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Ho Et Al. 2020. Water Research, a Case Study in Belgium

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Ho Et Al. 2020. Water Research, a Case Study in Belgium Journal of Cleaner Production 277 (2020) 124082 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro Review Water research in support of the Sustainable Development Goal 6: A case study in Belgium * Long Ho a, , Alice Alonso b, Marie Anne Eurie Forio a, Marnik Vanclooster b, Peter L.M. Goethals a a Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium b Earth and Life Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium article info abstract Article history: Reaching the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 on water and sanitation is fundamentally important Received 3 April 2020 and conditional to the achievement of all the other SDGs. Nonetheless, achieving this goal by 2030 is Received in revised form challenging, especially in the Global South. Science lies at the root of sustainable development and is a 30 August 2020 key to new solutions for addressing SDG 6. However, SDG 6-related scientific outputs are often unknown, Accepted 31 August 2020 forming disconnections between academic world and practitioners implementing solutions. This study Available online 8 September 2020 proposed a bibliometric and text mining method to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the Handling editor: Long Ho contribution of water research to the achievement of SDG 6. The method was applied for water research produced by Belgian-affiliated authors with a focus on the Global South collaboration. Despite ac- Keywords: counting for less than one percent of the total global publications, Belgian water research has had a Water research relatively high publication rate compared to its neighboring countries. We observed longstanding col- Belgium laborations between Belgian and scientists from worldwide countries, and an increasing collaboration Sustainable development goals rate with countries from the Global South. The biggest share of publications focused on topics related to SDG 6 the targets 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, and 6.6, with the main hotspots for Belgian water research being water treat- Bibliometrics ment, water stress, water pollution, climate change, and water modeling. The findings of the bibliometric Global South fi North-South collaboration search have been integrated into an online, user-friendly dashboard to facilitate the identi cation of research body and experts for practitioners and policy makers. The presented methodology is sufficiently generic and can be used to optimize other science programs in relation to the 2030 Agenda in other countries and regions. In this case study, the findings support shaping the Belgian cooperation and development policy in the water sector, and creating appropriate synergies between Belgian water re- searchers and their counterparts in the Global South. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction . .................................................. 2 2. Materials and methods . .................................................. 3 2.1. Data collection . .........................3 2.2. Research keywords and hotspots . .........................3 2.3. Dashboard . .........................3 3. Results and discussion . .................................................. 4 3.1. Water research in Belgium . .........................4 3.1.1. Document type, yearly output, language of publications and citations . .........................4 3.1.2. Research collaborations . .........................4 3.2. Research hotspots . .........................4 3.2.1. Belgian water research . .........................4 * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (L. Ho). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124082 0959-6526/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2 L. Ho et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 277 (2020) 124082 3.2.2. Belgium - Global South water research . .......................................7 3.3. Belgian water research in support of the SDG 6 . .......................................8 3.3.1. Quantitative contribution . .........................................8 3.3.2. Qualitative contribution . .........................................8 3.4. Belgium-Global South water research in support of the SDG 6 . ............................10 3.4.1. Quantitative contribution . ........................................10 3.4.2. Qualitative contribution . ........................................11 4. Conclusion ................................................................. .................................. ..................... 12 Declaration of competing interest . ........................................13 Acknowledgment . ...................................................13 Supplementary data . ..................... 13 References . ...................................................13 1. Introduction achievement of the SDG 6. From this perspective, this study aims to develop a systematic Clean water and proper sanitation are essential for survival as analysis to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the past and being explicitly recognized by the United Nations in 2010 as a hu- current contribution of water research in support of the achieve- man right (UN General Assembly, 2010). Five years later, this ment of SDG 6 and each of its targets. We applied the analysis on acknowledgment was again underlined in the 2030 Agenda for Belgian water research and its collaboration with Global South Sustainable Development with the Sustainable Development Goal countries due to the following reasons. Firstly, although water is not 6 (SDG 6) that aims to ensure availability and sustainable man- a limited resource and almost entire population in Belgium is agement of water and sanitation for all by 2030 (UN General receiving high-quality drinking water and sanitation, intensive Assembly, 2015). Eight global targets in SDG 6 cover the whole habitat, industrial, and agricultural activities are leading to a high water cycle including provision of drinking water (target 6.1) and amount of freshwater withdrawal in Belgium (Amore, 2012; PMO sanitation and hygiene services (6.2), treatment and reuse of Belgium, 2017 ). Hence, Belgium becomes one of the countries wastewater and ambient water quality (6.3), water-use efficiency facing high water stress (FAO, 2018). Besides, intensive agriculture and scarcity (6.4), integrated water resources management (IWRM) leading to diffuse pollution, hydrological regulation and river including through transboundary cooperation (6.5), protecting and morphological modifications, pressures the surface water quality in restoring water-related ecosystems (6.6), international cooperation Belgium (Gabriels et al., 2010). Consequently, much higher con- and capacity building (6.a) and participation in water and sanita- centration of both nitrate and phosphate has been found in many tion management (6.b) (UN Water, 2016). As stated in the report of Belgian rivers compared to the average values of the EU region UN Water (2018), water availability and quality are essential ele- (EEA, 2015). Hence, the water issues in Belgium and the achieve- ments for the progress in human society, environmental well- ment of the SDG 6 targets in Belgium remain a challenge. Also, being, and economic welfare. In this regard, a failure to deliver Belgium is characterized by an open economy, strongly oriented the SDG 6 can jeopardize the whole 2030 Agenda. However, several towards international cooperation in different sectors. Yet, the role reports have concluded that the world is not on track to achieve this of Belgium cooperation for development in the water sector is goal (Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary- poorly recognized (Troltzsch€ et al., 2016). Equally important, global General, 2019; Nilsson et al., 2015). For example, in 2015, 1.8 billion partnership and North-South international cooperation are people still had to use fecally contaminated drinking water and 80% emphasized to strengthen knowledge sharing and transfer of STI in of wastewater from human activities was still being discharged SDG 17 of the 2030 Agenda (UN General Assembly, 2015). It was directly into water-related ecosystems (United Nations, 2015). concluded that highly uneven global distribution of scientific ca- Consequently, diarrheal diseases are spreading and causing the pacity and knowledge access threatens to disrupt the 2030 Agenda. death of an estimated 801,000 children younger than 5 years in Hence, a major coordinated effort from all nations is urgently developing countries every year (Liu et al., 2012). required to free relevant scientific knowledge, especially to Global Science lies at the root of sustainable development. Novel sci- South countries, and to build a common knowledge platform in the entific insights combined with cross-cutting technologies and in- future (Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the novations are instrumental to overcome pressing global and local Secretary-General, 2019). The common knowledge platform has challenges and achieve the SDGs and beyond (Independent Group been facilitated by the development of the Internet and the of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, 2019). Science, movement to provide open access (OA) to all research literature technology, and innovation (STI) were also recognized by the Eu- (Piwowar et al., 2018). ropean Commission as a prerequisite to implement the new To this end, a bibliometric analysis and text mining method Agenda (Nilsson et al.,
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