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Фенольные Соединения В Систематике И Филогении Семейства Гречишные (Polygonaceae Juss.)

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Фенольные Соединения В Систематике И Филогении Семейства Гречишные (Polygonaceae Juss.) Turczaninowia 17 (1): 33–41 (2014) ISSN 1560–7259 (print edition) DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.17.1.4 TURCZANINOWIA www.ssbg.asu.ru/turczaninowia.php ISSN 1560–7267 (online edition) УДК 582.657.2/581.19 Фенольные соединения в систематике и филогении семейства гречишные (Polygonaceae Juss.). Cообщ. VI. Род кноррингия – Knorringia (Chukav.) Tzvel. Phenolic compounds in systematics and phylogeny of the family Polygonaceae Juss. VI. Genus Knorringia (Chukav.) Tzvel. Г.И. Высочина G.I. Vysochina Центральный сибирский ботанический сад СО РАН, 630090, Новосибирск, ул. Золотодолинская, 101. Central Siberian botanical garden of Siberian Branch of RAS, RF-630090, Zolotodolinskaya st., 101, Novosibirsk, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Ключевые слова: Knorringia, K. sibirica, K. pamirica, флавонолы, антрахиноны. Key words: Knorringia, K. sibirica, K. pamirica, flavonols, anthraquinones. Аннотация. Приведены результаты исследования При решении проблемы разграничения ро- фенольных соединений (флавонолов и антрахинонов) дов в семействе Polygonaceae Juss. нами были в растениях рода Knorringia (Czukаv.) Tzvel. – K. si- использованы биохимические подходы, позво- birica (Laxm.) Tzvel. и K. pamirica (Korsh.) Tzvel. Ко- личество флавонол-гликозидов в образцах листьев на- лившие подтвердить правомерность существо- ходится в пределах 0,94–5,31%, при этом не зависит вания более мелких родов в естественной систе- от места произрастания. Антрагликозидов немного – ме Н.Н. Цвелёва (Tzvelev, 1993). На примере ро- 0–0,38%, свободных агликонов (эмодин + фисцион) – дов Aconogonon (Meissn.) Reichenb. (Vysochina, 0–0,63%. Обнаружены две «химические формы» 2003), Bistorta Hill (Vysochina, 2007), Persicaria K. sibirica – «антрахинонсодержащая» и «безантрахи- Mill. (Vysochina, 2008a), Rumex L. (Vysochina, ноновая», отличающиеся и по составу флавоноловых 2011), Rheum L. (Vysochina, 2012) показана так- гликозидов. Последняя произрастает на юге Восточ- соноспецифичность фенольных соединений и ной Сибири – в Тыве и Бурятии. Подтверждена пра- возможность использования соответствующих вомерность выделения Knorringia в отдельный род. данных в таксономии гречишных на различных Summary. Results of the study of phenolic com- уровнях. Во «Флоре Сибири» Л.И. Кашиной и pounds – flavonols and anthraquinones in plants of the Н.Н. Тупицыной (Kashina, Tupitsyna, 1992) от- genus Knorringia (Czukav.) Tzvel., K. sibirica (Laxm.) мечено 13 родов семейства Polygonaceae, из них Tzvel. and K. pamirica (Korsh.) Tzvel., are given. виды 6 родов (Bistorta, Persicaria, Knorringia Amount of flavonol-glycosides in samples of leaves var- (Czukav.) Tzvel., Aconogonon, Fallopia Adans., ies from 0,94 to 5,31%, and does not correlate with local- Truellum Houtt.) находились ранее в составе Po- ity. Content of anthraglycosides is low – 0–0,38%, of free аglycones (emodin + fiscion) is 0–0,63%. Two “chemical lygonum L. s. l. В последней сводке С.К. Черепа- forms” of K. sibirica are found: “having anthraquinones” нова (Czerepanov, 1995) бывшие представители and “anthraquinones free”, also different in structure of рода Polygonum s. l. вошли в 11 родов в соот- flavonol-glycosides. The last form occurs in the south of ветствии с новой системой семейства (Tzvelev, Eastern Siberia. The data favor recognition of Knorringia 1993). as a separate genus. Поступило в редакцию 11.04.2013 Submitted 11.04.2013 Принято к публикации 16.01.2014 Accepted 16.01.2014 34 Высочина Г.И. Фенольные соединения в систематике и филогении семейства гречишные. VI Использование данных по фенольным со- Korsh. Первым шагом к таксономическому обо- единениям оказалось также чрезвычайно целе- соблению этих видов было предложение А.П. сообразным для подтверждения самостоятель- Чукавиной (Chukavina, 1966) выделить их в са- ности рода Knorringia, представители которого мостоятельную секцию Knorringia Czukav. рода распространены в Сибири (K. sibirica (Laxm.) Polygonum s. l. Основанием тому явились неко- Tzvel.) и Средней Азии (K. sibirica и K. pamirica торые морфологические признаки, которые она (Korsh.) Tzvel.) (Komarov, Grigor’ev, 1936). По посчитала существенными, а именно, налегаю- нашему мнению, Knorringia вместе с Reynoutria щие, узкие, а не прилегающие, широкоовальные, Houtt., Fallopia, Chylocalyx Hassk. ex Miq. пред- почти округлые семядоли, характерные для ви- ставляют собой самостоятельную предковую дов секции Aconogonon. Имеются также отличия группу с упрощенным составом антрахинонов в форме тычинок и плодов. Почти одновременно (Vysochina, 2008б). В настоящем сообщении с А.П. Чукавиной, при исследовании феноль- приводятся результаты исследования фенольных ных соединений нами были получены матери- соединений видов рода Knorringia в связи с их алы в пользу такого выделения (Sobolevskaya, экологической дифференциацией и таксономи- Vysochina, 1972): в этих двух видах не найдены ей. гликозиды мирицетина, свойственные всем без Род Knorringia состоит из двух видов, кото- исключения видам cекции Асоnogonon, и при- рые ранее входили в секцию Aconogonon Meissn. сутствует неидентифицированный (на тот пери- рода Polygonum s. l. (Komarov, Grigor’ev, 1936) од) компонент, обозначенный нами как вещество как Polygonum sibiricum Laxm. и P. pamiricum “H” (табл. 1). Таблица 1 Фенольные соединения видов секции Aconogonon рода Polygonum (Sobolevskaya, Vysochina, 1972) Название вида Кемпферол кверцетин мирицетин Вещество H (по Komarov, Grigor'ev, 1936 ) Polygonum alpinum + + + - P. coriarium + + + - P. bucharicum + + + - P. divaricatum + + + - P. luxurians + + + - P. angustifolium + + + - P. laxmannii + + + - P. ajanense + + + - P. sericeum + + + - P. songoricum + + + - P. hissaricum + + + - P. limosum + + + - P. relictum + + + - P. tripterocarpum + + + - P. baicalense + + + - P. sibiricum + + - + P. pamiricum + + - + В 1989 г. S.-P. Hong заявил о придании секции полагается в Сибири, Монголии и прилежащих Knorringia статуса рода, ссылаясь в своей рабо- районах Китая, второго – в Афганистане, Север- те как на морфологические, так и на химические ной Индии, Непале (Гималаи), Тибете и Памире. данные, в том числе и на наши (Sobolevskaya, Knorringia sibirica – многолетнее растение, Vysochina, 1972). Однако приоритет в установле- произрастающее на солонцах, солонцеватых лу- нии рода Knorringia принадлежит Н.Н. Цвелёву гах, песчаных и галечных берегах водоёмов и (Tzvelev, 1987), на которого указанный автор не как сорное у жилищ. Исключительно полиморф- ссылается. S.-P. Hong считает Knorringia моно- ный вид. По своей экологической природе – типным родом с видом K. sibirica (subsp. sibirica псаммофит-галофит. Впервые описан с Алтая в и subsp. thomsonii). Ареал первого подвида рас- 1773 г. Неопределённость таксономического по- Turczaninowia 17 (1): 33–41 (2014) 35 ложения этого вида в течение длительного пе- нонсодержащей» форме K. sibirica. В процессе риода заставляла ботаников обращаться к нему исследования биохимического полиморфизма вновь и вновь, в том числе и к фитохимическому K. sibiricа нами была встречена «безантрахино- изучению компонентного состава. новая форма», а также растения, в которых на- Knorringia pamirica был впервые описан С.И. ходились еле уловимые (cледовые) количества Коржинским (Korzhinskij, 1896) при исследова- антрахинонов. Местонахождения «безантрахи- нии флоры Туркестана. Во «Флоре СССР» (Ko- ноновой формы» – это районы Тывы и Бурятии marov, Grigor’ev, 1936) областью его распростра- (табл. 2). Исследование флавоноидного состава нения указывается Памиро-Алай и Тянь-Шань. показало, что галактозид кемпферола № 1 явля- Позднее этот вид был отнесен рядом авторов в ется компонентом, общим для обеих форм, а ди- синонимы к P. sibiricum subsp. thomsonii (Meissn.) гликозиды – разные. Во второй форме мы имеем S.-P. Hong. Именно в такой интерпретации рас- глюкорамнозид кверцетина (№ 2’) (УФ нм 257, сматривает его Suk-Pyo Hong (1989). 364) и глюкорамнозид кемпферола (№ 3’) (УФ В настоящей работе использованы «флавоно- нм 267, 357) (Rf в воде 0,54 и 0,58) (рис. 1). идные профили» видов рода Knorringia, которые Таким образом, нами обнаружены две «хими- были получены в результате двухмерного хрома- ческие формы» («расы») К. sibirica, различаю- тографирования этанольных экстрактов листьев щиеся не только наличием либо отсутствием ан- растений на бумаге FN 15 в системах раствори- трахинонов, но и дигликозидами на одинаковой телей изопропанол – муравьиная кислота – вода агликоновой основе. (2:5:5) (1-е направление) и н-бутанол – уксусная В обработке для «Флоры СССР» Ю.С. Гри- кислота – вода (40:12:28) (2-е направление). Хо- горьев (Komarov, Grigor’ev, 1936) отмечал, что рошее деление комплекса антрагликозидов было Polygonum pamiricum – это вид, близкий к P. получено на тонком слое силикагеля LS 5/40 мм sibiricum и плохо от него обособленный. Возмож- (+ 13 % гипса) в системах растворителей толу- но, это лишь экологическая форма P. sibiricum. ол – этилформиат – муравьиная кислота (5:4:1) Сравнивая хроматограммы флавонол- и антра- (1-е направление) и этилацетат – метанол – вода хинон-гликозидов этих видов (рис. 1, 2), можно (100:16,5:13,5) (2-е направление). Идентифика- отметить как сходство, так и различие. Общими цию компонентов проводили в соответствии с являются компоненты №№ 1–4. В Knorringia рекомендациями T.Y. Mabry, K.R. Markham, M.B. pamirica обнаружены гликозид кверцетина № 5 Thomas (1970). Содержание флавонолов и антра- и антоцианин А – соединение, характерное для хинонов определяли по отработанным методи- высокогорных экологических форм гречишных. кам (Vysochina, 2004). Хроматограммы антрахинонов имеют также Нами было выявлено,
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