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The Evolution of Irish Catholic Nationalism, 1844-1846

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The Evolution of Irish Catholic Nationalism, 1844-1846 THE EVOLUTION OF IRISH CATHOLIC NATIONALISM, 1844-1846 An Analysis of the Cultural Conflict That Evolved Out of British Administrative Failure in Ireland Under the Union, by Kathleen Mary Molesworth Quigley M. A., Moderator in Modern History and Political Science, Trinity College, Dublin, 1948. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of HISTORY. We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA February 1970 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree tha permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date tZ CltrxL if10 THE EVOLUTION OF IRISH CATHOLIC NATIONALISM, 1844-184-6. by Kathleen M. M. Quigley. This inquiry analyzes the necessity for the Irish Repeal Party's alliance with the Catholic Church, especially during the two crucial years prior to the Great Famine, The Repeal Party during this time sought to defend the predom• inantly rural subsistence Irish society against British policies of coercion and assimilation. The main organization at the national and popular level to unify this Irish resistance to British policies was the Irish Catholic Church. Daniel O'Connell acted as the bridge between the Parliamentary Irish Repeal party and the Catholic Church. This was closely linked to his aims and methods which he conceived in the immediate practical terms of Irish survival against the threat of cultural and economic extinction. He therefore rejected as unrealistic the more absolutist doc• trine of nationality of his Young Ireland critics and rivals within his party. He recognized that their ultimate ideals of physical resistance to the almost total military control that Britain exercised over Ireland would be futile, and possibly disastrous for the Irish people. He insisted, instead, on "moral force" and Constitutional methods to achieve peaceful co-existence with Ireland's more dominant neighbour, Britain. His Catholic allianpe was essential to these pragmatic and constitutional ends. The introductory chapters set the historic framework for this most important phase of the British-Irish conflict from iQkk to 18if6 which was centered around a struggle for control of the Irish Catholic Church. Ireland's development is traced from a position of almost complete domination and control by Britain and a lack of organized resistance at the Act of Union in 1800, to a political voice and organized resistance at a national and popular level in 18A4« In this historical process, Daniel 0*Connelly Repeal Party, supported by the Irish Catholic leaders, acted as a major catalyst. Next, the trial of Daniel O'Connell in l8Mf on charges of sedition against the British government is examined as a model in miniature of the British-Irish conflict that had raged in the preceding years. It was the culmination of this conflict, showing that the accused was also, in a political sense, the accuser. O'Connell1s acquittal was a moral refutation of British policies that supported the Protestant government oligarc^% practice of discrimination against Catholic Ireland. Furthermore, it and the subsequent reper• cussions in Britain, aggravated the growing dissension within the ruling British Conservative party. From this point, the policy of the British government towards the Irish Repeal Party took a more devious turn, and never again directly challenged O'Connell. Rather, it attempted to divide the Irish nation, and especially its Catholic leaders, by coercion and bribery. Also in 1844, the British government failed to persuade the Papacy to compel the Irish Church leaders to abandon Repeal. Instead, it only succeeded in strengthening the bonds between Catholicism and the national movement of O'Connell, which had become a "cause celebre" in the Catholic context of Europe. By 1845 the British policy towards the Irish Catholic Church had shifted to belated recognition and half-hearted conciliation. The increased Maynooth Grant of 1845 was a prime example of an isolated and limited gesture. The goodwill engendered by this was counteracted by the strength of the anti-Catholic opposition to the Bill. In addition, the immediate subsequent introduction of the Academical Institutions (Ireland) Bill, without consulting the Irish Church leaders, and with its implied threat to Irish culture and Catholic influence, further reduced the favourable impression that the British government had created among the Irish Catholic leaders by the Maynooth Grant. These British policies revealed the weakening of the government's efforts at ideological assimilation, and the strength of the Catholic base of Irish nationalism under the leadership of Daniel O'Connell. The ensuing controversy within the Repeal Party from 1845 between the more secular physical force Young Ireland nationalists and O'Connell's Catholic supporters served to intensify the latter's link with his moral, force and constitutional objectives. It was not his failure of leadership in his last two years, as his critics have supposed, that temporarily interrupted his constitutional movement at his death. It was, rather, the major tragedy of the Great Famine, compounded by British administrative failure and the consequent abortive Young Ireland rebellion in 18^-8, that left the constitutional movement without a strong leader. O'Connell's heritage and most permanent contribution was to give the Irish Catholic Church a more unified and active political role within the national movement, and thus provide a base during those years from which the Irish constitutional national movement in the late nineteenth century could be launched. PREFACE. The writer's interest in this subject stems from her family background and experience that have, in a practical way, deeply reflected both the English and Irish traditions expressed in this study, and the historic cultural rifts and cross-patterns between these two. Further, her residence abroad, in both Europe and Asia, and her studies in Canada, have led her to re-examine some of the assumptions inculcated by her predominantly English, British Commonwealth, and non-Roman Catholic education. This, in turn, she believes, has lent an objectivity to her study of a highly controversial and important aspect of Irish history. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. Abstract. • * . i Table of Contents. * . iv List of Tables (in Appendix). • . v Introduction. ... • vi I. Ireland Subordinated to British Interests, 1800-1846. 1 II. O'Connell and the Irish Party of Protest. 32 III. British Attempts to Divide Catholic Repealers From the Irish Public. .58 (The Trial of Daniel O'Connell, 1844) IV. British Attempts to Divide Catholic Repealers From the Clergy. .. 85 The Charitable Bequests Act, 1844. .86 Papal Rescript to Irish Clergy, 184%. -97 V. The Limits of Anglo-Irish Co-operation. .110 The Maynooth Grant, May 1845* • • » .111 VI. Catholic Repealers as Defenders of Irish Catholic Culture. ... .130 The Academical Institutions Bill, 1845- • .131 Conclusion. .151 Annotated Bibliography: . .156 I. Books. A. Contemporary Sources. • .156 B. Secondary Sources. .162 II. Articles, Essays in Learned Journals. .170 III. Public Documents. .175 IV. General Reference Works. .177 V. Periodicals: A. Contemporary Newspapers and Periodicals. 179 B. Secondary Periodicals and Learned Journals. 180 Appendix (Tables). * 181 V LISO? OF TABLES. APPENDIX A. A-1 EXPORT DEPENDENCE OF IRELAND 181 A-4 Acreage and Crop Production. .184 A-4 Grain Exports to England, 1800-1846. .184 A-5 Cattle Exports to England, 1846. .185 A-5 Cattle and Sheep Production in Ireland. .185 A-6 IMPORT DEPENDENCE OF IRELAND 186 A-7 Value of Irish Exports and Imports, 1790-1846. 187 A-8 Meat, Grain, Dairy, and Linen Exports to England, 1790-1845 188 A-9 FISCAL DEPENDENCE OF IRELAND 189 A-10 Revenue and Expenditure of Ireland. 190 APPENDIX B. B-1 SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OF THE PROTESTANT ESTABLISHED CHURCH—1849. .191 B-2 Membership and Financial Statistics of Churches, by Denomination. .192 STATISTICS: B-3 Established Church. .193 B-4 Roman Catholic Church. .194 B-4 Presbyterian Church. .194 B-4 Methodist Church. .194 B-5 Baptist Church. .195 B-5 TABLE OF GRANTS IN AID 195 To: Church of England. Church of Scotland. Church of Rome. Dissenters in England. Dissenters in Ireland. INTRODUCTION. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the Irish Repeal Party under the leader• ship of Daniel O'Connell, during the crucial last two years of his life, from l8i*4 to 1846, when the Irish nation he sought to defend was threatened with cultural and economic extinction. The policies and tactics employed by the Repeal Party as directed by Daniel O'Connell in this national struggle for survival have been the subject of considerable contro• versy both by his contemporaries and by modern Anglo-Irish historians. Generally these have under-estimated and under- evaluated the role played by O'Connell and his supporters. These have tended to assume, with the decline of the more spectacular mass demonstration direction of the Repeal Party under O'Connell's leadership, that he had become either over-awed by the power of British officialdom, or had been eclipsed as the leader of Irish Repeal by the more nationalist and militant Young Irelanders within his own party. Their criticism of the Catholic Repeal Party during this last phase of O'Connell's life, from \8kk to 1846, has stemmed in part from the greater nationalistic glamour of the Young Ireland separatist tradition that has provided justification for the long history of violence that gave birth to the vii modern Irish political nation of 1921.
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