Il Mito Ovidiano Di Filomela: Riscritture Inglesi Dal Medioevo Alla Contemporaneità

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Il Mito Ovidiano Di Filomela: Riscritture Inglesi Dal Medioevo Alla Contemporaneità UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA Dottorato di ricerca in Filologia greca e latina Ciclo XXV IL MITO OVIDIANO DI FILOMELA: RISCRITTURE INGLESI DAL MEDIOEVO ALLA CONTEMPORANEITÀ Coordinatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Giuseppe Gilberto Biondi Tutor: Chiar.ma Prof. Laura Bandiera Dottoranda: Samanta Trivellini In order to arrive at what you do not know You must go by a way which is the way of ignorance T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets (1943) And why should any man remodel models? A. L. Tennyson, The Epic (1842) Ad Emanuela e Augusto INDICE Introduzione 1 PARTE I – Rinarrazioni pre-novecentesche della Filomela ovidiana 15 1. Chaucer e Gower: Filomela fra moralizzazione e realismo psicologico 17 2. La Filomela rinascimentale: Gascoigne, Pettie e Shakespeare 36 3. Ballate secentesche: Patrick Hannay e Martin Parker 78 4. Poeti vittoriani e rondini moderniste 89 PARTE II – La fortuna di Ovidio nella contemporaneità: contesti e percorsi critici 109 1. Postmodernismo e immaginario metamorfico: il revival ovidiano del tardo Novecento 111 2. Il genere della riscrittura e le “revisioni” teatrali 145 3. La figura di Filomela nella critica femminista 171 PARTE III – Quattro Filomele del nostro tempo 195 1. “Philomela” (1975) di Emma Tennant: mutismo e barbarie 197 2. The Love of the Nightingale (1988) di Timberlake Wertenbaker: dramma individuale e scenario metastorico 211 3. The Three Birds (2000) di Joanna Laurens: sovvertimento dei confini familiari e linguistici 229 4. “Antiquity’s Lust” (2000) di Maria J. Fitzgerald: soprannaturale e suggestioni shakespeariane 246 5. Altre Filomele: la letteratura anglofona 260 Conclusione 277 BIBLIOGRAFIA 279 Introduzione Quella di Filomela è una storia drammatica, nella doppia accezione dell’aggettivo; è infatti una vicenda dal contenuto tragico e che si presta anche alla rappresentazione teatrale, sebbene la sua versione più nota sia quella poetica narrata da Ovidio nel sesto libro delle Metamorfosi (vv. 424-674). Tuttavia, la versione più antica del mito, che presenta la trama con i tre personaggi principali, il duplice delitto, l’espediente della tela, il pasto cannibalico e le metamorfosi è proprio un dramma, il Tereus di Sofocle (431-414 a.C.), di cui rimangono alcuni frammenti 1. Nel secondo Novecento, il mito ovidiano di Filomela è stato letto come una “contro-storia” che narra di un’esperienza di 1 Le fonti attestano anche versioni pre-sofoclee di questo mito che divergono però da quella, sia per le ambientazioni sia per l’assenza di eventi che sono poi diventati parte della vicenda (come il pasto cannibalico). Inoltre, nelle versioni più antiche – e da ciò si evince la derivazione della saga da un patrimonio fiabesco indoeuropeo – i nomi dei due personaggi femminili erano Aedon e Chelidon, chiaramente nomi parlanti (rispettivamente “usignolo” e “rondine”). In questa tradizione, così come in Sofocle e per lo più nelle fonti greche, le metamorfosi finali erano invertite (Filomela-rondine e Procne- usignolo), rispetto a quelle che si incontrano nei versi ovidiani e in genere nella tradizione successiva, compresa quella inglese. Su questo argomento e sul mito nella tradizione classica precedente e successiva ad Ovidio, si sono consultati: WILHELM HEINRICH ROSCHER , Ausführliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Römischen Mythologie [1884-1937], Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim, 1978, 11 voll., rispettivamente le voci “Aëdon” (vol. I.1, pp. 83-85), “Itys (Itylos)” (vol. II.1, pp. 569-573), “Philomela” (vol. III.2, pp. 2343-2348) e “Prokne” (vol. III.2, pp. 3017-3025); IGNAZIO CAZZANIGA , La tradizione letteraria e mitografica greco-romana da Omero a Nonno Panopolitano , vol. I di La saga di Itys nella tradizione letteraria e mitografica greco-romana , IEC, Varese-Milano, 1950-1951, 2 voll.; FRANÇOISE LÉTOUBLON , “Le rossignol, l’hirondelle et l’araignée. Comparaison, métaphore et métamorphose”, Europe , 904-905, 2004, p.73-102, pp. 82-96; PAOLO MONELLA , Procne e Filomela. Dal mito al simbolo letterario , Pàtron Editore, Bologna, 2005; ANGELO CASANOVA , “Filomela da rondine a usignolo”, in C. Santini, L. Zurli, L. Cardinali (a cura di), Concentus ex Dissonis. Scritti in Onore di Aldo Setaioli , 2 voll., vol. I, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli, 2006, pp. 165-178; TIZIANA PRIVITERA , Terei Puellae: metamorfosi latine , ETS, Pisa, 2007; DANIELA MILO , Il Tereo di Sofocle , M. D’Auria Editore, Napoli, 2008, pp. 7-13 e pp. 125-154. Per il Tereus di Sofocle si sono consultati: DAVID FITZPATRICK , “Sophocles’ ʻTereus ʼ”, The Classical Quarterly , vol. 51, n. 1 (2001), pp. 90-101; P. MONELLA , Procne e Filomela , cit., pp. 79-125; SOPHOCLES , Tereus , in Id., Selected Fragmentary Plays , with Introductions, Translations and Commentary by A. H. Sommerstein, D. Fitzpatrick, T. Talboy, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2006, pp. 141- 195; D. MILO , Il Tereo di Sofocle , cit.; GREGORY DOBROV , “The Tragic and the Comic Tereus”, American Journal of Philology , vol. 114 (1993), pp. 189-234. Per Ovidio, la versione consultata e a cui si farà riferimento in questa sede è OVIDIO , Libri V-VI , a cura di G. Rosati, 2009, comprensivo di testo latino, traduzione italiana (di G. Chiarini) e note (vol. III di Metamorfosi , a cura di A. Barchiesi, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Mondadori, Milano, 2005-2011, 4 voll.). Si rimanda inoltre a I. CAZZANIGA , L’episodio di Procne nel libro sesto delle Metamorfosi di Ovidio: ricerche intorno alla tecnica poetica ovidiana , vol. II di La saga di Itys , cit., ad altri testi che verranno indicati nel corso della trattazione e alla bibliografia specifica riportata in fondo al lavoro, che comprende anche gli studi sulla fortuna del mito ovidiano. Per una panoramica del mito e dei suoi motivi principali si rimanda a PAUL M.C. FORBES IRVING , Metamorphosis in Greek Myths , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990, pp. 99-107. 1 Introduzione sofferenza e resistenza, ma è stato anche osservato come essa sia una storia fondativa della pratica poetica per se , un mito che testimonia della violenza alla radice dell’atto poetico. Il poeta americano Allen R. Grossman considera la figura di Filomela, al pari di quella di Orfeo, “always already there” nel momento del comporre poesia, poiché la sua voce che proviene dalla perdita e dalla violenza “arises punctually at the moment after loss has become inconsolable, and the destination of the self irretrievable by other means” 2. Si tratta, inoltre, di una figura non solo sempre presente nell’atto del dire poetico inteso come gesto individuale, ma anche di un mito che esprime, per metonimia, una logica fondamentale interna alla tradizione poetica occidentale, ovvero quella che presuppone una violenza e una perdita originarie. A questo proposito basterà pensare alla leggenda della cecità di Omero, e ai vari personaggi del mito classico in cui la privazione fisica si accompagna a straordinarie doti profetiche o poetiche, come ad esempio Tiresia e Orfeo. Analogamente, Michael Edwards vede nella lingua tagliata di Filomela una potente metafora del poetare all’interno di tre grandi opere che hanno contribuito in modo essenziale alla tradizione europea, in quanto ognuna summa di quella stessa tradizione culturale nelle rispettive epoche: le Metamorfosi , la Divina Commedia e The Waste Land . Di conseguenza, Edwards identifica il racconto di Procne e Filomela tra “les sources troubles de cette unité [culturelle européenne]” 3. Nel poema ovidiano l’arte occupa un posto di rilievo, ma le figure di artisti appaiono spesso in pericolo, soggetti a punizione divina o a una fine tragica: il caso più noto è senza dubbio quello di Aracne, la tessitrice trasformata in ragno da Atena per essersi ritenuta superiore alla dea nella tessitura (met . 6, 1-145); altri esempi sono rappresentati dal satiro Marsia, scuoiato da Apollo per avere osato competere con il dio in una gara di flauto (met . 6, 382-400), e da Orfeo, smembrato dalle menadi ma non prima di essere stato da loro colpito alla bocca (cfr. met . 11, 7-8); né va dimenticata, al proposito, l’immagine potente dell’ os mutum (met . 6, 574) di Filomela, zittita da Tereo in modo ancora più cruento. Il parallelismo tra Filomela e la figura di Orfeo istituito da Grossman ha a sua volta una tradizione: i due personaggi del mito erano stati accostati da Virgilio nelle 2 ALLEN R. GROSSMAN , “Orpheus/Philomela: Subjection and Mastery in the Founding Stories of Poetic Production”, in Id., The Long Schoolroom: Lessons in the Bitter Logic of the Poetic Principle , University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1997, pp. 18-39, pp. 31-32. 3 MICHAEL EDWARDS , “Philomèle, ou le discours européen de la langue coupée”, in Id., Terre de poésie , Espaces 34, Montpellier, 2003, pp. 9-19, p. 9. 2 Introduzione Georgiche (4, 511-515) 4. Li si ritroveranno molto più tardi nel Complaynt of Phylomene (1576) 5 del poeta elisabettiano George Gascoigne (ca. 1539 – 1577), di cui si dirà. Lo stesso paragone tra le due figure del mito compare anche in una scena della tragedia shakespeariana Titus Andronicus (1594), modellata sul racconto ovidiano di Filomela: tessitura, liuto e canto sono le arti che Lavinia è in grado di praticare prima di venire privata dai suoi aguzzini della lingua e delle mani. Si dice a un certo punto che, se questi avessero potuto ascoltare “the heavenly harmony” del canto di Lavinia, avrebbero rinunciato al loro criminoso proposito e ne sarebbero rimasti ammaliati “as Cerberus at the Thracian poet’s feet” 6. Il motivo della musica è quindi un tratto ulteriore, oltre a quello del dolore, che accomuna Filomela a Orfeo. Sebbene Filomela sia un’abile tessitrice,
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