ket; and (10) To take part in in- for cur branches in various prov• introduced, vve need to constantly

]une 10, 1985 17 sum up our experiences and Zone. Will it be possible for them affect the willingness of foreign perfect them. to open branch offices in other businessmen to invest in China and places in the future? the issuance of credits? Q: Some joint-stock economic A: Last April the State Council A: Generally speaking, we have undertakings have appeared in the promulgated the Regulations Gov• a sound control over our foreign country. What is the state policy erning Foreign Banks and Joint exchange reserves. At the end of towards them? Can the shares be Chinese-Foreign Banks in Special sold and bought freely? Is it true 1984, they totalled US$14.42 Economic Zones. By now some that China has restored stock ex• billion, a drop of US$2.25 billion, foreign banks, including banks change? from the US$16.67 billion last Sep-' from the United States, France and tember. The major reason is the Japan, have applied to set- up A: With the implementation of all-time high level of imports, the policies of opening to the out• branches in the special economic which are costing us a lot _ of side world and invigorating the do• zones. Their applications are now foreign exchange. We think such mestic economy, many new things being studied. a fall in foreign exchange reserves have indeed appeared. They in• is normal, because it is a rertection clude pooling funds and issuing As we still lack experience in stocks and bonds. We are now this field, it is far too early for us of the development of our eco• studying these developments. Our to permit foreign banks to set up nomic and technological co-opera• general principle is to give sup• branches in other parts of the coun• tion with other countries. try. The branch offices of the port to all things that are benefi• We welcome foreign investors to Hongkong & Shanghai Banking cial to the economic development. play a role in China's construction. Corp. and the Chartered Bank in The departments concerned are The political situation in China is Shanghai are an exception. They now drafting regulations on work stable. The country's moderniza• were left over from old China and in this field on the basis of investi• tion programme is advancing we have not changed the fait gations. smoothly. Its investment environ• accompli. At present we have not given ment is constantly being improved. consideration to the question as to Relations between Chinese and Regulations governing economic whether stock shares can be sold foreign financial circles are becom• co-operation with other countries and bought freely. The belief ing closer. There are 136 foreign are continuously being perfected. abroad that China has restored representative offices in China. Of Anidthe cmintry has acquired more, the stock exchange is not true. them, 72 are based in Beiime|^|||| «tperience in condticting economic co-operation with other countries. Q: Some foreign bsiAillnPpltP ^^^^^Rmdma^Cnina's foreign Overseas investors can have con• ning to set up branch offices in exchange reserves have dropped. fidence in making investment in the Shenzhen Special Economic What are the reasons? Will this China. •

The People Desire, Safeguard Peace

The Beijing Forum on Safeguarding World Peace, sponsored by the lessons of the past, trying to find Chinese Association for International Understanding from June 4 to 6, was ways to prevent the outbreak of attended by more than 100 participants from over 50 peace organizations a new world war. from two dozen countries. Immediately after the conclusion The participants were encouraged to express their views in an of World War II 40 years ago, atmosphere of mutual respect, and to seek common ground while re• people began talking about the serving differences on this vital international issue. Li Yimang, Pres• danger of a third world war. As ident of the Chinese Association for International Understanding, spoke things stand, there has since been on the forces, ways and means of safeguarding world peace. His speech 40 years of peace. So, the FIRST reads as follows. — Ed. point I am going to discuss is why postwar peace has been maintained HE year 1985 marks the 40th observed or are observing the and who the principal forces are T anniversary of the conclusion Occasion in one way or another. for preventing a new world war. of World War II. Countries in Peopje everywhere are reviewing In my opinion, many factors different parts of the world have and analysing the experiences and have contributed to the mainten-

18 Beijing Review, No. 23 ance of world peace over the arsenals in the world continue past 40 years. The essential factor, their rivalry for superiority in the however, is the will of the people. arms race. Now, all land, sea and Their unprecedented awakening even outer space are subject to the and. resolute struggle against the threat of their nuclear and other policies of aggression and war new weapons. Indeed, a nuclear have played a decisive role. war, should it happen one day, People all over the world, includ• would result in the most horrible ing those of the Soviet Union and catastrophe ever known in human the United States, desire peace and history. No one with a good oppose war, in particular, nuclear conscience will forget the nuclear war. This provides a genuine holocausts perpetrated 40 years "deterrent." In addition, the ago at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. postwar years have witnessed the Therefore, we hold that the emergence of many newly in• most urgent task that must be dependent countries, a number of undertaken to safeguard world socialist countries and other peace- peace is to stop the arms race by loving countries, followed by the two superpowers and their extensive third world and among people the world over. rivalry for world hegemony — that nonaligned movements that have People have noted that the super• is, to eliminate the nuclear threat gradually come into being in the powers tend to use local wars to and prevent a nuclear war. As wake of events and changes in the extend their spheres of influence, everyone knows, the two super• world situation. Playing an seize strategic points and prepare powers possess 95 percent of the increasingly important role in for a large-scale war. However, world's nuclear weapons, many of international affairs, they have thanks to firm resistance by the which are deployed on the soil of fundamentally changed the pat• people of the countries under other countries. Consequently, tern of international relations and invasion and thanks to the active people are justified in demanding the world balance of forces, and support given to them by the that they conduct arms control have thus become a countries and^^^^jeoples of the talks in earnest and reach a checking wars and a basic factcft- %orld that loVe peace and uphold genuine agreement on disarma• in safeguarding peace. Moreover, justice, thefee local wars have not ment; that they take the lead in in the past decade or two, the two yet developed into a world war. halting the testing, improvement superpowers, the only powers The peace-loving countries and and production of nuclear weap• capable of launching a world war, peoples have inflicted heavy blows ons and space weapons; and have been locked in a nuclear and sound lessons on aggressors that they not only immediately stalemate. It should be pointed who have dared to launch wars, stop deploying nuclear weapons out, however, that the 40 years of and will continue to do so should abroad, but drastically reduce their postwar peace are not a gift from anyone dare to try this in the existing stockpiles of nuclear on high, but the outcome of a future. Facts have shown that weapons as well. On this basis, protracted struggle waged by all whoever attempts to conquer a all countries with nuclear weapons the peace-loving countries and nation or a country or the world should hold comprehensive nuclear peoples of the world. by launching a war, and whoever disarmament negotiations and seek attempts to impose his ideology to reach fair and reasonable agree• Although there has been no and social system on another ments, so as to gradually realize world war in the 40 postwar nation or country by armed force, the total banning and complete years, local conflicts and armed will land himself in an inextricable destruction of nuclear weapons. clashes have occurred con• predicament or end up in defeat. tinuously. Most of these are caused This is a law governing the course This IS a historical duty imposed by the encroachment upon, or the of history. by all mankind on the nuclear suppression of, the independence powers, and in which nobody of a nation or a country, or by SECOND, how do we view the should fail. The first round of Interference in the internal affairs most urgent task that must be arms control talks in Geneva of One country by another. These undertaken to safeguard world failed to make any headway, and factors, more often than not, also peace? the second round has just started. lead to tension in the international As everyone knows, despite It is our hope that these talks will situation as a whole. Therefore, people's strong opposition, the two not become a smokescreen, as the they have aroused deep anxiety countries that possess the largest previous ones did, behind which

June 10, 1985 19 to seek the upper hand by arms and policies of war. The and development provide prere• restricting the other side and solution lies in the Five Principles quisites or conditions for each expanding one's own strength. We of Peaceful Coexistence, in other. support the proposition that peaceful negotiations. The suc• nuclear disarmament be carried cessful solution of the Hongkong It is true that the escalating out in conjunction with con• question by China and the United arms race and the superpowers' ventional disarmament. China will Kingdom has provided new ex• astronomical military spending can continue to take a positive and perience in solving problems stimulate a temporary economic responsible attitude and make its through friendly consultations. boom, but in the final analysis due contributions. they will hamper the economic 1 believe that, in essence, the development of their own coun• THIRD, I wish to deal with the Five Principles of Peaceful tries, the improvement of living relationship between the imple• Coexistence, the Ten Principles of standards and the welfare of mentation of the Five Principles the Bandung conference, the their own people. At the same of Peaceful Coexistence and the Charter of the United Nations and time, such arms expansion and safeguarding of world peace. the basic norms of international war preparations are bound to This year is also the 30th law all require mutual respect for involve, and already have in• anniversary of the Bandung sovereignty and territorial in• volved, their allies, not only Conference of the Asian and tegrity, non-interference in each threatening the peace and security African countries, and many others internal affairs and op• of various regions, but also, in the countries have celebrated the position to all forms of power end, slowing down the economic occasion. On the basis of the Five politics and interventionist poli• recoveiy or growth of some of the Principles of Peaceful Coexistence cies. Countless events have developed countries, and thus (i.e., mutual respect for sov• demonstrated that our present-day gravely affecting the living ereignty and territorial integrity, international tensions and the standards and employment rate of threat of a new world war stem their people. mutual non-aggression, non-inter• from an intensified superpower ference in each other's internal arms race and their rivalry for China is a developing country, affairs, equality and mutual world hegemony. Unless hege- and like the other third world benefit, and peaceful coejustence), monist policies are opposed, countries, we are deeply concerned the Bandung conference put forth neither world peace ncr regional with the question ot developjnent. the Ten Principles, which have peace, nor any country's own The third world countries are in played an active role and streng• security, can be achieved or dire need of developing their thened the unity among the maintained. ThSt is Why we have national economies in order to third world countries, the always taken "opposition to free themselves from the economic establishment of a new type of hegemonism and the safeguarding difficulties that face them. There• international relations and the of world peace" as an integral fore, the countries and peoples safeguarding of world peace. The concept. We support the third of the third world desire peace; a 30 years of history have proved world countries and peoples in peaceful environment is essential that countries, different or not in their just struggle against all to development. Besides, world social system, can live on friendly outside intervention. Peace move• peace, stability and economic terms and entertain normal rela• ments in some countries have prosperity cannot be built on a tions with each other and world regarded support for this just basis of impoverished economies peace can be maintained, provided struggle as an important com• in developing countries. A third that they strictly abide by the Five ponent of their campaigns. I very world that enjoys ever increasing Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. much appreciate this, because in economic growth will become a Otherwise, international ;\.'!ations resisting foreign intervention peo• powerful factor in promoting will be strained or even reduced ple are safeguarding world peace. world economic prosperity and to confrontation. Clashes and -wan safeguarding world peace. This will occur even between countries FOURTH, I wish to discuss in has been recognized by more and with identical social systems. And more people in the world. world peace will thus be upset or brief 'the relationship between disrupted. We have also become peace and development. So, we stand for promoting aware of the fact that international The world today is confronted North-South dialogue and estab• contradictions or conflicts cannot with two major issues- Peace and lishing a new international be resolved by creating spheres of development. The two questions economic order. It is not only a influence or by forming a bloc or are closely related to each other. question of economic development, an alliance, still less by force of Or, may I put it this way, peace mutual benefit and co-operation. 20 Beijing Reviexv, No. 23 but also a basic means of safe• of various countries, people have of course, it would be best if no guarding world peace. We also persevered in opposing nuclear war ever came about. Never would agree that the arms race should weapons, nuclear threats and we want to see the fruits of our be stopped for the sake of nuclear war. They are resolute in labour devastated in the flames of economic development, and that demanding complete and thorough war. China pursues a policy of the money saved by disarmament disarmament, particularly nuclear independence and will form allian• should be used to improve the disarmament, and continue to ces with no other country. This living standards in the country carry out all kinds of domestic and certainly contributes to the relaxa• concerned and to aid third world international activities. Many tion of world tension and the win• countries in developing their peace organizations and guardians ning of a lasting world peace. I economies. of peace are tenaciously working can make a clear and definite state• and fighting in defense of world ment that China is a force working FIFTH, there are different peace. The Chinese people hold to stabilize world peace, not to views in the world as to how to a high opinion of and fully sup• undermine it. Moreover, with the assess the peace movements of port their devotion to the cause of growth of its economy and its various countries and what peace. strength, China will make even attitude to take towards them. greater contributions to the safe• Here, I would like to contribute It is only natural that peace guarding of world peace. my personal views. movements in different countries proceed from their own circum• As is known to all, China has In recent years, peace ' move• stances and experiences, and ad• consistently carried out a strict and ments have flourished in Western vocate different views. I think this clear-cut policy concerning nuclear Europe, North .\merica, the should not become an obstacle to weapons; that is, while developing Pacific and elsewhere. They are relations and exchanges among a minimal number of nuclear weap• unprecedentedly large in scale, them. At present, there is an ons to foil the nuclear blackmail great in momentum and varied in urgent need for these relations and of the superpowers, China will content and form.. Rising above exchanges to be strengthened. I never be the first to use nuclear their political or ideological differ• believe that the world peace move• weapons. Nor will we proliferate ences, people in many countries of ment will grow and the cause of nuclear weapons or deploy nuclear various social stja^^^jiaiitical §afci9M«ding vv^^ peace will be weapons abroad. China made an parties, organizations an ificed, as IBfig are united open pledge to that effect as early beliefs, and large numbers of sia^e on a broa#'scale unfe the gr^^- ^Ji9J»4ifi ^In nuclear disarmament, young people in particular, have banner of opposing arms expansion China Is not an onlooker, but a voluntarily engaged in joint and war preparations, preventing a promoter. We have constantly put activities and joined in a powerful nuclear war and safeguarding forward practical and reasonable force for peace. The peace move• world peace. proposals and have always been ments are so popular in some ready to make our proper contri• countries that they are checking, SIXTH, people may be quite in• butions. We have reduced con• to a certain extent, the arms ex• terested in the contributions China ventional arms unilaterally and of pansion and war preparations of can make to the cause of world our own accord. In recent years, the superpowers. In a word, the peace, so I wish to give my friends our country has converted military peace movement, which reflects a brief account of it. production into civilian production the strong aspiration of the people The Chinese people, in their on a large scale and it has, on sev• the world over to safeguard peace, hundreds of millions, have always eral occasions, drastically reduced is the largest and most influential had a profound love for peace and the size and establishment of its international mass movement. No have made unremitting efforts and army units. We are concentrating one can neglect or control it; still enormous sacrifices in defense of all our resources on moderniza• less can anyone stop it. peace, because they hope that the tion, and this calls for huge amounts of financial, material and I believe that, like other people of all countries can live and human resources. Therefore, the movements, the peace movement work in peace. Now that the peo• one billion Chinese people are all is forging ahead, wave upon wave, ple of China are focusing all their supporters of disarmament. through twists and turns. Despite efforts on the modernization pro• the successive deployment of new gramme, they need all the more a In the past few years, we have medium-range nuclear missiles in lasting, stable and peaceful interna• attached great importance to carry• Europe, the peace movement has tional environment. We do not ing out various activities for peace. not waned; people are analysing want war. We hope no war will Last year in Beijing we held a their experience in order to build break out in the rest of this cen• forum on safeguarding world peace upon it. In the peace movements tury, nor in the next century. And attended by representatives from

June 10, 1985 21 various sectors m China, and three groups and activists of other coun• a war are growing. I am convinc• thoiisand Japanese youths were in• tries. All of this has promoted ed that it is possible to prevent a vited to a get-together for peace mutual understanding and friend• new world war, and that there is and friendship. This year, our ship. In order to further promote hope for maintaining world peace workers, youth, women and peo• various forms of peace activities, as long as the peace-loving coun• ple from religious and other cir• the Chinese Association for In• tries and peoples all over the cles have invited many foreign ternational . Understanding and world unite, support each other friends to China to take part in other people's organizations have and persevere in their struggle to peace and friendship activities. jointly sponsored and established keep frustrating the arms expan• Last month, some public organiza• the "Chinese People's Association sion and war preparations of the tions in China hosted the Peace for Peace and Disarmament." We superpowers and their policies of Boat from Japan and sponsored a wish to establish contacts and ties expansion and aggression. To this "Friendly Gathering of "?^outh with niore peace organizations end, the Chinese people are ready From the Asian-Pacific Region" and activists from other countries to stand together with the peace- with "Participation, Development so as to exchange experience and loving people of all countries, and Peace" as its theme. Besides, views and to discuss with them avail ourselves of all opportunities in the past few years, we have at• questions of peace, relaxation of to vigorously develop various international tension and disarma• tended a number of international forms of peace activities and re-» ment. peace conferences on a people-to- double our efforts to make greater people basis and have established The danger of a world war per• contributions to the safeguarding of world peace. • contacts and ties with many peace sists, but the forces opposing such

Peasants Turn to Science for Help

In issue No. 11 of 1984 we carried an article entitled "Peasants' phosphorus content of the soil. He Enthusiasm for Science," reporting that Chinese peasants were eager used scientific watering methods to acquire t/fttBrdl and scientific knowledge after the production respon• and pesticides. By the end of the sibility system was introduced. What's happening now one year later? year, Li had reaped a total harvest "The following article describes the current situation. — Ed. of 4.76 tons of grain, 2.55 tons of wheat in the first crop and 2.21 tons of corn and soybeans in the ods — pays even greater divi• by LI YONGZENG second, double the average yield. Our Correspondent dends. In 1983 Li tried out other scien• Since the implementation of Li Xiangling, a young peasant tific methods on his farmland. He rural reforms in 1979, a new in Shandong Province, became an used greenhouses to get plants breed of successful peasant haS be• agricultural technician upon grad• started earlier and applied plant come prominent in China's coun• uation from junior middle school hormones to encourage faster tryside. Today, a strong back is in 1975. By reading many scientif• growth. The methods resulted in no guarantee of prosperity — it's ic books such as Crop Cultiva• a bountiful grain and cotton har• the strong mind that counts most tion, Breeding Seedlings Through vest. of all. Inheritance and Crop Physiology, he has learnt the rudiments of Over the past three years, Li The reforms have allowed peas• agricultural science and has gain• has reaped 30 tons of grain and ants to contract farmland for ed an advantage over untrained 1.25 tons of cotton which have their crops. , They turn over a peasants. His family, which in• earned him a total income of prearranged portion of the har• cludes eight people but only three 24,900 yuan. The local peasants vest to the state and the collec• able-bodied workers, contracts 1.2 call him "cultivation master" and tive, but keep the rest to sell hectares of land. are eager to learn from him. as they wish. Hard work, of course, pays off in greater profits. In 1981 Li used 0.3 hectare for After most areas implemented But approaching the farmwork an experimental field, on which the production responsibility sys• with a scientific attitude -»- using he planted improved crop varie• tem, the government further relax• fertilizers, pesticides, new seed ties and applied chemical fertil• ed agricultural policies by en• strains and modern planting meth- izers according to the nitrogen and couraging urban and rural free

22 Beijittg Review, No. 25 "cultivation master" in Shandong Province, established a cultivation association and recruited more than 40 members. Shi Lei's as• sociation has 1,300 members from all over the country, varying in size and focus, some associations have a national or provincial in• fluence, while others are based in counties or villages. There are 24,000 such associations in China, according to an incomplete survey. In Yuanluo Township of Baodi County, on the outskirts of Tian- jin, there is a famous research as• sociation devoted to cultivating spring onions and garlic. The local peasants have planted garlic for Technicicms at a peasant-organized research institute in Liaoning several hundred years. Their Province developing a new variety of vegetables. garlic . is known for its jui• ciness and stickiness. In fact, markets. Peasants were urged to 13,000 yuan, which he recouped it was frequently used by the develop crops and farm products within four months. His net prof• imperial court in .gluing signs of other than grain. Peasants soon it for the year reached an incred• rank on official hats, in mount• began to provide urban residents ible 97,000 yuan. ing paintings and in making with more meat, eggs, milk, poul• Shi's story was spread through• silk flowers because of its antisep• try, vegetables and fruit. Special• out the country by the mass media. tic effect. Baodi spring onions were ized households — providing Peasants from all over have sought known for their 40-cm-high stalks everything from musiii^^j^o _^^^jfflji^ance ajj^^elp. Shi re- and their pungent flavour. In transportation — multiplied. the past, both spring onions and production took off, so did the about l60 vishiig^aiMi 1.0pO popularization of science and tech• letters every day. From'the Vno^ nology. Peasants were no longer than 100,000 letters he'ifccetvwi cpuntry. ^^^i^^SMlen "leftist" satisfied with just learning about asking about raising rabbits, he policymakers ordered farmers to scientific methods of growing chose 500 typical questions for emphasize grain production, only grain. They wanted to know how his own book, which he titled 500 a limited amount of these famous to' raise chickens, how to breed Questions on Rabbit Breeding. The crops were grown. fish and how to cultivate mush• 200,000-word book will soon After the reforms were imple• rooms. As a result, experts ap• be published. In April 1984 Shi mented, peasants went back to peared in a whole array of agri• united with other rabbit breeders growing spring onions and garlic. cultural fields. to establish the Shi Lei Family But due to pests, inefficient plant• Rabbit-Breeding Research As• ing methods and poor strains, Shi Lei, 19, was idle at home sociation, an organization designed yields were fairly low. Confront• two' years ago iafter graduation to exchange information about ing these problems, peasant Chen from junior middle school in Tie- raising rabbits. Guangxing began to experiment ling County, Liaoning Province, with scientific cultivation methods because he could not continue his Peasants' Research on his own land. In the first year schooling due to an eye ailment. Association he harvested a huge crop and his Depressed by his lack of work, he fellow villagers flocked to his home read whatever he could find. One As commodity production has for guidance. After answering day he happened to read Rabbit developed, ' many specialized their questions, Chen decided to Breeding, which turned out to be households have organized their write a book about his experi• the book that changed his life. He own research groups. They choose ments. In addition to compiling managed to get a 1,000 yuan loan specialists their leaders and work his experimental records, Chen from a bank and purchased seven together to study the latest tech• went to the Scientific and Techno• different kinds of stud rabbits. nology about their chosen special• logical Research and Information Rapid results were encouraging. ity. Institute of Tianjin to gather more In 1984 Shi invested another For example, Li Xiangltng, the information on onion and. garlic lune 10, 1985 23 gether they have produced three available without keeping track I books on spring onion and garlic of the cost. This primitive method cultivation. The society now has was unsuited to large-scale com• 65 members, who make an aver• modity production. In response age of 43 percent of their agricul• to the government's call for a tural income from growing spring diversified economy, many peas• onions and garlic. ants began to raise chickens as a commercial venture. But they Through the society's efforts, met many difficulties, including the township land devoted to pestilence, low survival rates, and onions and garlic has increased a lack of feed, money and know• from 206 hectares in 1982 to 600 ledge. Disturbed by these prob• hectares in 1984. The output lems, several chicken raisers value has mounted from 1'.2 mil- banded together to establish a re• mion yuan to 3.6 million yuan, search association. Nine people adding 300 yuan to the per^capita from the local hatchery, grain sta• income. tion, veterinary station, supply Peasant-organized research as• and marketing co-op and credit sociations not only conduct scien• co-operative formed the board of tific research and popularize new directors. The board was divided technology,' they also proivde into three groups, which focused services to meet the needs of com• on technological guidance, feed modity production. The Chicken- research and the prevention and Raising Research Association of cure of pestilence. The associa• Longzheng Township in Haian tion now provides such services County, fiangsu Province, is one as information transfer, loans, Technicians from the Tionjin Aquatic example. stud roosters, hatching, produc• Research Institute help peasants breed fish. In the past, local peasants tion and supply of feed, preven• rarely raised more than 20 chick• tion and cure of pestilence, pro• cultivation. But, to his disappoint• ens. They were generally raised cessing and marketing. ment, he found nothing. Return• for family use and had little com• Association members have ing home, Chen turned to other ex• mercial value. They fed their some privileges, such as purchas• perts to fill in the gaps in his chickens scraps^or whatever was ing stud chickens at a preferential knowledge and was able to finish the book. Huang Shuiguang (right) and Liang Shengdong, twa associate research In the spring of 1983 Chen and fellows from the Guangdong Agricultural Scientific Research Institute, 12 other specialized households es• surveying the growth of a new strain of sugarcane. tablished their own research so• ciety. Their research is oriented towards increasing production. They design their projects accord• ing to the problems they encoun• ter, and each member is to carry out a portion of the experiment on his own land and is responsible for keeping records. The compiled data is sent to Chen who analyses the data and determines what should be done. Since its estab• lishment two years ago, the society has carried out seven major experi• ments, including research on de• veloping improved spring onion and garlic strains and adding hor• mones to seedlings. They worked out a formula for row spacing of high-stalk spring onions, and to•

24 Beijing Review, No. 23 price, priority in purchasing mix• ed feed, pestilence insurance, free technological information and lectures. In return, their obliga• tion includes fulfilling assigned research tasks and paying 1 fen for each stud chicken raised. By combining production, research and marketing services, the as• sociation makes life much easier for its members. Its total mem• bership expanded from 115 to 1,215 households in just one year.

The association also invites pro• fessors and institute specialists to act as technological consultants. For example, the local breed of chickens gave small eggs in low numbers, thus resulting in low science and technology. Their Basing himself on his two-year ex• profits for egg fanners. But a efforts have resulted in increased perience with the team, Wang consultant from Shanghai in• production and a rapid rise in peas• wrote Raising Chickens for 500 troduced a breed of chicken from ant incomes. There is no wonder Days, which turned out to be a a foreign country which produces peasants call such specialists the best-seller with peasants. much larger yields. With the "gods of wealth." In traditional con.sultant's help, the local farm• Chinese legend, the "god of Zhang has been teaching and ers are raising chickens that lay wealth" is a lucky idol who can performing research on fruit-tree 250-280 eggs annually, almost bring wealth to people. growing since 1927. He has spent double the 130-150 egf^^|^4*8| many of his vacations in the coun- the native breed. ^ ^ *™Unfortunat«y, are npt tmide surveying fruit trees in enough "§5o3s of weaith** a^^^- 't^i^^^^Migl^gw^ varieties. In With the association's traininq: -ible in rural China. Scholars and 1939 he s^^^%* breeding and advice, the members have specialists find life in the coun• two orange varieties named No. abandoned old, » inefficient tryside harder than city lite, and methods. Some 95 percent of 20 and No. 26, But he was unable their research achievements in Longzheng's chickens are now to spread his research results the countryside are often not raised for commercial use and without government funding. He valued highly by their colleagues. each chicken can produce a net finally got his funding after the For these reasons, those who are annual profit of 10 yuan. founding of New China in 1949. willing to serve the peasants are There are now some 37 million There are more and more such encouraged by the government. trees of No. 20 and No. 26 breed associations organized by peasants The government recently Com• growing in the region. To help themselves with the help of local mended serveral of these altruistic peasants grow oranges in the experts. With practical produc• scientists. Two of them, Profes• northern part of Hubei Province, tion skills, some have transformed sor Wang Shuxin from Beijing Zhang and his colleagues walked from purely research-oriented Agricultural University and Pro• 15 km of mountain trails each day fessor Zhang Wencai from Cen• groups into money-making busi• to look for wild orange trees. tral China Agricultural College, nesses. They finally found three on an out- were each rewarded with a prize of-the-way mountain, proving that of 10,000 yuan. "Gods of Wealth" orange trees can survive in the re• Wang is a member of China's gion. Based on that finding, Zhang Without the support and help Veterinary Society. For many introduced commercial oranges of specialists and scholars, the years he has helped peasants raise into the area, and northern Hubei success of rural research associa• chickens by holding lectures and now yields more than 4,000 tons a tions would be impossible. training classes. In 1981 lie or• year. Although he is now in his The government encourages ac• ganized a team of consultants to late 70s, Zhang frequently visits complished specialists and scholars solve problems encountered by the countryside to give lectures on to help peasants learn about peasants in the suburbs of Beijing. fruit-tree growing. •

fune 10, 198') 25 Tibetan Students Studying in Beijing 144 are Tibetans. The student on their studies. Even during their by LI RONGXIA body includes representatives of free time they are often thinking Our Correspondent 46 nationalities from 13 provinces, of their lessons. HE days of ignorance in Tibet municipalities and autonomous Within their first year, most T have ended. Today this re• regions. students equal the mathematics mote autonomous region has three The school faces a heavy task and Han language standards of universities, 60 middle schools and in training such a wide spectrum the Beijing primary school more than 2,000 primary schools of minority nationality students. students. Once they catch up, giving the children and gradchil- And it has scored many successes. they begin in the second year dren of former slaves a chance to Most of the graduates have been to study regular junior middle have an education. admitted to universities and col• school courses. The junior middle leges, and a few have become school studies take three years and Yet there is still much to be cadres back in their hometowns. are followed by three years in done to improve education among senior middle school. the Tibetans. Only a few students As is the case back in Tibet, from the region have entered the minority students studying in Bei• After a period of study, most prestigious universities in Beijing, jing receive free food, clothing and young Tibetans feel a heavy re• and only about 100 have passed boarding. Every student is grant• sponsibility to help bring an end the exams to study in the middle ed an allowance of 26 yuan per to the backwardness backhome in school attached to the Central In• month — including 18 yuan for Tibet. stitute for Nationalities in the meals and two yuan for clothes. capital. They also enjoy free medical care. Chen, the deputy principal, said In contrast, in ordinary middle these students have achieved great To help improve their educa• schools most Han students depend progress in the past few years. tional foundation, some young on their families to pay their educa• Tibetans have moved to Beijing tional expenses. When entering school, Baima for their secondary school train• Ciren could speak only his native Tibet^. But now he does excep- ing. With the help of six years in 'V a middle school, 22-year-old Tibet• Poor Educational Foundation ticnislIy /ell in his studies and has feeen tabbed a model student — an Baima Ciren has bridged the Most of the gap itl Bdtitltbhal stand|^^^^ Ji^^jWflHPi^ ideologically, intellectually and physically. He has visited several aiughters of peasants and herds• Beijing middle schools to deliver Making Up Lost Ground men. They generally have a poor speeches in his fluent Chinese. He Chen Changyuan, deputy prin• educational foundation despite the has also published an article in cipal at the institute's middle fact that they are primary school the national magazine People's school, said the backwardness graduates. Students from Lhasa Education. left over from history will continue approach the level of Beijing to handicap Tibet's educational students, however, students from Siqu Duoji, another Tibetan system for some time. Today more rural areas usually know only the student, won third place in an than 30 years after liberation, it Tibetan language. They neither essay contest that attracted middle is still inferior to Beijing's system speak nor write Han (Chinese) school students from 17 provinces in both teaching quality and class• language, and some know only the and municipalities. room conditions. simplest mathematics. The institute's middle school Because of their poor founda• Future College Students is the only school specially de• tion, new junior middle school Duo Qiong, a class monitor, signated for ethnic minority students must begin their studies said that he has learnt how to think students from all over the country. by learning the Han pinyin over matters and has developed Administered by the State Nation• phonetic alphabet and basic his own views while studying in alities Affairs Commission and the mathematics. Two teachers who Beijing. speak the Tibetan language help Central Institute for Nationalities, The overwhelming majority of the school evolved from the Mon• the young Tibetans with their Chinese studies. the Tibetan students want to take golian-Tibetan school which has a the college entrance examination. history of 71 years. The school Tibetan students are diligent. now has 320 students, of whom They spend alpost all of their time (Continued cn p. 32.)

26, Beijing Review, No. 23 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

Care for the Urban Pensioners Over the past few years, various undertakings serving the aged have been initiated to pass some of the and let them run the household. from "GUANGMING RIBAO" burden of care for the elderly from This method is practised in families (Guangming Daily) the family to society. As China's where the parents are in advanced economy develops and its in• age or have little or no income. HE issue of care for the elderly surance system is gradually extend• T is attracting more and more 5) Separate management. ed, more and more old people will attention worldwide. How is this Although the married children live be able to support themselves. question viewed in China? The with their parents, their expenses Family economic support for the following is an analysis of the are kept separate. The children elderly will then be replaced by the present situation and lives of may also give their parents some support of society. China's urban pensioners. money every month. This is us• ually the practice in large families Feelings of loneliness and insecu• Economic Support. Most of in which several married children rity in the aged, a problem found China's urban elderly live with live with their parents, or families difficult to solve abroad, is not so their grown children. At present, in which the parents and children conspicuous an issue in China, the usual economic arrangement don't get along well. where old people keep in close can roughly be divided into five touch with all sectors of the society. types: Care in Life. According to one The happiness of the elderly is em• survey of retired Shanghai res• bodied in their warm and peaceful 1) Parental management. The lives, the realization of their per• children give all or part of their idents, the elderly usually take care sonal wishes, and the gratification monthly incomes to their parents, of chores such as minding their of their personal interests. This who pool it with allot part of their grandchildren, shopping, washing. requires concern and support from own inccMws to Supi i cleaiung These fami- the family and the society in gen- family. Most families with unm^^ liviTOJfefo. i^ Me lives. ypes of old people ried grown children adopt this Spiritual Life. As peoplel^e,^ problems. type of arrangement. their social positions change/jlfomi Those with low educational levels labourers who create wealth to re• 2) Semi-joint management. Mar• hope that their descendants will tirees requiring support from all ried children who live-with their respect their say in household ar• areas of society. As a result, the parents give part of their monthly rangements, tell them news from elderly may fall prey to feelings of incomes to the parents, who plan outside and get together with them inferiority and loneliness. At the the overall budget for basic house• on holidays. Those who have spe• same time, they may resent their hold expenditures. Other costs cial skills wish to continue to changing situation and make in• such as for clothes, books and achieve more in their own fields; creased demands for respect. These newspapers are paid by family and those who are interested in conflicting mental states can be members separately. Sometimes social work take great pride in soothed only by the satisfaction the members pool their money their service to society. that comes from a warm family to buy expensive goods such as a life. In harmonious families, the colour TV set or refrigerator. This young always try to understand type of arrangement is convenient their elders' feelings and show con• for both old and young. Problems of cern for them. They often have 3) Parental support. The chil• talks with them on holidays, after Intellectuals dren and parents live together, and meals or before bedtime, support the latter pay all household ex• them and help them take part in from "XUEXI YU YANjrU" penses. This is usually the case activities such as travel, physical '(Study and Research) with small families in which the exercise and social welfare work parents have higher incomes. so that the elderly can maintain OME facts about Chiha's intel• contact with society. S lectuals are easily seen — fore• 4) Management by the children. most that they are few in number The parents give part or all of their Currently, China's aged are main• in spite of the country's huge popu• incomes to their married children. ly supported by their families. lation. According to a UNESCO lune 10, 1985 27 survey of 114 countries, China even concluded that intellectuals futuristic projects. The most im• ranked second from last in the were parasites living off the portant and difficult thing for a number of college graduates per workers and peasants. This led country to do is to develop its econ• 10,000 persons. to even more problems for in• omy. This task takes dozens of tellectuals. years. Th,e country's census in 1982, showed that although six million The turmoil of the 10-year "cul• Yang stresses that China's pri• Chinese had bachelors' degrees, tural revolution" particularly weak• mary goal is quadrupling its an• 230 million more were illiterate or ened and shattered China's small nual gross national output by the semi-literate. This lopsided state corps of intellectuals, leaving a gen• end of this century. From now on, of affairs is both cultural and geo• eration-wide intellectual vacuum the country's slogan should be logical; the developed areas along and causing uncountable loss. Driv• "production first, production first, Cliina's coast have promoted educa• en by a love of science, many in• and again production first." tion widely, while 70 percent of tellectuals have worked silently the people in outlying provinces and alone for many years. But no and regions such as Tibet are professional titles have ever been illiterate. granted to them, and their salaries China Enjoys Top are lower than those of physical Another salient fact is the sur• labourers of the same generation. Rice Seed prising lack of top-ranked intellec• tuals. According to some statistics, Resources the United States has more than Views on Science 600,000 university professors while from "QTNGDAO RIB^" the Soviet Union has 300,000 and And Technology (Qingdao Doily) China merely 30,000 — most of them elderly. The members of the from "KETIXTNXIIBAO'' HINA is the world's richest General Assembly of the Chinese (Scletice and Technology News) C country in terms of rice seed Academy of Sciences, for example, resources. The nation has collected average 70 years of age; even ROFESSOR Yang Chen Ning, a and preserved some 40,000 types worse, that average is made up of P Chinese-American, shared the of rice seeds. Of the total, local a pitiful number of fifty years olds Nobel Prize for physics with Tsung rice varieties account for 77 per• against a considerable proportion Dao Lee in 1957. He recently gave cent; high-quality rice, fragrant rice of octogenarians, Some of them his views on Chinese science and and bright purple rice account for barely able to manage their daily technologjtiflftlici^ 10 percent; and new varieties and lives. foreign imports account for the On the relationship between the other 13 percent. These problems are the result of study of basic science and theory China's unique historical and so• and economic construction. Yang There are also many varieties of cial conditions. Before 1911, the holds that China should fix the wild rice growing in 140 counties imperial civil service examinations amount the government will pro• in Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian and were aimed at recruiting officials, vide to support the study of basic other provinces. Most of the wild not encouraging real intellectual science and theory before deciding rice is of good quality. Some is development. True intellectuals the scale and number of research fit for consumption and some can had no social standing of any con• projects. This will help break up be used for medical purpose or in sequence, and indeed were looked the endless policy debates which breeding rice hybrids that will be down upon. This historical ghost often drone on over extremely more resistant to blight and other still haunts today's China, and is miner issues. Judged by the profit crop diseases. sri'j the reason for the low status of the whole nation, it is wise that given intellectuals. the funds for basic studies will not be increased from five to ten years, Contemporary China was a coun• because China's average national try of small-peasant economy. Its income at present is very low. commodity production was under• developed, and society was little Yang thinks that China should effected by science and technology mobilize all its resources to solve even backward as they were. that problem. In many parts of Blind to the great importance China, people still live hard lives; of modern scieiTce and technology academics should bear, this firmly to economic development, people in mind and cease trying to exploit

28 Beijing Review, No. 23 BUSINESS AND TRADE

number of nu.plear stations will More Funds Fuel Power Projects also be built in east and northeast China. China's power industry will ac• lower reaches of the Changjiang tively seek foreign investment, (Yangtze) River, the upper reaches Only a small percentage of advanced technology and manage• of the Huanghe (Yellow) River China's foreign capital has gone to ment expertise to overcome its and the Hongshui River valley. finance new power projects. As major problems — inadequate Preparations are already under construction progresses, more funding and outdated equipment. way on the development of overseas investment will be needed the three Changji&ng River gorges, to fuel this vital industry. Overseas investments in hydro- as well as several other projects. power construction will mainly The Longyangxia, Gezhouba, come as medium- and long-term Ertan, Baishan and Tianshengqiao Xinjiang Opens and low-interest loans or buyers' power stations will also go into credits offered by foreign govern• service by the turn of the century. ments and international financial By the year 2000, China plans to Doors to Investors organizations. The industry will build 17 1-miliion kw hydropower "Xinjiang is rich in oil and na• also open its doors to direct stations. The installed capacity of tural gas deposits. It has verified investment in joint ventures and the hydropower stations planned reserves of 1.5 billion tons, which co-operative enterprises. for the three gorges on the Chang• indicates that it will probably jiang River is expected to reach 13 Funding has already been become China's most promising million kw. granted by the World Bank, the area for onshore oil production," Overseas Co-operative Fund of Alternative energy sources will Ismayil Aymat, chairman of the Japan and the Kuvvatt Fund for also come in for their share of at- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Arab Eoonomic n 'ork^(^«i recently on Region, said at a news briefing in which together extended millioii^w rr" ' billion to China in 1984. Two in Guangdihg Province,* pibj€i more contracts will soon be signed jointly funded by the Minisfry of on loans totalling US$400 million. rich in low-ash, low-suTphur c6aT, Water Resources and Electric with reserves of 1,600 billion tons, Future hydropower construction Power and investors in Hongkong. and has water power resources will focus on the middle and By the end of the century, a equal to the annual flow of the Huanghe (Yellow), Huai and Haihe rivers put together. Its The 30-metre-wide highway roadbed from Letianxi to Bahekou along the Changjiang River gorges has been completed. hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 9.04 million kw, but ^^Mp * ^ ii^^nii^^^^'^^^^^^^^ only 1.7 percent has so far been utilized, Aymat said. Of China's 147 known minerals, 115 have been discovered in Xin• jiang. The region' boasts reserves of iron, manganese, aluminium, beryllium, lithium, niobium, •tantalum, muscovite and crystal. Covering 1.6 million square kilometres, Xinjiang is the largest autonomous region in China and accounts for one-sixth of the country's total land mass. In order to speed up its construc• tion and promote economic and technological co-operation with

June 10, 1985 29 3. Low land rental fees of one garia will export food processing yuan to 3a yuan per square metre equipment, hoists, transport facil• for joint ventures or foreign- ities and electronic equipment to owned enterprises. Land fees will China. Contracts for 50 percent be lowered further, or waived of the planned exports have been altogether, for projects in agri• signed. culture, animal husbandry, water conservancy and some other areas; Jiangsu Lining 4. Low charges for labour; For Export 5. Extended time limits for joint ventures; Some will have The Nantong-Hymo Co. Ltd., terms five to ten years longer the first Chinese factory producing than those offered in the interior synthetic lining for export, went and coastal areas; and into 9peration last month. It will help end China's dependence on 6. Part of the products of importing synthetic lining used for joint ventures, co-operative enter• Ismayil Aymai. making medium- and high-grade prises and foreign-owned enter• garments, especially those intended prises are allowed to be sold on other countries, the regional for export. the domestic market. A larger governnient will step up both proportion of these products can Located in Nantong, jiangsu imports and exports while seeking . be arranged for the home market Province, the Sino-Japanese joint more foreign funds and advanced in light of the circumstances, and venture is financed by the Nan• technology. Xinjiang will hold a local foreign trade departments tong Handicrafts, Garments, Head- commodity sales exhibition in will help market another portion wear and Footwear Company, the Hongkong in August, and will take of these products abroad. China International Trust and part in the Izmir International Investment Corp. and the Hymo Fair in Turkey,later this year. It Industrial Co. Ltd. of Japan. Its will also hold a foreign trade production plans call for 10 symposium in Urumqi, the regional Bulgaria Holds million metres of synthetic lining capital, from August 20. Exhibkion in its first year of operation, with The region will select 83 proj• equal arriounts to be sold in China ects for co-operation with foreign and overseas. The plant's output investors and businessmen from A Bulgarian machine-building will reach 30 million metres in its Hongkong and Macao at the exhibition was held from May 20 second year of business, with 70 symposium. These will cover tex• to 30 in the national agricultural percent to be marketed in other tiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, mach• exhibition centre in Beijing. countries. inery, building materials, non- On display were computers, ferrous metals, animal husbandry, electronic instruments, machine NEWS IN BRIEF tourism and public utilities. products, measuring instruments, and freezing and packaging equip• • The China Fuli Company is To offset limitations including ment brought by 15 organizations now holding talks with Gakken its remote location and long trans• arid enterprises under the Bul• Science Kits of Japan on the pur• port line, Xinjiang will offer garian Ministry of Machine- chase of electrical audio-visual aids foreign investors: Building. A symposium on 13 for middle and primary" schools. 1. Greater decision-making technologies was also held. powers for foreign-funded enter• prises. They will enjoy more au• Vice-Premier Tian Jiyun said at tonomy in manpower, finance, the opening ceremony that the materials, production and supply exhibition will help promote and marketing; economic and technological exchanges and co-operation be• 2. Low-priced local raw ma• tween China and Bulgaria. terials and fuel for joint ventures, co-operative enterprises or foreign- According to the 1984 Sino- owned enterprises; Bulgarian trade agreement, Bul•

JO Beijing Review, No. 23 CULTURE AND SCIENCE Lao She Masterpiece on Television The streets of Beijing, normally crowded with shoppers and strol• lers on a warm spring evening, clear earlier than usual each Sun• day as local residents hurry home to tune in a television masterpiece — Chinese writer Lao She's epic drama, Four Generations Under One Roof. By the internationally-acclaimed author of Camel Xiangzi {Rickshaw Boy) and Teahouse, Four Genera• tions has broad appeal for Beijing residents. Set in Small Sheepfold Alley, the narrow lane that was once Lao She's' home, the 28-epi- sode serial traces the lives of 17 neighbouring families during the bitter years following the Japanese occupation of the city in 1937, Its huge cast of characi on the Qi's, a middle-i rangis^fn written while Lao She was extended family — the Four Gen• passivity and outright trmc^ the early erations of the title — whose nu• the face of the Japanese invfHlQQ mos.PS' merous members span the full of China. numerous problems for its produc• range of local life. They also cover a Based on the trilogy, Apprehen• ers at the Beijing Television wide political spectrum, with res- sion, Ignoble Existence and Fa- Studio. Foremost, of course, was the near-herculean task of condens• ing the original novels, with their sprawling cast, into a clear, com• prehensible screenplay. But re• creating the Beijing of the late 1930s and early 1940s also proved to be no mean feat, since many neighbourhoods had changed be• yond all recognition since the founding of New China. Small Sheepfold Alley, in particular, was not what it used to be and thus had to be entirely recreated with the help of Hu Jieqing, Lao She's 79- year-old widow and a key advisor on the project. The series also had the advice of a large number of older Beijing residents: the former barbers, rick• shaw pullers, actresses and under• takers whose capacious memories provided the details needed to lune 10. 1985 3 J make its costumes and settings opera, he honed his skills in com• Avshalomov's great esteem for faithful to their historical period. position at the Zurich Conserva• the. Chinese cultural tradition is Although the series will run for tory in Switzerland before moving worth affirming. Today, an in• many weeks, Hu believes it has to Shanghai, where he lived for creasing number of people in the already had a large impact on its more than a dozen years. world h"ave taken to traditional television audience, especially Chinese music. Ever more new During that period, he produced younger viewers who had no ex• creations are welcomed by. the a large body of works reflecting perience of the capital's former audiences. For example, Liang the special features of ancient Chi• customs and hard times. To explain, Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, a violin nese music —'its scale, melody and its dramatic appeal, she quotes the concerto describing a legendary rhythm. Many were based on folk lines of a poem Lao She wrote love story, and the caprice Great tales and legends, including operas nearly 45 years ago: Wall, a Western-style composition on the lives of the Goddess of played on Erhu with the accom• "We will take up our pens. . . Mercy and the famous beauty Yang paniment of a traditional in• Inscribing the heroic deeds, vic• Yuhuan, an imperial concubine of struments orchestra. They all re• torious creeds the Tang Dynasty. Avshalomov flect the combination of the cream In the pages of history also composed a song for Mei Lan- of Chinese and Western traditional fang, the modern master of Beijing To make all generations remain, art. lofty." opera.

Four Generations Under One Among the pieces played at the These achievements suggest to Roof is now being shown to mark Beijing concert were a choral in• people the great potential of the the 40th anniversary of the end of terpretation of the legend of Meng development of Chinese art. In ad• World War II. It has been trans• Jiangnu — a Chinese woman who dition to the valuable references lated into English, Japanese, sacrificed her life for her hus^li^ and nutrition of foreign art, the French and Romanian. who died while building the Grdfat artists can draw inexhaustible nu• Lao She wrote 16 novels, over Wall — vocal solos based on the trition from the vast sea of tradi• 70 short stories and 36 plays and poems of Tang dynasty poet Li Bai, tional Chinese art. librettos between the 1920s and his and nocturnes for the Erhu, a two- Although not the first Western death in 1966. stringed Chinese violin. Also fea• musician to draw inspiration from tured were selections from Avsha- the East, Avshalomov was one of lomov's Beijing Lane, a sympnonic Concert Marks the most successful in adapting poem memorializing life in the an- European techniques to Chinese ii 111 ^riiwi jjaiiiiii ' Russian Composer cultural traditions. This achieve• A concert was held in Beijing Commenting on one of his dance ment helps explain why, within a last month to commemorate the dramas in the '30s, one newspaper month following special concerts 90th birthday of Russian composer said, "We see that much timber marking the 300th birthdays of the Aaron Avshalomov. and expressive power has been in• musical giants, Bach and Handel, and the 145th anniversary of the Avshalomov (1894-1964) was stilled into Chirlese music " born in a small town near, the And the composer responded, "I'm birth of Tchaikovsky, Beijing has mouth of the Heilongjiang River, sure a generation of talented Chi• also commemorated Aaron Avsha• on the Sino-Soviet border. Deeply nese composers will soon come to lomov — a foreign composer who influenced by Chinese folk songs the fore, bringing Chinese music to valued and understood the Chinese and the stylized arias of Beijing the rest of the world." cultural legacy.

(Continued from p. 26.) Xigaze is her hometown and the middle school graduates last year, city is short of foreign trade ex• 13 were admitted to univ^sities. When picking a college, they perts. Some 76 to 86 percent of the in• choose specialized fields in light of stitute's middle school graduates the needs of their hometown rather Duo Qiong has decided tp enter go on to college, a far higher per• than simply choosing the subject a teachers' college. He feels that centage than in most Beijing that interests them most. education is the key to ending middle schools. Ethnic minority backwardness in his hometown. Mima Lamu, . an 18-year-oId students are aided by lower ad• Tibetan in her final year of senior Because of their studies in Bei• mission standards as a way to middle school, said she hopes to jing, their dreams are more likely compensate for their educational enter the College of Foreign Trade. to come true. Of the 15 Tibetan handicaps.' -Q

32 Beijing Review, No. 23 BOOKS

Peng's Memoirs Chronicle His Rise, Fall

Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal two main sources. Autobio• By age 13 he was a child labourer (in English and Japanese) graphical notes for "confessions" in a coal pit, not only doing written on demand of the "cul• dangerous work 12 and 13 hours Written by: Marshal Peng Dehuai tural revolution" interrogators a day but getting cheated out of Published by:. Foreign Languages are the basis for the first 13 half his pay by the pit owner. Press chapters; chapters 14 and 15 are from his "letter of 80,000 charact• Of these years he writes: "The Distributed by: China Interna• ers" written in 1962 to the Party appalling poverty I experienced tional Book Trading Corp. Central Committee. in my childhood and youth tem• (Guoji Shudian) pered me. In later years I often Peng was born in 1898 into a recalled the plight of my child• Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal struggling farm family in Xiang- hood with a view to preventing is an absorbing first-hand account tan County, Hunan Province. He myself from becoming corrupt of an important slice of Chinese saw his baby brother die of and forgetting the hard life of the history. It covers Peng's career malnutrition, family land and pos• poor." from service in China's warlord sessions sold to buy food, and Joining warlord troops meant armies to command of the Chi• family members forced to beg that after deductions, he would nese People's Volunteers in Korea. from neighbours. The begging sickened him and he went out at have up to 3.50 silver dollars to Peng's story fills 523 pages, 15 the age "of 10 to do odd jobs that send home; so he signed up in chapters in all, and comes from would bring in money for food. March of 1916, not yet 18, in the Sixth Regiment of the Hunan Army Second Division.

4llMt|||jtei^|Jj|^^|otight its way through^^l^lMl^iitlps. juid back-country skirmishes with other warlord forces, two things happened. Battles took their toll, and young Peng's natural ability started him up the command lad• der, first as a squad leader, then as head of a platoon. At the same time, he began to catch on to an overriding pohtical reality: No matter how the battles went, tl^ warlords and landlords always seemed to win and the soldiers and peasants always seemed to lose.

Peng saw this turned around during a protest over back pay. When the arrears reached alrnost two years, soldier representatives organized a protest and a march and came away with a compromise settlement. Peng writes: "When soldiers become conscious of what they are doing and are organized, they constitute a mighty force. The experience helped me to set up soldiers' committees and institute

June 10, 1985 53 ^oldiers' self-government in later of the Communist Party in Lushan ious Red Army are detailed with years." . in July 1959, Peng became con• names, dates, places and incidents. vinced that there were serious His first step in this direction Supplementing Peng's narrative flaws in production figures and was the organization of Save-the- is a photo section, campaign maps, programme implementations in the Poor Committee, an idea which he a 10-page introduction and a pre• Great Leap Forward reports. With carried with him into the Hunan face by Yang Shangkun, one of characteristic directness, he decid• Officers' Acaderiiy and expanded Peng's comrades-in-arms who is ed a letter of criticism on the Great when he returned to the Sixth Reg• now vice-chairman of the Military Leap Forward practices to Chair• iment as a company commander. Commission of the Communist man Mao would straighten out the Starting out with five members and Party Central Committee. Appen• problems, and he literally dashed a four-point charter, the committee dices include the text of Peng's off the letter, starting it one even• became an underground source 1959 letter of criticism to Mao and ing after supper and delivering it that provided ideas and leaders excerpts from a 1965 conversation the next morning to Mao. His life for the Soldiers' Committee move• with Mao. was never the same afterwards. ment which led directly to the — Rick Shanor Pingjiang Uprising in 1928, ac• He lost his position, was exiled cording to Peng. from Party membership and was put under virtual house arrest By this time he was a regimental ENGLISH BOOKS until 1965, when he was consid• commander, had joined the Com• AVAILABLE ered by Mao to be rehabilitated. munist Party and had an under• Assigned then to a post in Sichuan ground Party organization ready to LIGHT AND SHADOW ALONG Province as deputy chief for na• A GREAT ROAD act when three key officers who tional defence construction in were Party members faced expo• Transloted by Rewi Alley Southwest China, he was called This is anthology of 431 poems by t sure and arrest. Once again, the back in 1966 and ground up in 388 contemporary Chinfese poets. back pay issue was a catalyst and Including almost all the poetic the mill of the "cultural revolu• the revolt liberated the towni of themes and styles characteristic of tion." the past 60 years. Pingjiang, freed students and rev• olutionaries froin lailj and started Peng denied .wrongdoing and de• PEKING OPERA AND MEl Peng on the road to being a Red fied his persecutors through beat• LAN FANG Arpy commander. ings, deprivation and over 130 in• by Wu Zuguang and Others i terrogations to die a marWj's The authors describe in detail the After Pingjiang, Peng's units conventions and unique artistry of death JftJ^veinbCT this traditional Chinese , theatrical gathered strength and momentum, A- Third pienary^es«OT! of the 11th form. Much of the book is devotsd smashing Kuomintang counter• Central Committee of the Party, to" introducing Peking Opera to the A attacks and fighting their way, as West. held in 1978, re-examined his case, -f the Fifth Red Army, to join up A German edition is also available. reversed the judgment, exonerated with the Fourth Red Army and IN THE MANSION OF CON• him of all charges and reaffirmed + Mao Zedong in the Jinggang Moun• FUCIUS' DESCENDANTS his contributions to the Chinese EI tains at the Hunan-jiangxi border * revolution. by Kong Demao area. That was the beginning; In ttijs book the author conveys w Ifeere were many days of battle first-hand accounts of the highly ri• Memoirs of a Chinese Marshal tualized lifestyle in an aristocratic and many years of struggle ahead. not • only documents Peng's role house thot survived the collapse of a dozen dynasties purely by 4irtue of As a Red Army commander, Peng in the building of modern China if its link with Confucius. fought Kuomintang reactionaries but is also a reference work of to a standstill in four central prov• considerable value relating to mili• BEIJING OLD AND NEW inces; directed a key break• tary actions and the Red Army's through at Zunyi during the Long beginnings,in the 1920s and 1930s. by Zhou Shachen T In this richly illustrate book the March; was Eighth Route Army More than 400 of the book's 523 author gives a comprehensive intro• it Deputy Commander against the pages focus on this period. Peng's duction of Beijing's history, legends, t architecture, historical 'relics and Japanese; was Commander-in- writing is rich in anecdotes: places of scenic beauty. Illustrations m Chief of the First Field Army that marches, battles, river crossings, in color. -pl liberated Northwest China; and retreats, ambushes, esjpionage, as• Published by New World Press, it was commander of the Chinese sassinations, executions, betrayals Beijing, China it Distributed by China International People's Volunteers that defeated and plots. The development of sol• Book. Trading Corporation -b the invading US troops in Korea. diers' rights groups and the growth (Guoji Shudian) P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China At a session of the Political of Party membership from an Bureau of the Central Committee underground network into a victor•

34 Beijing Review, No. 23 Papercuts

by Peasant Zhang Yujie

Influenced by folk pa• percuts from her child• hood, Zhang Yujie began to teach herself the skill while still a young girl. Exaggerated and li• vely, her works are bold and beautiful. Zhang was born in 1939 in Qianyang Coun• ty, Shacnxi Province.

ART PAQE BLUE SKY TOOTHPASTE Blue Sky Toothpaste, produced by the Tianjin Toothpaste Factory, is a refreshing way to brush your teeth and fight tooth decay. The spearmint flavour keeps your breath" fresh for hours, it was awarded the state gold medal for fine quality in 1 981.

CHINA NATIONAL LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS Tl IP IMPORT & EXPORT CORP. TIANJIN BRANCH 172 Liaoning Road, T'cnjin, China Cable Address: "INDUSTRY ' TIANJIN Telex: 23142 TJLIP CN