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DAMN WITH FAINT PRAISE: A HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ON PLUTARCH’S ON THE FORTUNE OR VIRTUE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT 1 ___________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri ___________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________________________________________________ By DAWN L. GILLEY Dr. Ian Worthington, Dissertation Supervisor May, 2009 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled DAMN WITH FAINT PRAISE A HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ON PLUTARCH’S ON THE FORTUNE OR VIRTUE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT Presented by Dawn L. Gilley A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. ____________________________________________________ Professor Ian Worthington ____________________________________________________ Professor Lawrence Okamura ____________________________________________________ Professor Lois Huneycutt ____________________________________________________ Professor A. Mark Smith ____________________________________________________ Professor Barbara Wallach ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my gratitude to many people. First, this dissertation could not have been written without the support and advice of my advisor Ian Worthington whose demands have helped me to be a better scholar. I would also like to acknowledge my other committee members, Professor Lois Huneycutt, Professor Lawrence Okamura, Professor Mark Smith, and Professor Barbara Wallach for putting up with the never-ending stream of emails I sent their way. I have greatly appreciated the comments and thoughts of Professor Christopher Pelling, Professor Tim Whitmarsh, and Professor Sulochana Asirvatham who read previous drafts despite having busy schedules. A special note of thanks goes to my fellow graduate students in the basement of Read Hall for listening to me pontificate on Plutarch for the last three years and for providing endless hours of napkin toasts. A special thank you to Kris Maulden for Caddyshack and Buffalo Wild Wing Tuesdays. Nothing quite says “study break” like gophers and forty cent wings. As always, I am eternally grateful to my family for their endless support and love. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS SPECIAL NOTES………………………………………………………………………...v ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………………...…....vi ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...ix INTRODUCTION I. LIFE AND WORKS………………………………………………….……...…….……2 II. THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT…………………..………………….16 III. THE SOURCES AND ALEXANDER...……...…………………..………...……….30 Primary Sources Secondary Sources The DFAM as a Source for Alexander’s Life and Reign Alexander’s Wounds Alexander’s Cities Alexander and the “Unity of Mankind” Theory Alexander’s Orientalism Alexander’s Divinity IV. PARADOXICAL ENCOMIA…………………………..……………………...……54 On the Fortune of the Romans On the Glory of the Athenians On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander 1 On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander 2 Rhetoric iii Paradoxical Rhetoric The Nature of Encomia The logos-ergon antithesis Plutarch versus the Philosophical Schools? The Purpose of the DFAM Plutarch’s View of Alexander V. THE RELATIONSHIP OF DFAM 1 TO DFAM 2…………..………………….……88 VI. PLUTARCH’S STYLE…………………………………..………...……………...106 VII. DATE………………………………………………………...……..……………..123 VIII. TEXT AND TRANSMISSION…………………………………………………..131 COMMENTARY……………………………………………………………………….136 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………….……………...346 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………370 iv SPECIAL NOTES On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great The Greek title of this work is Πεπὶ τῆρ Ἀλεξάνδπος Τύσηρ ἥ Ἀπετηρ, but it is commonly called by its Latin version, De Alexandri Magni Fortuna aut Virtute, and this is the title I use. The work consists of two speeches; this dissertation is a detailed study of only the first speech. Text The text I use of the De Alexandri Magni Fortuna aut Virtute is F.C. Babbitt’s Plutarch’s Moralia 4 (Cambridge, 2005) in the Loeb Classical Library. Any translations of the Greek text are my own unless otherwise noted. Transliteration Greek names and titles of works are anglicized, but some terms are transliterated, and these will be obvious when they appear. Dates All dates are BC except where indicated. v ABBREVIATIONS Ancient sources follow the abbreviations of the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Abbreviations of journals follow the conventions of L’Année philologique. For the sake of convenience and common usage, the two speeches commonly referred to by the single title De Alexandri Magni Fortuna aut Virtute (“On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great”) will be referred to as DFAM 1 and DFAM 2. The speech De Fortuna Romanorum (“On the Fortune of the Romans”) will be referred to as DFR and De Gloria Atheniensium (“On the Glory of the Athenians”) as DGA. The following frequently cited modern works are abbreviated as follows: Critical Editions of the De Alexandri Magni Fortuna aut Virtute Babbitt, Plutarch Babbitt, F.C., Plutarch’s Moralia 4, LCL (Cambridge, 2005). Frazier and Froidefond, Plutarque Frazier, F. and C. Froidefond, Plutarque: Oeuvres Morales 5, Budé Edition (Paris, 1990). Nachstadt, Plutarchi Nachstadt, W. and C. Hubert, Plutarchi Moralia 2, Teubner Edition (Leipzig, 1952). Wyttenbach, Animadversiones Wyttenbach, D.A., Animadversiones in Plutarchi in Plutarchi libros: De Alexandri Magni fortuna aut virtute (Lipsiae, 1821). Secondary Literature Barrow, Plutarch Barrow, R.H., Plutarch and His Times (London, 1967). Berve, Alexanderreich Berve, H., Das Alexanderreich auf Prosopographischer Grundlage, 2 vols. vi (Munich, 1926). BNJ Worthington, I. (Editor-in-Chief), Brill’s New Jacoby (Leiden, 2005-). Bosworth, Arrian Bosworth, A.B., A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1980-1995). Bosworth, CE Bosworth, A.B., Conquest and Empire (Cambridge, 1988). Briant, Cyrus Briant, P. (trans. P.T. Daniels), From Cyrus to Alexander (Winona Lake, 2002). CAH The Cambridge Ancient History (1961-). CHI The Cambridge History of Iran (1968-1991). D’Angelo, La Fortuna D’Angelo, A., La Fortuna o La Virtu di Alessandro Magno: Primo Orazione (Naples, 1998). FGrH Jacoby, F., Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin and Leiden, 1923-). Fraser, Cities Fraser, P.M., The Cities of Alexander the Great (Oxford, 1996). Green, Alexander Green, P., Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 BC (Berkeley, 1974). Hall, Hellenicity Hall, J., Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture (Chicago, 2002). Hamilton, Plutarch Hamilton, J.R., Plutarch: Alexander (London, 1999). Hammond, KCS Hammond, N.G.L., Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman2 (Bristol, 1980). Hammond, Genius Hammond, N.G.L., The Genius of Alexander the Great (Chapel Hill, 1997). vii Heckel, Who’s Who Heckel, W., Who’s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great (Oxford, 2006). IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin, 1873-). Jones, Plutarch Jones, C.P., Plutarch and Rome (Oxford, 1971). Lane Fox, Alexander Lane Fox, R., Alexander the Great (New York, 1973). OCD Hornblower, S. and A. Spawforth (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (2003). Pearson, LHA Pearson, L., The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great (London, 1960). RE Pauly, A., G. Wissowa, and W. Kroll, Real- Encycopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1893-). Russell, Plutarch Russell, D.A., Plutarch (London, 1973). SIG Dittenberger, W. (ed.) , Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum (Leipzig, 1915-1924). Tarn, Alexander Tarn, W.W., Alexander the Great, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1948). TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Wardman, “Plutarch and Alexander” Wardman, A., “Plutarch and Alexander,” CQ2 5 (1955), 96-107. Worthington, Alexander Worthington, I., Alexander the Great: Man and God (London, 2004). Worthington, Philip II Worthington, I., Philip II of Macedonia (New Haven, 2008). viii DAMN WITH FAINT PRAISE: A HISTORICAL COMMENTARY ON PLUTARCH’S ON THE FORTUNE OR VIRTUE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT 1 Dawn L. Gilley Dr. Ian Worthington, Dissertation Supervisor ABSTRACT Plutarch’s On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great is as much a revelation of Plutarch’s philosophical thought as it is a display of his rhetorical skill. Writing during the Second Sophistic movement, Plutarch challenged basic conceptions of philosophy by asking whether it was theory or practice that made a philosopher. He used the life and reign of Alexander the Great as his general framework for analysis. Also, by casting Alexander as a philosopher, an artificial paradox, Plutarch took advantage of events in the king’s life, about which his audience would have been well aware, to play on common perceptions of the king, thereby causing some modern scholars to suggest that the work has no historical value. It was through rhetorical exploitation that Plutarch denigrated the Macedonian king, revealing him to be a megalomaniac who cared little for his own men or newly conquered subjects, but more for his own glory. Through this paradox of Alexander as a philosopher, Plutarch concluded that philosophy is both a theoretical and practical pursuit, and that it should be practically applied to one’s life. This dissertation not only sheds light on Plutarch’s rhetorical skill and view of Alexander, but also elevates the work’s standing as a source for the life and reign of the king. ix INTRODUCTION 1 I Plutarch’s Life and Works The exact dates of Plutarch’s birth and death are unknown. The scant information that
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