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Competitive Factors in Brazil Affecting US and Brazilian Agricultural United States International Trade Commission Brazil: Competitive Factors in Brazil Affecting U.S. and Brazilian Agricultural Sales in Selected Third Country Markets Investigation No. 332-524 USITC Publication 4310 April 2012 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Deanna Tanner Okun, Chairman Irving A. Williamson, Vice Chairman Daniel R. Pearson Shara L. Aranoff Dean A. Pinkert David S. Johanson Robert B. Koopman Acting Director, Office of Operations Karen Laney Director, Office of Industries Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Brazil: Competitive Factors in Brazil Affecting U.S. and Brazilian Agricultural Sales in Selected Third Country Markets Investigation No. 332-524 Publication 4310 April 2012 Project Leaders John Fry [email protected] Deputy Project Leader Brendan Lynch [email protected] Office of Industries Brian Allen, Katherine Baldwin, Laura Bloodgood, Joanna Bonarriva, Shannon Gaffney, John Giamalva, Michael McConnell, Douglas Newman, Alison Rozema, Alan Treat, and Marin Weaver Office of Economics Caitlyn Carrico, Justino De La Cruz, Jose Signoret, Danielle Trachtenberg, and Marinos Tsigas Office of the General Counsel William Gearhart Content Reviewers Katherine Linton and William Powers Administrative Support Phyllis Boone and Wanda Tolson Office of Publishing Sonya Wilson Under the Direction of Jonathan Coleman, Chief Agriculture and Fisheries Division Abstract This report describes and analyzes competitive factors in Brazil affecting U.S. and Brazilian sales of agricultural goods, including grains, soybeans, and meats, in third-country markets. It provides (a) an overview of Brazil’s agricultural imports, exports, consumption, and production during 2006–11; (b) an overview of Brazilian government programs and regulations relating to agricultural production and exports; (c) an analysis of the growth of Brazilian agribusiness firms and their impact on global supply chains; (d) a description of competitive factors affecting Brazil’s agricultural sector; and (e) special focus chapters surveying the soybean, grains, poultry, beef, and pork sectors, with an emphasis on important third-country markets where U.S. and Brazilian exports directly compete. The study also uses economic modeling to analyze the effects of the removal of tariff preferences within the Mercosul customs union, of which Brazil is a member, on U.S. agricultural exports, as well as the effects of certain nontariff measures (NTMs) in third-country markets on both Brazilian and U.S. exports. Brazil’s agricultural exports have grown rapidly since 2000, coinciding with the increase in global demand for food and animal feed over the last decade. Exports are concentrated in a few major commodities, with soybeans, soybean meal and oil, sugar, and coffee accounting for more than 50 percent of Brazil’s total agricultural exports between 2006 and 2011, and poultry and beef accounting for an additional 19 percent. Our findings suggest that low on-farm production costs have helped to make Brazil a competitive exporter of soybeans, grains, and meats in recent years, despite significant challenges, such as inadequate transportation infrastructure, high interest rates, currency appreciation, and burdensome labor laws and tax structures. Brazilian exports are likely to grow more slowly in the current environment, particularly if rising domestic demand siphons Brazilian agricultural supplies from third-country markets. Nonetheless, Brazilian agricultural production and exports have the potential to continue growing significantly; large areas of untapped agricultural land remain, and research and development programs will likely foster improvements in production practices and yields in many agricultural sectors. i CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................................................................................... i Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................ xv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... xxi Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1-1 Scope of the report .............................................................................................................. 1-3 Approach ............................................................................................................................. 1-5 Recent history of Brazilian agricultural policies ................................................................. 1-6 Analytical framework for competitive factors .................................................................... 1-8 Delivered cost ................................................................................................................. 1-9 Product differentiation .................................................................................................... 1-11 Reliability of supply ....................................................................................................... 1-11 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 1-12 Chapter 2 Brazil’s Agricultural Production, Consumption, and Trade ................................................................................................................... 2-1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 2-1 Agricultural production ....................................................................................................... 2-3 Regional farm characteristics ......................................................................................... 2-3 General production patterns ........................................................................................... 2-5 Recent production trends ................................................................................................ 2-7 Oilseeds ...................................................................................................................... 2-7 Grains ......................................................................................................................... 2-7 Coffee ......................................................................................................................... 2-9 Sugar .......................................................................................................................... 2-9 Meats .......................................................................................................................... 2-10 Cotton ......................................................................................................................... 2-10 Oranges and orange juice ........................................................................................... 2-11 Edible dry beans ......................................................................................................... 2-12 Agricultural consumption .................................................................................................... 2-12 Recent consumption trends ............................................................................................. 2-14 Agricultural trade ................................................................................................................ 2-15 Exports ............................................................................................................................... 2-16 Exports by product ......................................................................................................... 2-16 Soybeans .................................................................................................................... 2-16 Sugar and ethanol ....................................................................................................... 2-19 Poultry ........................................................................................................................ 2-19 Coffee ......................................................................................................................... 2-20 Beef ............................................................................................................................ 2-20 Corn ............................................................................................................................ 2-20 Tobacco ...................................................................................................................... 2-20 Exports to major trading partners ................................................................................... 2-21 iii CONTENTS―Continued Page Chapter 2 Brazil’s Agricultural Production, Consumption, and Trade—Continued Imports ................................................................................................................................ 2-22 Imports by product ......................................................................................................... 2-22 Grains ......................................................................................................................... 2-22 Miscellaneous
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