Fabrício Pereira Rezende Intensificação Da Coloração Em Peixes

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Fabrício Pereira Rezende Intensificação Da Coloração Em Peixes FABRÍCIO PEREIRA REZENDE INTENSIFICAÇÃO DA COLORAÇÃO EM PEIXES ORNAMENTAIS COM USO DE RAÇÕES ENRIQUECIDAS COM PIGMENTOS NATURAIS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, para obtenção do título de Doctor Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2010 À Deus, sem o qual nada seria possível. Aos meus pais, Ana e Oswaldo, e irmãos Oswaldo, Etelvina e Túlio, pelo incentivo. À minha esposa, Edmárcia, que nos últimos onze anos tem sido a fonte de inspiração nas decisões da minha vida, a quem eu dedico todo o empenho, esforço e dedicação em tudo o que faço. ii AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), por intermédio do Departamento de Zootecnia (DZO), pela oportunidade de realização deste curso. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela concessão da bolsa de estudos. Ao professor orientador Eduardo Arruda Teixeira Lanna, pela orientação, amizade e incentivo. Aos professores Sebastião Campos Valadares, Paulo César Brustolini, Paulo César Stringheta, Théa Mírian Medeiros Machado, Juarez Lopes Donzelle, Manuel Vazquez Vidal Júnior, Paulo Roberto Cecon e Oswaldo Pinto Ribeiro Filho pelas informações, sugestões e críticas apresentadas durante o curso de pós-graduação e na condução desta pesquisa, as quais foram fundamentais para a realização deste trabalho. Aos estagiários Ana Cristina Oberst Nasser, Igor Hiroshi Terayama de Oliveira, Lídia Nara Alves Nunes, Marcio Aparecido Candido Nicassio, Rafael Alves Vianna e Uyara Duarte Vieira pela amizade e dedicação. Aos funcionários dos Departamentos de Zootecnia e de Tecnologia de Alimentos, em especial aos Laboratórios de Nutrição Animal e de Corantes e Pigmentos Naturais, pela ajuda nas análises químicas e pela amizade durante o período do curso. Aos piscicultores de peixes ornamentais do pólo de Muriaé, especialmente ao Ronaldo Vilela, Rejane, Peter Damasceno, Mitssuy, Toniquinho, Ernane, Jorge, Verônica e Amauri, pela amizade, companheirismo e parceria nesta jornada. A todos os meus amigos e amigas, em especial ao Edson Agostinho Pereira, Allan Tronni Reis, Moisés Quadros, Christiano Demétrio de Lima Ribeiro, Cláudio Barberini Camargo Filho, Felipe Barbosa Ribeiro, Guilherme de Souza Moura, Jorgina Juliana Gradisse Freitas, Leonardo Luiz Calado, Marcelle Santana Araújo, Marcelo Maia Pereira, Patrícia de Souza Lima Cunha, Sylvia Sanae Takishita, pelo incentivo, ajuda e leal amizade. Enfim, a todos aqueles que, de alguma forma, contribuíram para a execução deste trabalho e não foram citados. iii BIOGRAFIA FABRÍCIO PEREIRA REZENDE, filho de Oswaldo Rezende Monteiro e Ana de Fátima Pereira Rezende, nascido em 4 de Fevereiro de 1979, na cidade de Viçosa/MG. Graduou-se como engenheiro agrônomo pela Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) no período de Março de 1998 a Março de 2003. Atuou como extensionista agropecuário na Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural de Minas Gerais (EMATER-MG), entre 2003 e 2006. Em Dezembro de 2006, concluiu o curso de especialização na área de Recursos Hídricos e Ambientais, pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Campus de Montes Claros/MG. Concluiu o curso de mestrado em Produção Animal na área de Aquicultura, em Setembro de 2006, pela Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), em Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. Atuou como professor substituto pelo Departamento de Biologia Animal, em 2008, ministrando aulas nas disciplinas “Zoologia geral”, “Ecologia aquática” e “Ictiologia, limnologia e piscicultura”. Realizou o doutorado pelo Departamento de Zootecnia da UFV, no período de Outubro de 2006 a Fevereiro de 2010, em Viçosa/MG. Em maio de 2010, ingressou como professor no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, IFES Campus Piúma/ES. iv ÍNDICE Página LISTA DE TABELAS..................................................................................... viii LISTA DE FIGURAS..................................................................................... xii RESUMO......................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... xv 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL............................................................................ 1 2. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS........................................................ 6 2.1. Cores e padrões de coloração nos peixes: tipos de cromatóforos e mecanismos que influenciam a expressão de cores na pele............. 6 2.2. Influência da composição da dieta na deposição de pigmentos: ingrediente fonte, níveis e fontes de lipídeos, proteínas, vitaminas e minerais......................................................................... 8 2.3. Diversidade no metabolismo e deposição de pigmentos na pele e músculos por diferentes grupos de peixes........................................ 19 3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS......................................................................... 25 3.1. Local e período de execução............................................................ 25 3.2. As unidades experimentais e o sistema de recirculação de água...... 25 3.3. A água............................................................................................... 27 3.4. Os peixes........................................................................................... 28 3.5. Aquisição, vermifugação, condicionamento e seleção dos peixes... 29 3.6. O manejo experimental..................................................................... 30 3.7. As rações experimentais e o processo de incorporação de pigmentos em rações comerciais...................................................... 32 3.8. Variáveis mensuradas e avaliadas.................................................... 37 3.9. Manejo, biometrias e planilhas de acompanhamento experimental 38 3.10. Quantificação da coloração em peixes........................................... 43 v Página 3.10.1. Obtenção de fotografias e índices de coloração.................. 43 3.10.2. Obtenção de índices de coloração com colorímetro portátil. 44 3.10.3. Utilização de software para quantificação de cores a partir de fotografias....................................................................... 46 3.11. Modelo estatístico........................................................................... 48 4. BIBLIOGRAFIA CONSULTADA............................................................. 49 5.1. Artigo 1º) Diferentes fontes de pigmentos naturais em dietas para o peixe ornamental acará-disco (Symphysodon aequifasciata)... 53 Resumo/ Abstract............................................................................. 53 Introdução......................................................................................... 54 Material e Métodos........................................................................... 55 Resultados e Discussão..................................................................... 59 Conclusões........................................................................................ 64 Referências....................................................................................... 64 5.2. Artigo 2º) Comparação entre metodologias para avaliação de intensidade de pigmentação como ferramenta na nutrição e melhoramento de peixes................................................................... 66 Resumo/ Abstract............................................................................. 66 Introdução......................................................................................... 67 Material e Métodos........................................................................... 68 Resultados e Discussão.................................................................... 69 Conclusões........................................................................................ 75 Referências....................................................................................... 75 5.3. Artigo 3º) Cantaxantina como aditivo em dietas para colisa-sangue (Colisa lalia)..................................................................................... 77 Resumo/ Abstract............................................................................. 77 Introdução......................................................................................... 78 Material e Métodos........................................................................... 79 Resultados e Discussão.................................................................... 82 Conclusões........................................................................................ 87 Referências....................................................................................... 87 5.4. Artigo 4º) Extrato de urucum como pigmento na alimentação de colisa-sangue (Colisa lalia).............................................................. 89 Resumo/ Abstract............................................................................. 89 Introdução......................................................................................... 90 vi Página Material e Métodos........................................................................... 91 Resultados e Discussão.................................................................... 94 Conclusões....................................................................................... 99 Referências.....................................................................................
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