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Vegetation Dynamics Analysis Using Normalized Differences Vegetation Index As Indicator of Restoration Or Degradation, South Wollo Zone, Northern Ethiopia

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Vegetation Dynamics Analysis Using Normalized Differences Vegetation Index As Indicator of Restoration Or Degradation, South Wollo Zone, Northern Ethiopia ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY VEGETATION DYNAMICS ANALYSIS USING NORMALIZED DIFFERENCES VEGETATION INDEX AS INDICATOR OF RESTORATION OR DEGRADATION, SOUTH WOLLO ZONE, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA BY Shewangzaw Moges September, 2014 AAU. 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that project presented by Shewangzaw Moges entitled: Vegetation dynamics analysis using Normalized Differences Vegetation Index as indicator of restoration or degradation, in South Wollo zone, Northern Ethiopia and submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements for the degree of master of arts in Geography and Environmental Studies with complies with the regulation of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by examining committee: Internal examiner ____________________ Signature __________ Date _____________ External examiner ____________________ Signature ___________ Date ____________ Advisor ____________________ Signature ___________ Date ____________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Chair of the department of Geography or Graduate program coordinator 2 Table of content Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………iv List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....vi List of Acronyms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...vii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................ 11 1.3. Objective of the study .............................................................................................................. 13 1.3.1. General Objective .............................................................................................................................. 13 1.3.2. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 13 1.4. Significance of the study ........................................................................................................... 13 1.5. Scope and Limitation of the study .......................................................................................... 14 1.7. Project outline ............................................................................................................................. 14 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ......................................................................................... 15 2.1. The role of geographical information system and Remote Sensing in Vegetation Dynamics Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Capabilities and application NDVI on vegetation dynamics ............................................. 17 2.3. Vegetation dynamics in Ethiopia ............................................................................................ 18 2.3.1. De-vegetation and Deforestation in Ethiopia ....................................................................................... 18 2.3.2. VEGETATION RESTORATION IN ETHIOPIA .................................................................... 20 2.4. The positive impacts of soil and water conservation on vegetation restoration ........ 21 2.4.1. Advantages of Area of Enclosure on Vegetation Regeneration .................................................... 23 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Description of the study area ............................................................................................................ 25 3.1.1. Location ............................................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2. Topography ......................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.3. Climate ................................................................................................................................................. 26 3.1.4. Geology ................................................................................................................................................ 26 3.1.5. Demography ....................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.6. Land Use/Land Cover of South Wollo........................................................................................... 27 3 3.1.7. Soil and water conservation ........................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Materials and Methods used ............................................................................................................. 27 3.2.1. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data acquisition ........................................ 27 3.2.2. Preparing and pre-processing NDVI data .................................................................................... 28 3.3. Field Work ................................................................................................................................................ 29 3.4. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 29 3.4.1. Time analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 29 3.4.2. Yearly dry months average NDVI .................................................................................................. 30 3.4.3. Overall average NDVI (2000 to 2011) of dry months ............................................................... 31 3.4.4. NDVI change across year ................................................................................................................. 31 3.4.5. NDVI change modeling ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.4.6. Accuracy Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 32 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 34 4.1. Vegetation dynamics trend Analysis in South Wollo zone .................................................... 34 4.1.1. Spatio-temporal Vegetation dynamics between 2000 and 2005 ........................................... 34 4.2.1. NDVI dynamics by significance level between 2000 and 2005 .............................................. 37 4.2.2. Spatio-temporal Vegetation dynamics from 2006 to 2011 ..................................................... 38 4.2.3. NDVI dynamics by significance level between 2006 and 2011 .............................................. 42 4.2.4. Spatio-temporal Vegetation dynamics from 2000 to 2011 in South Wollo ......................... 42 4.4.5. Average NDVI change that show vegetation dynamics in 2000, 2005, 2011 and over all average ............................................................................................................................................................ 48 4.3. Implication of topography on Vegetation dynamics ................................................................ 50 4.3.1 Spatial-temporal vegetation change across the slope in (2000-2005, 2006-2011 and 2000-2011) .................................................................................................................................................... 50 4.3.2 Cross Tabulation of 2000, 2005 and 2011 Average NDVI with slope classification ........... 51 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................... 57 5.1. Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 57 5.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 59 5.3 Recommendation ................................................................................................................................... 60 Reference Appendices 4 Abstract Ethiopia is facing rapid deforestation and degradation of land. To overcome this serious problem, the Government of Ethiopia has taken different measures such as policy interventions, conducted studies, and implemented massive soil and water conservation (SWC) and capacity building programs. The study analyzed normalized difference vegetation index as indicator of vegetation restoration/degradation, in South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia. The study analyzed inter- annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) changes
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