WaterResourcesDevelopment,Vol.1 5,No.4,387±427,1999

Inte rnationalRiverBasinsofthe World

AARONT.WOLF* 1,JEFFREYA.NATHARIUS 2, JEFFREY J. DANIELSON3,BRIANS.WARD 4 &JANK.PENDER 5

1OregonState University; 2AlabamaOf®ce of WaterResources; 3Raytheon,EROSData Center; 4Oregon State University; 5Legacy,Inc.

A BSTRACT Itis be cominga cknowledgedthatwaterislik elyto be t hemostpressing environmentalconcern ofthenextcentury.Dif®cu ltiesin riverbasin managementare onlye xacerbatedwhentheresourcecrossesinternationalboundaries.One criticalaidin theassessmentofinternationalwatershasbeenthe Register ofInternationalRivers Ð acompendium whichlis ted214internationalwaterwaysthatcover47%oftheearth’s continentallandsu rface.TheRegister,though,waslastupdatedin 1978byth enow defunctUnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.Thepurposeofthis paperisto up datetheRegisterin ordertore¯ectthequantum changesthathavetaken placeo verthelast2 2years,bothin globalgeopoliticsa ndin mapcoverageand technology.Byaccessingd igitalelevationmodelsatspatialresolutionsof30arcseconds, corroboratinga tauni® edglobalmapcoverageofatleast1:1000000,ands uperimpos- ingth eresultsovercompleteco verageofcurrent politicalboundaries,wearea bleto provideanewregisterwhichlist s261internationalrivers,covering4 5.3%oftheland surfaceo ftheearth(excludingA ntarctica).Thispaperlistsallinte rnationalriverswith theirwatershedareas,thenationswhichsh areeachwatershed,theirrespectiveterritorial percentages,andno tesonchangesin ordisputesoverinternationalboundariessince 1978.

Introduction

Water hasbeen named aslikely tobe the most pressing environmentalconcern ofthe nextcentury (AmericanAcademyofA rts andSciences,1 994).Asglobal Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 populationsandeconomies continueto grow exponentially, andasenvironmen- talchange threatensboth the quantity andquality ofthe world’sfresh water resources, attention hasin creasingly focused on the state and managementof those resources. Waters which crosspoliticalboundaries havea dditionalcomplexities brought on bystrains in riparianrelations andinstitutionallim itations. Recent studies, particularly in the ®eld ofen vironmentalsecurity, have focused on the con¯ict potentialofthe se internationalw aters. Some stress the dangers ofviole nceove r internationalw aters (see, for example, Westing, 1986;Gleick, 1993;H omer- Dixon, 1994;Remans, 1995;Samson andCharrier,1997),while others argue more strongly forthe possibilitiesandhistoric evidence ofc ooperation between

*Addressforcorrespondence:Dept.ofGeoscience s,OregonState University,104WilkinsonHall,Corvallis,OR 97331±5506,USA.Fax: 1 1-541-737-1200;email:w [email protected]

0790-0627Print/1360-0648On-line/99/040387±41 Ó 1999Taylor& FrancisL td 388 A. T. W olf et al.

co-riparians(see Libiszewski, 1995;S alman&de Chazournes,1998;W olf,1998). Regardless ofh ydropoliticalinte rpretations, interest in internationalwaterways andthe literature ofcomparative analysis is increasing rapidly. 1 Kliot (1995)and, later with colleagues(Kliot et al.,1997),compares ®ve internationalbasins and evaluates their respectivemanagement institutions;Wolf(1 997)offers hydropo- liticallessonslearned from 14detailed case studies and146water treaties;Gleick (1998)includes achapteron internationalwaters in his biennialreporton the world’swater; andElhance(1 999)de scribesthe transboundary waters ofthe Third World. One criticalaid in the assessmentofin ternationalwaters hasbeen the Register ofInternationalRivers (UnitedNations, 1978)Ðacompendiumwhich lists 214 internationalw aterways, covering 47%ofthe earth’scontinentalla ndsurface, compiled bythe now defunctDepartment ofE conomica ndSocialAffairs ofthe United Nations. The Registerlists allin ternationalrivers bycontinent,alon g with their watershed areas, the nationsthatshare eachwatershed,and their respective territorialpercentages. Subsequent sectionslist countries thatsha re watersheds, rivers andlakesthatform boundaries, and related treaties. Most literature that,even peripherally, addressesthe issueof inte rnationalwaters refers tothe Register, andusesits datafor a nalysis. The Register, however, was lastupdatedin 1978.The information it reported hasbecome dated bythe many geopoliticalchangesover the last22years,andbychangesin mapcoverage and technology. The purpose ofthis paperis toup date the Register,takingadvantage ofglobal digitalinformationtha thasbecomeavailable, the detailedwatershedanalysis performed atthe USGeologicalSurveyEROSDataC enter, the extensive holdings ofm aplibrariesatthe University ofA labamaandOregon State University,andathorough compilation ofb oundary changessincethe Register waslast updated.Ourwork is the result offou ryears ofstud yandthe close collaboration betweenthe facilities and expertise atthe EROSDataC enter and Oregon StateU niversity, 2 andis acomponent ofthe Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database.The Database is housed in the DepartmentofGe osciencesat Oregon State University,and includes adigitalcompilation of15 0international treaties and39UScompacts,ha rd-copy®les ofneg otiating notesandback- groundmaterialon 14case studies ofcon ¯ictres olution, news®les on cases of acute water-related con¯ict, a ssessments ofind igenous/traditionalmethodsof water-con¯ict re solution,andana nnotated bibliography onthe state ofthe art 3 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 ofinte rnationalwater-dispute resolution.

Methodology

The idea for the ®rst RegisterofInte rnationalRivers originatedwith a1958 United Nationspanelofex perts, whose report wasen titled,`IntegratedRiver Basin Development’,arevisededition ofw hich included aworld mapshowing 166internationalriverbasins (UnitedNations, 1978).The nextandlast revision wasthe 1978Register, whichidenti® ed214inte rnationalbasins.Despite beinga desk studyusing only apolarplanimeter solely on mapsavailable atthe UN MapLibrary, it wasquite asophisticated documentforits time. Nevertheless, agreatdealhaschangedsince 1978,b oth in mapcoverage and technologyÐnotably the addition tothe cartographica rsenalof d igitaland remote sensingdataÐandin the politicalboundaries which rivers cross. Our InternationalRiversoftheWorld 389

update,bynecessity,tooktrac ksalongboth lines:updatingthe river basins,and updatingthe politicalboundaries.

UpdatingtheRiverBasins

Roughly following the 1978Register, wede®ne a`river basin’asthe areawhich contributes hydrologically (including both surface-a nd groundwater) toa ®rst-order stream,which,in turn, is de®ned byits outlet tothe oceanortoa terminal(closed)lake orinlandsea.Thus,`river basin’ is synonymousw ith what is referredtoin the USAasa`watershed’ and in the UKasa`catchment’. 4 We de®ne such abasin as`international’ ifa ny perennial 5 tributary crosses the politicalboundaries oftw oor more nations. 6 Byde®ning these basinsbytheir ultimate outlet,w eoften groups ystems togetherthatare commonly thoughtofa sseparate,evenwhen they are treated asdistinctp olitically. This situation occurs wheneverthe con¯uenceof even major riversystemstakes placeup streamofthe outlet,su ch ason the Tigris± Euphrates andon the Ganges± Brahmaputra±Meghnasystems.The Meuse,com- monly treatedbyEuropeans(andbythe 1978Register) asseparate anddistinct, is hydrologically part ofthe Rhine system,andis listed assuchhe re. This methodologybrings upanimportant point:a registersuch asthis is usefulonly inasmuchasone recognizes its limitations.Itsstre ngth liesin its identi® cation ofthe locationa ndextent ofinte rnationalbasins. The number of such basins is lessimportant.A snotedabove,manymajor tributary systemsare treatedfora ll managementintents andpurposes asseparate.I nthe most detailed critique ofthe 1978Reg ister, Biswas(1993)points out,f orexample, that Indiaa ndBangladeshhave identi® edmore than1 40common watersystems,all ofw hich are grouped here togetherunderthree hydrologic units:the Fenney, the Ganges± Brahmaputra±Meghna,andthe Karnafauli. Bisw asalsopoin ts tothe limited treatment ofgroun dwater in the 1978Re gister. This issue is oflesse r concern, sincethe vastm ajority ofgroun dwater used for humanp urposesis in relatively shallow,uncon®nedaquifers, where the surfaced ivide coincideswith the groundwater divide, andwhich would thusbeca pturedin ourlisting (Newson,1992;Postel, 1999;personalcommunication,1999).Nevertheless, dis- cussionsofthe managementofin ternationalb asinsoftenrevolve aroundissues notrep orted here, such asriver¯owsand their contribution byeach country, historic usesandfuture demand,and the social,ec ologicala ndeconomicneed s

Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 ofea ch nation. Aswith any cartographic project,w eneededabase mapto gu arantee a minimumscale forcon sistencyacross the globe.Ourclose collaboration with the USGeologicalSurvey’sEROSDataC enter (EDC)gave usaccesstotheir ongoing advances in hydrologic applications ofglob aldigitalelevation models (DEMs) for this purpose. EDChasrecently released aglobalDEM,called GTOPO30.At aresolution of30arc-seconds,GTOPO30wasdevelopedtomee tthe needsofthe geospatialdatau sercommunity forreg ionalandcontinental-scale topographic data(Ge sch,1994;Gesch et al., 1999). Anew geographic database developed atthe EDCfrom GTOPO30is HY- DRO1K.Itis designedtop rovide globalc overage oftopog raphically derived datasets atanominalresolution ofone kilometer. HYDRO1Kprovidesa consistent base-line ofh ydrologic derivatives thatare neededin many environ- mental,clim atica ndwater-resource studies. 7 The core datala yer is the hydrolog- 390 A. T. W olf et al.

ically correctD EM,whichis obtaineddirectly from the GTOPO30d atase t.In orderforthe DEMtocorre ctly model water movementacross the land surface, the elevation dataw ere processedtore move spurious anomalies thatin terfere with hydrologically correct¯ow. 8 Itis essentialtodevelo pahydrologically correctD EMtoen sure thatderived drainage basinsandsynthetic streamlines closely representreal-world hydrology. HYDRO1kprovidesabase mapandminimumuni® ed scale ofa tleast 1:100 0000forthis register. Nevertheless, these datase ts are computer constructs andmathematicalinterpretations.Assuch,w efoundthemtobe ex tremely usefulboth asastartingpointandasabasis form inimum standards,buta lso foundthatcomparison with alternative sources, both digitaland hardcopy,was necessary. Fortunately,other good spatialdatasets exist, such asEnvironmental SystemsResearchIn stitute’s(ESRI)DigitalChart ofthe World,andthe `Water- shedsofthe World’®lesincludedon the GlobalArcd ataset, developed bythe CenterforRem ote SensingandSpatialA nalysis ofRutgers University,along with the USArmyCorpsofE ngineers Construction EngineeringResearch Laboratory. 9 The USGeologicalSurvey’sEROSDataC enter hasalso develo ped aDEMforthe conterminousU Satascale of1 :24000.T his DEMfeatures a spatialresolutionof3 0mthatcovers asmallerareathanG TOPO30an dallows for greater detail. Finally, recognizing the limitations ofd igitaldata,pa rticularly where topo- graphicre liefis low,werelied quite heavily on the extensive hardcopyholdings ofthe University ofA labamamaplibrary andthe expertise ofT om Kallsen, the library’sdirector.Betweenanarra yofair photos, topographicm apsheets, and the detailed coverages ofv ariousnations,wewere regularly able todeline ate basinsatscales of1 :100000,oftenat1:40000,andoccasionally at1:20 00 0.The basinswhich were digitized forth is register, then, include ourbest judgement ofthe dataa vailable atthis time,and®nally deviated from HYDRO1kabout20% of the time. 10

UpdatingthePoliticalBoundaries

Major geopoliticalshifts have taken placesince 1978,m ostofw hich are mani- festedin the boundaries between nations. These changeshadthe effectm ostly

Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 ofin ternationalizingnationalbasins, notably the break-upof the Soviet Union andbalkanization ofthe Balkans. Toamuch lesser degree,though,the opposite wastrue: twobasinswhich were internationalin 1978have become national, dueto the uni® cationof Yem en andofG ermany. The bestdigitalset ofin ternationalb oundaries is those included in the Digital Chart ofthe World.However, giventhe politicalvola tility ofthe times, this data setwasnotentirely upto d ate aswewenttop ress, nordoesit document where boundary ambiguitiesexist between nations. Since these ambiguitieswithin internationalb asinscanhave serioushydropoliticalimplications,wefelt it important tod ocumentthem,and toin clude them in area calculationswherever possible. Asnotedin the table footnotes, werelied heavily on the CIA W orld Factbook (1998), the ColumbiaG azetteeroftheWorld (Cohen,1998)and,especially, on the work ofthe InternationalBoundaryResource Unit ofD urhamUniversity (1999;personalc ommunications,1999). InternationalRiversoftheWorld 391

Summaryof Findings

The 1978Registerlisted 214inte rnationalbasins,covering 47%ofthe world’s land surface(ex cludingAntarctica). 11 Our updatelists 261internationalbasins (see Figures 1±6 andTable 4,In ternationalriver basins),coveri ng 45.3%,broken downbycontinentasgivenin Table 1. The net addition of47 in ternationalbasins ascompared with the 1978Register comes aboutforthree reasons: (1)nationalbasins were internationalized throughpoliticalchanges, such asthe break-upofthe Soviet Union andthe Balkanstates; (2)wewere able to`® n d’severalnew internationalbasins,because ofbe tter access tob oth digitalandhardcopy maps;and(3)the 1978Register did notinclude manyislandnations.Because ofthese factors,weaddedatotalof5 1 new basins:

· Africa: LotagipiSwamp,M be,Oued Bon Naima,a ndUmba; · Asia: AnNahrAlKabir, AstaraC hay,Bangau,Be ilun, Fenney,HarU sNur, Kowl-E-Namaksar, NahrElKebir, Oral(Ural),P andaruan,Pu-Lun-To,Se m- bakung,SongVamCoDong,andWadiAlIzziyah; · Europe: Barta,Castletown,Daugava,D nieper, Dniester, Don, Elancik, Flurry, Gauja,Kogilnik, Krka,Kura-Araks, Lielupe,M ius,Narva,Parnu,Prohladnaja, Salaca,Samur, Sarata,Seine,Sulak, Terek, Venta,andVolga; · NorthA merica: Alesek, Chilkat,C hiriqui, Firth,Taku,andWhiting; · SouthA merica: Aviles, and Comau.

Incontrast,fou rbasinslistedin the 1978Register are no longer international, twodueto the uni® cation ofYe men(Tiban)andofGerm any(Weser),andtwo dueto our m ore consistentde®nition of`in ternationalb asins’.The four`lost’ basins are:

· Asia: Tiban; · Europe: Meuse,Muga,andWeser. Because ourmethodsallow fora more carefuldelineation ofbasins thanthe 1978 Register, in some cases wewere able tou pdate the ripariannationswhich share internationalb asins, along with updatingthe totalnumber. These riparian relations are generally minorÐ oftenthe contribution tothe basin is more topographicalthanhydrologicalÐ and occasionally surprising. Such additions include Egypton the Jordan,SaudiArabiaon the Tigris± Euphrates, and Libya on the Lake Chadsystem.While Botswanais listed asripariantothe Orange Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 both in the 1978Register and here,accordingtoC onley&vanNiekerk (1998)it is unclearwhether Botswanaterritoryactually contributesanywater tothe

Table 1. Number ofin ternationalriver basins

Continent 1999 Update 1978Register

Africa 60 57 Asia 53 40 Europe 71 48 NorthA merica 39 33 SouthA merica 38 36

Total 261 214 ^ 392 A. T. W olf et al.

12,13 ^ Table 2. Percentage ofa reawithin internationalb asins

Continent 1999U pdate(% ) 1978Register(% )

Africa 62 60 Asia 39 65 Europe 54 50 NorthA merica 35 40 SouthA merica 60 60

Total(excl.A ntarctica) 45.3 47

Table 3. Percentage ofna tions within inter- nationalbasins

Percentagew ithin internationalbasins Numberof countries

90± 100 39 80± 90 11 70± 80 14 60± 70 11 50± 60 17 40± 50 10 30± 40 10 20± 30 13 10± 20 9 0.01± 10 11

system and,assu ch,its politicalstatusasanOrange riparianremainstob e clari® ed. Focusing on the numberofin ternationalbasinsmasksanother important dimension tothe issueof inte rnationalwaters: the ¯owge neratedwithin these basins. Shiklomanov(1 993)lists the ¯owsof2 5ofthe world’slargestrivers, whichtotal19200km 3,oralittle less thanha lfof the world’stotalrunoff.Ofthe total¯owin these 25rivers, 16700km 3,or 87%,is generated within the 20of these which are international. In addition tothe numberofinte rnationalbasins andtheir ripariannations, a

Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 strikingaspectofin ternationalwaters is the percentage ofthe landsurfaceof the earth which is included within their basins: 45.3%,excluding Antarctica(see Figure 7andTable 5,Percentage ofa country’sareawithin internationalb asins). Bycontinent, this ranges from 62%of A fricato 35 %ofN orth America,asg iven in Table 2. Even more strikingis abreakdownofea ch nation’sland surface,asprovided in detail asTable 5.Atotalof1 45nationsinclude territorywithin international basins. Twenty-one nationslie in their entirety within internationalbasins; including these, atotalof 33 cou ntries have greaterthan95%oftheir territory within these basins.These nationsare notlim ited tos maller countries, such as Liechtenstein andAndorra,butinclude suchsizeable countriesasH ungary, Bangladesh, ByelarusandZambia.A ll told, percentages ofn ationswithin internationalbasinsare asgiven in Table 3.

^ A®nalwaytovisu alize the dilemmasposed byinternationalwaterresources InternationalRiversoftheWorld 393

is tolook atthe number ofcou ntries which share eachinte rnationalbasin (see Figure 8andTable 6,Number ofcou ntries thatshare abasin).Nineteenbasins are sharedby®ve or more ripariancountries: one basinÐthe DanubeÐhas1 7 riparian nations;®ve basinsÐ the Congo,N iger, Nile,Rhine and ZambeziÐ are shared bybetweennine and 11coun tries; and the remaining13basinsÐ the Amazon, Ganges± Brahmaputra±Meghna,Lake Chad,Tarim,AralSea,Jord an, Kura±A raks,Mekong,Tigris± Euphrates, VolgaLaPlata,Neman,and Vistula (Wista)Ðhave between ®ve and eightripariancountries.

Conclusions

Whenwater resources crossinternationalboundaries, the challenges tointe - gratedwatershed managementare compounded,the obstaclestopolitic alcoop - eration exacerbated.While interest in internationalriver basinsis growingalong with globalpopulations andeconomies,muchin the wayofbasic datac ollection on these systemsasaclass remainstobe d one.Werecognize tooth atth is register is limited;thatpoliticalb oundaries will continueto shift; andthatthe technology ofw atershed analysis will continueto im prove.The resolution of digitalmappingdataw ill continue toin crease andthe algorithmsusedto analyse themwill becomemore robust. In the meantime, it is tobe h opedthat this updatedregisterofthe world’s261internationalrive rbasins, covering 45.3%ofthe land surfaceof the earth,will contributeto contin uedanalysis of these basins andperhaps,throu gh greater understanding, tendencies towards cross-boundary cooperation mightevenbestren gthened.

Acknowledgements

This work wasperformed under the auspicesofthe Committee forIn ternational Collaboration ofthe InternationalW aterResourcesAssociation,chaired byAsit K.Biswas, with fundingfrom the USInstitute ofPea cea ndthe Nippon Foundation,andis acomponentofthe Transboundary FreshwaterDispute Database Project,d irectedbyAaron T.Wolf.T he authors are especially indebted toProf .Biswasandtothe se agencies, asw ell astoth ose which helped fund differentaspects ofthe Database, includingthe USAgencyfor International Development,P aci® cNorthwest NationalLaboratory, the AlabamaWater Re- sourcesInstitute,the University ofA labama,andOregon State University. JeffreyDanielson’swork wasperformed under USGeologicalSurveycontract

Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 No.1 434-CR-97-CN-40274,forw hich weare grateful.W eowespecialthanks to Tom Kallsen,director ofthe maplib rary atthe University ofA labama,who helped us®ndeverythingfrom satellite photos totop ographicm apsheets ofthe most obscure reachesofthe world,and toA shbinduSingh, ofthe United Nations EnvironmentProgramme,withoutw hose close collaboration this project would not have been possible.Weare alsog ratefultoS hira Yoffe,of O regon State University,forher researchsk ills andpoliticalinsight; toPete rH.Gleick, ofthe Paci®c Institute,for his close readingandadvice;a ndtoM artin Pratta nd the staffofthe InternationalBoundariesResearch UnitatDurhamUniversity,for their expedited assistance with boundary ambiguities. Finally, thanks toA .Jon Kimerling,ofO regon State University,forh is cartographice xpertise;toS andra Postel, ofthe GlobalWater Policy Project, fora particularly helpfuldiscussion aboutthe world’sirrigation; andtoJef fAlbert, ofYale University,whoprovided the extrade tailnece ssary tod ojustice tothe JordanRiver system. 394 A. T. W olf et al. . s n i s a b l a n o i t a n r e t n I . 1 e r u g i F Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 395

Figure 2. Africa.

Table 4. Internationalriverbasins

Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

A frica Akpa Ya® 2 4900Cameroon 3 100 62.26 N igeria 1 900 37.74 Atul3 10400Mauritania 9 300 89.71 WesternSahara 1 100 10.29 Aw ash 155300Ethiopia 14400092.71 Djibouti 11 100 7.14 Somalia 240 0.15 Baraka 66600Eritrea 41 800 62.84 Sudan 24 700 37.16 Benito 12600EquatorialGuinea 11 100 88.57 Gabon 1 400 11.16 396 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Bia 11 900 Ghana 6 900 57.83 Ivory Coast 4 800 40.01 Buzi 27900Mozambique 24 700 88.81 Zimbabwe 3 100 11.18 Cavally 30600IvoryC oast 16 600 54.31 Liberia 12 700 41.48 Guinea 1 300 4.21 Cestos 15000Liberia 12 700 84.54 Ivory Coast 2 300 15.32 Guinea 20 0.14 Chiloango 11700Congo,D emocraticRe publicof the (Kinshasa) 7 700 65.91 Angola 3 700 32.11 Congo,Re publicof the(B razzaville)23 0 1.97 Congo/Zaire 4 5 3699100Congo,D emocraticRe publicof the (Kinshasa) 230780062.39 CentralAfricanRepublic 40200010.87 Angola 291 500 7.88 Congo,Re publicof the(B razzaville)2 48400 6.72 Zambia 176 600 4.77 Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof 166 800 4.51 Cameroon 85 300 2.31 Burundi 14 300 0.39 Rw anda 4 500 0.12 Gabon 460 0.01 Malaw i 90 0.00 Corubal 24100Guinea 17 600 72.89 Guinea-Bissau 6 500 26.82 Cross 52800Nigeria 40 300 76.39 Cameroon 12 400 23.56 Daoura 34600Morocco 18 300 52.82 Algeria 16 300 47.18 Dra 54900Morocco 40 600 73.97 Algeria 14 300 26.03 Etosha±Cuvelai 167600Namibia 11430068.24 Angola 53 200 31.76 Gambia 70000Senegal 50 800 72.55 Guinea 13 300 18.95 Gambia, The 5 900 8.41 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Gash 31700Eritrea 17 700 55.75 Sudan 8 500 26.85 Ethiopia 5 500 17.41 Geba 12800Guinea-Bissau 8 700 67.71 Senegal 4 100 31.86 Guinea 50 0.41 GreatScarcies 11400Guinea 9 000 79.30 SierraLe one 2 300 20.53 Gulr 79100Algeria 61 400 77.60 Morocco 17 700 22.40 Incom ati6 46200SouthAfrica 29 200 63.19 Mozambique 14 300 30.97 Sw aziland 2 700 5.84 Juba±Shibeli 805100Ethiopia 36770045.67 Somalia 22150027.52 Kenya 21590026.81 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 397

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Komoe 78500IvoryC oast 58 500 74.52 BurkinaFaso 17 100 21.74 Ghana 2 300 2.93 Mali 630 0.81 Kunene 110300Angola 95 500 86.57 N amibia 14 800 13.43 Lake Chad7 2394200Chad 108200045.19 N iger 67570028.22 CentralAfricanRepublic 218 900 9.14 N igeria 180 800 7.55 Algeria 90 000 3.76 Sudan 83 100 3.47 Cameroon 46 900 1.96 Chad,claimedbyLibya 12 300 0.51 Libya 4 600 0.19 Lake N atron 55600Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof 37 300 67.06 Kenya 18 300 32.94 Lake Turkana 8 207600Ethiopia 11360054.75 Kenya 89 900 43.28 Uganda 2 600 1.23 Sudan 1 500 0.70 Sudan,ad ministeredbyKe nya 70 0.03 Limpopo 415500SouthAfrica 18410044.31 Mozambique 87 300 21.01 Botswana 81 500 19.61 Zimbabwe 62 600 15.06 LittleS carcies 19300SierraLe one 13 300 68.86 Guinea 6 000 31.11 Loffa 11400Liberia 10 000 87.49 Guinea 1 400 12.43 LotagipiSw amp 8 38 900 Kenya 20 500 52.52 Sudan 10 000 25.58 Sudan,ad ministeredbyKe nya 3 300 8.44 Ethiopia 3 200 8.30 Uganda 2 000 5.16 Mana-Morro 6900Liberia 5 800 83.67 SierraLe one 1 100 16.31 Maputo6 31300SouthAfrica 18 600 59.43 Sw aziland 11 000 35.02 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Mozambique 1 700 5.55 Mbe 7 000 Gabon 6 500 92.65 EquatorialGuinea 500 7.18 Medjerda 23100Tunisia 15 600 67.28 Algeria 7 600 32.72 Moa 22600SierraLe one 10 900 48.16 Guinea 8 700 38.58 Liberia 3 000 13.27 Mono 23 400 Togo 22 400 95.43 Benin 1 100 4.57 N iger 2117700Nigeria 56300026.59 Mali 54160025.58 N iger 49920023.57 Algeria 161 500 7.63 Guinea 96 300 4.55 Cameroon 88 200 4.17 398 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

BurkinaFaso 83 100 3.93 Benin 45 200 2.14 Ivory Coast 22 800 1.08 Chad 16 600 0.78 SierraLe one 30 0.00 N ile9 3038100Sudan 193130063.57 Ethiopia 35690011.75 Egypt 273 100 8.99 Uganda 238 900 7.86 Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof 120 300 3.96 Kenya 50 900 1.68 Congo,D emocraticRe publicof the(K inshasa) 21 700 0.71 Rw anda 20 800 0.69 Burundi 13 000 0.43 Egypt,a dministeredb ySudan 4 400 0.14 Eritrea 3 500 0.12 Sudan,ad ministeredbyE gypt 2 000 0.07 N tem 35000Cameroon 20 400 58.26 Gabon 9 400 26.99 EquatorialGuinea 5 200 14.75 N yanga 12 400 Gabon 11 500 93.30 Congo,Re publicof the(B razzaville)83 0 6.70 Ogooue 223400Gabon 18980084.93 Congo,Re publicof the(B razzaville)2 660011.91 Cameroon 5 100 2.30 EquatorialGuinea 1 900 0.87 Okavango 708600Botswana 35900050.67 N amibia 17680024.95 Angola 15010021.18 Zimbabwe 22 700 3.20 Orange6 10 11 947700SouthAfrica 56560059.68 N amibia 24060025.39 Botswana 12160012.84 Lesotho 19 900 2.09 OuedBon Naima 510 Morocco 350 68.87 Algeria 160 31.13 Oueme 59 500 Benin 49 500 83.24 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 N igeria 9 500 16.04 Togo 430 0.72 Ruvuma 12 152200Mozambique 99 500 65.39 Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof 52 200 34.30 Malaw i 470 0.31 Sabi 116100Zimbabwe 85 700 73.88 Mozambique 30 300 26.12 Sassandra 68200IvoryC oast 59 700 87.51 Guinea 8 500 12.49 Senegal 437000Mauritania 21910050.14 Mali 15130034.61 Senegal 35 700 8.16 Guinea 31 000 7.08 St John 15600Liberia 13 000 83.55 Guinea 2 600 16.44 Ivory Coast 2 0.01 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 399

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

St Paul 21200Liberia 11 800 55.47 Guinea 9 500 44.52 Tafna 9500Algeria 7 000 74.16 Morocco 2 400 25.84 Tano 14 300 Ghana 13 900 97.07 Ivory Coast 420 2.93 Umba 8200Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof 6 900 83.83 Kenya 1 300 16.17 Umbeluzi6 5400Swaziland 3 100 57.17 Mozambique 2 300 41.63 SouthAfrica 70 1.19 Utamboni 7 700 Gabon 4 600 59.81 EquatorialGuinea 3 000 39.31 Volta 414000BurkinaFaso 17420042.07 Ghana 16650040.21 Togo 25 900 6.25 Mali 18 900 4.57 Benin 15 000 3.62 Ivory Coast 13 400 3.24 Zambezi13 14 1388200Zambia 57790041.63 Angola 25550018.40 Zimbabwe 21580015.55 Mozambique 16380011.80 Malaw i 110 700 7.97 Tanzania,UnitedRepublicof 27 300 1.97 Botswana 19 100 1.38 N amibia 17 100 1.23 Congo,D emocraticRe public of the(Kins hasa) 1 000 0.07 Total area 18 682 410

A sia : Amur15 1884000Russia 100530053.36 China 84990045.11 Mongolia 28 700 1.52 Korea,DemocraticPe ople’s Republic of 120 0.01 AnNahrAlKabir 1 200 Syria 730 60.60 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Lebanon 470 39.40 Aral Sea16 17 1319900Kazakhstan 92350069.97 Uzbekistan 23670017.93 Kyrgyzstan 13800010.46 Tajikistan 13 000 0.99 Turkmenistan 1 500 0.12 China 40 0.00 Asi/Orontes 18 200 Syria 10 100 55.63 Turkey 6 600 36.13 Lebanon 1 500 8.21 Astara Chay18 560 Iran 450 81.33 Azerbaijan 100 18.67 Atrak17 34 200 Iran 23 500 68.64 Turkmenistan 10 700 31.36 Bangau19 430Malaysia 230 53.04 Brunei 200 46.26 400 A. T. W olf et al. . a i s A . 3 e r u g i F Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 401

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Beilun 20 960 China 700 73.61 Vietnam 250 26.39 Ca/Song-Koi 33800Vietnam 19 600 57.83 Laos,Peop le’sDemocratic Republic of 14 300 42.12 Coruh18 20700Turkey 18 800 90.93 Georgia 1 900 9.07 Dasht 31800Pakistan 25 100 78.87 Iran 6 700 21.13 Fenney 2 800 India 1 800 65.88 Bangladesh 950 34.12 Fly 64600PapuaNewGuinea 60 400 93.42 Indonesia 4 300 6.58 Ganges±B rahmaputra±1675700India 97430058.14 Meghna21 22 China 32040019.12 Nepal 147 300 8.79 Bangladesh 123 400 7.36 India,claimedbyChina 67 100 4.00 Bhutan 39 900 2.38 Myanmar 2 100 0.13 Indiancontrol,cla imedbyChina 1 200 0.07 Golok 1800Thailand 1 100 58.09 Malaysia 780 41.91 H an23 24 35300Korea,Republicof 25 100 71.18 Korea,DemocraticPe ople’s Republic of 10 100 28.63 H ar US N ur 197800Mongolia 19540098.77 Russia 2 300 1.17 China 120 0.06 Hari/Harirud 92600Afghanistan 41 100 44.33 Iran 35 400 38.17 Turkmenistan 16 200 17.50 Helmand 345200Afghanistan 28380082.23 Iran 48 300 13.99 Pakistan 13 100 3.78 Hsi/Bei Jiang 20 361500China 35170097.28 Vietnam 9 800 2.72 Ill/KunesHe 161200Kazakhstan 97 200 60.28 China 55 300 34.31 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Kyrgyzstan 8 700 5.40 Indus25 26 1086000Pakistan 60910056.09 India 28220025.98 China 11100010.22 Afghanistan 72 500 6.68 Chinesecontro l,claime dbyIn dia 9 600 0.89 Indiancontrol,cla imedbyChina 1 600 0.15 Irrawaddy 404100Myanmar 36840091.15 China 18 600 4.60 India 14 200 3.52 India,claimedbyChina 1 200 0.29 Jordan27 28 29 42800Jordan 20 600 48.44 (Dead Sea) Israel 9 100 21.35 Syria 4 900 11.54 West Bank 3 200 7.40 Egypt 2 700 6.39 402 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

GolanH eights 1 500 3.54 Lebanon 570 1.34 Kaladan 30500Myanmar 22 700 74.39 India 7 400 24.24 Kamafauli 15000Bangladesh 11 200 74.78 India 3 700 24.98 Kowl-E-Namaksar 40 100 Iran 26 600 66.50 Afghanistan 13 400 33.50 Lake Ubsa-Nur 74800Mongolia 52 700 70.48 Russia 22 100 29.52 Ma 24600Vietnam 16 800 68.20 Laos,Peop le’sDemocratic Republic of 7 800 31.80 Mekong 30 31 780300Laos,Peop le’sDemocratic Republic of 19840025.42 Thailand 19410024.87 China 16840021.58 Cambodia 15700020.11 Vietnam 35 000 4.49 Myanmar 27 500 3.53 Merauke 6500Indonesia 4 000 61.35 PapuaNewGuinea 2 500 38.65 Murgab 60900Afghanistan 36 400 59.78 Turkmenistan 24 500 40.22 NahrElKebir 2 000 Syria 1 700 81.77 Turkey 370 18.18 Ob 18 2734800Russia 210960077.14 Kazakhstan 57340020.97 China 50 400 1.84 Oral (U ral)18 260400Kazakhstan 14240054.69 Russia 11800045.31 Pakchan 2700Thailand 1 600 59.64 Myanmar 1 100 38.86 Pandaruan19 810 Brunei 410 50.25 Malaysia 400 49.75 Pu-Lun-To 88 400 China 76 300 86.27 Mongolia 12 100 13.65 Russia 40 0.04 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Kazakhstan 40 0.04 Red/SongHong 20 164600China 84 400 51.28 Vietnam 79 000 47.98 Laos,Peop le’sDemocratic Republic of 1 200 0.75 Rudkhaneh-ye 20 600 Iran 20 600 99.68 /BahuKalat Pakistan 50 0.25 Saigon 29400Vietnam 25 000 98.93 /Song N ha Be Cambodia 230 0.92 Salween 244100China 12800052.43 Myanmar 10700043.85 Thailand 9 100 3.71 Sembakung19 15200Indonesia 8 200 53.53 Malaysia 7 100 46.46 Sepik 73400PapuaNewGuinea 71 100 96.94 Indonesia 2 200 3.06 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 403

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Song VamCoDong 15300Vietnam 7 700 50.22 Cambodia 7 600 49.72 Sujfun 16 800 China 9 800 58.39 Russia 7 000 41.61 Tami 89900Indonesia 87 600 97.54 PapuaNewGuinea 2 200 2.46 Tarim16 17 25 26 950200China 90170094.90 Kyrgyzstan 23 900 2.51 Chinesecontro l,claime dbyIn dia2 1500 2.27 Pakistan 1 900 0.20 Tajikistan 1 000 0.11 Kazakhstan 110 0.01 Afghanistan 20 0.00 Tigris±E uphrates 32 793 600 Iraq 31890040.19 /Shatta lArab Turkey 19710024.84 Iran 15560019.60 Syria 11940015.04 Jordan 2 200 0.28 SaudiArabia 240 0.03 Tumen 33 000 China 22 600 68.56 Korea,DemocraticPe ople’s Republic of 10 200 30.90 Russia 180 0.54 WadiAlIzziyah 580 Lebanon 380 65.91 Israel 190 33.74 Yalu 63000Korea,DemocraticPe ople’s Republic of 31 700 50.38 China 31 200 49.59 Yenisey/Jenisej 2497600Russia 216980086.88 Mongolia 32760013.12 Total area 16 930 840

Europe : Bann 5600UnitedKingdom 5 400 97.15 Ireland 160 2.85 Barta 1 800 Latvia 1 100 60.86 Lithuania 670 37.73 Bidasoa 530 Spain 470 89.52 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 France 60 10.48 Castletown 380UnitedKingdom 290 76.12 Ireland 90 23.88 Danube33 34 35 36 37 779500Romania 22880029.35 H ungary 92 800 11.90 Yugoslavia(Se rbiaa nd Montenegro) 8100010.40 Austria 80 300 10.30 Germany 52 100 6.68 Bulgaria 47 300 6.06 Slovakia 46 800 6.01 Bosniaan dHerzegovina 37 800 4.85 Croatia 34 000 4.37 Ukraine 25 600 3.29 Czech Republic 21 300 2.74 Slovenia 16 400 2.10 Moldova 12 100 1.55 404 A. T. W olf et al. . e p o r u E . 4 e r u g i F Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 405

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Switzerland 1 700 0.21 Italy 740 0.09 Poland 550 0.07 Albania 140 0.02 Daugava38 39 79600Byelarus 28 300 35.55 Russia 27 100 34.02 Latvia 23 200 29.14 Lithuania 1 000 1.29 Dnieper 495500Ukraine 29680059.90 Byelarus 11670023.55 Russia 81 900 16.53 Dniester37 72200Ukraine 52 900 73.37 Moldova 19 200 26.60 Poland 20 0.03 Don 425600Russia 37120087.21 Ukraine 54 400 12.78 Douro/Duero 96 200 Spain 77 900 81.01 Portugal 18 300 18.99 Drin36 18500Yugoslavia(Se rbiaa nd Montenegro) 900048.55 Albania 7 200 39.23 Macedonia 2 300 12.21 Ebro 85 100 Spain 84 200 98.96 France 470 0.55 Andorra 410 0.49 Elancik 1 400 Russia 940 68.19 Ukraine 440 31.81 Elbe 139500Germany 88 600 63.54 Czech Republic 49 600 35.60 Austria 1 100 0.77 Poland 140 0.10 Erne 3500Ireland 2 000 56.39 UnitedKingdom 1 500 43.59 Fane 200 Ireland 190 96.46 UnitedKingdom 10 3.54 Flurry 60UnitedKingdom 50 73.77 Ireland 20 26.23 Foyle 2900UnitedKingdom 2 000 67.23 Ireland 960 32.77 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Garonne 55800France 55 100 98.80 Spain 620 1.11 Andorra 40 0.07 Gauja 8 100 Latvia 6 900 85.87 Estonia 1 100 14.13 Guadiana 65 700 Spain 55 300 84.13 Portugal 10 400 15.87 Isonzo 3000Slovenia 1 800 59.55 Italy 1 200 40.05 Jacobs 440 N orway 300 68.55 Russia 140 31.45 Kemi 55800Finland 52 700 94.38 Russia 3 100 5.56 N orway 10 0.01 Klaralven 51500Sweden 43 400 84.15 N orway 8 200 15.84 406 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Kogilink 37 6100Moldova 3 600 57.85 Ukraine 2 600 42.15 Krka 1300Croatia 1 100 89.84 Bosniaan dHerzegovina 110 8.96 Kura± Araks18 193800Azerbaijan 59 800 30.86 Georgia 34 500 17.78 Iran 33 500 17.28 Armenia 29 900 15.42 Turkey 28 500 14.70 Russia 110 0.06 Lake Prespa 1400Macedonia 610 42.76 Albania 420 29.54 Greece 390 27.71 Lava±Pregel 8 800 Russia 6 400 72.54 Poland 2 200 25.36 Lielupe 27200Lithuania 19 000 70.03 Latvia 8 100 29.71 Lima 2 300 Spain 1 200 50.88 Portugal 1 100 49.04 Maritsa 52800Bulgaria 35 000 66.38 Turkey 14 300 27.16 Greece 3 400 6.46 Mino/M inho 16 600 Spain 16 000 96.42 Portugal 590 3.56 Mius 7100Ukraine 4 800 67.83 Russia 2 300 31.53 N aatamo 710 N orway 530 74.08 Finland 170 24.37 N arva40 41 58200Russia 29 300 50.26 Estonia 16 800 28.84 Latvia 12 200 20.89 Byelarus 10 0.02 Neman38 39 93000Byelarus 41 500 44.64 Lithuania 39 700 42.73 Poland 6 600 7.10 Russia 4 800 5.15 Latvia 330 0.35 Neretva 10800Bosniaan dHerzegovina 9 900 91.99 Croatia 500 4.68 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Yugoslavia(Se rbiaa nd Montenegro) 360 3.32 Nestos 12000Greece 8 500 70.88 Bulgaria 3 500 28.75 Oder/Odra 116500Poland 10300088.43 Czech Republic 7 400 6.35 Germany 6 100 5.22 Slovakia 10 0.00 Olanga 18800Russia 16 800 89.38 Finland 2 000 10.62 Oulu 24800Finland 23 600 95.25 Russia 1 200 4.75 Parnu 5900Estonia 5 900 99.78 Latvia 10 0.22 Pasvik 16900Finland 16 200 95.71 N orway 700 4.13 Russia 30 0.15 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 407

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Po 87 100 Italy 82 600 94.83 Switzerland 4 100 4.71 France 380 0.44 Austria 30 0.03 Prohladnaja 620 Russia 480 77.06 Poland 140 22.94 Rezvaya 670 Turkey 500 74.66 Bulgaria 170 25.34 Rhine 42 195000Germany 10680054.74 Switzerland 34 700 17.78 France 25 400 13.00 Netherlands 11 900 6.11 Belgium 11 200 5.74 Luxembourg 2 500 1.29 Austria 2 300 1.19 Liechtenstein 160 0.08 Italy 140 0.07 Rhone 84700France 84 000 99.08 Switzerland 730 0.86 Italy 50 0.06 Roia 660 France 450 67.78 Italy 200 30.09 Salaca 4 000 Latvia 2 700 66.27 Estonia 1 400 33.71 Samur18 6 800 Russia 6 300 92.74 Azerbaijan 430 6.38 Sarata37 1800Ukraine 1 100 63.78 Moldova 640 36.16 Schelde 17500France 8 900 51.11 Belgium 8 400 48.22 Netherlands 80 0.46 Seine 86100France 84 200 97.78 Belgium 1 800 2.13 Luxembourg 80 0.09 Strum a36 16800Bulgaria 8 400 49.84 Greece 6 000 35.45 Macedonia 1 800 10.63 Yugoslavia(Se rbiaa nd Montenegro) 690 4.08 Sulak18 14800Russia 13 800 92.02 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Georgia 1 000 6.70 Azerbaijan 20 0.11 Tagus/Te jo 69 900 Spain 55 500 79.29 Portugal 14 500 20.71 Tana 16100Norway 9 400 58.34 Finland 6 700 41.60 Terek18 43800Russia 41 800 95.43 Georgia 2 000 4.57 Torne/Tornealven 37300Sweden 25 300 67.86 Finland 10 600 28.50 N orway 1 400 3.64 Tuloma 26100Russia 23 400 89.91 Finland 2 600 10.04 Vardar36 33200Macedonia 20 400 61.29 Yugoslavia(Se rbiaa nd Montenegro) 890026.79 Greece 4 000 11.92 408 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Velaka 1100Bulgaria 780 72.47 Turkey 300 27.53 Venta 7 700 Latvia 5 400 70.20 Lithuania 2 200 28.33 Vijose 9000Albania 6 500 72.00 Greece 2 500 27.60 Vistula/Wista 193900Poland 16920087.28 Ukraine 13 000 6.70 Byelarus 9 700 5.03 Slovakia 1 900 0.99 Czech Republic 10 0.00 Volga18 1553900Russia 184980099.74 Kazakhstan 2 400 0.15 Byelarus 1 600 0.10 Vuoksa 62700Finland 54 100 86.26 Russia 8 600 13.74 Yser 920 France 500 53.63 Belgium 430 46.37 Total area 5 695 590

North America Alesek 8 300 Canada 7 200 87.27 UnitedStates 1 000 12.42 Artibonite 8 800 H aiti 6 600 74.37 DominicanRepublic 2 300 25.55 Belize43 11500Belize 7 000 60.86 Guatemala 4 500 39.14 Candelaria 12800Mexico 11 300 88.24 Guatemala 1 500 11.74 Changuinola 3 200 Panama 2 900 91.29 Costa Rica 270 8.34 Chilkat 4100UnitedStates 2 400 58.01 Canada 1 700 41.99 Chiriqui 1 700 Panama 1 500 86.17 Costa Rica 240 13.83 Choluteca 7400Honduras 7 200 97.68 N icaragua 170 2.32 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 CoatanA chute 2 000 Mexico 1 700 86.27 Guatemala 270 13.73 Coco/Segovia 25400Nicaragua 17 900 70.52 H onduras 7 500 29.48 Colorado 651100UnitedStates 64070098.40 Mexico 10 400 1.60 Columbia 668400UnitedStates 56650084.75 Canada 10190015.24 Firth 6 000 Canada 3 800 63.60 UnitedStates 2 200 36.40 Fraser 239700Canada 23910099.74 UnitedStates 620 0.26 Goascoran 2800Honduras 1 500 53.36 El Salvador 1 300 46.64 Grijalva 43 126800Mexico 78 900 62.26 Guatemala 47 800 37.73 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 409

Figure 5. North America.

Table 4. Continued Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

H ondo43 14600Mexico 8 900 61.14 Guatemala 4 200 28.50 Lempa 18000ElSalvador 9 500 52.45 H onduras 5 800 32.01 Guatemala 2 800 15.54 Massacre 800 H aiti 500 62.03 DominicanRepublic 290 35.96 Mississippi 3226300UnitedStates 317650098.46 Canada 49 800 1.54 Motaqua 16100Guatemala 14 600 90.85 H onduras 1 500 9.11 Negro 2500Honduras 1 300 52.34 N icaragua 1 200 47.66 410 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Nelson±Saskatchewan1109400Canada 95200085.81 UnitedStates 15740014.19 Paz 2200Guatemala 1 400 64.47 El Salvador 770 35.53 Pedernales 360 H aiti 240 67.32 DominicanRepublic 120 32.68 Rio Grande 548800UnitedStates 32510059.25 Mexico 22360040.75 San Juan 42200Nicaragua 30 400 72.02 Costa Rica 11 800 27.93 Sarstun43 2100Guatemala 1 800 87.63 Belize 260 12.37 Sixaola 2900CostaR ica 2 500 88.68 Panama 290 9.96 St Croix 4600UnitedStates 3 300 70.86 Canada 1 400 29.14 St John 55100Canada 35 600 64.60

UnitedStates 19 400 35.25 St Law rence 1055200Canada 55900052.98 UnitedStates 49610047.02 Stikine 50900Canada 50 000 98.32 UnitedStates 850 1.68 Suchiate 1600Guatemala 1 100 68.79 Mexico 490 31.21 Taku 18000Canada 17 600 98.20

UnitedStates 320 1.80

Tijuana 4 400 Mexico 3 100 70.57 UnitedStates 1 300 29.43 W hiting 2 600 Canada 2 000 80.06 UnitedStates 510 19.94 Yaqui 74700Mexico 70 100 93.87 UnitedStates 4 600 6.13 Yukon 829700UnitedStates 49640059.83 Canada 33330040.17 Total area 8 863 060 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015

South America Amacuro 4000Venezuela 3 400 85.15 Guyana 600 14.61 Amazon 44 5866100Brazil 367260062.61 Peru 97460016.61 Bolivia 68440011.67 Colombia 353 000 6.02 Ecuador 137 800 2.35 Venezuela 38 500 0.66 Guyana 5 200 0.09 Suriname 20 0.00 Aviles 260Argentina 230 88.72 Chile 30 11.28 Aysen 13 300 Chile 11 300 85.06 Argentina 2 000 14.94 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 411 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015

Figure 6. South America.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Baker 30 800 Chile 21 000 68.29 Argentina 9 800 31.69 Barima 8 700 Guyana 7 700 87.86 Venezuela 1 000 11.79 Cancoso/Lauca 32100Bolivia 26 200 81.57 Chile 5 900 18.43 412 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Catatumbo 26100Colombia 16 700 64.02 Venezuela 9 400 35.97 Chico 1700Argentina 1 000 59.70 /CarmenSilva Chile 680 40.30 Chira44 16 700 Peru 9 200 55.33 Ecuador 7 500 44.67 Chuy 180 Brazil 110 64.57 Uruguay 60 32.57 Comau 920 Chile 840 90.91 Argentina 80 9.09 Courantyne 45 67700Suriname 36 900 54.46 /C orantijn Guyana 30 800 45.45 Cullen 590 Chile 490 83.00 Argentina 100 17.00 Essequibo46 154300Guyana 11540074.79 Venezuela 38 800 25.12 Brazil 140 0.09 Gallegos±Chico 11600Argentina 7 000 60.15 Chile 4 600 39.85 Jurado 820Colombia 580 70.52 Panama 240 28.75 La Plata 47 48 2966900Brazil 136670046.08 Argentina 81790027.57 Paraguay 40010013.49 Bolivia 270 200 9.11 Uruguay 111 600 3.76 Lagoon Mirim 54900Uruguay 31 200 56.75 Brazil 23 700 43.18 Lake Fagnano 49 3800Argentina 2 800 74.95 Chile 950 25.05 Lake Titicaca±Poopo116500Bolivia 61 700 52.99 Peru 53 600 45.96 Chile 1 200 1.05 Maroni50 65900Suriname 37 000 56.20

French Guiana 28 100 42.66 Brazil 640 0.96 Mataje 730 Ecuador 540 73.98 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Colombia 190 26.02 Mira 11700Colombia 7 100 61.00

Ecuador 4 600 38.99 Orinoco 958500Venezuela 60740063.37 Colombia 35110036.63 Oyupock 27100Brazil 14 200 52.38 /Oiapoque French Guiana 12 800 47.28 Palena 13 300 Chile 7 300 54.58 Argentina 6 100 45.42 Pascua 13 700 Chile 7 400 53.72 Argentina 6 300 46.22 Patia 21300Colombia 20 900 97.97 Ecuador 430 2.03 Puelo 8200Argentina 5 100 62.33 Chile 3 100 37.63 InternationalRiversoftheWorld 413

Table 4. Continued

Areaof basin Area Basin name (km 2)1 Country (km2) %

Rio Grande 7 900 Chile 4 000 50.86 Argentina 3 900 49.14 San Martin 640 Chile 580 90.22 Argentina 60 9.78 Seno Union 6 500 Chile 5 700 87.93 /Serrano Argentina 670 10.34 Tumbes±Poyango 44 5000Ecuador 3 500 71.04 Peru 1 400 28.96 Valdivia 11 400 Chile 11 300 99.09 Argentina 100 0.89 Yelcho 10600Argentina 6 900 65.06 Chile 3 700 34.88 Zapaleri51 3 600 Chile 2 400 68.42 Bolivia 610 16.99 Argentina 520 14.59 Zarumilla44 670 Ecuador 580 87.29 Peru 90 12.71 Total area 10 544 710

Note sto Table4 : 1.T he numbersreferringtoba sina reashavebee nroundedtos igni®ca ntdigitsan d,asa result,the numbersfor areawithinea ch basind onotnece ssarilya dduptothe total area for thatbasin.Also, theper centageswereca lculatedbasedon rawdata,a nd therefore donotre ¯ectthe r oundingof the areas. 2.T hedisputebetw eenNigeriaan dCameroon,overlan dandmaritimeb oundariesinthe v icinityof theoil-r ichB akasiPeninsula,w asreferredtotheInter nationalCourtofJustice,w hich gavearuling in1998.Nigeriahas®led anappealontheru lingandthed isputehasyettoberesolved.The Bakasi Peninsula,inthe s outh-westprovince of Cameroon,isdivide dbytheA kpaY a®rive rand liesto thew estof Cameroon’sRiodel Ray(CIA,1998;Cohen,1998). 3.M orocco claimsandadministersWesternSahara,butthere gion’ssovereigntyis un resolvedand theU Nisatte mptingtoh old areferendumon theis sue.AUN-administered cease®re re mainsin effect sinceSe ptember1991(Biger et al.,1995;CIA ,1998). 4.It hasbeen informallyre portedtha tthein de® niteseg mentoftheDe mocraticRe publicof theC ongo (Kinshasa)± Zambiabou ndaryh asbeen settled.Therefore,the De mocraticRe publicof theC ongo (Kinshasa)± Tanzania±Zambiatrip ointinL akeTa nganyikaalso m ayn olongerbe inde® nite(C IA, 1998). 5.A longse gmentof theb oundarybetweentheD emocraticRe publicof theCon go(Kinshasa)and theRe publicof theC ongo (Brazzaville)alon gtheC ongoRiverremainsinde®nite,as n odivision Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 of ther iveror its islan dshasbee nmade (CIA,1998). 6.S waziland hasa sked SouthA fricato open negotiationson reincorporatingsome nearbySouth Africanterritoriestha tarep opulatedb yethnicS wazisor th atw erelon gagopartof theS wazi Kingdom.(CIA,1998). 7.L akeChadvariesin extentbetweenrainyanddryseasons,from50000to20000km 2.Demarcation of internationalboundariesinthe v icinityof Lake Chadis com pletean dawaitsr ati®ca tionb y Cameroon,Chad,Nigera nd Nigeria.Determiningthe bou ndariesof sectorsinvolvingrivers drainingin toL ake Chadiscom plicatedb y¯oodingand theu ncoveringor cove ringof islands. Thelack of demarcatedb oundarieshasledtobor derincidentsin the pa st.(B iger et al.,1995;CIA, 1998). 8.T headministrativeb oundarybetweenKenyaandSudandoes notcoin cide withthe inter national boundary(CIA,1998). 9.E gypt’sadministrativeb oundaryw ithS udandoesnotcoin cide withthe inter nationalboundary andcreatesthe `H ala’ibTriangle’,abarrenareaof 20580km 2 northofthe22 ndparallel(CIA,1998). 10.A lthoughtopographicallyB otswanaisr ipariantotheO rangeRiverb asin,it is unknownwhether Botswanaterritorycon tributeswaterto the O range River.B otswana’spoliticals tatusasriparian 414 A. T. W olf et al.

tothe O range Riverba sinre mainsto be clari®ed amongtheb asinstates (C onley&vanN iekerk, 1998). 11.N amibiaa nd SouthA fricaa reun dergoingneg otiationstocon® rmtheex actp ositionsof their boundaryalongtheO range River(C onley&vanN iekerk,1998). 12.M alawiisind isputew ithT anzaniaove rtheb oundaryinL akeN yasa(LakeMalawi)(CIA,1998). 13.T he quadripointbetween Botswana,Namibia,Zambiaa ndZimbabweisin d isagreement(CIA, 1998). 14.T hedisputebetw eenBotswanaandNamibiaove rtheu ninhabitedK asikili(S idudu)Islandinthe Linyanti(Chobe)Riveris presentlybe fore theIn ternationalCourtofJustice.BotswanaandNamibia area lsocon testingatleastone otheris landinLiny antiRive r(CIA,1998). 15.T wodisputedsectionsoftheb oundarybetween Chinaan dRussiaremaintobesettled.Chinaholds thatthem aincha nnelof theA murRive risfollow ed north-easttoa pointoppositethe city of Khabarovsk.Russiacla imsthattheline follow stheK azakevichevachannels outh-eastwardtothe UssuriRiver.The twocountriesdisputecon trolof islandsinthe Am uran dUssuriRivers,despite a1987agreementthatestablishedtheline a srunningthroughtheme dianline softhem ainnavigable andunnavigablecha nnels.The ®ved isputedislan dsinthe A murÐPopov,S avelyev,Evrasikha, Nizhne-Petrovskiyan dLugovskoyÐamountto30 00km 2 of territory.Alsoind isputea rethe Tarbarovan dBolshoy Ussuriyskiyislan ds,loca tedina 30kmsectionof thebou ndarya tthe con¯uen ce oftheA murandUssuririvers,andtheB olshoy Island,locatedinthe u pperreachesof theA rgunriver(Biger et al.,1995;CIA,1998;IBRU,1999). 16.M ostof theb oundarys haredbetw eenChinaand Tajikistanisin d ispute,in cludinginthe Pa mir mountainre gion(C IA,1998;IB RU,1999). 17.K yrgyzstanandTajikistanh avea territorialdisputere gardingtheirbou ndaryintheIsfar aValley area(CIA,1998). 18.T heboundariesof theC aspianSea re mainto be determined amongAzerbaijan,Iran,Kazakhstan, Russiaa nd Turkmenistan(CIA,1998). 19.B runeimayw ishtop urchasethe M alaysiansalienttha tdividesthecou ntry(CIA,1998). 20.Se ctionsof thelan dboundarybetween ChinaandVietnamarein de®nite(C IA,1998). 21.In diaa nd Chinad isputea pproximately8 3000km 2,includingthreeof thefou rpoliticaldivisions of theN ortheastFrontierA gencyÐtheS umdurongChosector.Thisreg ionfa llsin the Ganges±B rahmaputrab asin.(Cohen,1 998;IB RU1999). 22.Portio nsof theb oundarybetweenBangladesha nd Indiaare in de® nite.M uch of theb oundary between thetw ocountriesis ba sedon administrativeu nitsth atdonots hiftw iththe r iversasthey changecourseor le velove rtime.Alluvialor`cha r’landthatisexposedasarivershiftsofte nleads tod ispute,a sthela nd ish ighlyv aluedfor agriculture(CIA ,1998;IB RU,1999). 23.A 33-kmsectionof thebou ndarybe tween Chinaand NorthK oreainthe Paek tu-san(mountain) areaisinde ®nite.N orthK oreaclaimsterritorialrightsto tw o-thirds of Chonji,the cra terlake on MountPaektu(C IA,1998;IBRU,1999). 24.T he demarcationlinebe tween NorthK oreaand SouthK oreais in d ispute(C IA,1998). 25.D isputedboundariesbetween ChinaandIndiaincludea pproximately2 5900km 2 inthere gionsof Sang,Demchok,and Aksai,C hina(Biger et al.,1995;Cohen,1 998). 26.In diaan dPakistandisputethe s tatusoftheJa mmuandKashmirre gion,anareaofapproximately 220 000 km 2 (Biger et al.,1995;CIA,1998). 27.T heWestBankandGazaStripare Isr aelioccup iedwiththe ex ceptionof territoriesu nder control Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 of thePales tinianAu thority,asde lineatedinthe 19 95`Israeli±Pa lestinianIn terimAg reementon theW estBankand theG azaStrip’,commonlyrefer redtoa s`OsloII’ ,andinthe 19 98a greement signed atWye.Permanentstatusisto be determinedduringfurthernegotiation(C IA,1998). 28.Isr aelandSyriad isputethe G olanHeights,which iscurrentlya dministeredbyIsrael(CIA,1998). 29.T opographically,Egyptisripariantothe Jord anRiverbasin;however,Egyptianterritorydoes not contributew atertothe b asin,exceptfor thepos sibilityof intermittent,se asonalwadis. 30.Parts of theb oundarybetweenCambodiaandT hailandareinde® nite,includingoverlappingclaims intheGu lfofThailand,anareap otentiallycontain ingoil a ndgasdeposits,an danislandlocatednear theb oundarybetweenC ambodianK ohKong andthe T haiprovin ce ofTrat(CIA, 1998;IB RU,1999). 31.Pa rtsof thebou ndarybetweenPeople’sDemocraticRep ublicof Laosa ndThailandarein de® nite. Thetwocountrieshaveanagreementtodemarcatethe irboundary,butdemarcationwassuspended inFe bruary1 998(CIA,1998;IBRU,1999). 32.Ira nandIraqres toreddiplomaticre lationsin1 990,bu tworkcontin ueson developingwritten agreementsto settle outsta ndingdisputesfr om theireigh t-yearwar,includingboundary demarcation,prisonersofwar,and freedom ofnavigationa ndsovereigntyover the Sh atta lArab waterway(CIA,1998). InternationalRiversoftheWorld 415

33.D isputesareon goingbetw eenBosnia-HerzegovinaandSerbia,ove rSerbian-populatedareas. Accordingto the Ser bianRe publicof Bosnia-Herzegovina(S RBH),theex ternalboundariesare markedbytheU nariverinthew est,theS avariverin then orth,the s tateb oundarywiththe Fe deral Republicof Yugoslaviain thee ast,an dCroatiaa ndtheSer bianRepublicK rajinain thesouth (C IA, 1998;IBRU,1999). 34.E asternSlavonia,w hich washeldbySerbsduringthee thniccon¯ict in thefor mer Yugoslavia,was returned toC roatiancontrolb ytheU NTransitionalAdministrationfor EasternS lavoniaon 15 January1998(C IA,1998). 35.U nder anInternationalC ourtof Justice(IC J)ruling,HungaryandSlovakiaw ereto ag reeon the futureoftheG abcikovoDamcomplexbyMarch1998.Thedispute,however,hasyetto beresolved. Completionof thed amsystemw oulda lterthebou ndariesbetweenHungaryan dSlovakia establishedunderthe1 920Tre atyof Trianon (CIA,1998;IBRU,1999). 36.T heboundarycommissionforme dbySerbiaan dMontenegro,andtheF ormerYugoslavRepublic ofMacedoniainApril1996toresolved ifferencesin delineationof theirmutualboundaryhasmade noprogresssofar(CIA,1998). 37.R omaniaconsiderscertainte rritoriesof MoldovaandUkraineÐincludingBessarabia(456 00km 2) andNorthernBukovinaÐas h istoricallyp artof Romania.Thiste rritorywasin corporatedinto theforme rSovietU nionfollow ingtheM olotov±R ibbentropPa ctin 1 940(CIA,1998;C ohen, 1998). 38.B orderproblemsbetween Byelarusa ndLithuaniain pa rtlie in the fa ctthatthene wboundaryis differentfrom theold Sovietadministratived ivisionbetw eenthetw orepublics.Areasofdispute include thelan daroundtheA dutiskisra ilwaystatio nandtheD ruskininkairesortcla imed by Byelarus.Demarcationof thebou ndarybetween ByelarusandLithuaniais u nderway(CIA,1998; IBRU,1999). 39.T he 1997boundaryagreementLithuaniaan dRussiarem ainstobe rati®ed (CIA,1998). 40.T he December19 96technicalboundaryag reementreachedbetween EstonianandRussian negotiatorsremainstobe rati®ed .Estoniaclaime dover20 00km 2 of territoryinthe N arvaand Pechoryreg ionsofRussia,basedontheb oundaryestablishedunderthe1 920PeaceT reatyof Tartu (CIA,1998). 41.L atviaclaime dtheA brene/Pytalovosectionof theb ordercededbytheL atvianSovietSocialist Republicto Russiain1944,basedon the1 920Treatyof Riga.Adrafttreatyde limitingthe b oundary between Latviaan dRussiah asnotbeen signed. The Abrene/Pytalovoregionis cros sedbythe UtroyaR iver,a tributaryof theV clikayar iver(CIA,1998;C ohen,1998). 42.W hilethe M euseb asinis top ographicallyp artof theR hine basin,Europeannationstreatit a sa politicallysep arateb asin(H uisman et al., 1998). 43.T heboundarybetweenBelizea ndGuatemalais indispute.Talkstoresolvethe d isputea reongoing. Changesinthe b oundarybetweenGuatemalaa nd Belizecou ldim pacton theH ondo,Belize , Grijalvaand/orSarstunbasins(until1991,Guatemalacla imedallofBelize)(CIA,1998;Cohen,1998; IBRU,1999). 44.T hreese ctionsof theb oundarybe tween Ecuador andPeruh avebee nind ispute.T he areascove r over3 24000km 2 andincludep ortionsoftheA mazonan dMaranonrivers.Thedistrictsof Tumbes, JaenandMaynasarecla imedbyEcuador andadministeredbyPeru.InDecember1998,Peruand Ecuadors igned ajointagreementon theim plementationof apermanentdeve lopmentpolicyfor theb orderregion.Ajointcommissionw ascreatedto determinethe ircommonlandboundary(Biger Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 et al.,1995;CIA,1998;Cohen,1998;BBCSummaryofWorldB roadcasts,3December1 998;Xinhua NewsAgency,11December1 998). 45.T he boundaryupstreamfr om thecon ¯uence of theC ourantyne/Koetari(Kutari)R iverwiththe New(UpperC ourantyne)Riverremainsunsettled.Guyanaadministersthetrian gleforme dbythe tworivers,whileB razila ndSuriname continueto cla imthe a rea.Suriname alsoclaimsthew est bank of theC ourantyne Riverbelow the N ewRive rasthe bou ndary,but de facto theb oundary continuestofollow the tha lweg(Biger et al.,1995;CIA,1998). 46.T alksareong oingbetweenGuyanaand Venezuelare gardingtheirb oundarydispute.Venezuela claimsallof thea reawestof theEs sequiboRive r(CIA,1998;IB RU,1999). 47.A shortse ctionof thebou ndarybe tween Brazila ndParaguay,justw estof Saltod asSeteQ uedas (GuairaFalls)on theR ioPa rana,hasyettobe preciselydelim ited(C IA,1998). 48.T woshortsectionsof theb oundarybetween Brazilan dUruguayarein disp ute:theA rroio Invernada(A rroyode laIn vernada)areaof theR ioQ uarai(R ioCu areim)andtheislan dsatthe con¯uen ce of theRio Q uaraiandtheU ruguayRiver(C IA,1998). 49.A shortsection of thes outh-easternboundaryof Chilew ithA rgentina,inthe area of theBe agle Channel,rem ainsunclear.T he 1991A ylwin±Menem Treatydeline atestheb oundarybetween 416 A. T. W olf et al.

ArgentinaandChilein the con tinentalg laciersarea.Asof March1 999,the trea tyha snotbee n rati®ed bythe C ongressesofeithercountry(CIA ,1998;IB RU,1999). 50.S urinameandFrenchGuianaarein disputeove rwhichof theu ppertributariesoftheM aroniRive r wasoriginallyin tendedtocarrytheb oundariesdowntotheBr azilianboundary.Thedisputeda rea isad ministeredbyFrance asa regionof theove rseasdep artmentof French Guianaandclaimed bySuriname.Thearealiesbe tween theR iviereLita niandtheR iviereM arouini,b othhea dwaters of theL awa(Biger et al.,1995;CIA,1998). 51.B oliviaha sdesireda sovereigncorr idorto the S outhPa ci®c Oceansince the Ataca madesertarea waslostto Ch ilein 18 84.Thecreationof such acorridorcou ldim pacton territoryin the Za paleri basinor cre atea new internationalba sin(C IA,1998;IBRU,1999).

Table 5. Percentage ofa country’sareawithin internationalbasins

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Afghanistan Hari/Harirud,Helmand, Indus,Kowl-44 7252 69.68 (641 869) E-Namaksar,Murgab,Tarim Albania Danube,Drin,L akePre spa,Vijose 14 291 49.70 (28 755) Algeria Daoura,Dra,Guir,L akeC had, 358 230 15.43 (2 320 972) Medjerda,Niger,O uedB on Naima, Tafna Andorra Ebro,G aronne 452 100.00 (452) Angola Chiloango,C ongo/Zaire, 849 457 67.83 (1 252 421) Etosha±C uvelai,K unene,Okavango, Zambezi Argentina Aviles,A ysen,Baker,Chico/Carmen 870449 31.30 (2 781 013) Silva,C omau,Cullen,G allegos- Chico,L aPlata,LakeF agnano, Palena,Pas cua,Puelo,R ioG rande, SanMartin,SenoUnion/Serrano, Valdivia,Yelch o,Z apaleri Armenia Kura± Araks 29 872 100.00 (29 872) Austria Danube,Elbe,Po, Rhine 83 739 100.00 (83 739) Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Azerbaijan AstaraChay,K ura±A raks,Samur,60357 70.34 (85 808) Sulak Bangladesh Fenney,Ganges±B rahmaputra± 135 569 97.88 (138 507) Meghna,K arnafauli Belgium Rhine,Schelde,Se ine,Yser 21 895 71.83 (30 480) Belize Belize,Hondo,Sa rstun 8 743 39.43 (22 175) Benin Mono,N iger,Oueme,Volta 110 829 95.12 (116 515) Bhutan Ganges±Brahmaputra±M eghna 39 324 98.49 (39 927) Bolivia Amazon,Cancoso/Lauca,L aPlata,1 043143 95.67 (1 090 353) Lake Titicaca±Poopo,Z apaleri Bosniaa ndHerzegovinaDanube,Krka,N eretva 47 839 93.07 (51 403) InternationalRiversoftheWorld 417 . s n i s a b l a n o i t a n r e t n i n i h t i w a e r a s ’ y r t n u o c a f o e g a t n e c r e P . 7 e r u Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 g i F 418 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Botsw ana Limpopo,O kavango,O range, 580 011 100.00 (580 011) Zambezi Brazil Amazon,Chuy,Essequibo,La Pla ta,5078034 59.69 (8 507 128) Lagoon Mirim,Maroni, Oyupock/Oiapoque Brunei Bangau,Pandaruan 638 11.06 (5 770) Bulgaria Danube,Maritsa,Nestos,Rezvaya,95106 85.83 (110 802) Struma,Velaka BurkinaFaso Komoe, Niger,Volta 273 719 100.00 (273 719) Burundi Congo/Zaire,Nile 27 254 100.00 (27 254) Byelarus Daugava,D nieper,Narva,Neman,197800 95.70 (206 681) Vistula/Wista,V olga Cambodia Mekong,Saigon/SongNhaBe, Song 164797 90.24 (182 612) Vam Co Dong Cameroon AkpaYa®,Congo/Zaire,C ross,Lake26 1507 56.08 (466 307) Chad,Niger,Ntem,Ogooue Canada Alesek,C hilkat,C olumbia,E irth,2354445 23.77 (9 904 700) Fraser,Mississippl,N elson± Saskatchewan,StCroix,StJohn, StL awrence, Stikine,T aku,Whiting, Yukon CentralAfricanRe publicC ongo/Zaire,LakeC had 621 499 100.00 (621 499) Chad Lake Chad,Niger 1 110 821 95.10 (1 168 002) Chile Aviles,A ysen,Baker, 92 557 12.47 (742 298) Cancoso/Lauca,C hico/Carmen Silva,C omau,Cullen,G allegos± Chico,L ake Fagnano, Lake Titicaca± Poopo, Palena,Pascua,Pue lo,R io Grande,SanMartin,Se no Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Union/Serrano,V aldivia,Ye lcho, Zapaleri China Amur,AralSea ,Beilun,Ganges±3 018678 32.32 (9 338 902) Brahmaputra±Meghna,HarUsNur, Hsi/BeiJiang,Ili/KunesHe,Indus, Irrawaddy,Mekong,Ob,Pu-Lun-To, Red/Song Hong,S alween,Sujfun, Tarim,Tumen,Yalu Colombia Amazon,Catatumbo,Ju rado, 749 595 65.64 (1 141 962) Mataje,M ira,Orinoco,Patia Congo,D emocraticRe publicC hiloango,C ongo/Zaire,Nile, 2 337 027 100.00 of the(K inshasa) Zambezi (2 337 027) Congo,Rep ublicof theC hiloango,C ongo/Zaire,Nyanga,27 6097 79.93 (Brazzaville) Ogooue (345 430) InternationalRiversoftheWorld 419

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Costa Rica Changuinola,Chiriqui,S anJuan, 14 829 28.73 (51 608) Sixaola Croatia Danube,Krka,N eretva 35 660 63.35 (56 288) CzechRe public Danube,Elbe,O der/Odra, 78 380 99.85 (78 495) Vistula/Wista Djibouti Aw ash 11 088 51.24 (21 638) DominicanRe public Artibonite,Massacre,Pedernales 2 660 5.49 (48 445) Ecuador Amazon,Chira,Mataje,Mira,Patia,154871 60.28 (256 932) Tumbes±Poyango,Za rumilla Egypt Jordan(DeadSea),N ile 280 241 28.51 (982 910) El Salvador Goascoran,Lem pa,Paz 11 532 55.72 (20 697) EquatorialG uinea Benito,M be,N tem,Ogooue, 21 769 80.37 (27 085) Utambonl Eritrea Baraka,Ga sh,N ile 63 046 51.70 (121 941) Estonia Gauja,Narva,Parnu,S alaca 25 152 55.23 (45 545) Ethiopia Awash,Gash,Juba±S hibeli,L ake 990 989 87.52 (1 132 328) Turkana,LotagipiSw amp,Nile Finland Kemi,N aatamo,O langa,Oulu, 168 686 50.54 (333 797) Pasvik,T ana,Torne /Tornealven, Tuloma,Vuoksa France Bidasoa,Ebro,Ga ronne, Po, Rhine,259366 47.44 (546 729) Rhone, Roia,Schelde,Seine,Yser French Guiana Maroni,O yupock/Oiapoque 40 907 48.81 (83 811) Gabon Benito,C ongo/Zaire,Mbe,Ntem,223688 85.48 (261 689) Nyanga,Ogooue,Utamboni Gambia, The Gambia 5 890 55.16 (10 678) Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Georgia Coruh,Kura±Araks,Su lak,Terek 39 335 56.24 (69 943) Germany Danube,Elbe,O der/Odra,R hine 253 536 71.20 (356 109) Ghana Bia,K omoe, Tano, Volta 189 579 79.00 (239 981) Greece Lake Prespa,M aritsa,Nestos, 24 750 18.77 (131 852) Struma,Vardar,Vijose Guatemala Belize,Candelaria,CoatanA chute,7 9942 73.01 (109 502) Grijalva,Hondo, Lempa,Motaqua, Paz,Sarstun,Suchiate Guinea Cavally,Cestos,Corubal,Ga mbia,205171 83.38 (246 077) Geba,G reatScarcies,Little Scarcies,Loffa,Moa,Niger, Sassandra,Senegal,S tJohn,St Paul 420 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Guinea-Bissau Corubal,Ge ba 15 117 44.94 (33 635) Guyana Amacuro,A mazon,Barima, 159 682 75.59 (211 241) Courantyne/Corantijn,Essequibo H aiti Artibonite,Massacre,Pedernales 7 303 26.89 (27 157) H onduras Choluteca,Coco/Segovia, 24 746 21.93 (112 852) Goascoran,Lem pa,Motaqua,Negro H ungary Danube 92 782 100.00 (92 782) India Fenney,Ganges±B rahmaputra± 1 367 871 44.28 (3 089 282) Meghna,In dus,Irrawaddy,Kaladan, Karnafauli Indonesia Fly,M erauke,Sem bakung,Sep ik,106314 5.56 (1 910 842) Tami Iran AstaraChay,A trak,Dasht, 350 528 21.57 (1 624 760) Hari/Harirud,Helmand, Kowl-E- Namaskar,Kura±Araks,Rudkhaneh- ye/BahuKalat,T igris±E uphrates/Shatt al Arab Iraq Tigris±Euphrates/Shattal A rab 318 912 73.07 (436 422) Ireland Bann,Castletown,E rne,Fane, 3 403 4.90 (69 384) Flurry,Foyle Israel Jordan(DeadSea),W adiA lIzziyah10790 51.94 (20 774) Italy Danube,Isonzo,Po, Rhine,Rhone,84965 28.23 (300 980) Roia Ivory Coast Bia,C avally,Ces tos,K omoe, Niger,17 8483 55.39 (322 216) Sassandra,St.Joh n,Tano,V olta Jordan Jordan(DeadSea),Tigr is±Euphrates/22842 25.59 (89 275) Shattal A rab Kazakhstan AralSea,Ili/KunesHe,O b,O ral1 739057 64.03 (2 715 976) (Ural),Pu -Lun-To, Tarim,Volga Kenya Juba±Shibeli,La ke Natron,L ake 396 722 67.88 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 (584 429) Turkana,LotagiplSw amp,Nile, Umba Korea,D emocraticPeop le’s Amur,Han,Tumen,Yalu 52 127 42.56 Republic of (122 473) Korea,Re publicof H an 25 104 25.53 (98 339) Kyrgyzstan AralSea,Ili/KunesHe,Ta rim 170 614 85.59 (199 340) Laos,People’sDemocraticC a/Song-Koi,M a,M ekong, 221 662 96.14 Republic of (230 566) Red/Song Hong Latvia Barta,D augava,Gauja,Lielup e, 59 840 93.07 (64 299) Narva,Neman,Parnu,Salaca,Venta Lebanon AnNahrAlKabir,Asi/Orontes, 2 913 28.45 (10 240) Jordan(DeadSea),W adiA lIzziyah InternationalRiversoftheWorld 421

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Lesotho Orange 19 854 65.41 (30 352) Liberia Cavally,Cestos,Loffa,Mana-Morro,6 8932 71.58 (96 296) Moa,StJohn,StPaul Libya Lake Chad 4 580 0.28 (1 620 515) Liechtenstein Rhine 165 100.00 (165) Lithuania Barta,D augava,Lielupe,N eman, 62 616 96.56 (64 849) Venta Luxembourg Rhine,Seine 2 594 100.00 (2 594) Macedonia Drin,Lake Prespa,Stru ma,Vardar25017 98.80 (25 321) Malaw i Congo/Zaire,Ruvuma,Zambezi 111 234 93.45 (119 028) Malaysia Bangau,Golok,Pan daruan, 8 458 2.56 (330 270) Sembakung Mali Komoe, Niger,Senegal,V olta 712 452 56.69 (1 256 747) Mauritania Atul,Sene gal 228 438 21.93 (1 041 570) Mexico Candelaria,CoatanA chute, 408 513 20.81 (1 962 939) Colorado,G rijalva,Hondo, Rio Grande,Suchiate,Tijuana,Ya qui Moldova Danube,Dniester,K ogilnik,Sarata3 3567 100.00 (33 567) Mongolia Amur,HarUsNur,L akeU bsa-Nur,616438 39.54 (1 559 176) Pu-Lun-To,Yenisey/Jenisej Morocco Daoura,Dra,Guir,O uedB on Naima,7 9377 19.65 (403 860) Tafna Mozambique Buzi,In comati,L impopo,M aputo,42 3969 53.76 (788 629) Ruvuma,Sa bi,U mbeluzi,Za mbezi Myanmar(Burma) Ganges±Brahmaputra±M eghna, 528 413 78.89 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 (669 821) Irrawaddy,Kaladan,Mekong, Pakchan,S alween N amibia Etosha±C uvelai,K unene,Okavango,56 3706 68.28 (825 632) Orange,Zambezi Nepal Ganges±Brahmaputra±M eghna 147 293 100.00 (147 293) Netherlands Rhine,Schelde 11 991 33.78 (35 493) N icaragua Choluteca,Coco/Segovia,Negro, 49 637 38.46 (129 047) San Juan N iger Lake Chad,Niger 1 186 021 100.00 (1 186 021) N igeria Akpa,Cross,LakeC had,Niger, 795 581 87.23 (912 039) Oueme N orway Jacobs,Kem i,K laralven,Naatamo,2 0418 6.44 (316 962) Pasvik,T ana,Torne /Tornealven 422 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Pakistan Dasht,H elmand, Indus,Rudkhaneh-649238 73.97 (877 753) ye/BahuKalat,T arim Panama Changuinola,Chiriqui,Jur ado, 4 941 6.61 (74 697) Sixaola PapuaNewGuinea Fly,M erauke,Sep ik,Tami 136 246 29.23 (466 161) Paraguay La Plata 400 089 100.00 (400 089) Peru Amazon,Chira,LakeT iticaca± 1 038 875 80.10 (1 296 912) Poopo, Tumbes±Poyango,Z arumilla Poland Danube,Dniester,E lbe,Lava± 281 897 90.73 (310 715) Pregel,N eman,Oder/Odra, Prohladnaja,V istula/Wista Portugal Douro/Duero,G uadiana,Lim a, 44 898 48.75 (92 098) Mino/Minho,T agus/Tejo Romania Danube 228 826 96.69 (236 654) Russia Amur,Daugava,Dnieper,D on,7923626 47.02 (16 851 940) Elancik,HarU sNur,Jacobs,Keml, Kura±A raks,Lake Ubsa-Nur,Lava± Pregel,M ius,Narva,Neman, Olanga,Ob,O ral(U ral),O ulu, Pasvik,Pr ohladnaja,Pu-Lun-To, Samur,S ujfun,Sulak,Terek, Tuloma,Tumen,Volga,V uoksa, Yenisey/Jenisej Rw anda Congo/Zaire,Nile 25 228 100.00 (25 228) SaudiArabia Tigris±Euphrates/Shattal A rab 236 0.01 (1 960 175) Senegal Gambia,Geba,Sene gal 90 543 45.98 (196 911) SierraLeone GreatS carcies,LittleSca rcies, 27 693 38.18 (72 531) Mana-Morro,M oa,N iger Slovakia Danube,Oder/Odra,Vistula/Wista4 8648 100.00 Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 (48 648) Slovenia Danube,Isonzo 18 184 89.82 (20 246) Somalia Awash,Juba±Shibeli 221 757 34.70 (639 065) SouthA frica Incomati,Lim popo,M aputo,O range,79 7512 65.20 (1 223 111) Umbeluzi Spain Bidasoa,Douro/Duero,E bro, 291 100 57.57 (505 674) Garonne, Guadiana,Lima, Mino/Minho,T agus/Tejo Sudan Baraka,Ga sh,L akeC had,Lake 2 064 458 82.90 (2 490 409) Turkana,LotagipiSw amp,Nile Suriname Amazon,Courantyne/Corantijn, 73 952 50.83 (145 498) Maroni Sw aziland Incomati,M aputo,U mbeluzi 16 762 97.66 (17 164) InternationalRiversoftheWorld 423

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Sweden Klaralven,Tome/Tornealven 68 679 15.48 (443 800) Switzerland Danube,Po, Rhine,R hone 41 178 100.00 (41 178) Syria AnNahrAlKabir,Asi/Orontes, 136 792 72.79 (187 937) Jordan(DeadSea),N ahrElKebir, Tigris±Euphrates/Shattal A rab Tajikistan AralSea,Tarim 14 024 9.85 (142 410) Tanzania,Un ited Congo/Zaire,LakeN atron,Nile,41 0705 43.46 Republic of Ruvuma,U mba,Zambezi (944 977) Thailand Golok,Mekong,Pakchan,Salween 205847 39.96 (515 144) Togo Mono,O ueme,Volta 48 653 84.91 (57 300) Tunisia Medjerda 15 573 10.02 (155 402) Turkey Asi/Orontes,C oruh,K ura±Araks,266523 34.17 (779 986) Maritsa,NahrElKe bir,Rez vaya, Tigris±Euphrates/Shattal A rab, Velaka Turkmenistan AralSea,Atrak,Hari/Harirud, 52 956 11.23 (471 429) Murgab Uganda Lake Turkana,LotagipiSwamp,Nile24 3049 100.00 (243 050) Ukraine Danube,Dnieper,D niester,D on, 451 715 75.79 (596 041) Elancik,Koglinlk,Mius,Sarata, Vistula/Wista UnitedK ingdom Bann,Castletown,E rne,Fane, 9 235 3.80 (243 137) Flurry,Foyle UnitedS tates Alesek,C hilkat,C olorado, Columbia,5895293 62.38 (9 450 720) Firth,F raser,Mississippi,N elson± Saskatchewan,RioG rande, St Croix,StJohn,StL awrence, Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Stikine,T aku,Tijuana,Whiting, Yaqui,Y ukon Uruguay Chuy,LaPlata,Lagoon Mirim 142 846 80.19 (178 141) Uzbekistan Aral Sea 236 695 53.11 (445 711) Venezuela Amacuro,A mazon,Barima, 698 462 76.20 (916 561) Catatumbo,E ssequibo,O rinoco Vietnam Beilun,Ca/Song-Koi,H si/Bei Jiang,19 3152 59.05 (327 123) Ma,M ekong,Red /SongHong, Saigon/SongNhaBe, Song VamC o Dong W est Bank Jordan(DeadSea) 3 152 54.20 (5 816) WesternSa hara Atul 1 100 0.41 (269 602) 424 A. T. W olf et al.

Table 5. Continued

TotalPercentage areaof of country/ country/territoryter ritory fallingwithinarea fa lling Country/territory internationalwithinin ter- (area in km 2) Internationalb asins basins (km 2)nationalb asins

Yugoslavia(Se rbiaa ndDanube,Drin,N eretva,Struma, 99 950 98.04 Montenegro) Vardar (101 945) Zambia Congo/Zaire,Zambezi 754 773 100.00 (754 773) Zimbabwe Buzi,L impopo,O kavango,Sa bi, 390 804 100.00 (390 804) Zambezi

Table 6. Numberofcou ntriesthatshare abasin

N umber of countries Internationalbasins

17(1) Danube 11(2) Congoand Niger 10 (1) N ile 9(2)Rhinea nd Zambezi 8(2)Amazon andLake Chad 6(8)AralSea,Ganges±Brahmaputra±Meghna,Jordan,Kura±A raks,Mekong,Tarim,Tigris andEuphrates(Shattal A rab),and Volta 5(3)LaPlata ,Neman,a ndVistula(W ista) 4(17)A mur,Daugava,E lbe,Indus,K omoe, Lake Turkana,L impopo,L otagipiS wamp,Narva, Oder(Odra),O gooue,Okavango,O range,Po, Pu-Lun-T’o,Se negal,a nd Struma 3(49)A si(Or ontes),Awash,Cavally,Cestos,Chiloango,D nieper,D niester,D rin,Ebro, Essequibo,G ambia,G aronne,Gash,Geba,H arU sNur,H ari(Harirud),Helmand, Hondo,Ili (K unesHe),Incomati,Ir rawaddy,Juba±Shibeli,Ke mi,L ake Prespa,L ake Titicaca±PoopoSystem,Lempa,Maputo,M aritsa,M aroni,M oa,Neretva,Ntem,Ob, Oueme,Pasvik,Red (SongHong), Rhone,Ruvuma,Salween,Schelde,Se ine,S t John,Sulak,Torne (Tornealven), Tumen,Umbeluzi,V ardar,Volga,andZapaleri 2(176)Akpa,Alesek,Amacuro,A nNahrAlKabirm,Artibonite,A staraChay,Atrak,Atui,A viles, Aysen,Baker,Bangau,Bann,Baraka,Barima,Barta,Beilun,Belize,Benito,B ia, Bidasoa,Buzi,C a(Song-Koi),C ancoso(Lauca),Candelaria,Castletown,C atatumbo, Changuinola,Chico(C armenSilva),Chilkat,C hira,Ch iriqui,C holuteca,Chuy,C oatan Achute,Coco (Segovia),C olorado, Columbia,C omau,C orubal,C oruh,C ourantyne (Corantijn),Cross,Cullen,Daoura,Dasht,D on,Douro(Duero),D ra,E lancik,Erne, Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 Etosha/Cuvelai,F ane,Fenney,Firth,Flurry,F ly,Foyle,Fraser,Gallegos±Chico,G auja, Goascoran,G olok,GreatS carcies,Grijalva,G uadiana,Guir,Han,Hsi(Bei Jiang), Isonzo,Jacobs ,Jurado, Kaladan,K arnafauli,K laralven,K ogilnik,Kowl-E-Namaksar, Krka,K unene, Lagoon Mirim,LakeF agnano,Lake Natron, Lake Ubsa±Nur,Lava (Pregel),L ielupe,Lima,Little Sca rcies,Loffa,Ma,M ana-Morro,M assacre,Mataje,Mbe, Medjerda,Mino,M ira,M ississippi,M ius,Mono,M otaqua,Murgab,N aatamo,N ahrEl Kebir,Negro,N elson-Saskatchewan,Nestos,Nyanga,Olanga,Oral(Ural),O rinoco, OuedBon Naima,O ulu,Oyupock(O iapoque),Pakchan,Palena,Pan daruan,Parnu, Pascua,Patia ,Paz,Pedernales,Pr ohladnaja,Puelo,Rez vaya,R ioG rande (North America),R ioG rande (SouthA merica),Roia,Rudkhaneh-ye (BahuKalat),S abi,Sa igon (SongNhaBe),Salaca,Sa mur,S anJuan,SanMartin,Sarata,S arstun,Sassandra, Sembakung,SenoUnion(Ser rano), Sepik,S ixaola,Song VamCo Dong,St.C roix,S t. John,St.L awrence, St.Pa ul,S tikine,S uchiate,Sujfun,Tafna,Tagus(Tejo), Taku, Tami,T ana,T ano,Terek,T ijuana,T jeroeka/Wanggoe, Tuloma,Tumbes±Poy ango, Umba,Utamboni,V aldivia,Velaka,Ven ta,V ijose,Vuoksa,WadiAlIzziyah,Whiting, Yalu,Yaqui,Ye lcho,Ye nisey(Jen isej), Yser,Y ukon,andZarumilla. InternationalRiversoftheWorld 425 . n i s a b a e r a h s t a h t s e i r t n u o c f o r e b m u N . 8 e r u g i F Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 426 A. T. W olf et al.

Notes 1.T he literatureon individualwatershed studiesistoo ex tensiveto cite here. See Beach et al. (2000) for morein formation. 2.W orkon thisstud ybeganw hen Wolf waswiththe U niversityof Alabama’sDepartmentof Geography. 3.M uchof theD atabaseis av ailablea t , http://terra.geo.orst.edu/users/tfdd/ . .The annotated bibliographygrewfrom thew orkof Beach et al. (2000). 4.S imilarly,the1 997U NConventionon Non-NavigationalU sesof InternationalWatercourses de®nesa`w atercourse’a sªasystem of surface andundergroundwaterscon stitutingb yvirtue of theirph ysicalrelationshipa unitaryw holea nd¯owingintoa common terminusº.An `internationalw atercourse’isa watercourse,pa rtsof whichare s ituatedin d ifferentstates (nations). 5.Pe rennials treams¯ow year-round,asop posedtointermittents treams,which haveper iodsofno ¯ ow . 6.T hisde ®nition,w hichw efeel isthe be sta vailable,doesallowfor one occasionalinconsistency: If abasinis sh aredbyonlytw onations,a nd all tributariesw hichcross the b oundaryare intermittent,w edonotinclu de itin the Reg ister.If, however,a basinis sh aredbythreeor m ore nations,an dtributarieswhichcr oss any of theb oundariesarepe rennial,w einclude boththe basinan dallthe cou ntriesw ithinits te rritory,even ifone orm oreof those countriescontributes onlyinter mittentstreams.Forexample,Egyptis lis tedasripariantothe Jor dan,eventh oughno perennials treamscrossitsb oundaryw ithIsr ael.(T hese specialcasesaren otedinthe footn otes of theirres pectiveb asins.) 7.E ightdatala yersformHYDRO1K.The sixra sterlayersarethe h ydrologicallycorrec tDEM, ¯ow directions,¯ ow accumulations,slope,a spect,a nd compoundtopographicin dex(wetness index). The twovectorlayer sincludethe dr ainageb asinsand syntheticstre ams.The tradi- tionalproceduresfor extractingd rainage featuresareite rativea ndwelle stablished(Verdin &Greenlee,1 996).Newmethodsfor DEMsurfacedr ainage processinghavebee ndocumented inVer din &Greenlee(19 96),andsupportedbyD anielson (1998).H YDRO1Kisav ailableat , http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/gtopo30/hydro . . 8.T oensurea ccuratearea rep resentations,the® rststepw asto pr oject theD EMintoa nequal-area mapprojection.T he secondstepidenti®ed realan darti®cia ldepressions(sinks) greaterina rea thanapredeterminedthreshold,such asLake Chadorthe D eadSe a.De terminationswerem ade astow hich of thesin ksweren aturalors purious,b ycreatingasinkmaskan doverlaying existingmappedhydrography.Once allde pressionsw erever i®ed ,theD EMwas® lledusinga n approach developedby Ve rdin& Greenlee(19 96),from whichn aturallyide nti®ed sinkswere maintainedandspuriousanomalieswerere moved. 9.T he `W atersheds of theW orld’®lesincludedon theG lobalARCdatase tprovidedanexcellent ®rstapproximationrefere nce for thispr oject astheH YDRO1kd atase twasbeingdevelo ped, and weacknowledge thedeve lopersof thisd atasetw ithg ratitude. 10.W erecognizethe lim itationsof ourprocessbyreportingthesize of basinsnota srawdata,as iscom mon withdigita ldata,butbyrou ndingthe la sts igni®ca nt®gurein ba sins1±99 km 2 and thelas ttwosigni®ca nt® guresinb asins10 0km 2 or larger. 11.T he 1978Registeractuallylists 2 15internationalba sins,butthe Ju radoÂisinclu ded inb othN orth andSouthA merica.To avoidsu ch ambiguity,weinclude theJur adoÂonlyin Sou thA merica. 12.T otallandsurface of thee arth 5 148940000km 2 (CIAWorldF actbook ;USCIA,1998);totallan d Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 surfacew ithininter nationalbasins 5 60 710 000 km 2;percentage of totallandsurface within internationalbasins 5 41.02%;totalea rthlan dsurfaceex cludingA ntarctica 5 134940000km 2; percentage of totallan dsurface withinin ternationalb asins,e xcludingAntarctica 5 45.31%. 13.O urpercentagesof land surfacew ithinin ternationalba sins,bothw ithincon tinentsa nd globally, arev astlyd ifferentthanthe19 78Registerfor some continents,becauseth atp ublicationdid not include island nations,eitherin its re gisteror in its ca lculationsof land surface.O urpercentages for Asia,for example,are s igni®ca ntlylow ersince,apparently,the1 978Registerdidn otin clude thelan dsurface of many Paci®c islandsinits ca lculations.

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