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To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?
Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2016 Apr 28th, 9:00 AM - 10:15 AM To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology? Hayley A. LeBlanc Sunset High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y LeBlanc, Hayley A., "To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?" (2016). Young Historians Conference. 1. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2016/oralpres/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. To what extent did British advancements in cryptanalysis during World War 2 influence the development of computer technology? Hayley LeBlanc 1936 words 1 Table of Contents Section A: Plan of Investigation…………………………………………………………………..3 Section B: Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………....4 Section C: Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………6 Section D: Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..7 Section E: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………10 Section F: List of Sources………………………………………………………………………..11 Appendix A: Explanation of the Enigma Machine……………………………………….……...13 Appendix B: Glossary of Cryptology Terms.…………………………………………………....16 2 Section A: Plan of Investigation This investigation will focus on the advancements made in the field of computing by British codebreakers working on German ciphers during World War 2 (19391945). -
University of Manchester (Uom) Unit of Assessment (Uoa): B10 (Mathematical Sciences) A
Environment template (REF5) Institution: University of Manchester (UoM) Unit of Assessment (UoA): B10 (Mathematical Sciences) a. Overview The UoA comprises the School of Mathematics (SoM) at Manchester, which is one of the largest unified mathematics departments in the country: 75 academic staff, 1167 UGs, 115 PGTs and 123 PGR students. It has had a long and distinguished history in pure mathematics (notably Adams, Mordell, Newman and Turing covering algebra, foundations of computer science, number theory, topology), applied mathematics (Goldstein, Lamb, Lighthill, Richardson covering continuum mechanics, waves, numerical analysis) and statistics (Priestley). The UoA sits within the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), which is composed of 9 Schools, over 600 academic staff and 70 specialist research centres and groups. The £40m bespoke Alan Turing Building is home to the UoA and places it, geographically and academically, at the heart of the University. The UoA’s size has enabled critical mass to be established across many areas of mathematics; thus, it is now home to world-leading research that both shapes the discipline and extends its reach. The UoA is divided, mainly for the purposes of teaching, into three groups: Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Probability & Statistics, although, as described below, the formal divides between areas are becoming increasingly blurred. Current research interests include the traditionally pure areas of algebra, analysis, mathematical logic, geometry and topology and, in applied mathematics, dynamical systems, fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, inverse problems, mathematical finance and waves. The UoA also has a strong tradition in numerical analysis and well established groups in probability theory and statistics together with the recent introduction of financial mathematics and actuarial sciences. -
A Conceptual View at Microtubule Plus End Dynamics in Neuronal Axons
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/062711; this version posted August 15, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 A conceptual view at microtubule plus end dynamics in neuronal axons André Voelzmann1, Ines Hahn1, Simon P. Pearce1,2, Natalia Sánchez-Soriano3, Andreas Prokop1 1) The University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK 2) The University of Manchester, School of Mathematics, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK 3) University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK Running title: Axonal microtubule dynamics Key words: cytoskeleton; microtubules; axons; neurons; Drosophila 4) Author for correspondence: Andreas Prokop The University of Manchester Michael Smith Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT Tel: +44-(0)161-27-51556 Fax: +44-(0)161-27-51505 [email protected] Abstract Axons are the cable-like protrusions of neurons which wire up the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) constitute their structural backbones and are highways for life- sustaining transport between proximal cell bodies and distal synapses. Any morphogenetic changes of axons during development, plastic rearrangement, regeneration or degeneration depend on dynamic changes of these MT bundles. A key mechanism for implementing such changes is the coordinated polymerisation and depolymerisation at the plus ends of MTs within these bundles. -
The Eagle 2005
CONTENTS Message from the Master .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... ..................... 5 Commemoration of Benefactors .. .............. ..... ..... ....... .. 10 Crimes and Punishments . ................................................ 17 'Gone to the Wars' .............................................. 21 The Ex-Service Generations ......................... ... ................... 27 Alexandrian Pilgrimage . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .................. 30 A Johnian Caricaturist Among Icebergs .............................. 36 'Leaves with Frost' . .. .. .. .. .. .. ................ .. 42 'Chicago Dusk' .. .. ........ ....... ......... .. 43 New Court ........ .......... ....................................... .. 44 A Hidden Treasure in the College Library ............... .. 45 Haiku & Tanka ... 51 and sent free ...... 54 by St John's College, Cambridge, The Matterhorn . The Eagle is published annually and other interested parties. Articles members of St John's College .... 55 of charge to The Eagle, 'Teasel with Frost' ........... should be addressed to: The Editor, to be considered for publication CB2 1 TP. .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ... .. .. 56 St John's College, Cambridge, Trimmings Summertime in the Winter Mountains .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .... .. .. 62 St John's College Cambridge The Johnian Office ........... ..... .................... ........... ........... 68 CB2 1TP Book Reviews ........................... ..................................... 74 http:/ /www.joh.cam.ac.uk/ Obituaries -
Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine
5 Turing and the computer B. Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot The Turing machine In his first major publication, ‘On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem’ (1936), Turing introduced his abstract Turing machines.1 (Turing referred to these simply as ‘computing machines’— the American logician Alonzo Church dubbed them ‘Turing machines’.2) ‘On Computable Numbers’ pioneered the idea essential to the modern computer—the concept of controlling a computing machine’s operations by means of a program of coded instructions stored in the machine’s memory. This work had a profound influence on the development in the 1940s of the electronic stored-program digital computer—an influence often neglected or denied by historians of the computer. A Turing machine is an abstract conceptual model. It consists of a scanner and a limitless memory-tape. The tape is divided into squares, each of which may be blank or may bear a single symbol (‘0’or‘1’, for example, or some other symbol taken from a finite alphabet). The scanner moves back and forth through the memory, examining one square at a time (the ‘scanned square’). It reads the symbols on the tape and writes further symbols. The tape is both the memory and the vehicle for input and output. The tape may also contain a program of instructions. (Although the tape itself is limitless—Turing’s aim was to show that there are tasks that Turing machines cannot perform, even given unlimited working memory and unlimited time—any input inscribed on the tape must consist of a finite number of symbols.) A Turing machine has a small repertoire of basic operations: move left one square, move right one square, print, and change state. -
Manchester Is My Planet Programme Review 2007 February 07 July 07 September 07
Manchester is my Planet Programme Review 2007 February 07 July 07 September 07 GM-wide Climate Change Survey run manchesterismyplanet.com MIMP my Ride winner announced with the Manchester Evening News relaunched (Image supplied courtesy of Strida) May 06 August 06 October 06 December 06 Energy Service Companies (ESCO) Green Badge Parking scheme Manchester Carbon Trading Event Greening the Town Halls 15,000 pledges Circle of Wind project launched Trafford Park project initiated feasibility study commenced piloted by Manchester City Council at Manchester Town Hall with RSA initial meeting in partnership with NCP CarbonLimited March 06 Contents Funding secured from Defra’s Carbon Fund project launched Planet Manchester distributed Climate Challenge Fund with MMU Biomass Supply Chain for the first time workshop held “He who sets limits to what can be done, sets limits to what can be Introduction ............................................ 02 done.” Ancient Chinese Proverb. Why?............................................................ 06 August 07 October 07 January 07 April 07 Energy Planning project 17,500 pledges How? ............................................................10 Planet Manchester celebrates home Programme Update Event held secures European funding June 06 September 06 November 06 renewables in its second issue at the Bridgewater Hall February 06 April 06 What?...........................................................Green Badge Parking Permit 16Manchester is my Planet Solartwin sign up to support 12,500 pl edges Kingsway -
Simply Turing
Simply Turing Simply Turing MICHAEL OLINICK SIMPLY CHARLY NEW YORK Copyright © 2020 by Michael Olinick Cover Illustration by José Ramos Cover Design by Scarlett Rugers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-943657-37-7 Brought to you by http://simplycharly.com Contents Praise for Simply Turing vii Other Great Lives x Series Editor's Foreword xi Preface xii Acknowledgements xv 1. Roots and Childhood 1 2. Sherborne and Christopher Morcom 7 3. Cambridge Days 15 4. Birth of the Computer 25 5. Princeton 38 6. Cryptology From Caesar to Turing 44 7. The Enigma Machine 68 8. War Years 85 9. London and the ACE 104 10. Manchester 119 11. Artificial Intelligence 123 12. Mathematical Biology 136 13. Regina vs Turing 146 14. Breaking The Enigma of Death 162 15. Turing’s Legacy 174 Sources 181 Suggested Reading 182 About the Author 185 A Word from the Publisher 186 Praise for Simply Turing “Simply Turing explores the nooks and crannies of Alan Turing’s multifarious life and interests, illuminating with skill and grace the complexities of Turing’s personality and the long-reaching implications of his work.” —Charles Petzold, author of The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing’s Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine “Michael Olinick has written a remarkably fresh, detailed study of Turing’s achievements and personal issues. -
The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War [ Changed 26Th November 1996 ]
The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War [ Changed 26th November 1996 ] Last year Sir Harry Hinsley kindly agreed to speak about Bletchley Park, where he worked during the Second World War. We are pleased to present a transcript of his talk. Sir Harry Hinsley is a distinguished historian who during the Second World War worked at Bletchley Park, where much of the allied forces code-breaking effort took place. We are pleased to include here a transcript of his talk, and would like to thank Susan Cheesman for typing the first draft and Keith Lockstone for adding Sir Harry's comments and amendments. Security Group Seminar Speaker: Sir Harry Hinsley Date: Tuesday 19th October 1993 Place: Babbage Lecture Theatre, Computer Laboratory Title: The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War Ross Anderson: It is a great pleasure to introduce today's speaker, Sir Harry Hinsley, who actually worked at Bletchley from 1939 to 1946 and then came back to Cambridge and became Professor of the History of International Relations and Master of St John's College. He is also the official historian of British Intelligence in World War II, and he is going to talk to us today about Ultra. Sir Harry: As you have heard I've been asked to talk about Ultra and I shall say something about both sides of it, namely about the cryptanalysis and then on the other hand about the use of the product - of course Ultra was the name given to the product. And I ought to begin by warning you, therefore, that I am not myself a mathematical or technical expert. -
Books in Brief Deaths Are Greatly Exaggerated
BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT Pennington argues that predictions of a coming antibiotics Armageddon leading to a substantial increase in infection-related Books in brief deaths are greatly exaggerated. On this point, I take a more cautious line. It is true that Prof: Alan Turing Decoded careful management and aseptic technique Dermot Turing ThE HISToRY PRESS (2015) can have an important role in husbanding a Computing pioneer Alan Turing has been justly and amply lauded, dwindling supply of drugs effective against not least in these pages (see Nature 515, 195–196 (2014) and nature. the most serious infections. However, Pen- com/turing). Now, a biography by his nephew, Dermot Turing, offers nington does not devote sufficient space to new sources and a refreshingly familial tone. We see the stubbornly the factors that have led the antibiotic-devel- original young Alan finding his way in maths and society; mentors opment pipeline to dry up in recent years. such as Max Newman, who kick-started Turing’s obsession with He almost trivializes the difficulties in iden- machines; the design of the electromechanical ‘bombe’ that helped tifying relevant natural products or chemical to crack the Enigma cipher; and a sensitive reappraisal of Turing’s constructs and developing them into usable suspected suicide. A measured portrait at ease with its subject. drugs, simply writing: “New antimicrobials will be very welcome. Getting them ready for rollout will be expensive and will take years.” The Cabaret of Plants: Botany and the Imagination And he skates over structural problems in the Richard Mabey PRoFILE (2015) pharmaceutical industry: we urge pharma to As a celebrant of the botanical, Richard Mabey has few peers. -
De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Computing. David Anderson
Contested Histories: De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Computing. David Anderson To cite this version: David Anderson. Contested Histories: De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Com- puting.. IFIP WG 9.7 International Conference on History of Computing (HC) / Held as Part of World Computer Congress (WCC), Sep 2010, Brisbane, Australia. pp.58-67, 10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_7. hal-01059593 HAL Id: hal-01059593 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01059593 Submitted on 1 Sep 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Contested Histories: De-Mythologising the Early History of Modern British Computing. David Anderson University of Portsmouth, “The Newmanry”, 36-40 Middle Street, Portsmouth, Hants, United Kindom, PO5 4BT Abstract A challenge is presented to the usual account of the development of the Manchester Baby which focuses on the contribution made to the project by the topologist M.H.A. (Max) Newman and other members of the Dept. of Mathematics. Based on an extensive re-examination of the primary source material, it is suggested that a very much more significant role was played by mathematicians than is allowed for in the dominant discourse. -
Profalanturing-Decoded-Biography
CONTENTS Title Introduction 1. Unreliable Ancestors 2. Dismal Childhoods 3. Direction of Travel 4. Kingsman 5. Machinery of Logic 6. Prof 7. Looking Glass War 8. Lousy Computer 9. Taking Shape 10. Machinery of Justice 11. Unseen Worlds Epilogue: Alan Turing Decoded Notes and Accreditations Copyright Blue Plaques in Hampton, Maida Vale, Manchester and Wilmslow. At Bletchley Park, where Alan Turing did the work for which he is best remembered, there is no plaque but a museum exhibition. INTRODUCTION ALAN TURING is now a household name, and in Britain he is a national hero. There are several biographies, a handful of documentaries, one Hollywood feature film, countless articles, plays, poems, statues and other tributes, and a blue plaque in almost every town where he lived or worked. One place which has no blue plaque is Bletchley Park, but there is an entire museum exhibition devoted to him there. We all have our personal image of Alan Turing, and it is easy to imagine him as a solitary, asocial genius who periodically presented the world with stunning new ideas, which sprang unaided and fully formed from his brain. The secrecy which surrounded the story of Bletchley Park after World War Two may in part be responsible for the commonly held view of Alan Turing. For many years the codebreakers were permitted only to discuss the goings-on there in general, anecdotal terms, without revealing any of the technicalities of their work. So the easiest things to discuss were the personalities, and this made good copy: eccentric boffins busted the Nazi machine. -
Alan Turing 1 Alan Turing
Alan Turing 1 Alan Turing Alan Turing Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the Royal Society. Born Alan Mathison Turing 23 June 1912 Maida Vale, London, England, United Kingdom Died 7 June 1954 (aged 41) Wilmslow, Cheshire, England, United Kingdom Residence United Kingdom Nationality British Fields Mathematics, Cryptanalysis, Computer science Institutions University of Cambridge Government Code and Cypher School National Physical Laboratory University of Manchester Alma mater King's College, Cambridge Princeton University Doctoral advisor Alonzo Church Doctoral students Robin Gandy Known for Halting problem Turing machine Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Automatic Computing Engine Turing Award Turing test Turing patterns Notable awards Officer of the Order of the British Empire Fellow of the Royal Society Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( /ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.[1][2][3] Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.[4] During World War II, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.