NOVEMBER 2001 DIVISION FOR LATE MEDIEVAL & REFORMATION STUDIES

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

VOL. 9, NO.2

From the Director's desk A SEMI-ANNUAL NEWSLETTER OF THE DIVISION FOR LATE hange is always intimidat- the habits of a part-time MEDIEVAL & REFOR- ing. Sameness and rou- fundraiser and have been MATION STUDIES .... tine are comforting, like impressed by our friends' warm .,:./.' being rocked in a cradle receptivity. The successful ~ .. of days. When interview- endowment of the Heiko A. Founded in 1989 by ing me, Heiko Oberman Oberman Chair in Late Medieval Heiko A. Oberman, planned to remain at the helm of and Reformation History will Regents Professor of the Division for nine more years. secure our founder's legacy for History, 1930-2001 Heiko's untimely passing has future generations. Oberman's INS IDE thrust the Division students and intellectual values and his peda- me not only. into a state of gogical achievement demand Elaine Pagels to speak 2 bereavement and sorrow but also furtherance by means of a DIRECTOR Prof. Dr. Susan C. Karant-Nunn Guest Tom Scott 2 prematurely into a condition of named chair; additionally, only mental and organizational with its establishment will the PROGRAM COORDINATOR In memoriam: realignment. How shall we pro- rare Oberman Library come into Heiko A. Oberman 3 Luise Betterton ceed? Dean Holly M. Smith University possession. Division grows by two 5 gave the Division her whole- Donations to the Division's ADMINISTRATIVE SECRETARY Student travels 7 hearted support and now she has other, perennial needs may be Sandra Kimball moved on to Rutgers. How can made in one of two forms: I sustain the Division's students either to the Ora De Concini BOARD OF ADVISORS with their diverse interests? Martin and Morris Martin Stanley Feldman, Chair With the help of sympathetic General Endowment Fund, the Hermann Bleibtreu colleagues and staff, I am shap- interest yielded by which will Richard Duffield ing the post-Heiko Division. I provide, among others, scholar- Morris Martin am particularly gratified by the ships and guest lectureships; or Nancy O'Neill George Rosenberg willingness of Alan Bernstein to the Reformation Studies Fund, Bazy Tankersley and Helen Nader to reinforce the which is not grounded in an

Division's strengths (see page 5). interest-generating principal but DESERT HARVEST EDITOR We will continue to express can be used to help finance the Prof Dr. Susan C. Karant-Nunn our gratitude to the public students' non-routine learning through our Annual Town and and research costs.

Gown Lecture, which on 21 I seek your generosity as University of March 2002 will feature the you are able. Especially your Douglass Building, Room 315 world renowned Professor ongoing friendship to the P.O. Box 210028 Tucson, Arizona 85721-0028 Elaine Pagels (see page 2). Division and its students will (520) 621-1284 Asking people to give of bring us through this time of loss Fax: (520) 626-5444 their hard-won assets is similarly to a future as luminous as the THE UNIVERSITY OF intimidating. So that the past. Division may continue to flour- With warm regards, ARIZONA® ish, I have become acclimated to :r:>e:SaRT nJ\RVE$T TUCSON, ARIZONA

Town & Gown 2002: Elaine Pagels

laine Pagels, one of the Award and the National Book , .-... foremost historians of reli- Award . .i . gion, is perhaps most \..:'. , .. renowned for her book The SAVE THE DATE b. m.. Gnostic Gospels (1979), an THURSDAY, MARCH 21, 2002 analysis of 52 ancient manu- scripts, known collectively as the "The recently Nag Hammadi Library, unearthed in Egypt in 1945. discovered Included among the manuscripts are many long-lost 'secret' Gospel of gospels that indicate that the Thomas: early Christian Church was com- prised of several diverse sects An early (such as the Gnostics). mystical Jewish The Nag Hammadi manu- Elaine Pagels, Harrington Spear professor of religion at Princeton University and scripts contain not only the view of Jesus" author of The Gnostic Gospels gospels of Philip and Mary Magdalene among others, but as well as its significance for For more information, please visit our web- chants, poems, myths, pagan text site closer to the date: 3.arizona.edul modem-day interpretation of the and spiritual instruction, pointing -history/graduate/caucus/medievaLstudies Jesus movement. to mystical traditions in the early Imedrefhome Pagels earned the Ph.D. Church which were eventually with distinction from Harvard suppressed as the early church In this spring's annual University and was awarded sev- became orthodox. Pagels'thor- Town & Gown Lecture on March eral prestigious fellowships ough analysis of these texts won 21, 2002, she will address her including a Rockefeller her international acclaim at a current research on the 'secret' Fellowship (1978), a Guggen- young age, earning her the gospel of Thomas and its recur- heim Fellowship (1979), and the National Book Critics' Circle ring themes in cabalistic teaching MacArthur Prize (1981). "*

At the feet of Visiting Scholars: "What makes you tick as an historian?" Professor Tom Scott, University of Liverpool by Joshua Rosenthal, graduate student

n early May, the Division's Thursday night semi- lion and the interplay between "'0 Division hosted Tom nar on May 1, he spoke about the economic, socio-political, and Scott, Professor of Social German Peasants' War of 1524- theological motives. According and Economic History of 6, one of the greatest popular to Professor Scott, the techniques • • t.;, Sixteenth Century uprisings in European history. In and methodologies of modem ~ , , Germany, University of the nineteenth century, a social sciences will be requisite Liverpool. Professor Scott has renowned German historian for future study on the topic. written a number of works on declared that the Peasants' War The seminar was not the town-country relations in late was the "greatest natural event," only opportunity for students to medieval and early modem a maxim that described the errat- imbibe Professor Scott's enliven- Europe, the German Peasants' ic nature of the rebellions. ing personality. He graciously War, and the social history of Professor Scott offered a met with students, offering his the Reformation in Germany. different vision: the apparent unique insights. The aid he pro- He has recently turned his atten- unpredictability of the uprisings vided to those students whose tion to the question of regional is the result of both the interac- dissertation topics reside in identity. tions between late medieval and German lands is even now prov- 2 As guest speaker at the early modem patterns of rebel- ing invaluable. "* TUCSON, ARIZONA

IN MEMORIAM Heiko Augustinus Oberman, 1930-2001 by Prof. Dr. Thomas A. Brady, Jr., Peder Sather professor of history, University of California, Berkeley, friend and colleague

n the morning of During his Tiibingen years . • .0 Sunday, 22 April, at Oberman's Harvard students had (: the age of 70, Heiko begun to transform the field of A. Oberman died of Reformation studies. From his [+ I• (;' ]'; \ • melanoma at hIS seminar at the University of home in Tucson, Arizona. Born Arizona, which called him in on 15 October 1930 in Utrecht, 1984, has issued a new genera- Oberman received his doctorate tion-his third, including his in under Martin van Tiibingen students=-of scholars Rijn from that city's university, in late medieval and Reformation and, following a sojourn in history. At Tucson he founded Indonesia, he was ordained a and directed the Division for minister in the Reformed Church Late Medieval and Reformation of The Netherlands. Harvard Studies, which is now under the Divinity School called him to an leadership of his chosen succes- instructorship in 1957, in which sor, Susan C. Karant-Nunn. The faculty he rose to a professorship has begun in 1963 and a named chair in raising funds to support an 1964. In 1966 he accepted a Oberman Chair. professorial chair in church his- No one has done more than tory in the Protestant Theological Heiko Oberman to encourage tal- Faculty at Tiibingen. He also ent, especially young talent, in

assumed there the directorship of this field. Among the 170 or so Heiko A. Oberman, Founding Director the Institute for Late Middle volumes which have appeared Ages and Reformation and under his editorship with E.J. no one t: Jane supervised the preparation of the Brill are first books by scholars edited or co-edited volumes and analytical index to the Weimar from a wide range of countries. 137 articles, prefaces, and more than JJeiko edition of 's works. Among Oberman's many ephemera. Most appeared first Obernum to Oberman was one of three organ- honors were honorary degrees in English, German, or Dutch, izing heads of an interdiscipli- from many universities and and eleven of his books were encour~ talent, nary Special Research Group memberships in learned acade- translated into German, English, (Sonderforschungsbereich) on mies. In 1989 he was named Italian, Dutch, or Spanish. ejpeciat! II lloung the Late Middle Ages and Regents' Professor, the highest The production of this huge talent, in tL Reformation, which flourished in honor the Arizona university sys- oeuvre falls into three phases. the 1970s and into the 1980s. In tem can bestow. In 1996 the The first, which beginning with fw!J. those years, when his team was Royal Netherlands Academy his doctoral dissertation on preparing critical editions of the honored him with the A.H. , a four- writings of the fourteenth-centu- Heineken Prize for history. teenth-century English non- ry Italian theologian Gregory of Heiko Oberman's immense Augustinian theologian, took as Rimini and the German theolo- list of publications from 1957 to its central theme the relationship gian Johannes von Paltz, 2000 contains seventeen inde- of fourteenth- and fifteenth-cen- Tiibingen attracted scholars in pendent works (among which are tury theology and philosophy to Reformation studies from many five lectures and four collections countries. of his articles), plus nineteen continued on page 4

This article originally appeared in The Sixteenth Century Journal, vol. XXXII, no. 2, pp. 435-437. 3 TUCSON. ARIZONA

In Memoriam: Oberman continued from page 3

Martin Luther and the Protestant nose of social history inside his 1983. In the opening, Luther's Reformation. Though his thesis tent. Second, in the most unusu- death rather than his birth, about a "new Augustinian al of his books, Masters of the Oberman signals his solution to school" of theology did not con- Reformation (German 1977, the intellectual and historical vince all readers, he nonetheless English 1981, Italian 1982), he problem Luther posed. He seeks established the continuities explored the consequences of to liberate Luther from two other ":)i: ludorian," between the late Middle Ages scholasticism's split into two tra- solutions. On the one side, he Oberman once and the Reformation so firmly ditions (viae). There he first tried to wrest Luther from the that today, as Alistair E. broached the possibility of see- nationalist modernizers, who saw wrote, "u the IaJt McGrath has written, "neither ing in this split the origins of a in the reformer a prophet of ad oocale 0/ tlw the events nor the ideas of the 700-year-long struggle between modem Germany. On the other sixteenth century may be proper- "realism" and "" that hand, he aimed to shield Luther dead." ly understood unless they are is still alive today. from the historicizers, who .n. deJire to do seen as the culmination of devel- Martin Luther stands at the would send him back into his opments in the fourteenth and commanding center of own time, just as the theologians, jUJtice to tlw pasl, fifteenth centuries." Oberman's second phase. Yet so Albert Schweitzer once wrote, both deeper and Oberman's argument first before he could present his had sent back the Jesus they had came to a wider audience in The vision of Luther, Oberman had to liberated from Christian faith. more recent, Harvest of Medieval Theology: confront the issue of Luther and Oberman's solution to this prob- abJutel'J ruled Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval the Jews. While not a leading lem was to place the reformer Theology (1963}, the title theme of modem Luther studies, above all ages as a transhistorical IuJ ljueJt lor tlw announced his emulation of his it had been made, Oberman beacon of Christian engagement point al which a great countryman, Johan believed, an urgent theme by with life's site "between God and Huizinga (1872-1945), whose World War II and the Holocaust. the Devil." His life and thought, Iala! turn bern The Harvest of the Middle Ages Though not the best known of Oberman argued, lived entirely tl.ai led to remained Oberman's literary his books, Roots of Anti- in the Last Days, between God polestar. Yet there was nothing Semitism in the Age of and the Devil. 11azism, World narrowly patriotic about Renaissance and Reformation Oberman had strong rea- War '" and tlw Oberman's vision, though he (German 1981, Dutch 1983, sons to historicize Luther-and loved to make outrageous claims English 1984) may have been the Erasmus-but the experiences of JJofocausl, for Dutch priority in the inven- most painful to write. In it the European Jews and his tion of almost everything. He Oberman, ...~:walked a fine line beloved Netherlands at German was, Peter Blickle has pointed between the understandable hands forbade him to do so. out, a true cosmopolitan, who desire to contextualize Luther's "The historian," he once wrote, saw the Reformation as a anti-Semitism (hence the com- "is the last advocate of the European event which unfolded parisons with Erasmus and dead." The desire to do justice at many sites. Johannes Reuchlin) and the to the past, both deeper and more Two turns marked the end courage to acknowledge it as an recent, absolutely ruled his quest of this first phase. First, authentic outgrowth of Luther's for the point at which a fatal turn Oberman displayed his discovery theology. began that led to Nazism, World of social history in a notable arti- Luther: Man Between God War II, and the Holocaust. Like cle he published for the jubilee and the Devil (German 1982, many others, he believed this of the German Peasants' War in Italian 1987, Dutch 1988, turn had come in the late 1975. At that time, as he was English 1989, Spanish 1993) is medieval and Reformation era; fond of saying, he stood with doubtless Oberman's best known unlike most others, he believed social historians "back to back," book. It is also the most contro- that it did not occur with Luther. perhaps because they had opened versial study of Luther produced How, then, could the spiri- up space for his vision for plural by an expert since the 1920s. tual bifurcation of Christian streams of reformation. Written mostly in Jerusalem, it Europe have begun? Oberman Eventually, as his latest writings appeared in German with typical found one central clue to this suggest, he experienced some Oberman timing in 1982, just regret for allowing the camel's before the Luther jubilee of continued on page 6 4 rti:iiLJ I N;d;;,~;'Hi;~~~ist, History in 1994, and Alan E. coming to be depart- Bernstein, a specialist in the High ment head from a Middle Ages-taking courses, distinguished pro- consulting them, including them fessorship at Indiana on their graduate committees. University,

Their research specialties com- Bloomington. She Helen Nader Alan Bernstein plement those within the took the doctorate at Division. These colleagues have the University of lent their sustenance in multiple California, Berkeley,and has Studies Conference. ways to the Division. Both have taught at the University of Alan E. Bernstein received now accepted my invitation to Hawaii. Her books include The the Ph.D. at Columbia University. Ji: C{jteaLJU"J associate themselves with the Mendoza Family in the Spanish He has taught at Stanford Univer- Division. This affiliation in no Renaissance, 1350 to 1550 sity and has been a Guggenheim have tenl 1fwu. way alters their status in the (Rutgers University Press, 1979), Fellow. His books include Pierre JuJienance in Department of History. It consti- Liberty in Absolutist Spain: The d'Ailly and the Blanchard Affair: tutes recognition and deep appre- Habsburg Sale of Towns, 1516- University and Chancellor of muh,Je wagJ 10 ciation of their past support, and 1700 (Johns Hopkins University Paris at the Beginning of the Ik JJiviJi.on. it encourages students to continue Press, 1990), and The Book of Great Schism (Brill, 1978), and to avail themselves of their rich Privileges Issued to Christopher The Formation of Hell: Death expertise. Columbus by King Fernando and ana Retribution in the Ancient and Helen Nader has agreed to Queen Isabel, 1492-1502 Early Christian Worlds (Cornell offer the Division seminar during (University of California Press, University Press, 1993), which is fall semester 2002. The subject Berkeley, 1996). For Liberty in the first of a trilogy on the history will be charity in early modem Absolutist Spain she won the Leo of hell. This lead volume was Europe. We hope that Alan Gershoy Prize of the American nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and Bernstein will teach the seminar Historical Association. She has a National Book Award. This shortly thereafter. All History been a Guggenheim Fellow and academic year, Bernstein is a fel- and extra-History graduate stu- has served as president of, among low at the Institute for Advanced dents will have the usual access others, the Sixteenth Century Study at Princeton University. '*

Student News

Congratulations to ... Professor J. ,Jeffre.y Tyler, Division grad- Lecture Series 2001 at St. Philip's in the uate, for winning tile 2001 Hope Hills Episcopal Church entitled "Not Only Brad Mayhew, undergraduate student Outstanding Professor Educator Protestants Had A Reformation: The enrolled in the Division seminar, for two (H.O.P.E.) award, presented by the gradu- Catholic Reformation of the Sixteenth major wins: the 2001 College of Social ating class to the professor whom they Century." The success of the series led to and Behavioral Sciences Undergraduate feel epitomizes the best qualities of the a repeat performance in the fall at Trinity Scholarship, and the 2001 Arizona Center Hope College (Michigan) educator. Presbyterian Church. for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Watch for an announcement of the Undergraduate Book Award. Summer Lecture Series 2002 in the spring Conferences Desert Harvest. Jonathan Reid, Division graduate, on his appointment to a three-year post-doctoral James Blakeley and Michael Bruening, fellowship with the Sixteenth Century Division graduate students, along with the French Book project at St. Andrews Director of the Division, Professor Susan Reformation Studies Institute, Scotland. C. Karant-Nunn, took part in the Summer 5 TUCSON, ARIZONA

In Memoriam: Oberman continued from page "I

problem in his exposition of the the other side, the foes of free- era the sources of contemporary two main scholastic traditions, dom, ran not to or through disasters. His antihistoricism the "via antiqua" and the "via Luther-Oberman had striven required a point of view at once moderna" or more simply, "real- mightily to block this line of more theological than Ranke's ism" and "nominalism." The interpretation-but ideally to and far more radical. conflicts between them, he came medieval realist scholasticism In Heiko A. Oberman his- to believe, initiated a struggle and really to the papacy. He saw torical scholarship, academy, that marked all of subsequent in the Reformation movement a church, and world have lost an Oberman Lloru:a! European thought and history: grand alliance of Luther, the incomparable force. Only those Thomas Aquinas, the German refugee Protestants, and the who knew him were aware that Jcl.o! arj!up, idealists, and modem German heads of the infant nations his force did not depend on him (Protestant) nationalist theology against the yoke of the Roman alone, for everyone who ever on one side; the neo-Augustinian papacy and the power of its lieu- enjoyed the company of Heiko forerunners, Luther, Copernicus, tenants, Charles V and Philip II. and Toetie Oberman will remem- and Kierkegaard on the other. In the sixteenth century the cos- ber how thoroughly the volcanic However odd it may seem, this mic struggle between God and freedom of his spirit depended configuration expressed the Devil broke history's surface on the profound loyalty of hers. Oberman's conviction t at a to take an enduring and unmis- And no one who ever felt this force. titanic struggle, which began in takable shape in the events and remarkable scholar's spell will the fourteenth century and broke personalities. ever forget him. "He could be surface with Luther, had shaped Oberman had attended the very hard with his criticism," all subsequent European history. Second Vatican Council as a said a Dutch church historian, Peter Blickle has written that Protestant observer, and his view "but he was also very generous Oberman "viewed the modem of Roman Catholicism, which he with his praise." That is precise- age from the standpoint of the defined to a papalist sense, con- ly right. Heiko Oberman's sov- Middle Ages." That is not incor- tributed importantly to his refor- ereign self-confidence, his vast rect, though it would be more mulation of the conundrum learning, his linguistic exuber- accurate to say that he saw in the Leopold von Ranke had first ance, his wily humor, and his late Middle Ages a battle of defined: Why had the Roman fearlessness in argument made ideas-nominalism versus real- papacy survived the Protestant him a scholar with whom one ism-which prefigured both the Reformation? To Ranke the could both do honorable battle sixteenth-century struggl e conundrum was obvious but and stand either beside him or, as between the Protestant inexplicable. "The course now he loved to say, "back to back." Reformation and the Catholic taken by the moral and intellec- The noble legacy he has passed Counter-Reformation and the tual development of the [six- to us reminds me of what an old key conflicts of modem Europe. teenth] century," Ranke once Galway woman once replied to a Although Oberman died wrote, "was in a direction totally stranger's question about an Irish before he could dramatize the opposed to that which might regiment annihilated at the entire scope of his solution to the have been expected from the Somme. "Ah, sir," she sighed, riddle, the writings of his third characteristics of its commence- "thim's no more." phase reveal the contours of his ment." master narrative of late Middle When Oberman addressed Thomas A. Brady, Jr. Ages and Reformation. His last Ranke's conundrum, the stakes Berkeley, California major formulation was the con- had become very much higher, Ascension Day 200 I cept of a "reformation of the for the mid-twentieth century refugees," in which the suffer- had swept away the progressive, ings of sixteenth-century evolutionary vision of history, (Protestant) exiles recapitulate which Ranke had helped to cre- the sufferings of the anci ent ate. Oberman's much darker Hebrews and anticipate those of vision reversed the teleology of the modem Jews and other vic- progress to seek in the late tims of Nazism. The lineage on Middle Ages and Reformation 6 TUCSON. ARIZONA

Months Without Trousers

by Michael Crawford, graduate student of Professor Helen Nader admiltance 10 mosl

outhern Spain like fice with an omate Plateresque was closed until January 2000. Southern Arizona is facade of relief carvings, is now When I returned in September more importanlt'J warm most of the in a renovated nineteenth-century the doors were still shut. At this year, and in the building. For me this simply point I began to receive a string lor me - Jonu! summer hot. meant air-conditioning. of promises concerning future Between April and At other times, pants are opening dates, of which sadly October the preferred attire for not enough. III contrast to none was ever realized. neceJJar'J to putt both locations is shorts. Never- Seville, I encountered a fair In September 2001, a year theless, sometimes sacrifices share of frustrations with the and a half after my original visit, on a pair 0/ have to be made. To gain admit- Chancellary archive in Granada. I was again in Granada. A lroasers: tance to most churches and- This archive possesses the friendly architect explained to me more importantly for me-some records from t e royal court of that a serious structural problem archives it is necessary to pull on appeals, originally established in had been discovered in the a pair of trousers. Thankfully 1506, for the Southern half of archival building, leaving the my primary working site during Castile, and is consequently documents I wished to consult the nine months I lived in indispensable for my study of the stored in the old city prison and Seville, Spain, was the city's lawsuits and legal disputes con- well out of my reach. Fortunately municipal archive. The archive cerning claims to privilege and I had taken precautions and holds a repository of documents nobility that took place in six- solicited reproductions of some that begin in 1248, the date teenth-century Spain. In the of these documents in April. Spanish Christians captured the summer of 19()9 when I visited Hopefully by the time I return to city from the Moors. The Spain for a preliminary scouting Arizona in December I will final- archive, a Renaissance-era edi- of archives, I discovered that it ly have laid hands on them. * Celebrating Yale's Tercentennial French Summer Language Instit te 2001 by Joshua Rosenthal, graduate student

arvard had 'gone The year 2001 marks the was first and ( )C liberal.' After two Tercentennial of Yale University foremost a generations of New ~~ and this summer I found myself scholar of England religion, in the midst of celebration in Renaissance '. ••• ):(> the City on the Hill New Haven, a1tending Yale's religious lit- ••• had lost some of its French Language Institute. The erature, thus Yale University, turn-of-the-century panoramic glimmer, but Cotton Mather program is an intensive reading sixteenth- (1663-1728) was not to be foiled. seminar, designed for doctoral century French was a prominent Convinced that the American students, particularly those tak- feature in our meetings. The Experiment could only succeed ing degrees in history. To seminar concentrated on histori- if clergy were trained at an describe the coursework as 'diffi- cal changes in the French lan- 'orthodox' establishment, Mather cult' would be somewhat of an guage and we students quickly set his sights on a small college. understatement. Throughout the saw the benefits of having a The college he chose was found- weeks we read literature, linguis- working knowledge of Latin. ed in 170 I and had floated from tic theory, and history, with top- Throughout my stay, I took settlement to settlement, in finan- ics ranging from medieval canon advantage of Yale's libraries and cial duress. As a result of law to accounts of the Dreyfus archives (comparable to many of Mather's fundraising drive, it affair. Although we studied a those in Europe) and met with received a substantial donation variety of French regional and several scholars, whose input and from Elihu Yale. national dialec:s, our instructor advice were most helpful. "* 7 :J)E$6RT nJ\RVE{BT TUCSON, ARIZONA

UA Division for Late Medieval & Reformation Studies Graduate Placement

Robert Bast (1993) Brad Gregory Michael Milway (1997) 100 percent jJ, University of Tennessee (MA 1989; Ph.D., Princeton, 1996) University of Toronto Department of History Stanford University Fellow, Centre for Reformation and pI acemenl tJince our Curtis Bostick (1993) Department of History Renaissance Studies Southern Utah University Sigrun Haude (1993) Darleen Pryds inception in 1989 Department of History University of Cincinnati (Ph.D. Univerisly of Wisconsin, Peter Dykema (1998) Department of History Madison, 1994) Arkansas Tech University Nicole Kuropka (MA 1997) Franciscan School of Theology Department of Social Sciences Fellow, Institut fur Europaische Graduate Theological Union and Philosophy Geschichte, Mainz Erik Saak (1993) John Frymire (2001) Marjory Lange Fellow, Institut fOr Europaische University of Missouri, Columbia (1993, English major, History minor) Geschichte, Mainz Department of History Western Oregon University Jeff Tyler (1995) Andrew Gow (1993) Department of English Hope College, Michigan woodcut, University of Alberta, Edmonton Scott Manetsch (1997) Department of Religion S!. Augustine in , his study, 1491 Department of History Trinity Evangelical Divinity School Department of Church History

Please visit us on the Internet: w3.arizona.edu/-history/graduate/caucus/medieval_studies/medrefhome

THE UNIVERSITY OF Division for Late Medieval cc Reformation Studies NON-PROFIT ORG, Douglass 315 U.S, POSTAGE PO Box 210028 PAID ARIZONA® Tucson AZ 85721-0028 TUCSON, ARIZONA PERMIT NO. 190