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A Comparative Study of the Four Species of Paddy Stem-Borers Belonging to the Genera Ch:Ilotraea and Chilo in Asia (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae)*

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A Comparative Study of the Four Species of Paddy Stem-Borers Belonging to the Genera Ch:Ilotraea and Chilo in Asia (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae)* A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE FOUR SPECIES OF PADDY STEM-BORERS BELONGING TO THE GENERA CH:ILOTRAEA AND CHILO IN ASIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: CRAMBINAE)* BY V. P. RAO (Entomologist-in-Charge) AND H. NAGARAJA (Entomological Assistant) (Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Indian Station, Bangalore, India) (Received July 1, 1965) INTRODUCTION STUDIES have been carried out by a number of authors to describe various striped moth-borers attacking sugarcane, paddy and other graminaceous crops. Earlier workers based their studies on the general eolour pattern of the wing and body of the moths, structure of the pupae and the coloured stripes on the body and arrangements of crochets in the prolegs of the cater- pillars. The later workers in addition to the above-mentioned characteristics made a study of the wing venation, genitalia of male and female molhs and ehaetotaxy of the caterpillars. Fletcher and Ghosh 0920), Ghosh (1921) and Fletcher (1928) based their classification of the graminaceous borers recorded by them in India on the colour pattern and the shape of the wing, body, palpi, etc., of the moths, structure of the pupae and the body colour, stripes and arrangement of crochets in the prolegs of the caterpillars. Kinoshita and Kawada (1932) showed the difference between Chilo simplex Butler and Chilo zonellus (Swinhoe) [now known under the names, Chilo suppressaHs (Walker) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) respectively] comparing the chaetotaxy of the head capsule and genitalia of these two species. Isaac and Rao (1941) gave * This research has been financed in part by a grant made by the United States Department of Agriculture under PL-480. m 175 176 V.P. RAO AND H. NAGARAJA an account of the chaototaxy of the known lepidopterous borers on sugarcane in India and included a key for their identification, while Isaac and Venkat- raman (194!) described the pupae of these borers. Trehan and Butani (1948) discussed the systematic position of Chile partellus (formerly known as C. zonellus) and gave an account of the chaetotaxy of the larva. Kapur (1950) described the common Crambid borers in India, added detailed descriptions of the wing venation of the different:common genera, male and female genitalia and erected the new germs Chilotraea different from Chile in having the irons produced forward but subrounded and Sc and R1 fused in the forewing. Butani (1956) using characters which can easily be made out by using hand lens, such as body colour, stripes, arrangements of crochets in the prolegs and spiracles, published a note on their identification. Nair (1958) in his study of biology and control of Chilotraea polychrysa (Meyrick) [formerly known as Proceras polychrysa (Meyrick)] described the colouration of the stripes and the arrangements of crochets in the caterpillar and in some. what detail the pupal morphology. Gupta (1938 and 1960) made a compara- tive study of the common species of striped Crambid borers on sugarcane basing the differentiation on the shape and colour of moths, chaetotaxy of the caterpillars, structure of the pupae, wing venation and genitalia of both sexes. Bleszynski and Collins (1962) recently considered the genus Chilotraea of Kapur as a synonym of the genus Chile and included in it the species Chile auricilia, C. partelhts, C. polychrysa and C. suppressalis amongst the well-known borers of paddy. But they did not give any reasons for synonymyzing the genus Chilotraea with the genus Chile. In the present paper, therefore, tile genus Chilotraea has been retained by the authors. Fracker (1915) earlier showed the importance of the study of chaetotaxy in differen tinting the caterpillars using Greek alphabets for the nomenclature of the setae. Later Peterson (1959) published his volumes on "Larvae of Insects" using Fracker's terminology for the setae of Lepidopterous larvae. Although a few borers attacking sugarcane and other graminaceous crops also feed on paddy stem and the above-mentioned stuclies on sugarcane borers are useful, a careful comprehensive study of the chaetotaxy of all the striped borers attacking paddy, the structure of their pupae, the wing venation and genitalia of the moths has not been made so far. As a result of this, there is a confusion in the identity of the striped moth-borers attacking paddy. The present authors, therefore, made a detailed comparative study of the borers, pupae, wing venation and genitalia of the species, Chilotraea auricilia (Dudgeon), Chilotraea polychrysa 0VIeyrick), Chile suppressalis (Walker) and Chile partellus (Swinhoe). The results of the observations made a re given in this paper along with keys and charts prepared for the Four Species of Paddy Stem-Borers in Asia 177 identity of the different species of borers. Nomenclature of the chaetotaxy of the head and body of caterpillars has been adopted after Peterson (1959) and Fracker (1915) respectively, wing venation after Comstoek and Needham (1898 and 1899) and genitalia after Kapur (1950) and Jepson (1954). Termi- nology of female genitalia has been adopted after Tuxen (1956) while for the convenience of the study of the spines on the upper half of eremaster of the pupa a fresh nomenclature has been suggested. TECHNIQUE AND MATERIALS EMPLOYED For the study of the chaetotaxy, caterpillars were cleared in 10~o KOH, dehydrated in glacial acetic acid, passed into carboxylol, clove oil and xylol and mounted in Canada-balsam. About 8-12 fully grown caterpillars were mounted and several unmounted preserved and live specimens of each species were examined. No staining was necessary as the tubercles and setae were quite distinct enough for the study., For the genitalia, mounts were prepared in the same way. The genitalia were stained with acid fuchsin stain so as to observe the delicate membranous parts like bursa copulatrix, etc. The wings were treated with 10~o KOH alld the scales brushed off carefully and upgraded to 70~ alcohol, stained in eosin dissolved in 70~ alcohol and again upgraded to absolute alcohol. The wings were then passed through clove oil and xylol and later mounted in Canada-balsam. About 12-16 specimens of both fore and hindwings of each species were mounted. Sketches were made of pupal structure and of the caterpillars showing stripes and camera-lucida sketches were made to show chaetotaxy, wing venation and genitalia. SPECIES OF STRIPED STEM-BORERS ATTACKIN~ PADDY IN ASIA Observations made by the authors have shown the occurrence of four species of striped stem-borers attacking paddy in India. They are: (1) Chilotraea auricilia (Dudgeon), (2) Chilotraea polychrysa (Meyrick), (3) Chilo suppressalis (Walker) and (4) Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Key for the separation of the two genera Chilotraea and Chilo is given below:-- . Frons produced forward and conical with a corneous point at the apex . 2 Frons produced, smooth, subround without a eorneous point (except in some specimens of C. auricilia where a minute to very minute point is present) ..... 3 178 V.P. RAo AND H. NAGARAJA 2. Sc and R1 run separately Chilo Zincken 3. Sc and R1 fused for some distance. Chilotraea Kapur DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES 1. Chilotraea auricilia (Dudgeon) Dudgeon (1905) included his original description of this species under the name Chilo auricilia and gave a brief account of the wings of the male and female moths. Kaput (1950) placed this species in the new genus Chilotraea erected by him and included an account of the moth and the geni- talia. Gupta (1938, 1960) gave a detailed account of the chaetotaxy of the caterpillar, the pupal structure, the general colouration of the moth and the genitalia of male and female and described the species under the names Diatraea attricilia (Ddgn.) in 1938 and Chilotraea auricilia (Ddgn.) in 1960. Larva Cream to dull ochre in colour; head dark fuscous, body with 5 violet stripes the lateral stripes passing above the abdominal spiracles (Fig. 5). Abdominal crochets approximately triordinal towards the meson and practically uniordinal on the lateral side (Fig. 9) [Gupta (1960) considered them as biordinal]. Chaetotaxy of the head with the position of Pa almost in a line drawn on PI and L1 ; Pb slightly outside the line drawn on P1 and P2; A2 comparatively shorter; Adfa very near to Adf2 (Fig. 13). Tubercle beating Kappa group in first thoracic segment (TI) not showing constriction between kappa and eta. Body with epsilon partly associated with rho in the first abdominal segment (A1) (Fig. 25) [Gupta (1960) erroneously stated that epsilon is separate from rho]; lines drawn on setae alpha and beta con- verge cephalad on A8; rho situated above and cephalad of the spiracle on A8 (Fig. 29). Pupa Genae and thoracic spiracles projecting; Irons normal; anterior region of the dorsum of each of the 5th, 6th and 7tb abdominal segments with dis- tinct spines (Fig. 33) arranged in a row along with a few minute spines above the row (Fig. 37) ; cremaster with 3 pairs of dorsal and one pair of ventral broad spines [Gupta (1960) observed only two pointed projections]; the postero-lateral and postero-dorsal spines either larger than or equal to the postero-ventral spines (Figs. 46 and 47). Four Species of Paddy Stem.Borers in Asia 179 Wing Venation Forewing with apex slightly pointed, Se and R1 fused together for some distance (Fig. 54). Hindwing with apex pointed, inner margin normal; M1 arising from Rs on a short stalk after the anterior angle of the discoidal cell; M2 and M3 arising on a common short stalk (Fig. 58). Genitalia c~. Harpe subquadrate; vinculum narrow, triangular; anellus with median membranous plate with lateral chitinized blunt lobes; aedeagus bifurcate, upper limb with a pointed projection situated dorsally in the middle, the apex being pointed and the lower limb tongue-like, bifid at the apex (Figs. 62, 66 and 68). 9.
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