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Step Inside the World of the Romans!

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Step Inside the World of the Romans! History Essentials • The Invasion and Conquest of Britain • The Roman Empire • The Roman Army • Food, Homes and Everyday Life in Ancient Rome • Slaves and Gladiators • Roads, Baths and Public Toilets The Romans: Invasion and Empire Invasion The Romans: • Boudica, Hadrian’s Wall and Roman London Step inside the world of the Romans! Titles in this Series Ruth Owen ISBN: 978-1-78856-037-5 £8.99 9 781788 560375 By Ruth Owen EH_Romans_Cover_pbk_3.5mmSpine.indd 1 22/02/2019 22:37 Published in 2019 by Ruby Tuesday Books Ltd. Titles in this series Copyright © 2019 Ruby Tuesday Books Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Design: Emma Randall Editor: Mark J. Sachner Production: John Lingham Picture Credits: Alamy: 20, 21, 27 (top); Cosmographics: 2; Creative Commons: 5 (top), 978-1-78856-039-9 978-1-78856-040-5 978-1-78856-037-5 9 (top), 13 (top), 15 (centre), 17 (bottom right), 25 (left), 25 (right), 27 (bottom); Getty Images: Cover (left); Kim Jones: 5 (bottom); Museum of London: 28 (Rebecca Redfern), 29 (right); Shutterstock: Cover, 1, 4, 7 (bottom), 8–9, 8 (bottom), 9 (bottom), 10 (bottom), 10–11, 11 (right), 14, 15, 16, 17 (top left), 17 (bottom left), 17 (top right), 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29 (left), 30–31; Sol90 Images: 6–7, 12–13. British Library Cataloguing In Publication Data (CIP) is available for this title. ISBN 978-1-78856-037-5 Printed in Poland by L&C Printing Group 978-1-78856-031-3 978-1-78856-038-2 Picture opposite: by Ruth Owen The Colosseum in Rome, Italy Consultant: Dr. Rebecca Redfern The Museum of London www.rubytuesdaybooks.com www.rubytuesdaybooks.com a S e a n p i a s C Contents a S e The Invasion of Britannia ............................................4 AY e d R Who Were the Romans?..............................................6 TURKEY MODERN-D B l a c k S e a The Roman Empire ......................................................8 a EGYPT e A Fighting Machine ................................................... 10 S Family Life and Homes ...............................................12 n Everyday Food, Take-Aways and Feasts .................... 14 a GREECE e Out and About in Ancient Rome .............................. 16 n a Roman Gladiators ..................................................... 18 r AY r Rome e The Romans in Britain ...............................................20 t ITALY i MODERN-D d Boudica’s Revolt ........................................................ 22 Europe e Africa The Roman Baths ...................................................... 24 M a ’s Hadrian’s Wall: The Northern Frontier .....................26 Se North Map of the Roman Empire Londinium Wall Hadrian Roman Bones .............................................................28 GAUL France) Glossary ................................................................... 30 (Modern-day BRITANNIA SPAIN Index .......................................................................... 32 MODERN-DAY MODERN-DAY The Roman Empire at the at Roman Empire The of the 2nd centurybeginning AD ANTIC CEAN L O AT 2 3 The Invasion of Britannia A Triumphant Arrival Almost 2000 years ago, in the summer of AD 43, a vast army of General Plautius sent a messenger to Rome to Roman soldiers assembled on the beaches of Gaul. This was an announce that the invasion was a success. invasion force and it had one objective – to conquer Britannia! Rome’s leader, the Emperor Claudius, came to join his troops, even bringing a war elephant with him. Triumphant, the Romans marched Under Attack! into Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester), Under the command of the Roman General Aulus Plautius, hundreds of ships the capital of the Catuvellauni people. carrying about 40,000 soldiers crossed the Channel and landed in England. The Mighty Roman Army The Roman conquest The Roman name for Britain was Britannia. At this time, the island was inhabited by native Britons belonging to many different Celtic tribes. Emperor Claudius ruled of Britain had begun! As the Romans began their march through southeast England, Rome from AD 41 to 54. one of the first tribes to fight back were the Catuvellauni. The Celtic men were fearsome warriors, but they could not stop the advance of the mighty Roman army. War Elephants War elephants were used in battle by several ancient civilisations. Guided by human handlers, they were trained to charge at an enemy, panicking and crushing its soldiers and horses. By AD 43 the Romans rarely used war elephants in battle. But Claudius knew that to the Celtic people the giant, unfamiliar beast would be an impressive and truly terrifying symbol of Rome’s power. Historians think that the Romans probably set sail from modern-day Boulogne in France. In AD 43, France was part of the Roman Empire in a region known as Gaul. No one is completely sure where the invaders landed in England. It may have been on the Kent coast at Richborough or possibly Chichester in West Sussex. 4 5 Slaves in Ancient Rome Who Were the Romans? Most slaves in Rome were prisoners of war. Who Ruled Rome? The ancient Romans were a powerful group of Slave dealers followed the Roman armies • For many years after its ready to buy captured people and defeated founding, Rome was ruled by kings. people who lived more than 2000 years ago. enemy soldiers. After one battle in Belgium in • In 509 BC, Rome became a 57 BC, the Roman army took 53,000 people republic. It no longer had one Rome and the First Romans Citizens of Rome prisoner and sold them into slavery! leader but was ruled by The city of Rome was founded around the mid All free men were citizens of a powerful group of politicians 700s BC. Its inhabitants were people from different Rome. Women were citizens, called senators. tribes that lived in the region that is now modern- too, but they could not vote The Work of Slaves • Rule by the Roman Senate day Italy. They settled in Rome and became the first or become politicians. Slaves Roman slaves worked in homes caring for continued until a politician and were not free, but if they were children, cooking and washing clothes. army general named Julius Caesar Romans. Over time, Rome grew in size and power. obedient and hardworking Child slaves were sometimes trained as decided he wanted to rule and Its armies went to war with neighbouring tribes they might be able to buy their hairdressers. Patrician families often made himself leader of and Rome took control of the whole of Italy. freedom or have it granted owned highly educated Greek slaves who Rome in 49 BC. by their owners. Then they tutored their sons in literature, history, • Some of the senators were not were known as a freedman mathematics and public speaking. Some happy about this new system, or freedwoman. slaves even worked as doctors. however, and murdered Caesar on 15 March 44 BC. • The idea of having one great leader did not go away, however, and in 27 BC Julius Caesar’s Inside the home of a nephew and adopted son patrician family. Augustus Caesar became the first emperor of Rome. • With the rise of Augustus Slaves at work Caesar, the Roman Empire was born. While the Roman Senate still existed, most of the ruling power shifted to the emperor. Augustus Caesar ruled Rome from 27 BC to AD 14. Roman Society Roman society was chiefly made up of three main Many slaves did back-breaking groups of people – patricians, plebeians and slaves. work in quarries, cutting stone Patricians were the wealthy, upper-class members of society. such as marble for buildings. Plebeians, or plebs, were the working class of Rome. They worked as They also worked underground in copper, lead and silver mines. builders, craftsmen, bakers and farmers. 6 7 Roman Rule Sometimes, the Roman forces met The Roman Empire resistance. But often the people they The Romans were empire builders who wanted invaded did not fight back and soon became used to life under Roman rule. more than just Italy. As long as people obeyed Roman laws and paid their taxes, they were allowed Empire Builders to live pretty much as they had before. The Romans invaded the lands of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. A mosaic showing a Roman warship They conquered parts of North Africa. They marched into many The New Romans areas of Europe, including the modern-day nations of France, Spain and Germany. They headed east to In time, it became possible for foreigners Speaking “Roman” The Romans spoke and wrote in Latin. modern-day Turkey, Israel and Syria. And eventually, from conquered countries to become Roman citizens. Men from across the In many of the places they invaded, they invaded Britain. such as Britain, few people could empire joined the army. And in AD 98, read and write. Once their countries The Secret of Success a Spanish-born general named became part of the empire, many Trajan even became people learned to read and speak The main reason that Rome became so Roman emperor. the Romans’ language. powerful was the Roman army. Highly trained and disciplined, Roman soldiers could march Roman numerals are still used 32 kilometres in a day, swim rivers in full today. We see them on clocks and armour and weaponry and face enemy forces they often appear in names where 10 times their size in battle – and win! numbers are used, such as World War II, Jurassic Park III, Henry VIII The remains of a Roman and Super Bowl LIII. road in modern-day Algeria in North Africa. Roman Roads With hundreds of thousands of I V X L C D M troops on the move, the Romans 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 needed to build roads – lots of roads! It’s estimated that the Roman army built more than 400,000 kilometres of roads across the empire, connecting It was possible to use Roman coins ports, cities and military bases.
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