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This is a challenging unit in which you will research make your mind up whether you want to pursue a topic of your own choosing. If done well, it it further. Unit 6 should be of great value to those of you going on Simply being aware of each issue covered will be to either higher education or moving directly into of benefit to you in the future. These are the the leisure industry. topics that are discussed every day by leisure This unit is best taken towards the end of your industry professionals. programme so that the full amount of your Current Issues As well as the issues themselves, this unit covers knowledge and understanding of the diversity of the methods for researching and presenting your leisure can be used to complete your study. The project. Leisure research usually aims to uncover research project will require you to work fairly in Leisure patterns of behaviour and can be used to explain independently. When covering the various issues them. It can also be used to evaluate events and to consider, however, there is plenty of opportunity shape policy. The purpose of research can be to for you to work in groups and share ideas. find the best solution to a practical problem, or Because of the diversity of the leisure industry, to test whether what is currently being done is you can be sure of a good choice of subjects. valid. Research is regularly started before large Topics 2–7 give examples of suitable research projects are undertaken or management decisions topics or issues. While the scope is broad, you are about to be made, so that the findings will may choose something not outlined in this unit, ‘inform decisions’, such as a new policy or from your teacher, class discussion, or your own programme for a centre. reading. An example not covered in the unit is Topics 1 and 8 will help you with the structure of the issue of security at large events and a popular your project, but ultimately you have to choose research project might look at the changes since the subject, identify the problem, devise the title, September 2001. This unit provides you with the decide on what methods of research to use, carry prospect of looking more closely at an area that it out and analyse the information gathered. already interests you, or the chance to study a topic which you have no previous knowledge about. In the course of this unit we shall try to give you enough information about an issue to

6.1 Issues in leisure Topic 1 Lifestyle and health 120 Topic 2 Equality, diversity and inclusion 126 Topic 3 Sex, gender and race 130 Topic 4 Events, festivals and traditions 136 Topic 5 Government and policy in leisure 140 Topic 6 The media and commercial issues 146 6.2 Leisure research project Topic 7 Selecting and planning a research project 152 Topic 8 Final planning and writing of your research proposal 158

Industry focus 161 How Unit 6 is assessed 163 121 Topic 1 Lifestyle and health activity TACKLING OBESITY TACKLING Visit your local leisure centre and identify if Visit there are any programmes or facilities aimed – either directly or indirectly – at helping users tackle serious weight problems. List TV programmes and organisations helping overweight people. How effective are leisure providers and activities at providers leisure are How effective combating this problem? operators to for leisure there What incentives are to help tackle obesity? resources provide How far does the media highlight the need for people to change their lifestyles? of the solution comes down to If the larger share determination, how important is an individual’s availability of information and easy access to leisure facilities? 1 2 I I I I outputs will cause weight problems. To combat To outputs will cause weight problems. of weight gain and the onset of obesity a programme and diet need to be combined. exercise for obesity (particularly in the Amongst the reasons developed world) is the abundance of food on offer food and alongside manipulative messages from between relationships drinks companies promoting happiness and consumption. Consider the following questions: Obesity is an increasingly worrying problem in society in worrying problem Obesity is an increasingly as smoking or drinking – which as big a problem to develop into an epidemic of startling threatens proportions. actually more Statistics show that people are their successful at giving up smoking and reducing drinking, than losing weight. Experts put this down to the emphasis on ‘negative change goals’ which means or snacks, but without eating fewer dairy products implementing ‘positive change goals’, such as eating as an alternative.healthily and exercising of calorific not always fully aware Obese people are intake (levels of energy), or how much energy they need to expend to balance this. High intakes and low A programme of exercise and diet are necessary to combat obesity. A programme of exercise and diet are necessary to combat a new approach will affect life one’s Obesity Heart disease Drug dependency Eating disorders leisure through Balancing stress needs Special population leisure Healthy living campaigns. input about the condition I I I I I I I In this and the following five topics In this and the following five about you will get the chance to think depth. Hopefully certain issues in more you can you will find an issue in which own work. see some potential for your In each of the topics some background will be will be given, and key issues further signposted for you to explore or take as themes for your research. to The material will not be sufficient but enough to complete your project, get you started, so additional reading will be needed. and research In this first topic you will explore issues: lifestyle and health-related Maintenance – plan how to continue Preparation – making a positive move by Preparation Pre-contemplation – getting some professional Pre-contemplation Contemplation – thinking about how the change Action – begin new activity and monitor progress assessing one’s currentassessing one’s state and making plans for persuading obese people to change their lifestyle have been habits. Five stages to this process suggested by experts: The stages of transforming health and well- being Lifestyle and health and Lifestyle Topic 1 Obesity The first topic you might choose to study in terms of the are Described here and lifestyle is obesity. leisure that obesity causes, but you might also problems that active leisure some of the remedies research provides. Obesity is normally found in men when their body fat level exceeds 25 per cent. For women the level is 30 the risk of per cent. Obese levels of body fat increase contracting diseases and put many of the vital organs It is a particularly and body systems under pressure. important cause of heart disease. For those with a tendency for putting on weight, it reasons can sometimes be attributed to hereditary and poor diet. (genetics), but also a lack of exercise Mental and emotional health plays an important part too. For many people who are in how healthy we are obese, the challenge is often to try and overcome It eating patterns that cause problems. and disorders often comes down to will-power. of Measuring body fat can sometimes have the effect

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 120 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 120 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 123 Topic 1 Lifestyle and health Size of servings suggested and Health and Human Services Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts fats oils sweets activity Milk Cheese ARE YOU LOVIN’ IT? Bread, cereal, rice and pasta cereal, Bread, Vegetables Fruits How ethically responsible do you think it is to build a fast food outlet next to a leisure centre? or genuine are examples of How effective fast food chains giving something back to the community in terms of leisure activities? campaigns to promote Look at McDonald’s active lifestyles under the ‘Be Active’ section of their website – www.mcdonalds.co.uk/. the you aware that they sponsor Were British Olympic team? Minerals (iron, calcium, sodium, potassium). Minerals (iron, Water. 1 2 Source: Adapted from United States Department of Agriculture Food provides the body with energy for a number of the body with energy for Food provides building tissues, control, tasks such as temperature muscle movements. The and chemical reactions, in ‘calories’. measured food is usually energy from twice the calories of Each gram of fat contains about a similar quantity of carbohydrate. you might topic in this area for a As a springboard a healthy diet for mild consider researching to those of Olympic activities compared recreational assessing the diets of might consider athletes. You Recent leisure. people who perform no active on how unhealthy fast documentaries have focused food outlets and school dinners are. With you think about, consider how it each area rather than simply being industry, to the leisure relates a study into health. I I (This ties into Topic 6 (This ties into Topic www.wada-ama.org/en/ activity www.drugsinsport.net/ www.uksport.gov.uk THE DRUGS DON’T WORK What message do drugs scandals give to young people considering entering a sport? Why do governing bodies test for drug misuse? Is it effective? What are the ethical and moral arguments against taking drugs for performance enhancement? Which performers have been found out and what were the consequences for the image of their sport as well as the individual? Carbohydrates (mainly found in bread, cereals, Carbohydrates (mainly found in bread, sweets). pastry, potatoes, sugar, (mainly found in meat, eggs, milk and Proteins cheese). meat, Fats (mainly found in dairy products, foods). processed Vitamins (Vitamins A, D, E and K found mainly in fatty foods, Vitamin C found mainly in fruit, vegetables and potatoes, Vitamin B complex found in meat). Discuss with a colleague what the difficulties would be in looking at one or more of these areas as part of your research project. Make a you list of possible sources and the difficulties might face. • • Consider the following questions: • • Diet is a healthy diet to for research The next possible area or sporting lifestyle and the dangers support a leisure of an unbalanced diet. Few people have a good idea about what constitutes a ‘healthy eater’. The basic constituents of any diet are: I I I I For information on the steps being taken to combat on the steps being taken to For information at the of drugs misuse, you can look problems following organisations: Anti-Doping Agency World International of Athletics Federations Association www.iaaf.org/ Policy from Document on UK National Anti-Doping UK Sport Government and policy) Drugs in Sport To boost energy To build muscle To enhance performance To stamina. improve To alertness. Amphetamines, which increase pain thresholds. analgesics, which increase Narcotic heart rate and anxiety Beta blockers, which control levels. which help weight loss. Diuretics, Athletes who take illegal performance-enhancing drugs (or illegal ergonomic aids) hope that they will not be tested, or that traces of the drug will have left tested. Most sports they are their system before governing bodies spend a lot of money on testing and to do so, and in many sports testing for the resources drugs is performed randomly and unannounced. It is an uphill battle to stay one step ahead of cheats as invented. Common undetectable drugs are newer, of are: banned substances which you may have heard also a concern Rather drugs are in leisure. Recreational for performance enhancement, these drugs are than often taken socially. I I I I I I I I Acceptable use of drugs Acceptable use or sport injuries from can aid recovery Herbal remedies of inexpensive herbal Thousands health problems. might market. You available in a growing are remedies active used in conjunction with study how these are conventional drugs purposes. More for remedial leisure or simply recovery can also be used to help an athlete’s complete a match, for to kill pain – allowing them to but the evident, are example. The immediate effects less well are herbal remedies of some long-term effects known. Negative use of drugs of the issues surrounding aware more probably are You deal of misuse of drugs. These often attract a great make media coverage because accounts of fallen heroes some moral and are fascinating news stories. There prior to allegations in the press ethical issues surrounding trial. In some cases sportsmen can have their reputation a case tarnished sheer media attention before through as a this might wish to explore You has been proven. topic – do you think the idea of drugs in sports puts pursuing a sport competitively? Is the people off than commonly or less widespread more problem feared? ways: misused in many different Drugs are each you may find something valuable and of interest find something valuable and each you may depth. for your study in more to explore activity GET ACTIVE Not smoking exercise Getting regular Eating well Maintaining a healthy body weight better. Managing stress Active leisure pursuits have a role to play in recovery and prevention. What leisure-related activities do the British Heart Foundation suggest? List your own then visit their website out what is to find at www.bhf.org.uk recommended. Heart disease account for nearly problems Heart or cardiovascular the British in America, while in the UK half the deaths Britain’s says that heart disease is Heart Foundation death. premature most common single cause of have supported the Since the 1970s various studies against in protecting exercise benefit of vigorous it has been recently and more heart disease, coronary physically active conclusively demonstrated that heart disease. risk of coronary people have a reduced as little as 30 minutes of with This can be effective such as per day, moderate intensity physical activity the UK nearly £8 billion walking. Heart disease costs each year in lost earnings and formal and informal health care. to the British Heart Foundation, Coronary According single biggest killer, Heart Disease is still the UK’s taking nearly 114,000 lives in 2003. One in five men it. and one in six women die from but they statistics, These might seem like horrendous in of over 30 per cent actually an improvement are of the incidence of heart disease and an improvement over 25 per cent in the number of deaths. The changes in lifestyle behaviours: for this are reasons I I I I I Drug dependency activities very seriously Many people take their leisure and the most active may compete professionally, But in peak performances to further careers. requiring a sense to win overcomes many instances the pressure As a result body. of fair play and concern for one’s some athletes and players take performance-enhancing under this drugs. Several issues could be explored heading both positive and negative. In an overview of

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 122 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 122 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 125 Topic 1 Lifestyle and health activity A TRIP TO THE NEWSAGENTS Who is it aimed at? What type of leisure activity does it recommend? Does it contain links to any leisure facilities? What sort of organisations advertise in the magazine? There are a huge number of magazines on sale which claim to give good health advice. Select two and consider the following for each: 1 2 3 4 Healthy living campaigns healthy living campaigns years many more In recent This to raise awareness. have been launched in order agenda high up on the Government’s is increasingly and they have backed many campaigns. Local Health to Authorities have teamed up with many providers in the local schemes targeted at various groups create Most of to be at risk. considered community who are at their heart, the campaigns have had active leisure which would give you the opportunity to evaluate one of them, either locally or at a national level. or more The Department of Health publishes an annual health events calendar which you could consult at the BBC website for might visit You www.dh.gov.uk. an update on their campaigns at www.bbc.co.uk. UK may also give you some ideas to Watchers Weight at www.weightwatchers.co.uk. explore In 2005 the country’s first Academy for Disability first Academy In 2005 the country’s This would make a in North Tyneside. Sport opened study. cases great organisations (as listed above) Many charitable to give populations and work hard support special in terms of leisure them equality of experience seaside, theme park or pursuits, such as trips to the their worth and might try to identify museums. You might study the numerous You evaluate their efforts. or the work of the partnership schemes that exist – British Paralympics Association www.paralympics.org.uk. They have worked hard to help special populations They have worked hard physical, sensory and organisational overcome meant needs to recognise attitudes. In the past failure as opposed to that the value of active leisure therapeutic activities was never fully explored. choice and opportunity for people with more Now, is a range of potential study with disabilities, there topics for you to consider. many disabled Advances in science have provided limbs which enable them to people with prosthetic compete at the highest level. The Paralympics has become an important part of the sporting calendar. provision This would not be possible without leisure level. at grassroots for special population groups aimed at are Many sports development programmes normally excluded. those who are Accessing the Disability Sports governing bodies’ websites should enable you to uncover issues and and funding aspects which might schemes, proposals The English Federation of a fruitful study. prove Disability Sport website is www.efds.net. Access Transport Suitable facilities coaches Trained Equipment Funding. Mencap – www.mencap.org.uk Impairment Service) and Multiple (Profound PAMIS – no website RNIB (Royal National Institute for the Blind) – www.rnib.org Sense (UK Deafblind charity) – www.sense.org.uk/. Changes in skin conditions Upset digestion Muscular tension Faster heart rates Disrupted brain patterns and chemical imbalances High blood pressure Headaches Lack of sleep Ulcers. There is more inclusion than there used to be due to inclusion than there is more There might You that helpers and volunteers play. the role wish to look at the impact of some organisations in this field: You might be able to make a study of ways in which might be You Or the types of stress. activities can help relieve leisure time available in leisure which are programmes Pilates techniques or classes. Yoga, relaxation through provided all popular forms of relaxation, and Reiki are centres. for at most leisure Special population leisure needs Special population leisure of people who may groups Special populations are not have a disability of some sort or those who are able to participate in exactly the same way as able- bodied people. Examples of special populations include senior citizens, ante/post natal women, those with learning disabilities and people with medical conditions Barriers to such as asthma, arthritis or heart problems. participation for these types of people include: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I anxious to calm through physical activity. Whether physical activity. through anxious to calm an self-esteem, enjoyment, because of higher lifts the spirits. exercise rush or company, adrenaline stress person to person, from Although it varies through: manifests itself Dutch cyclist Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel (pictured) Dutch cyclist Leontien Zijlaard-van missed out on the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 as she the and bulimia. But she overcame dealt with anorexia medal at to win a gold and bronze eating disorders the Athens Olympics in 2004, making her the most successful woman in Olympic cycling history. industry has a case to answer Do you think the leisure use of Many gyms use thin models to promote here? organisations be more their facilities. Should leisure about the types of people who use their realistic services, or is it fair advertising? Eating disorders sold in to the image fall prey Many young women body’. and adverts of ‘the perfect glossy magazines psychiatric such images – and Attempts to realise kinds of eating disorders. – lead to different disorders nervosa – where The most common is Anorexia and of how fat they are people have a distorted view in fat when they are continue to see themselves as another ‘thin fixation’ fact painfully thin. Bulimia is followed by which involves a ritual of overeating down. vomiting to keep body weight leisure through Balancing stress activities, both active and Many people use leisure studies show Most research passive, to ease stress. temperament from that you can change a person’s

Unit 6 Current Issues in Lleisure 124 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 124 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 127 Topic 2 Equality, diversity and inclusion activity ENCOURAGING EQUALITY ENCOURAGING the private sector will provide leisure opportunities leisure the private sector will provide such as gyms, at a cost to users (looking for profit), clubs and entertainment venues. the public sector will supply for general community and low income needs, such as local residents participants. sector will supply for specific the not-for-profit needs, such as youth and those with disabilities. Working with a partner, select one of the partner, with a Working out in the Manchester case objectives laid of how you would draw up a plan study, set and actually carry out the objectives met or not. evaluate if they had been The more diverse the population, however, the more diverse the population, however, The more to the industry to respond it is for the leisure difficult to increasingly variety of needs. The less response inequality arises, including diverse needs, the more opportunities in inadequate or an excess of leisure is a high there where The areas some areas. usually found in are provision concentration of leisure I I Addressing diversity Addressing The UK has one of the most diverse populations in culture, the world in terms of wealth, religion, Meeting the needs of a jobs and ability. nationality, operators, diverse population is a challenge for leisure wealth is concerned.particularly where (Ethnic depth looked at in more diversity and race issues are in the next topic.) of is usually a mixture In medium to large towns there to suit most needs – parks, pools, provision leisure clubs and cinemas. It is a mix supplied by the public, sectors. private and not-for-profit In most cases, I Although you have just looked at a local authority as Although you have just looked is being tackled, an example to show how equality some private sector, many other clubs in the voluntary sports governingsector clubs and nearly every body or best practice, which will have examples of a policy you might investigate. found at the highest levels in These principles are sport as well, with many international sports organisations leading by example and setting out of practice, codes of ethics and guidelines standards of how equality should be achieved – the European for example. Sports Charter, Source: www.manchester.gov.uk public disabled people on service delivery attitudinal change of information to disabled people the city across provision disabled people. Case study: Manchester City Council Case study: committed to providing are Manchester Leisure and safe access for everyone to well maintained natural areas, woodlands, parks, play areas, and sporting facilities and other open recreational they live and work. Parks are spaces, close to where historical and educational, an important leisure, the as providing tourism asset to the city as well is so provision opportunity for social interaction, which is at the rather like a community service, The policy. heart of local authority services this, as in the strategy recognise recommendations commitment to the continued well as providing the sustainability of open spaces through management development of environmental also set to: plans.Objectives in terms of disability are • physical access to buildings open to the improve • community consultation with develop greater • and disability awareness staff develop greater • communication methods and provision improve • barriers to disabled people in transport remove • access to education and employment of improve These are some of Manchester City Council’s equality some of Manchester City Council’s These are and – part of their parks strategy commitments for the disabled: general provision race ethnicity gender religion disability. facilities jobs services finance. Such concerns can be implemented in a range of contexts such as: leisure I I I I I I I I I organisations. There is a great deal of information is a great organisations. There about how these principles and policies developed, which you might choose to look at for your research project. concern:Policies and principles of equality in leisure Equality, diversity and diversity Equality, inclusion Providing equality Providing diversity Addressing Inclusion schemes. Opportunities in recreation and leisure are not equally available to everyone in communities not are and leisure Opportunities in recreation opportunities and facilities is not always possible, of leisure the world. The total provision around trying rather than can hope to do is simply maximise what is there and sometimes the best one for every single individual. to provide to in detail in this topic with a view diversity will be explored The concepts of equality and will consider: You areas. project research you with some possible providing I I I Because of the role that Because of the role policy plays in equality and diversity issues, a lot of the material in this topic will 5 to Topic relate Government and policy in more Issues related leisure. specifically to gender and discussed in the race are next topic. Topic 2 Providing equality Providing in will normally be structures In many countries there place to help the less fortunate and the providing underprivileged – whether this requires basic things like food, shelter and jobs, or more developed things like public transport and leisure is a moral and ethical obligation to amenities. There provision equal. Leisure attempt to make society more may often be unevenly distributed by wealth, with a of opportunities, but those countries that hierarchy that accept the moral obligation at least recognise equality is desirable. striving towards organisations or departments will have Many leisure their own policy on equality in place these days, and these on the internet. you will be able to research and Amenity Both the Institute of Leisure Management (ILAM) and the Institute of Sport and particularly active Management (ISRM) are Recreation most major as are in supporting equality in leisure,

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 126 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 126 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 129 Topic 2 Equality, diversity and inclusion activity WHAT DO THEY DO? DO WHAT The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) The Private Finance Initiative Sport Action Zones Arts Council funding leisure activity Lottery funding for sport and development. What do they do? and equality? How do they help inclusion 1 2 Have a look at the following organisations Have a look at and and schemes to increase participation inclusion in leisure: • • • • activity LOCAL INCLUSION provides cultural and leisure grants, available cultural and leisure provides amenities and recreation for a range of leisure including village halls. rural transport schemes the county council has to make been looking at a number of projects parts of the it easier for people in remote county to get about. public facilities are centres leisure Westminster’s available on a ‘pay as and most activities are you play’ basis. Some facilities and have to be booked in advance but programmes is something for all ages and abilities. there can have a ResCard Residents of Westminster for discounts. The or a Concessions Card senior disabled, unemployed or those who are access to swimming by citizens can get free use. Concession Card admission. many other museums, now has free Providing taster sessions for non-users. Providing low skills or to cope with users of Developing staff disability. users by and use by grouping Facilitating access gender. Working in small groups, visit or go online to Working investigate two local leisure providers such as a hall or museum, theatre, community library, arts centre and assess how they provide for the in their programmes or less able or well off activities. Make recommendations where you feel they could improve in terms of inclusion. Examples of proactive inclusion schemes Examples of proactive the country: around • local authority in Scotland Highland Region • to boost In order in Wales. Carmarthen Council • Council in London. All of Westminster • The National Railway Museum, along with Planning for inclusiveness should be at the core of be at the core Planning for inclusiveness should time and activities leisure plans. Treating local leisure a luxury has become as a basic human right and not prevalent. more investment is Ongoing huge social and capital development and training to as well as staff required greater towards keep making progression participation of excluded groups. I I I activity a members-only golf club a fishing trip abroad a group of back-packers travelling round South America. IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT THE MONEY IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT Rescheduling programmes to suit work patternsRescheduling programmes times. and leisure in a general way to each what is offered Providing part of the community. transport for distant users. Providing Travel – method, cost and time – method, Travel area Safety in a particular to play area Proximity Access Social prejudices ideas Image and pre-conceived 3). Gender and race (see Topic Think which of the above factors might be Think which of the above in terms of potential problems or obstacles participation when joining: • • • Inclusion schemes The drive for inclusiveness in society is a major government concern, is now a so much so that there Social Exclusion Unit aimed at ‘Bringing Britain together’ and helping with inclusiveness schemes. at www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk.) (Find out more seen that the distribution of wealth have already You the last Over leisure. is at the heart of exclusion from twenty years the gap between the rich and poor in leisure the UK has widened. Poverty restricts spending, highlighting the gap between rich and poor survey of 2001 the In the family expenditure further. spending just top 10 per cent of the population were 10 each week, while the lowest under £190 on leisure spending only £20. per cent were spending, poverty and opportunity Issues of leisure assessing area, could well be a fruitful research since the whether any changes have been effective turn of the century. than simple access to Inclusion means more opportunities – it also means adapting recreational such as: what exists to help those with less opportunity, I I I I I I I I I I activity DO THEY REALLY CARE? DO THEY REALLY Efficiency – balancing cost, pricing and usage. Efficiency Equity – maximising inclusion to tackle the gap in spending capability. Planned diversity. Finding time Age time with leisure Having companions to share activities Acquiring skills to do certain leisure Do you think that private organisations consider many social issues of diversity and inequality when they allocate resources to provide a leisure need? Many factors, other than economic, cause inequalities users: and highlight the diversity of leisure Local authorities rely on community charges and Local authorities rely government provision funding to fund local leisure is seen as and when these become ‘tight’ often leisure an easy option for cuts. Few local authority premises at all and many expect not to, but make a profit low to attract the right kind of prices need to remain diversity in the industry. user and promote leisure must always Private sector organisation, however, they to stay in business so if they are make a profit must charge a high rate, hence the price of a cinema ticket may be twice that of a swim at the local pool. more affluent areas, where residents have higher residents where areas, affluent more in the centre A leisure mobility. income and greater Is unlikely links to public transport countryside without Just as without their own transport. to attract people access, for equality of opportunity and with planning the to try to redress planning for diversity also needs balance. in the public sector is to consult with practice Current they plan so that diverse local communities before and incorporated needs night be identified leisure possible. where underserved, they are are diverse groups When more to make their needs or protest to ‘lobby’, often forced This happens when known and opinions voiced. facilities may be closing as well as when leisure something needs to be built. represent Diversity needs in rural and urban areas on the provision challenges for leisure different three basis of: I I I I I I I

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 128 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 128 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 131 Topic 3 Sex, gender and race Yoga Hockey Gambling Cricket • • • • activity A MAN’S WORLD? Shopping Ballet Kick-boxing Chess • Gender clearly shapes our leisure activities. Try putting the following activities into two groups – those you would associate with women and those you would associate with others not so clear. men. Some might be easy, Think whether this has always been the case. • • • Female participation women and Chauvinistic attitudes towards since the early 1900s. participation have been eroded Some feel that it is only because the activities were by men that women did not organised and regulated development. This get an equal say in the activity’s no organised are means that in many sports there This activity should also prove that gender issues arise This activity should also prove concerning male participation in activities commonly can work both ways. associated with women. Prejudices The social argument – that the ‘qualities’ and not ‘behaviours’ associated with femininity are pursuits such as judo, in active leisure reflected rugby and boxing which involve physical contact. The aesthetic rationale – that women when unattractive. engaged in physical activity are – that women are The medical reason physiologically unsuited to some activities and may damage their child-bearing capabilities. theory – images Media gender reinforcement stereotypes. in the mass media reinforce presented You may choose to counter one of these ideas as a You numbers of Nowadays increasing project. research as successful as males in many leisure females are of some of our activities. This has caused a reshaping beliefs and stereotyping. Women’s rugby – reshaping beliefs and stereotypes Women’s Sex and gender issues ideas of femininity and masculinity are Traditional female constantly being challenged. Historically, all but the most passive and creative exclusion from Leisure activities was deep-seated in society. leisure in activities (especially sports) have been the main area which gender discrimination has been most and well documented. The following pronounced points have been used to discriminate against female participation: I I I I Sex and gender issues Race and ethnicity equality. Campaigns for leisure I I I As widespread and popular as sport and leisure and popular as As widespread everyone or offer not all include pursuits are, have You opportunities on an equal basis. of inequality looked into general issues already focuses on the more and diversity but this topic issues of sex, constantly evolving familiar, gender and race in leisure. between the close association Historically, and leisure active sport masculinity and more much debate. This topic pursuits has provoked issues. will tackle a number of related as, if not are Race issues in sport and leisure Britain is a multicultural controversial. more, with many nationalities. Despite a society, to facilitate inclusion, particularly conscious effort to competitive sports, underlying with regard still exist. problems topics, a range of issues will be As in previous your raised and examples given of where studies might be undertaken. This topic covers rules to men – such as playing with a lighter ball. female a more That decision was taken to create aesthetic, so why not do it in fashion?” comments outraged leading European Blatter’s to female footballers, and have threatened undermine the sport, which has 30 million players worldwide. registered Pauline Cope, the England and Charlton goalkeeper, “typical of a bloke”. “He said the comments were know what he is talking about,” she said. doesn’t use a lighter ball for one thing, and to say don’t “We we should play football in hotpants is plain for a man in completely irresponsible ridiculous. It’s a powerful position to make comments like this.” the manager of Fulham, said Marieanne Spacey, about skill it’s harmful. “Surely views were Blatter’s and tactical ability first and how people look second,” she said. Adapted from an article in The Guardian, Friday January 16, 2004. © Guardian Newspapers Limited 2005 Sex, gender and race gender and Sex, Soccer chief’s plan to Soccer chief’s boost women’s game? most senior administrator attracted the Football’s game last night by wrath of the women’s ... Hotpants suggesting female players wear tighter shorts to female aesthetic”. “a more promote of the world governing the president Sepp Blatter, body Fifa, said women should have skimpier kit to the popularity of the game. “Let the increase feminine clothes like they do women play in more in volleyball,” he said. “They could, for example, have tighter shorts. if you excuse me for pretty, Female players are have some different saying so, and they already FIFA president says pants to women’s football president says pants to women’s FIFA Topic 3

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 130 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 130 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 133 Topic 3 Sex, gender and race racial discrimination and aim for racial equality. part in sport, to coach, manage and help organise. racial abuse. Why is there an uneven distribution? Why is there access and inequality barriers to participation? Are better suited mentally and some racial groups Are activities? physically to some sports and leisure of this non-participation based in PE the roots Are at school? ‘channel’ athletes of a Do racial prejudices particular race into certain sports and activities? Case study: Racial Equality Charter Case study: Racial Equality for Sport the Equals created In 1998 a body called Sporting It aimed to guide ‘Racial Equality Charter for Sport’. sports governing for the new millennium in bodies the following areas: • Make commitments to challenge and remove • all communities to take Encourage people from • and spectators from players, employees Protect • Have equality policies and practices. • Celebrate cultural diversity. organisations cannot get lottery Increasingly, funding without these types of policy and practice in place which encourages widening positive not just in terms of race, but policies for equality, age, ethnicity and gender too. I I I I I Ethnographic barriers to participation and race combine to affect religion, Clearly ethnicity, the combination of through participation significantly, This may often also be cultural values and pressures. Under-representation being quite a number of successful Despite there black sportspersons in the UK in football, boxing, still under- basketball and athletics, they are in many other sports, such as golf, represented swimming, tennis and rugby. These issues raise some questions which you might choose to pursue: In 2001 the Office of National Statistics conducted a of National Statistics In 2001 the Office The survey participation and ethnicity. study on sports minorities participation rate for ethnic found that the cent below the 40 per cent – was 6 per – at around that though concluded The report national average. in participation it may well not is clear inequality there to racism. be related www.manchester.gov.uk www.manchester.gov.uk Leisure for gay men, lesbians, transgender and for gay men, lesbians, Leisure within the community. bisexual individuals/groups basis. this plan takes place on a regular lesbian, consults and engages with gay, transgender and bi-sexual communities. Race Religion Language Cultural tradition. Using another example from Manchester City Using another example from race: policy also addresses Council, their leisure achieving race contribution towards Leisure’s the various through equality is particularly reflected targeted at and activities, which are programmes and the availability of all specific ethnic groups on behalf of publicity material produced in the community is produced Manchester Leisure, is actively languages. Manchester Leisure and committed to managing diversity and providing line especially as a front racial equality, promoting of services and is continuing to try and provider deliver best practice, integrating race equality targets within its performance, budget and service planning processes. Gender and sexuality are directly addressed in addressed directly are Gender and sexuality Action Plan Sexuality Council’s Manchester City 2005/06: • services in and develop improve proactively To • of and review monitoring, evaluation ensure To • regularly Leisure that Manchester ensure To An ethnic minority is an immigrant or racial group by those claiming to speak for the cultural regarded majority as distinct and unassimilated. Race is more of people of common simply defined as a group ancestry distinguished by physical characteristics. Race and ethnicity to the characteristics of: Ethnicity relates I I I I At local level in leisure organisations, inclusion regardless At local level in leisure and many have policies such as of sexuality is increasing to allow some hotels refuse the one above. However, policy and company a double room gay couples to share If you wish always conceal individual prejudices. doesn’t project, to pursue this topic further for your research news articles to explore. many recent are there Homosexuality discrimination Sexism is not the only form of activities. associated with inclusion in leisure debated increasingly Homosexuality in sport is an was the only openly topic in the news. Justin Fashanu and many fear that the gay player in British football and the of the game, peer-pressure culture makes it extremely homophobia of the locker room to come out. It is easier to find for any players difficult sports and there openly gay participants in individual gay sportswomen than sportsmen. openly more are Why do you think this is? In tennis, Martina Navratilova and Billie-Jean King have successfully about their sexuality to rise to the battled prejudices top of their sport. Other examples include Greg Louganis (diving, USA), Ryan Miller (snowboarding, Australia) and Billy Bean USA), Ian Roberts (rugby, (baseball, USA). Studies of women who do participate in leisure show the who do participate in leisure Studies of women to be gained in terms of self-esteem, enormous benefits fitness, shape and vigour. personal development, leagues or championships for women, so little to attract for women, so little leagues or championships at amateur level. seems to in participation rates In the UK, a difference boys at secondary school age – many begin to show less much certain sports while girls are continue to play likely to do so. This kind of pattern can be found in and less adulthood as well – lower frequency participation. website at Sports Foundation VisitWomen’s the facts and statistics. to find out useful www.wsf.org.uk by participation is often replaced In adulthood, women’s Women’s responsibilities. and household childcare by social constraints, much more participation is affected Even at the elite end of ageing, earnings and ethnicity. and far fewer women athletes are the spectrum there competitors. Recent sports strategies have tried to can find a pdf of the many of these aspects. You address government ‘Game Plan – a strategy for delivering report sport and physical activity objectives’ at www.isrm.co.uk, website of the Institute of Sport and the official Management (ISRM). Recreation The Premiership footballer Robbie Fowler faced criticism for alleged homosexual taunts towards another player.

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 132 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:13 Page 132 Page 14:13 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 135 Topic 3 Sex, gender and race activity LOCAL LEVEL BIG DIFFERENCES MADE AT A BIG DIFFERENCES MADE AT All of these campaigns stress the need for tackling the issues on a local basis, rather than Why do you think this is? nationally. A Sporting Future for All, 2000 A Sporting Future The Government Plan for Sport, 2001 Game Plan, in 2004. Are black athletes better suited to sprinting than other racial groups? schemes began to be targeted Sport and leisure them in society to re-engage these groups towards (the other agencies recently, action. More through Commission for Racial Equality and the Professional Footballers Association) joined campaigns to help tackle racism on the football terraces. ‘Kick Racism Out of Football’ and ‘Hit Racism for Six’ (cricket) campaigns and began to shift the emphasis on to the perpetrators rather than the victims. New Labour have overseen several policies including: I I I Ethnic minorities The unemployed and low-income groups The elderly The disabled Women. you’re Asian? you’re to be Asian and me being Asian but I’m proud It makes me more see that as a problem. don’t to be the first Asian determined to make it. I want be used to player to make it. The fans won’t I may get a around. seeing Asian players running get used to it. But they’ll bit of reaction. football? football. coach Asian kids and promote trying to make it? think of yourself as an outcast, play game. Don’t your football and enjoy it and whatever happens, happens. Campaigns for leisure equality Campaigns for leisure policies began to be In the 1970s, sport and leisure trying to cover blanket provision, aimed at providing of race, ethnicity age or ability. every need regardless social and economic problems as inner-city However, in the emerged and public sector spending reduced also suffered. provision and recreation 1980s, leisure Sport was seen as a low-cost option to help fill the specific sport need for constructive activities, so more for inner cities and deprived created campaigns were specific ‘targeted’ schemes for: introducing areas, I I I I I Harpal Singh is one of only a handful of Asian Harpal Singh is from league. This is an extract players in the football Kick Racism Out of the Let’s an interview from Football website: Q: and the fact that How important is your identity A: with going to be different I’ve always known it’s Q: make it in What would you do if you don’t A: maybe, to industry, the leisure I’d like to go into Q: What would you say to any Asian youngsters A: the about the way you approach Be single minded The full interview can be found ©2005 KICK IT OUT. at www.kickitout.org PESTLE activity Thinking about race and gender and looking back over the topic, try to come up with as participation many factors you can that affect ethnic and gender groups. amongst different Organise the factors under PESTLE headings – Political, Economic, Social, Technological Legislative and Environmental. Harpal Singh seen amongst youths in the form of street games they seen amongst youths in the form of street play in various ethnic neighbourhoods. Most will stay within their cultural zone and traditions. Sometimes this leads to communities who do not mix with other the range of leisure which can restrict ethnic groups activities.

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 134 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 134 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 137 Topic 4 Events, festivals and traditions Source: www.gamesindustry.biz © 2002–2005 Eurogamer Network Ltd Case study: New Nottingham event Case study: new talent aims to encourage is to hold an event Development agency EM Media of young talent future in Nottingham to discuss the featuring speakers from within the games industry, Arts and De Montfort Codemasters, Electronic will look at issues such as the New Talent University. courses, quality of university games development and the question of of graduates the calibre overseas recruitment. to try out a sales pitch ‘The event is not the chance or headhunt,’ said EM Media, but ‘a frank and open discussion of the art and science of games development.’ with Universities and the companies here ‘Working clearly is a gap to bridge in the East Midlands there when it comes to the life-blood of our industry. do we find the next stars, how do we Where encourage people to move up in an organisation to Barnes. they want to be?’ said Toby a place where development ‘With 20 per cent of the UK’s around occurring within the East Midlands and some of the biggest games icons born EM Media has here, the need to support the games recognised it can grow to ensure development sector in order next top games, the world’s to produce and mature and innovation.’ both in terms of sales and creativity by agency supported screen EM Media is a regional the UK Film Council and Skillset as well as the East East Midlands Development Agency and Culture to develop a sustainable and Midlands. Its aims are accessible entertainment industry in the region. a range of business The agency also offers development services for film, television, radio and Public Domain is a the region. digital media across series of events designed to support the East Midlands development community. The target audience designed with a ‘target audience’ of Events are spectators or participants in mind, and this aspect of by the organisers. research planning needs careful Marketing theory suggests that a technique called ‘segmentation’ can be used first, to identify the segment of the population that the event should be to identify what elements of an aimed at and secondly, For example, in event they would find interesting. In the following case study identify the aims, In the following purpose: objectives and activity activity PASSIVE OR ACTIVE? OR PASSIVE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES A coast-to-coast bike race. An exhibition of paintings by a local artist. A bonfire and fireworks party. To attract 2,500 people to various venues to hear To the bands. musicians. attract five world-class To even. break To Bringing income into an area. jobs for local people. Providing Set out aims, objectives and the underlying purpose for the following events: 1 2 3 Another way of classifying activities is to Another way of classifying or active in decide whether they are passive and classify them nature. Make a list of events describes them. according to which term best factors your Also consider what unique of location, examples include in terms tradition and seasonality. Additional objectives might be: might wish to study how certain events meet You analysis their aims, objectives and purposes. Your might focus on evaluating and rating success. I I I I I Whether an event is run indoors or outdoors is is run indoors or outdoors Whether an event way of separating out the different another useful the towards oriented they are types, as is whether participant. spectator or the The aims and purpose of events the visions behind the staging of an event and Aims are The London to both the organisers and the users. relates Marathon is primarily for participants to see if they can distance, but other aims include simply run the required raising the running, finishing, raising money for charity, of London and possibly even getting on television. profile Most events will have set objectives to help guide and volunteers and these objectives will organisers, staff be focused on the aim or purpose. For example, if the aim of a music festival is to entertain various musical tastes, it may have some of the following as objectives: spring with Easter and gardening summer with outdoor music festivals and tennis night and Halloween autumn with bonfire winter with pantomimes and sledging. The range of leisure activities The range of leisure events The aims and purpose of leisure successful event Logistics – the complexity of planning and management The value of events. I I I I Events can be classified by their locations, too. These sometimes unique, making the event special. are a the Badminton Horse Trials, Examples of this are or concerts in Hyde Park, cricket test match at Lords, is ‘the place’ London. Many of the oldest events ensure one of the unique selling points and in many spectators’ or participants’ eyes it would not be the same if run This was the case in 2005 when Royal Ascot elsewhere. Cup final Racecourse and when the FA was run at York between was played at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff and Cambridge the Oxford 2001 and 2005. Would on the River Boat Race be the same event if rowed Ouse? So place, tradition and the occasion help to classify an event. to which part Events can also be classified according of the calendar or season they fall in. For example, we associate: Many of the ideas in this topic have been covered Many of the ideas in this topic now you are in part in earlier units. However, thinking about them with a eye on your research proposal. can also draw on the practical experience You planning, organising and running an gained from in Action. Unit 4 Leisure event from may choose to study a local event which You easier access to the people involved and provides the possibility of carrying out primary research. might alternatively to choose a larger event You on secondary material study at a distance and rely for your data. With the Olympics coming to will be plenty of material London in 2012 there available for study in this field. I I I I deserving of more in-depth study. In this topic in-depth study. deserving of more you will explore: Events, festivals and festivals Events, traditions the Fringe Festival Topic 4 The Notting Hill Carnival Issues in leisure relate to people, organisations or relate Issues in leisure you have looked at issues that places. So far, events, mainly to people, but leisure relate From festivals and traditions involve all three. gatherings and national and local fairs to regional international festivals, you will have plenty to Leisure in this area. for research choose from events, no matter what size, have many aspects Type of eventType Example Sports Festivals An athletics meeting Music The Edinburgh International Festival and DramaEnthusiasts / The Glastonbury Festival Hobbies Live! The Hobbycrafts and Art Materials The National Student Drama Festival Business Show at the NEC, Birmingham Arts Book launch ShowsEducational Liverpool Art Gallery, The Walker School reunion County Show The Cheshire The range of leisure activities The range of leisure industry can be classified into Events in the leisure to help you choose an common categories in order to think beyond this list as you. Try that interests area endless. well – the possibilities are

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terms of age, young people are likely to be drawn to Management Professionals: ‘Logistics is that part of the On the other side of the coin: a fun fair, older people to a flower show. All event supply chain process that plans, implements and controls I The event may fail or gain a bad reputation organisers need to carry out careful market research the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, I Funds may be misspent to get this right. Some events have a broad services and related information from the point of origin I generational appeal and are attractive to all ages, to the point of consumption in order to meet the The event may become a propaganda exercise. such as football matches. customer’s requirements.’ Cultural value Segmentation techniques can also be applied What might these logistics be? Lighting, sound, special Value is perceived through the exchange between geographically by targeting events at local communities, effects, catering, music and seating? You might be able people when attending an event, and the interaction like regional games or county championships. The major to investigate the complexity of supplying or managing with each other as spectators or players and participants. world class events or hallmark events have global these at an event. Hopefully this is a positive exchange and people get to appeal and attract spectators and competitors from Consider the human side of logistics. It could involve know each other better. The Notting Hill Carnival is a around the world. Equally so, events may be targeted volunteers, stewards, emergency services personnel, good example of when cultures come together. on a gender basis. The International Convention Centre, Birmingham. crowds, participants and suppliers. I The cultural value of leisure events would lend itself well You might choose to investigate how segmentation is Birmingham with a world-class image and venue The final set of logistics to cover are the financial ones – I to further study, looking at both the positive and used in some sectors of the event industry and what annual investment of £40m in the area obtaining a sponsor, costing resources, estimating staff negative angles. issues this involves for participants, organisers and the I around 10,000 jobs wages, budgeting for expenditure, pricing tickets, success of the event. Taking this theme a step further, I planning profit levels, dealing with cash, cheques and related development of about £1.6 billion Environmental value you might choose to assess the promotional techniques credit card payments, settling bills. I economic regeneration of the locality (the four Ps) used for events by making comparisons. Many run-down areas have been regenerated through I retail potential. The opportunities for you to research a particular aspect sport and leisure events. When it takes place in a city, Events may also target possible sponsors by trying to are quite broad, such as: By the middle of the decade this was realised. You might it is called urban transformation and was a match up the audience to a particular brand. I What technology is used to handle logistics? be able to find a newly built venue for events and assess cornerstone of the UK’s Olympic bid. However, there is its effect on an area in economic terms. This is called an activity I What are the most common problems and hitches? often massive upheaval, pollution and disturbance economic impact study. Alternatively you might carry out during transformation, and the facilities’ long-term I How do you plan the sequence in which logistics MATCH UP a benefit/cost analysis, because sometimes an event can use needs to be considered. Some Olympic sites have need to be tackled? push up local prices, making it more expensive for local suffered from a lack of long-term activity as did the Try the following exercise of matching up events I How do organisers identify and arrange their logistical people to live there. Millennium Dome. Clean up costs must never be at a seaside resort to target audiences and challenges? 138 forgotten after the event, either. 139 oi 4 Topic nt6 Unit compare your ideas with others in your class. I How are sponsors found and treated? Social value Target audience Event For some event organisers the challenge of managing I The opportunity to meet new people or people of their own logistics is too much and they bring in similar interests Current Issues inLeisure

Children under 14 Walking tour Events, festivalsandtraditions professional event companies to do the work for them. I The opportunity to experience or view new cultures Over 50s Sandcastle competition I Regeneration of an area I Upgrading of an area’s image or transport system Males 24–35 Punch and Judy show The value of events I New facilities for locals (after the event) Females 18–35 Indoor go-karting competition Events also carry a real value in several different ways, I Learning new skills according to their nature and size. Events can have a Families Free performance by a band I Community pride is built up. value in different ways: Economically, socially, Students Fashion show politically, culturally and environmentally. There can, of course, be social costs associated with an event coming to an area such as: Economic value I Invasion of privacy The development of the Eurostar encouraged urban Large events bring jobs to an area for local people and I Disturbance of local routines transformation Logistics – the complexity of they bring income to an area through purchases and I Congestion, pollution, noise, litter. successful event planning and supplies. If foreign visitors are attracted they bring management currency into the country. The government gains money Political value activity in tax and the locality enjoys inward investment, while BENEFITS AND IMPACTS OF EVENTS All events need planning and organising well in At first you might not think there would be many the event company might (and usually, should) make a benefits, but consider the following: advance. Event managers and organisers are usually profit. The money that events directly and indirectly help Create a chart grouping all the negative and I The ‘feel good factor’ the country might have after a multi-skilled and knit many logistics together to make to circulate is re-spent many times over. This is often positive effects that a large event of your choice famous victory at an event an event work. The process of how this is done may called the economic multiplier effect. can have. Group them under all of the above provide you with a valuable insight into event- I The image of government departments or officials, if headings and try to research some examples of management techniques. zAt the beginning of the 1990s, when the International responsible for or connected to, an event where these have actually occurred. Convention Centre in Birmingham was built, it was I The skills base of the local people may be improved. Logistics are defined by the Council of Supply Chain estimated it would provide: 141 Topic 5 Government and policy in leisure Children and Young People. Further enhance access and Young Children to and and sport for children culture give them the opportunity to develop their talents to the full and enjoy the benefits of participation. Communities. the impact of and broaden Increase and sport, to enrich individual lives, culture the places communities and improve strengthen generations. people live, now and for future where Maximise the contribution that the Economy. to industries can make and leisure tourism, creative the economy. Delivery. Modernise delivery by ensuring our bodies aresponsored and work with efficient others to meet the cultural and sporting needs of individuals and communities. At a more local level under the terms ‘Competitive At a more Performance Assessments’ (formerly ‘Best Value’), have to Boroughs local councils or Metropolitan can policies. You a plan that includes leisure produce visit your own local authority website or probably in to gather details of what they have planned offices is an there give you a brief insight To terms of leisure. Council on the Borough Scarborough extract from next page. I I I I (Department for Work and Pensions), education and Pensions), Work (Department for venues Education and Skills), outdoor (Department for Rural Affairs) Food and Environment, (Department for (Department of of healthier lifestyles or the promotion Health). study using material The DCMS can serve as a case their website www.dcms.gov.uk. from for GovernmentThe DCMS is responsible policy on tourism, libraries, the arts, sport, the National Lottery, film, the music museums and galleries, broadcasting, licensing, and regulation, freedom press industry, gambling and the built heritage. the intended direction Their mission statement shows ‘Weof their policy. aim the quality of life to improve cultural and sporting activities, to for all through support the pursuit of excellence and to champion try and industries.’ To and leisure the tourism, creative achieve this they have developed four strategic priorities (policy directions): Jamie’s School Jamie’s , attacking the quality of food in schools, , attacking the The media, such as newspapers, TV, radio and The media, such as newspapers, TV, internet. Large businesses, such as sponsors. at their they have a wide variety of resources disposal – expertise and communication channels organisational they have large widespread capabilities they often command considerable authority and respect. Governing and activities, such as bodies of sport the British and the Football Association (FA) Olympic Association. organisations, such as the Institute of Professional Management (ISRM) and the Sport and Recreation and Amenity Management Institute of Leisure (ILAM). Why does Government devolve policy to many length’ organisations like Sport England and ‘arm’s the Arts Council? How much influence do local government officers have over politicians? implementing policy at there are What difficulties school or club level for sports and other leisure activities? How does Government calculate the needs of industry? those in the leisure They are influential because: They are I I I I I issues policy Investigating leisure some to research, for a suitable area When searching to you: of the following might be of interest 1 2 3 4 The main Government department which has a say in Media policy is the Department for Culture, leisure and Sport, (DCMS). Several other departments sometimes have an influence if the agenda covers unemployment tackling crime (Home Office), Understanding policy Understanding For influenced by many forces. Policies can be TV programme, Oliver’s example, Jamie Dinners for Education to eventually persuaded the Minister as about the eating habits of children, policies rethink large organisations well as budgets. Equally so, very influence policy makers all with a global presence concerns the world over around such as oil, arms, the rights. and human environment quite powerful in are organisations who Leisure influencing policy decisions are: I I Understanding policy policy issues Investigating leisure policy and crime Leisure policy and unemployment Leisure policy and regeneration Leisure Staging events in election campaigns. Leisure I I I I I I I Once a policy is stated it will be interpreted and Once a policy is stated it will be interpreted although not always, implemented. possibly, many opportunities for are There or poor implementation which misinterpretation track and can send the original policy aims off cause conflict. Policy can also be influenced by influential businesses. from lobbying and pressure The issues contained in this topic are: Government in and policy leisure Policy can be defined as a plan of action or an of purpose, adapted or pursued by an expression individual, government or organisation. Policy tends to be made at all levels of to leisure relating government and local. The – national, regional making the policies politicians and professionals hope that they will help to achieve a range of healthy social and economic benefits including participation. You maintaining and increasing forms of policy in learnthave already of different topics on issues, such as healthy living, previous and race. In this topic you will equality, providing industry within the leisure areas more explore policy has focused on. that recent by the political climate, and as Policy is affected government and society changes so does policy. Jamie Oliver casts a critical eye over Government policy regarding school meals Jamie Oliver casts a critical eye over Government policy Topic 5

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 140 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 140 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 143 Topic 5 Government and policy in leisure © Reading Borough Council 2000-2005. You can find more at www.reading.gov.uk You Case study: Positive Futures – Futures Case study: Positive Council Reading Borough was launched in April 2000 in Positive Futures Reading. It is a national sports-based social funded and managed by the inclusion programme The overall Drugs Strategy Directorate. Home Office reduce use sport to is: ‘To aim of Positive Futures crime and substance misuse anti-social behaviour, among 10–19 year olds.’ involves five weekly open house sports The project sessions for all local young people. Activities include generic sports such as football, basketball and cricket. possible the sessions also give young people Where the opportunity to try new activities such as ice-skating and trampolining, skateboarding, aimed at giving paintballing. All the activities are young people a positive experience, confidence and self-esteem as well as developing skills such as self- solving, teamwork and discipline, problem communication. with a low success rate, are worthwhile, but there is but there worthwhile, rate, are with a low success in identifying and The major problem disagreement. is that the of sport on crime effects measuring the not sufficient It is clearly is indirect. influence on crime that these outcomes and assume simply to measure is a policy perspective, there From ‘sports-effects’. are between relationship a clear need to understand the final outcomes. inputs and intermediate and © 2005 Chichester District Council. Find out more at www.chichester.gov.uk. respect and discipline respect young people and parents Housing Association properties. around health and well being issues surrounding different totally inclusive. own dances as well as to learn material taught. an opportunity to perform what they have learnt over the course. What evidence can be found to show that What evidence can be found activities reduces involvement with sport or leisure juvenile crime? is available, does this the evidence that From a permanent change? produce What particular schemes have been used and how do they evaluate their success or performance? • people in a positive way Reflect young • skills such as team work, essential life Promote •and development the community Engagement • for education & training for opportunities Provide • and anti-social behaviour in and Reduce crime Funk Dance Street • information on teenage girls and provides Targets • for young people making them free Sessions are • their also encouraged to choreograph Girls are • young people held to offer Fun competitions are lies in effectiveness The key to the projects’ establishing what the young people want, by empowering them and consulting with youth club members and detached youth workers. Some approaches can be illustrated through two case two can be illustrated through Some approaches studies (below and right). to the costs of Some believe that, when compared even and detention, such programmes, prosecution Leisure policy and crime policy and Leisure study case Scarborough may have noticed in the You active more crime through reducing that it mentioned years it has become In recent leisure. involvement in activities can constructive leisure that apparent more habits the them break engage young people and help of drugs, vandalism and disengagement. topic, research When assessing this as a potential think about the following: I I I Find out more at www.scarborough.gov.uk Find out more at www.scarborough.gov.uk © 2000-2005 Scarborough Borough Council environment environment system democracy and accountability local community • and sustain the protect improve, 6: To Objective • help deliver an integrated transport Objective 7: To • of local the development promote Objective 8: To • to the leadership and vision provide Objective 9: To four key priorities: are On top of this there •the wider coastal environment and improve Protect • community disadvantage Address • Facilitate better quality jobs and investment • Deliver safer communities The document goes on to show how each of these priorities will be achieved with targets in a clear synergies of thought and action. to create effort housing for all healthy economy opportunities for leisure youth crime diversion from activities The council aims to ‘develop tourism and improve The council aims objective under the wider leisure’ opportunities for in, quality of life for those living ‘to enhance the working in, or visiting the Borough’. by the council are The various objectives outlined strategies, whilst at a very much in line with national together to level, local authorities work regional practice. experiences and best share outlined in a objectives are corporate The Council’s Plan 2003-8’: downloadable pdf ‘Corporate • of decent the provision help ensure Objective 1: To • crime and disorder reduce Objective 2: To • keep the population of the Borough Objective 3: To • sustain and develop the local Objective 4: To • develop tourism and improve Objective 5: To Case study: Chichester District Council Chichester District Council appointed a Crime social to address Diversion Sports Officer issues, potential criminality and substance positive and sustainable links misuse through activities. The role sports and leisure through new and develop existing seeks to create partnerships with many agencies to deliver exciting opportunities for young people and targeted communities within the Chichester District. They have established partnerships with Youth Sussex Police, the local authority’s the Drug and Alcohol Team, Offending social landlords, registered Action Team, associations, sports clubs, schools residents have and young people. Recent projects included: Football in the Community aimsThis crime diversionary project to: • a anti-social behaviour and create Tackle • of by the provision Reduce boredom Case study: Scarborough Borough Council Borough Scarborough Case study:

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 142 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 142 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 145 Topic 5 Government and policy in leisure activity PARTY POLICY AND MANIFESTOS PARTY whether any of the parties devote enough attention to leisure policy. in your opinion, presents the which party, class could even hold a vote. Your best policy. Put yourself in the role of Members of Parliament for each of the three main parties. Do some research into where your party either nationally or stands on leisure policy, Present your findings through your local party. to the rest of the class and then decide: 1 2 Leisure in election campaigns Leisure is in England of sports and leisure As the provision it non-statutory (it does not have to be provided), highly in election manifestos. does not usually feature to be compulsory what impact if it were However, might that have on other election issues such as health, citizenship and education? Consider how other used to support these issues are often leisure one of spending is often Indeed, leisure policy areas. in which to make cuts for the very the easiest areas that it is non-compulsory. reason activity WORLD CUP TIDDLY-WINKS? The Homeless World Cup – Edinburgh 2005 The Homeless World Cup – England 1966 World The FIFA 1958, The Commonwealth Games – Wales Scotland 1970, 1986, England 2002 International Surfing Association World Championships – Newquay 1986 Olympic and Paralympic Games – London 2012 Given the huge range of leisure activities on round the world there is much that the offer or UK could still stage, either on a one-off regular basis. Can you think of any international events that would be practical and possible to consider pursuing, in terms of the policy aims of raising awareness and furthering social initiatives? Staging events on Staging events can have a beneficial effect sports the and employment. In terms of regeneration UK have hosted the following international sporting events over past years: In certain sports the UK hosts events on an annual basis, such as the Open (Golf), Wimbledon (Tennis) Snooker Championships, guaranteeing and the World for the duration of the event. income to the area Source: www.scotland.gov.uk activity DOES IT WORK? It is estimated that the staging of the 1996 Masters Swimming Championships in Sheffield generated £3.9 million additional expenditure and 99 full-time equivalent jobs. Badminton Championships In 1997 the World in Centre, held at Scotstoun Leisure were £668,000 additional This created Glasgow. in the Glasgow local economy, expenditure – of in 58 full-time equivalent job years resulting in the sectors of hotels, which 83 per cent were and catering. restaurants Compare some of the opinions and points expressed above to those described in material and publications on the Sport England website How successful – www.sportengland.org.uk. do you think policy is in terms of regeneration, employment and crime-prevention? 1 2 include the Meadow Hall shopping precinct, the Hall shopping precinct, include the Meadow Ice Centre Stadium, the the Don Valley Hallam Arena, true for parts of The same will be and the EIS centre. in 2012. for the Olympics rebuilt London being ‘although experts have concluded that many However, for the contribution that this made many claims are these are welfare, sector makes in terms of economic rather than concrete based on assertion frequently systematic for a more is a need evidence. There strategies of support to underpin evaluation process in the region. for sport both generally and might be there This comment indicates that to investigate the accuracy of worthwhile study here other examples which indicate two are claims. Here measured: were of regeneration what features of out the medium- to long-term effects Working is a lack of there In particular, is difficult. regeneration impact of sport and available data on the regenerative investments on local communities. Some leisure to a certain scepticism about the extent experts refer initiatives have to which community sport and leisure on local unemployed groups, a significant effect often temporary are because the type of jobs created too, there part-time. Here or seasonal and frequently recent into more is potential scope for research schemes. Obscurity in Accomplishment’ LEISURE activity Source: Thomas ‘Community Development at Work: A Case of Source: Thomas ‘Community Development at Work: MAKING LIFE BETTER THROUGH The self-esteem of individuals Community spirit Social interaction Health and fitness Employment. In pairs, devise a six-week scheme of sports- and leisure-related activities for a mixed group of young people, which you think would help their social skills and confidence. The hope is that people who participate become more active in engaged with the community and are policy citizenship – one of the Government’s objectives. This is part of the wider policy agenda to and the volunteering a ‘Giving Age’ with more create development of social capital in communities through contributions made to help less able or disadvantaged individuals and groups. of the ‘Community development is the strengthening by in the community, and processes social resources networks, developing contacts, relationships, and activities outside the household that agreements locality a themselves identify will make their residents better place in which to live and work.’ Leisure policy and unemployment policy and Leisure people to keep unemployed Schemes and incentives have been income involved in leisure or those on low of the Social part few years. They are common for a that arts, sport and in the belief Inclusion Strategy, to play in countering role activities have a leisure or low-income social exclusion of the unemployed to increase: They can help groups. I I I I I in 1999 argued Centre Industries Research The Leisure that ‘one of the most valuable outcomes of a sports to crime would be designed to reduce programme for obtaining enhance the participants’ prospects employment’. policy and regeneration Leisure being many examples of sport and leisure are There schemes – for used as focal points in regeneration new facilities where in Sheffield, instance Don Valley

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 144 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 144 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 147 Topic 6 The media and commercial issues Television medium that TV is traditionally the major electronic global, It is affordable, time. occupies our leisure always on. accessible and in some households of contact with sports, an important source It’s and the news. Many of history, arts, creative theatre, channels. these subjects now have dedicated and being TV is a common way of relaxing Watching or with entertained, as an individual, in a group and TVs homes have two or three Increasingly family. able to watch what they want, when they people are other activities. TV has the want to, to fit around power to unite and bring people together – watching big sporting events or concerts, for example. The power and influence of television may make a useful area. research Radio sports audiences mainly through Radio serves leisure and music channels. Regional radio is a good place for events. Digitisation has information on local leisure enabled audiences to listen on demand and made it possible to listen to many specialist stations the world over. Electronic media Electronic access to in technology have given us Rapid advances to it is difficult media that of electronic so many forms following might focus on one of the keep pace. You study area. a research to create activity activity READING HABITS CONSIDER CONTENT CONSIDER Some reading is for escape or relaxation; some is for learning and personal growth. Carry out a small survey amongst your classmates to assess reading habits. What are motivations for reading? What were the last three things you read (not including schoolbooks)? How many prefer (or spend more time) reading magazines than books? Carry out an analysis of two popular leisure Carry out an assess the proportion of magazines to could You advertisements to actual articles. of pages. calculate it in terms of number found by your Compare these with results classmates. Books the reader offer Books cover all tastes, but usually and non- Reference depth than a magazine. more users, of leisure fiction books serve a large proportion or hobby. such as a book on a particular interest Fiction is also important to consider because reading time. leisure these books fills people’s Printed: newspapers, magazines, books television, radio, the internet,Electronic: film, mobile phones, music. Magazines bursting with are The magazine racks in most stores such, very As for. catered are choice – all interests specific markets can be targeted. The range of industry would to the leisure magazines which relate be too many to mention, as they cover sport, fitness, hobbies, well-being, entertainment and travel. The worked activities can be roughly popularity of leisure out by the number of titles published on each subject. the advertising As important for the industry are matching leisure opportunities of magazines through consumers to providers. You will also look at some commercial issues such as will also look at some commercial You sponsorship, advertising and celebrity in the media. I I Such is the power and influence of the media that events have been some sports and leisure suitable for transformed to make them more times in football. viewing, such as changing kick-off Discussion in this topic will cover the many types of that they have with media and the relationships organisations and activities. Possible sport, leisure the will be pointed out throughout areas research topic. For ease of study you can divide media into: The media and commercial and The media issues It is often said that the relationship between the It is often said that the relationship (especially sport) is symbiotic – media and leisure Consider how much live without the other. one can’t of a newspaper is taken up by sport or how much time is taken up watching TV or listening to leisure the radio. The media acts as both a channel for the activity itself. It is industry and a leisure leisure important to think of the distinction when looking at each of the forms of media. smooth, and many is rarely The relationship tensions exist between the media and players and organisations. Some blame the media for leisure to sell more employing sensationalism in order newspapers or attract higher audiences. due The influence of the mass media is very strong to technological advances. The media has global power to influence. and an increasing presence Topic 6 Printed media Newspapers of the main be aware Most of you will already national newspapers and the type of news they each of your local newspaper may also be aware You cover. and advertising it plays in reporting and the role events. Newspapers have a number of sections leisure including travel, sports interests, targeted at leisure and advertising. The business section and main home and international report news pages will frequently industry. the leisure stories from

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 146 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 146 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 149 Topic 6 The media and commercial issues activity TV SPORT what the ratio of sports to other programmes is. the availability of channels that sports are on. how many sports feature women. whether a sport is staged for TV. Carry out some research in a weekly TV programme guide to assess: • • • • Sport & the media feature quite a lot of discussion about how the will find You or interacts with sport through media controls are rights. Often, if media broadcasters broadcasting paying a lot for rights they have some say in when staged and what content is included. Is this events are right? Cable channels who buy the rights to some TV from basic terrestrial events deny those with more in televised sports also watching. An increase a decline in attendance in some contributes towards of coverage does mean the breadth sports. However, previously. televised that weren’t that some sports are The media can even influence what players and participants wear and which sponsors and advertisers gain the most exposure. if for you to explore there Many of these issues are you wish to pursue a sports theme for your study. MUSIC activity Think carefully about how you learnt of it – through which form of media? Did the audience have anything in common? How did you buy it and in what form (shop, internet download)? How and where do you listen to it (CD, ipod)? in bars in gyms before football matches? • • • • • • • What was the last live music event you went to? What was the last bit of music you bought? Why do you think music is played How important is music to the leisure industry? or another. Music – whether live or recorded – generates Music – whether live or recorded or another. activities in the form of concerts, festivals, many leisure discos, and dances, as well as accompanying an activity at sport events, bowling alleys and carnivals, for that a ensures example. The diversity of musical genres – a classical wide range of events is always on offer obviously two very concert are concert and a rock lifestyles experiences. Music can also influence different in terms of fashion and language (youth sub-culture). A drive-in movie theatre. viewing. Mobile telephones The role of the mobile phone has altered so quickly in so quickly of the mobile phone has altered The role people years that it deserves a mention. Few recent without one, allowing them to connect with are the internet, take and send pictures friends, family, and video, listen to music and play games. Music the globe Music is another cultural medium that crosses form appealing to everyone in one interest, as a leisure popularity of visiting the cinema may be under threat the cinema may be under popularity of visiting and sophisticated gets more as home entertainment entertain and enthral. but films continue to affordable, activities associated various leisure Think about the Universal Studios, themed with films: Disneyland, and restaurants, tours, exhibitions, themed parties film festivals and visiting open-air and drive-in cinemas, of the film. the book locations, reading of movie might be able to do a study on a range You topics: • and population profile. Film-going figures • Film costs and revenues. • cinema. New styles of multiplex • of home cinema systems. The spread • The impact of the internet and DVDs upon home • The influence on buyer behaviour or fashions. WWW activity Do you think that the internet has encouraged Do you think that the internet activities? Why? greater participation in leisure The internet this medium has revolutionised Since the mid-1990s, viewing habits. Virtuallyour listening and every leisure from followed online in some way, pursuit can be for local swimming pools. The gambling to searching on the internet industry relies for making leisure a quick way of booking information available, and as and following discussion. tickets, selling products Electronic games has been a lot of discussion about the validity of There pursuit. Although games as a leisure playing electronic concerns are that it is it has a huge market, there addictive, contains too much violence, is anti-social the educational and is very male-dominated. However, games cannot be overlooked. advantages of electronic a explored, interaction are As new forms of electronic number of learning opportunities open up. Films Films nowadays, whether at the cinema, on DVD or The have a huge market. merchandising, through

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 148 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 148 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 151 Topic 6 The media and commercial issues WHO? activity influences young people in terms of music and clothes uses their celebrity for good causes inspires you to play a sport endorses leisure products has been attacked in the media. • • • • • Identify two celebrities who fit each of the descriptions given below. the Then debate what they actually offer leisure industry. Someone who: the British press praised George Best as a footballer – the British press his life he had throughout when he died. However, been the subject of many newspaper scandals involving his behaviour and drinking. David Beckham faces the media point of view you might investigate a a research From how it is advertised industry, range in the leisure product and how successful the ad campaign has been. Celebrity and the media to define. The idea of a celebrity Celebrity is difficult TV stars and to include reality royalty has evolved from industry including in the leisure many figures such around sportspersons. Heightened media frenzy Some privacy. has led to issues surrounding figures in the public eye are argue that celebrities’ professions so they should expect some attention. influence on young Celebrities can have a tremendous in people, who often wish to emulate their heroes sports they play and terms of the clothes they wear, Having a celebrity endorse a they buy. products is a very valuable commodity. product at stake, particularly in gossip Reputations are have been magazines and tabloids, and careers damaged by sensationalist stories. In 2005 irreparably Launch strategy activity posters, etc.) the likely sales) customer and product) and appeal of the product. in line with advertising standards) (change the strategy and outlets to suit the Set objectives in line with the organisation’s Make creative decisions aroundMake creative the benefits Set a budget for campaign (a percentage of Set a budget for campaign (a percentage Decide on a media strategy (TV, newspapers, Decide on a media strategy (TV, Evaluate how the product or service is selling Evaluate how the product Decide on the layout and images (compare to Decide on the layout and images (compare others, judge for attractiveness, make sure it is others, judge for attractiveness, make sure Loss of business from rival fans. This is one of the rival fans. This is from Loss of business and Rangers football why Glasgow Celtic reasons the same sponsor. clubs share WHEN SPONSORSHIP IS INEFFECTIVE WHEN SPONSORSHIP Carry out some research of your own to find Carry out some research of not work for a cases where sponsorship did at old might look club, team or an event. You newspaper articles or online. I Advertising visible and important Advertising is one of the most and products marketing tools available to leisure marketers. Although the mediums of advertising are the for it remains the reason changing quite regularly, For and loyalty. brand awareness same – it creates image and services it also develops products leisure and distinctiveness. But the bottom line for all adverts consumer buying behaviour. is that they must affect or service product an advert for a leisure Creating follows tried and tested stages: activity The England cricket, football and rugby teams. (There is a clue on the next page.) Liverpool Football Club. Andrew Murray (tennis). (golf). Woods Tiger HOW EFFECTIVE IS SPONSORSHIP? Poor performances, corruption or disastrous results Poor performances, corruption or disastrous can tarnish the image of the sponsor. with the running of Sponsors may want to interfere an event or activity to suit their needs more. Sponsors may withdraw with little notice if their do not or products business performance is poor, of their sponsorship. sell well as a result Can you name which companies currently sponsor the following? • • • • Sponsorship can have its problems: Commercial issues Commercial With at every level of sport found commercialisation a are there activities, of leisure and in many aspects For example, in here. to be explored range of issues fewer amateur players, but many are some sports there participants – sport is a profession professional more Many national sport and leisure with many rewards. to produce activity governing required are bodies development plans as if they business and professional companies. Business-like practices and commercial were when running a required are customer approaches Why is this so? Why have activity. sports club or leisure being a loss-making the Olympics changed from the most desirable events in to being one of exercise management techniques are the world? Commercial and centres to manage public sector leisure required set. business performance targets are the detract from approaches commercial Do these more simple running and enjoyment of a sport or activity? Or is the sport the winner in the end? Does it bring money, better organisation and development, improved participants and spectators? technology and more Sponsorship Sponsorship of sports, activities and events has for several decades. Kettering enjoyed steady growth football club in first sponsored became Britain’s Town 1976. of awareness Sponsors generally seek to raise the their companies or test and launch new products. deal with Real Madrid was worth Siemens Mobile’s £14m. I I I

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 150 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 150 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 153 Topic 7 Selecting and planning a research project How significant is risk to the future of How significant is risk to the future by religion in the UK? by religion 2012 Olympics? tourism? adventure dominating the high street? subsidies? mainly for women? killed the art of conversation? Should all forms of hunting be banned? leisure? activities? male leisure Further issues in leisure Further issues Area of research Example of research topic The artsSport for the arts. An audit of provision Hospitality of sport influenced How is the provision tourism Adventure be needed for the What training will Shopping Theatre retailers certain leisure How are Bingo viable without theatres regional Are Pay and conditions in the wage structure the current Does for young employees in activity Why is Bingo viewed as a leisure leisure staff? de-motivate industry increasingly leisure TechnologyHunting in home entertainment Has the increase The elderly activity? Is hunting a justifiable leisure Fishing market underserved for Is the over-50s Why is fishing one of the most popular In addition, here are a few more ideas based around a ideas based around a few more are In addition, here variety of issues. Which issues could be studied with regards to a theme park like Pleasure Island? leisure events on country parks? leisure to boost numbers? economy grow? the leisure hosting the benefited from Barcelona Olympic Games? the activities around leisure approach home? (refer to Topic 6). to Topic (refer Demographics. impact on the industry. activities. leisure economy or the impact on the job market. events. assessment at leisure activities. leisure activities pursue certain leisure in the leisure marketing. Customer relations industry. pursuit over the years Issues in leisure by place Issues in leisure Issues in leisure by area of study by area Issues in leisure PlacesCountry parks impacts of the environmental What are Example of research topic Theme parks theme parks providing What incentives are Urban sports centres solve the problems Do urban sports centres Private clubs Do exclusivity and membership fees help they set out to address? CitiesThe home Atlanta and How have Athens, Sydney, Is technological change altering the way we Area of study Example of research topic PoliticalFinancial in supporting leisure role The Government’s Social industry. in the leisure Public expenditure Cultural Levels of participation. Technological fashions and their habits, trends, Cultural shaping are How advances in technology Economic to the industry The value of the leisure LegalGeographical provision. of leisure The geographic spread Laws on liability or negligence, and risk Environmental issues on of environmental The effect Psychological Understanding what motivates people to Commercial through consumers Reaching leisure Historicala particular leisure The development of As well as a subject area, you might want to consider As well as a subject area, topic in terms of a specific place. a research Leisure has many issues relating to academic areas of to academic areas many issues relating has Leisure a focus. you with provide which might study, A local authority department leisure Ensuring your topic is related to leisure Ensuring your topic is related a range of topics) (selecting from feasibility topic’s Assessing a research (meeting learning and assessment outcomes) Setting parameters for the research Deciding what data to collect and how (methodology) Accessing and evaluating published material Phrasing the title of your project Timescale and budget. There is a useful flowchart of the processes There involved on page 155. Examples of research proposals will be provided proposals Examples of research to help guide you through. This topic includes some important guidelines to get you on your way: I I I I I I I Leisure activities by sector Leisure Sector of the leisure industry Nature of this sectorActive leisure Example organisations Passive sport or Playing leisure making visitsHome-based Sport England cookingleisure videos Going shopping or Next Generation DVDs or DIY, to the cinema Library Homebase Blockbuster Odeon cinemas altering as your Selecting and planning a planning and Selecting project research In this topic ways in which to formulate your It is very important that will be explored. proposal clear about your aims and that they relate you are in your project. to what you produce need to decide what kind of data you will You collect and which material you will consult. It is unlikely that you will undertake much for your research experimental (primary) research and it will mostly be observational research project; (called published research already information from consultation or secondary research). desk research, title can be decided upon and research Your As long as you polished further on in your project. set within a recognised have a good proposal, you can use what is called a ‘working subject area, might find that the title you were title’. You originally going to use needs findings develop. Topic 7 Ensuring your topic is related to leisure range of leisure a broad In Unit 1 you covered activities. This is a good starting point for your you of the scope remind To selection process. look at this table.

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 152 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 152 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 155 Topic 7 Selecting and planning a research project Observation interviews or Surveys based on questionnaires, focus groups. Validity is defined as ‘the extent to which the is defined Validity the phenomenon being truly reflects measure considered’. findings Reliability is ‘the extent to which research repeated were would be the same if the research sample’. again or with a different Consultation – analysing existing papers and published material Definition of methodology Definition ways of is researched, The means by which a topic to the topic being collecting data appropriate studied. The task at this stage is to match your research question with possible means of data collection. For at analysing the attendance levels example, if you are swimming pools you might consult existing material swimming governingfrom bodies and/or your local pool, observe practices at your local pool, survey users to existing surveys. at your local pool, or refer Leisure research is notoriously difficult in terms of is notoriously difficult research Leisure is largely concerned with validity because research is no habits and attitudes, there leisure people’s definitive data, and the sample taken might not be a true snapshot. Quantitative data might be highly opinionated or even false, without any way of knowing. ‘laboratory’ can the exact research in leisure Rarely only really Findings are conditions be replicated. in to that time, for the sample group, appropriate those conditions. are: research The most common methods used in leisure I I You looked at various types of data collection in Unit looked at various types of data collection You Now you get to apply event. 4 during your leisure Deciding what project. them to your research to answer your information needs to be collected question is an important part of your work. research crucial at this stage when deciding aspects are Two what data to collect – validity and reliability. I I I Deciding what data to collect and what data to collect Deciding how (methodology) of Phrase title performance Finish Write up Write Proof read Proof Conclusions Gather data Analyse data Draft structure Set parameters Assess feasibility Identify topic/explore sources Identify topic/explore clarifying the data to be collected explaining what will be done with the subjects and variables clarifying the title (see under heading Phrasing the title of your project). setting a limit on the variables to be considered of the study describing the key features Consider timescale Research flowchart Research and budget I I I context, such as leisure spend and disposable income. spend and disposable leisure context, such as you with accepted provide might then reading Your both of Through to your study. relate theories, which to set the scope of beginning you are these processes your study. might be to tackle an challenging approach A more evaluative study – assessing the I I something, such as a policy or programme. programme. something, such as a policy or the intensity to increase One other strategy might be depth. to give more of study in a limited area and drawbacks known the limitations Honestly report or bias in reporting to you at the outset, such as should not be used incomplete data. This opportunity or techniques to make excuses for poor research inadequate preparation. Setting the parameters of the study should involve: usually linked to time and cost. Deadlines will not a full-time researcher are You inevitably apply. and you may have to juggle a number of other studies with this project. If you choose a study based at a tennis subject area? you have enough club you need to make sure about the knowledge (technical and theoretical) It might data. analyse and present sport to gather, so be that you can learn as the study progresses, researching let this question dissuade you from don’t in. genuinely interested something you are knowledge an in-depth This requires of research? unlikely to know this at of the subject and you are the outset. It is not essential, but a research will studies that clearly furthers previous proposal of insight and relevance. be proof in looking at are It might help if the issues you are years. the news, or have been in recent criteria? Setting parameters for the research One of the best ways to set the parameters such is to identify areas (boundaries) for the research as those listed in the tables earlier in this topic. The issue under investigation must be properly or unmanageable. defined so that it is not too broad Attempting to do too much is the most frequent by new researchers. encountered problem might be undertaken to show Explanatory research between two variables in a leisure the relationship 4 Overall feasibility is to be a problem? Is time going 5 Have you got adequate knowledge of the chosen 6 avenues the subject fit into current How well does 7 Is the study of enough contemporary significance? 8 Is the study going to help you meet the assessment activity MATCH UP Examine the political, economic and social effect of the fox- and social effect Examine the political, economic hunting ban on a rural community. doing P.E. fewer hours-per-week Why do school children spend is being done to reverse this? than several years ago? What companies ensured that How have adventure holiday of customers? opportunities exist for all types in gym membership in the months of Account for the annual rise January and February. Research questions Research • • • • Inclusion Blood sports Healthy living Government policy might not be one topic of research that will might not be one topic of research motivate and stimulate you consistently over a that some need to be aware period of time. You concentration, time and effort. aspects will require Not everything will go smoothly – it would be a small miracle if it did. The ups and downs of your your will inevitably affect process research motivation, so if you choose something you feel in, it should about or have a lot of interest strongly help sustain your dedication to the project. subject? This will be your first major concern. You will not be able to ‘massage’ data into the required format, so it is better to adjust the focus of your to suit what you can find. question or proposal testing you can carry out the appropriate to ensure 8) and that the technique (see Topic or research available. are resources Match the following topic areas to the research questions (more than one might apply): research questions (more than topic areas to the Match the following areas Topic • • • • It should be clear that there are many variations are It should be clear that there in or described than shown here available, many more any of the six units that make up this course. It is best you, if you can find something which interests something that you would like to discover more mind, in have a topic area might already about. You but at this stage you still have plenty of opportunities to open up to new ideas – you may change your mind workable. and find something more topic’s Assessing a research feasibility A number of criteria can be applied when you are with any topics. trying to assess whether to proceed Some important questions can be asked to help you test feasibility: 1 to you? There interest the topic of sufficient Is 2 to the Is it possible to obtain data appropriate 3 time techniques available to you? Take research Are

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 154 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 154 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 157 Topic 7 Selecting and planning a research project industry? activity activity YOUR PROPOSAL Is Wembley Stadium good? Is Wembley EXPAND AND REDUCE EXPAND compare to other sectors of the leisure compare to other sectors of Using the title provided below, decide how Using the title provided below, else you could widen the study. decide how Using the title provided below, you could limit the study. female seasonal workers in the Italian Alps female seasonal workers in How do annual wages amongst 16–21-year-old How do annual wages amongst 1 2 Formulate a broad research proposal now to show what is to be done, as well as how it is to be done, and when it will be done. Timescale and budget At this stage you also need to make some sort of timescale plan which takes account of the stages best to plan backwards described above. It is probably your date of submission. Allow time for from printing, typing up, analysis, (working backwards) And allow data collection, further planning, reading. some time for things going wrong. the costs and resources. Not to be overlooked are postage, phone calls, through Costs may be incurred paper and printing. depth of discussion, illustration and 8 more In Topic and areas understanding of each of the research given. in this planning topic are methods introduced your work and make more This will help you structure informed decisions about how to carry out the the final assess your outcomes and present project, report. Remember that a working title means it can be a working title means it can Remember that findings or a later point to fit in with your at altered new ideas. . . , ask There are How far… Why… , , A study into home-based Account for… To what extent… To activity ask for two sides of an argument A study into the rise of electronic . Instead, add elements to narrow it . Instead, add elements to narrow A study into the efforts of Macclesfield DOES YOUR LIBRARY PROVIDE? LIBRARY DOES YOUR Proposal – It sets out what you propose to look – It sets out what you propose Proposal into: Council to improve leisure facilities in the Borough theory or suggested Hypothesis – An unproved explanation as a basis for further work: to draw out a response: Question – Posed in order Have host cities at the Olympic Games benefitted economically and socially from the experience? Those beginning with Those beginning with a field of study in leisure to research a field of study in leisure to your research a suitable approach plans for data collection an idea of the existing material and how to get hold of them. fewer participants in the game of badminton today than 20 years ago. Account for the extent of this decline. How significant... with factors under both ‘yes’ and ‘no’ headings. for a more straightforward explanation. straightforward for a more Check out your college’s library and your local college’s Check out your list of what is available. Make a library to see need, what is what you think you might so that you identify available and what isn’t, with your tutor gaps in your sources. Discuss how you might fill these gaps. leisure pursuits down, such as home-based leisure pursuits amongst 18–35-year-olds If your title takes the form of a question, the way you phrase it can determine the way you answer it. The way you phrase your title can really help you to The way you phrase your title can really make it too Don’t clarify the parameters of your study. general or vague, such as The next step is to work out how the wording of your The next step is to work out how the wording title will shape your project. be arranged as one of the following: title can Your I I I I I Phrasing the title of your project Phrasing the title a position to formulate your in By the time you are you should have proposal I I I I text books papers research reports magazine articles. libraries internet periodicals (includes newspapers, journals and magazines). Evidence of similar studies or data. ideas or theories. Valuable and deeper understanding of An overall broader or at least a general background. the study area, others made mistakes. Evidence of where Ideas of how you might make your work different. Sources for material are: Sources your time around put in the reading have to You chosen subject to build up your knowledge. In the end it will enhance the quality of your work and the depth of your study (and the grade you achieve). could waste valuable too much reading However, to find a balance. time. Try could produce enough, your reading If comprehensive the following: I I I I I I I I I I I I Consultation material that you might use could be: activity WHAT DO I COLLECT? DO WHAT What type of data might you What type of to answer this collect and assess research proposal: ‘Compare some of the twenty and Premiership football clubs how they provide for grass- roots football and community schemes in their region’? In some instances you may realise that the data you In some instances you may realise need to sample or collect is too complex, so you might need to adjust your planning or simplify your You the workload and complexity. question to reduce work is done may not find out until after all the hard that the information does not answer the question (or hypothesis) that you first posed. Some data might simply not be available. At this point you might need and to return to the scope and scale of your research adjust accordingly. Accessing and evaluating published material in your chosen field of study Knowledge of literature particularly as can be as crucial as your methodology, of secondary material is likely to form the larger share your research. will be to look at what has Part of your research been published on a topic by others and already develop an understanding of how the topic has been you might identify As you read, before. researched gaps or weakness in material on the subject, or it might persuade you to alter the focus of your project. has been done many might find that your project You times before.

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 156 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 156 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 159 Topic 8 Final planning and writing of your research proposal . Explain your: Descriptive – covering a single group Descriptive – covering a single groups or more Comparative – covering two various traits between Relationships – correlations a sample are from – observed data Inferential used to make generalisations the from – the unknown is predicted Predictive known and measurable. Five useful types of qualitative data: Five useful types of qualitative 1 2 3 4 5 is to The most important thing to remember explain •aims • objectives • methodology • analysis • conclusions. References and bibliography References All statements, opinions, conclusions, etc. taken from work should be cited, whether the another writer’s quoted, paraphrased or summarised. work is directly is the popular systems of referencing One of the more system (see box overleaf). Harvard Project format Project will contain the aims and objectives. introduction Your will then need to write about the methodology You can then to the subject. You used and its relevance analysis. Your your findings and provide present conclusions will bring together your main findings, including any outstanding questions that you might is The structure consider for further research. and a bibliography. completed by a list of references Primary the to undertake some fieldwork, If you do choose whether bearing in mind. Decide following is worth data (see box below) or quantitative qualitative data ethnography) is (observation techniques, interviews, What results of study. to your area appropriate more do you expect to get? want to waste too much time by carrying don’t You of which you the results out a lot of primary research, and cannot use, so choose your methods carefully for using them in your project. explain the reasons activity LIST OF SOURCES The Census from the Office for National Statistics – for National Statistics the Office The Census from survey of the UK The most comprehensive a good range of material on population. This offers (demographics), gender population profiles family balance, age range, occupational groups, was conducted type and sizes, etc. The most recent in 2001 and the survey is taken every 10 years. The General Household Survey – Uses national The General Household Survey and it is reliable sampling data and although general, data such as age ranges, activities, valid. It captures time periods, social characteristics and participation. Survey – A voluntary survey The Family Expenditure of a random sample of private households in the for United Kingdom carried out by the Office National Statistics. Using the information given above and compile a sources you may have already, comprehensive list of sources that you are likely to use or consult. This should be split into textbooks, magazines, journals, websites, reports and surveys. newspaper articles, official All are available from www.statistics.gov.uk available from All are carried out by consultancy Specialist studies are be able to won’t You and market researchers. groups expensive, but you as these are the full reports afford may find summaries published on associated websites. These studies might cover specific sports, membership travel. leisure of gyms, accident rates and group of able to understand the relevance It helps if you are If you can identify a what has been written previously. pattern of thought, gaps, mistakes or opportunities published material you for further study in previously you your project will gain a higher mark. Throughout such findings, highlighting opportunities can report for further study in your conclusions. I Try to ensure that you use a substantial amount of you use a substantial amount that to ensure Try but not so a variety of sources, information from you. much that it overwhelms be taken to adopt the Harvard should Care your that you can present system so referencing in your bibliography and while correctly references At assessment your sources quoting in your report. See below for will be checked via these references. details. more data. If you know The second consideration is analysing a lot of time avoiding large- to look, it can save where data are: of leisure Sources scale primary research. I I Bibliographies – lists of textbooks, reports, studies, Bibliographies – lists of textbooks, reports, surveys, articles in magazines and journals, articles on the internet. author title and Library catalogues – key word, local library all might bear fruit. Your topic searches loan service or access may also have an inter-library All libraries will have online to the British Library. capabilities and may have access to e-journals or digital learning resources. organisations published by leisure-related Indexes are and Recreation Leisure such as the World Centre, Industry Research Association, the Leisure Studies Association, Sport England, the the Leisure and Amenity Management, the Institute of Leisure Management, and Institute of Sport and Recreation the Central Council for Physical Recreation. economics, such as sociology, Related subject areas, and media, may publish similarly useful culture sources. Is your proposal feasible? This needs to be judged in Is your proposal terms of time available and volume of work. Have you set out a timescale for each stage of the project? Finalising your proposal methods Finalising the research format Project and bibliography References Applying ethical standards. Finalising the research methods Finalising the research Secondary new subject area studies is a relatively Leisure academically and topics will be wide-ranging and methods down research Narrowing multi-disciplinary. will be a demanding task, but one you must not avoid. you need The first consideration is working out where the subject and find around to look to read of information: sources appropriate I I I I 4 I I I I I complete the planning process so that you can so complete the planning process what needs to of go ahead, acting as a reminder be done: Final planning and writing planning Final proposal research of your easurable chievable ealistic pecific imed S M A R T In Topic 7 you looked at ways to formulate your 7 In Topic data to what sort of and considered proposal now have a good should You collect, and how. to cover, topic you want idea about the research the issues from having looked at suggested you should topics. Most importantly, previous reveals that proposal have identified a research the range and issue has that the chosen leisure of research. potential for the intended methods guidance about how to This topic will provide Are your objectives specific enough? Specific Are objectives involve setting quantifiable categories This means focusing on to your study. appropriate of your those objectives which apply to the core some wider objectives. study and possibly rejecting objectives. than three to have no more Try aims will encourage Can you explain how the project meaningful research? it will help If you can do this in your introduction, you to gain a higher mark. any of your objectives truly measurable? Do they Are volumes, numbers, proportions, use percentages, or ratings, and do you have the necessary scores skills and tools (maths, IT and graphics) to present the data? Topic 8 Finalising your proposal aims need to give a clear proposal’s A research overview and state a general purpose. They must not be vague, but be clear and simple. The objectives of depth and give the study an element more provide the targets or specific goals measurability – they are One common way of remembering of the proposal. SMART: of aims and objectives is the acronym the role If you apply this to your proposal to date it should If you apply this to your proposal you to evaluate each objective. Use these prompt to date: and proposal questions to test your preparation 1 2 3

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 158 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 158 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 161 Topic 8 Research focus . everything previous research. previous that something in it you might find project, point. may be useful as a discussion of information. sources labeling systems, diaries, databases and schedules. you the information at a later date. Make sure keep your raw data such as tables or completed questionnaires. It can be time-consuming based or electronic. if you lose parts of the project. for example, should be either Times or Roman Arial, size 12). This is so your tutor can make appropriate comments between the lines – it will help feedback. them provide work (be other people’s that are and pictures of plagiarism). aware (this will allow you to check your progress). find it doesn’t on a spell checker, rely and clearly labeled. An appendix is relevant it is an for paper, not a dumping ground active part of the project. • Even if an article is not directly related to your related • Even if an article is not directly useful • See below for details on accessing carrying out their research? in an organised manner using files, • Work anything away; you may need • Never throw whether it is paper- • Keep your work together, presenting their work? style and format (the font, • Use an appropriate • Use one and a half or double line spacing. • Have a contents page and number pages. diagrams, tables all quotes, figures, • Reference • Have clear bold headings and subheadings • Have a clear gap between paragraphs. system for referencing. • Use the Harvard • your work. NEVER Get someone to proofread they are • If you have appendices, make sure focus research Graham Saffery teaches A teaches Graham Saffery level PE, BTEC Sport and BTEC Sports Science at Blackpool Sixth Form College. He has also and taught research scientific methods at various levels for the past seven years and supported HND students with their dissertations. form of articles, reports or studies, which have form of articles, reports on your chosen topic. been done previously better This will help you know your project have either not and understand what areas or have been exhausted by been covered, your title; once you have a good feel for the topic you should be able to choose an title. appropriate you will be spending a lot of time working on the topic. topic. They will be able to discuss potential pitfalls with you and advise you about what to concentrate on. example, deadlines for each of your drafts. finding out what has been done previously? in the • It is important to consider any research, When your students are starting some research what advice do you give them, with regard to: planning their work? • READ, READ, and READ prior to deciding on • Never rush into a piece of work. • Consider using a pilot study. in – interested • Choose a topic that you are deciding on a • Speak to your tutor before a schedule setting out clear dates, for • Produce Q Graham Saffery, teacher Saffery, Graham College Sixth Form Blackpool He is used to giving advice about research projects, He is used to giving advice about research so you should find his practical advice very useful, especially if you still have any outstanding questions about how exactly to proceed. (on- ed.com/ Australia .hotwir . (accessed 10 April 2000). : Rough Guides (no date), .libweb.apu.ac.uk name is given, use the name of the organisation.) name is given, use the name ‘no date’.) Locator – or at least the website Universal Resource homepage address) ough/australia For more information on this method of referencing For more you may visit your local library or see the website www r Internet sites • surname, followed by their initials (If no Author’s • in brackets (If no publication date is given, put Year • Title in italics, followed by ‘online’ in brackets • (the URL – website address from:’ ‘Available • The date when you accessed it – in brackets. Example line). Available from: http:// www from: line). Available , Tourism and Crime Tourism – Information may not be passed on – Sensitive information should not be , 13 June, Travel p.10. , 13 June, Travel : Hamilton, F. (1995) : Hamilton, F. S. (1999) ‘Caught in a pitch and : Selvey, – research should never invade an individual’s – research Guardian italics The Harvard referencing system referencing The Harvard In your main text – where you have quoted someone’s work – you just put, in work someone’s you have quoted – where In your main text surname publication. and the year of brackets, the author’s 1995). Example: (Hamilton, to find the put all the details needed by the reader you must In the Bibliography, This in one list. arranged alphabetically, All the entries are if they want to. source, a reference the main text whether know from who won’t means that the reader, can always find the details. These details are is to a book, an article or a website, which varies for books, articles and internet sites: way, laid out in a standard Books • surname, followed by their initials Author’s • of publication in brackets Year • Title of publication – in italics • Place of publication • Publisher Example London: Collinson. Articles in journals, magazines or newspapers • surname, by their initials followed Author’s • of publication in brackets Year • Title of article – in quotation marks • Name of the journal, magazine or newspaper – in • Day and month of publication • to p.) Page number (abbreviated Example toss’, Applying ethical standards to Ethical issues arise in a number of ways related surrounding: issues are There research. Privacy Permission may be granted privacy. or organisation’s for some information. Confidentiality used, e.g. financial data, personal information, unless permission is granted. Data protection parties unless permission is given. to third

Unit 6 Current Issues in Leisure 160 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 160 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 163 How Unit 6 is assessed Assess the feasibility of the whole project before project Assess the feasibility of the whole undertaking detailed work. you have taken your Demonstrate where from. knowledge and ideas for research Clearly lay out how you will carry out your research (methodology) for both primary and secondary data collection, describing any weaknesses or opportunities in the material that you notice. A section on your findings clearly presented. An evaluation section covering conclusions, analysis and any recommendations. You can use a different font for titles if you wish, a different can use You than two fonts in your work. but do not use more 14 or 16 Be consistent in your font size. Generally, is suitable for titles, and 12 for the main text. Only use bold for titles – not the whole report. Use italics and ‘quotation marks’ to show when and another source, you have copied text from in brackets after the quote. indicate the source than one colour in your If you choose to use more work, limit this to two, for example, blue for titles and black for the main text. for titles. using ‘Wordart’ Avoid your work. Use 1.5 line spacing throughout Do not cut and paste cartoon-style clipart into your work. If you use photographs in your work, label each image underneath. Insert page numbers into your finished work. It would be wise to keep your tutor fully informed of and the suitability of your proposal to ensure progress work pattern. I I I I I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 for edexcel.org.uk How Unit 6 is assessed Unit 6 is How All assignments should be word processed, using processed, All assignments should be word to avoid ‘casual’ a suitable font, such as Ariel. Try fonts, such as Comic Sans. Give a clear description of the subject to be studies. to leisure examined and its relevance Give a detailed plan of action, describing your objectives – not an outline. a research plan that identifies the topic together plan that a research methodology aims and with the project to the related that includes references research topic research project of the completed research presentation project. an evaluation of the research Improving your grades Improving In general, you will get better grades by giving more explanations, including good comprehensive examples and showing a deeper understanding of school or college Your the subject of your project. detail, or you should be able to help you in more could visit the Edexcel website: guidance. more General guidelines on of assignments presentation your assessment Whilst the way in which you present your grade, it is affect evidence will not directly it in a important that you strive to present The following way. and well-structured professional a few tips on achieving good presentation. are 1 How you present the final version may well depend on How you present of the study. a number of factors and the nature in your class should, projects Indeed no two research the key content likely to, be the same. However, or are and guidance is given below: I I Unit 6 is assessed through coursework, in this case a Unit 6 is assessed through which you have to complete on your project, research the leisure choice from own, on a topic of your own industry. work must include evidence of: Your I I I I always spot the basic errors that the writer will basic errors always spot the look can make a project miss. Small mistakes unprofessional. The later the problem is left, the more The later the problem exaggerated it will become. for you. However, not hold enough interest this can only be done during the earlier stages. comes a point when starting over would There simply be unmanageable. you make. the progress helps you appreciate is original plan, so that completing the project and achievable. Do not set still realistic impossible deadlines and give appropriate amounts of time to tasks. a lot of practical advice and will be will offer familiar with this issue. afternoonSaturday because that is my time times for watching football. Use these reward you have. These times for whatever interests special if you have will seem even more during the week. worked hard • Failure to get your work proofread. Fresh eyes Fresh to get your work proofread. • Failure What advice would you give students What advice would you give leisure topic in considering researching a gender areas such as health and lifestyle, diversity. and race, and equality and if a what would you advise Finally, motivation is dwindling? student’s • Speak to your tutor at the earliest opportunity. if it does your topic area • Perhaps reconsider in digestible chunks. This • Carry out the project your your schedule from • If needs be, rearrange • Speak to the college support services, as they I have never worked on a breaks. • Take Q Q Within these areas there a multitude of research a multitude Within there these areas that important topics you may choose. It is therefore or simple idea narrow, with one fairly you start off influence of computer study topic, for example, the aged 13–15. children games on physical activity in Remember you are Do not aim to cover a wide area. not a PHD. project, doing a research using the referencing within the textbooks you within the using the referencing will be a list of further use. Usually there idea of which will give you a clearer reading, research. the previous names in with some key articles or researchers your field of study. help – they often have useful information of. which you may not be aware will not have a wide range of books, the staff the book you want through be able to order the British Library system. at your disposal, such as the resources internet, books, audiotapes, video, DVD, newspapers, radio and TV. means that near the end of compiling the for references searching students are project, to pieces they have used and cannot find. This helps set parameters early on and reading. can actually save time by avoiding further at the writing up stage. research objectives. These should always be at the of the mind. forefront the topic ask yourself the Throughout question: ‘what does this mean, or what are the implications?’ Throughout this book you can find links to a Throughout this book you can (see list on pages large variety of organisations pages 164–5) 8–9) and websites (see list on Some contain from all over the leisure industry. professionals. reports and studies written by accessing useful sources of information? accessing useful is – point – often over-looked • A good starting able to guide you • Ask your tutor who may be for staff • Ask your Learning Centre Resource does • Even if your Learning Centre Resource • Remember that you have a wide variety of What would you say are the most common mistakes that students make while conducting their studies? up-to-date. This • Failing to keep references and • Not spending enough time researching • Losing sight of the original aims and • Failing to expand on discussion points. Q

Unit 6 Current issues in leisure 162 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 162 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 165 Useful websites International Olympic Committee (IOC) olympic.org AssociationLawn Tennis National Coaching Foundation sportscoachuk.org Rugby Football UnionSport England Sports FoundationWomen’s lta.org.uk wsf.org.uk sportengland.org.uk rfu.com Other AuthorityAdvertising Standards Business in Sport and LeisureCentral Council of Physical Recreation asa.org.uk Disability Rights Commission ccpr.co.uk Drugs in Sport bisl.org EM MediaEnglish Federation of Disability Sport drc-gb.org Association & Recreation Leisure European elra.net efds.net Flora London MarathonInternational Organisation drugsinsport.net london-marathon.co.uk (ISO) of Standardization Investors in People em-media.org.uk Kick Racism Out of FootballLet’s siteLondon 2012 official investorsinpeople.co.uk kickitout.org Round Long Way iso.org and Charlie Boorman) (EwanMcGregor National Railway Museum london2012.org Quest Ellen (Ellen MacArthur) longwayround.com Team VisitBritain nrm.org.uk Anti-Doping Agency World teamellen.com wada-ama.org quest-uk.org visitbritain.com Professional bodies Professional Association of ExhibitionOrganisers exhibitions.work.co.uk ParksBritish Association of Leisure Institute forChartered Personnel Development balppa.org and AmenityInstitute of Leisure Management (ILAM) Institute of OccupationalSafety and Health ilam.co.uk cipd.co.uk Institute of Sport and Management (ISRM) Recreation Managers AssociationRecreation iosh.co.uk Skills Active rma-ofgb.org Unions Council (TUC)Trade isrm.co.uk Sporting bodies British Olympic Association tuc.org.uk British Paralympics AssociationCapital Sport paralympcs.org.uk skillsactive.com olympics.org.uk (Fédération InternationaleFIFA de Football Association) Fitness Industry AssociationFootball Association fifa.com International Association of capital-sport.co.uk Athletics Federations (IAAF) fia.org.uk iaaf.org thefa.com Charities Childline Limited Leisure Greenwich MencapNational Society for the Preventionof Cruelty to Children nspcc.org.uk National TrustRaleigh International gll.org Ramblers Association childline.org.uk BlindRoyal National Institute for the raleighinternational.org Sense (UK deafblind charity) mencap.org.uk nationaltrust.org.uk Sportsaid rnib.org ramblers.org.uk TimeBank sense.org.uk sportsaid.org.uk timebank.org.uk Private sector Accolade Corporate accolade-corporate-events.com Events UK Acorn AdventureAlton TowersAnywork Anywhere november.acumedia.co.uk Boat RaceBourne Leisure anyworkanywhere.com Camp Beaumont alton-towers.co.uk Center ParcsConcerto GroupDavid Lloyd Leisure bourneleisure.co.uk campbeaumont.com Disney theboatrace.org DTB International – Hospitality and Events Management davidlloydleisure.co.uk concertogroup.co.uk centerparcs.com Fitness First dtbsportsandevents.com Flamingo LandHaven Holidays disneyinternational.com Henley Royal Regatta HolidaysHF Walking International Convention Centre, flamingoland.co.uk Birmingham fitnessfirst.com havenholidays.com LA Fitness theicc.co.uk OpportunitiesLeisure hfholidays.co.uk magazine hrr.co.uk leisureopportunities.co.uk LeisurejobsMaximillion Events LtdMcDonaldsOdeon CinemasPGL lafitness.co.uk maximillion.co.uk Royal Ascot leisurejobs.co.uk SpaScarborough Silverstone(home of British Grand Prix) mcdonalds.co.uk WatchersWeight odeon.co.uk scarboroughspa.com HostWelcome Wimbledon royalascot.co.uk Club) (All England Lawn Tennis silverstone-circuit.co.uk weightwatchers.co.uk welcometoexcellence.co.uk Hostels AssociationYouth pgl.co.uk yha.org.uk wimbledon.org Useful websites Useful Public sector and Arbitration Services Advisory Conciliation acas.co.uk Arts CouncilBBCBristol City CouncilCarmarthen CouncilCensus 2001Charter Mark carmarthenshire.gov.uk artscouncil.org.uk bristol-city.gov.uk Chichester District Council cabinetoffice.gov.uk/chartermark Commission for Racial EqualityConnexions chichester.gov.uk Countryside Agency statistics.gov.uk cre.gov.uk and Industry (DTI)Depart of Trade bbc.co.uk Department for Culture,Media and Sport dti.gov.uk countryside.gov.uk Department for Educationand Skills (DfES) connexions.gov.uk Department for Environment, culture.gov.uk Food and Rural Affairs and PensionsDepartment for Work dfes.gov.uk defra.gov.uk Department of Health dwp.gov.uk English Heritage AgencyEnvironment Equal Opportunities Commission SurveyFamily Expenditure english-heritage.org.uk environment.gov.uk dh.gov.uk General Household Survey eoc.gov.uk Health and Safety Executive statistics.gov.uk Highland Council statistics.gov.uk CouncilHounslow Borough Manchester City Council hse.gov.uk Council Reading Borough hounslow.gov.uk Council Borough Scarborough manchester.gov.uk highland.gov.uk scarborough.gov.uk Social Exclusion Unit reading.gov.uk Sporting Equals socialexclusionunit.gov.uk UK Sport CouncilWestminster westminster.gov.uk cre.gov.uk uksport.gov.uk

Useful websites 164 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 164 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 167 Glossary the marketing and Glossary a method of planning, scheduling a private customer or a customer a customer from another part of a customer from the ethos, aims and values of an plans which would be adopted in the distinctive culture of an the distinctive culture a statement detailing what an a process where people seek the views of people seek where a process the people living in one locality or the the people living in one locality a regular journey between one’s home and journeya regular between one’s someone who receives a service someone who receives a legally enforceable agreement between two agreement a legally enforceable ideas, beliefs, traditions and practices, or the curriculum vitae, personal data for a job application organisation will do for the customer. A customer organisation will do for the customer. charter is a statement of intent and is generally not makes part of the contract that a service deliverer with its customer organisation, presenting a sense of its individuality organisation, presenting its competitors it from which helps differentiate technical functions which deal direct with customers technical functions which deal direct a healthy relationship to ensure locality in which they live. A group of people having group locality in which they live. A ethnic, or other characteristics in cultural, religious, common. The public in general from another organisation from the same organisation organisation that influences the level of formality, loyalty and general behaviour of its employees way of life of a particular group of people way of life of a particular group and controlling projects involving interrelated but interrelated involving projects and controlling distinct activities others before finally deciding what course of action finally deciding what course of others before to take or more parties (contract of employment) or more place of work the event of an organisation’s original plans being the event of an organisation’s thwarted to avoid disruption customer customer (internal) customer charter customer service/customer care CV community commute consultation contingency plans contract corporate culture corporate identity critical path analysis culture customer (external) a part of the law passed by a form of training which involves the management of affairs of an the management of affairs a technique for generating ideas in persistent absence having a smug, irrational belief in having profit as the main aim having profit the short-run rate of sales at which a a strategy for achieving results easy to reach or get into or easy to reach the process of considering and evaluating the the process a disorder characterized by fear of becoming a disorder a useful facility or service an organisation’s predetermined financial plan predetermined an organisation’s administrative activities such as typing and filing being physically energetic awareness, interest, desire, action desire, interest, awareness, overviews of what you want to achieve supplier generates just enough revenue to cover his supplier generates just enough revenue fixed and variable costs which members of a group express ideas as they express which members of a group think of them workers committing themselves to one employer for the skills a period of time during which they acquire of the trade Parliament thesuperiority of one’s own sex or race thesuperiority of one’s performance of an employee with the objective of job performance improving organisation fat and refusal of food, leading to weakness and of food, leading to weakness fat and refusal even death for a given future period for a given future AIDA aims amenity anorexia appraisal apprenticeship brainstorming break-even budget chauvinistic clerical commercial absenteeism accessible Act of Parliament action plan active administration

Glossary 166 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 166 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 168

data items of information homophobia hatred or fear of homosexuality notice period the time between an advanced primary research when data is collected specifically for deadline a time limit for an activity hospitality receptiveness and kindness towards notification of intention to end a contract (leave a the study at hand. It can be obtained either by the customers job) and the act of doing so investigator observing the subject being studied, or demographics data resulting from the study of the communicating directly or indirectly with the subject growth, size, distribution, movement and HRM human resource management nutrition the process of taking in and absorbing composition of human populations nutrients, the process of being nourished prioritising arranging items to be attended to (in order NVQs national vocational qualifications of their importance) desk research see primary research implement to carry something out or put into action private sector the collective term used to describe direct mail/mailshot a form of marketing aimed at incentives a motivating influence or additional payment leisure businesses and the self-employed who provide obtaining and retaining customers where the supplier obesity a very overweight state, usually defined by a made to employees as a means of increasing services on a commercial, profit-making basis contacts customers directly by mail production body mass index of 30 or more product lifecycle the typical sales pattern of a product disciplinary procedurea set of rules governing the way objectives the goals which an organisation sets for inclusion being part of, or included, in something over time from its introduction managers should conduct investigations into itself, which in turn determine the strategic and induction the initial training an employee may receive infringements of company rules or unsatisfactory operational policies it adopts profit the difference that arises when sales revenue is at the start of employment to familiarise themselves performance by employees greater than total costs with the organisation orientation a course, programme or lecture introducing discrimination unjust treatment of people of which the somebody to a new situation or environment promotional techniquesthe means which an investigating enquire or examine thoroughly and main forms are: sex discrimination; race organisation can use to inform prospective customers systematically discrimination; disability discrimination of the nature and attributes of its products. Made up parameters constant or limiting factors of advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, disengagement not being involved in an activity direct marketing, internet marketing and public labour the human input to work activity participants someone who is actively involved in dismissal the termination of an employee’s employment something relations with an organisation, or firing leave permission to be absent or the duration of such absence, officially excused from work partnership event an event where organisations from a P’s (the four), the marketing mixproduct, place, price, mixture of the public, private or voluntary sector are promotion legislation written, or statute laws that have been equality of opportunityapproaches to equality that involved passed by parliament public relations (PR) a general means of promoting an promote equal access and by providing a fair and passive not active or not participating noticeably in an organisation’s company image lifestyle a combination of attitudes , habits or equal chance to gain access to resources or activity, like a spectator opportunities behaviours that have a significant influence on the publicity the technique or process of attracting public way a person lives and experiences their daily life paternity leave a period of paid absence from work attention to people, public interest resulting from ethnicity a social profile used to classify people which a father is legally entitled to information supplied by such a technique according to their social and cultural heritage and lobbying an attempt to influence in the formation of peer group/peers a group of approximately the same public sector the part of an economy that consists of 168 identification policy 169 age who see themselves, and are seen by others, as state-owned institutions, including services provided Glossary local authority an administrative body, such as a county Glossary evaluation judgement on the quality of something associated, or belonging together in some way by local authorities, such as leisure centres council, city council or metropolitan borough council expenditure that which is spent peer review the process of screening and evaluating logistics the functions involved in moving materials the work of peers race a group of people of common ancestry, facilities a space or building providing supporting piece rates rates of pay for completion of a job distinguished from others by physical characteristics market research the collection and analysis of capability PEST(LE) analysis a framework used by strategists to racism a hostile attitude or discriminatory behaviour, information about a particular market feasibility study a study designed to determine the identify those factors which affect an organisation’s based on racial prejudice, towards members of other practicability of a system or plan marketing the managerial process of identifying activities: political, economic, social, technological races, usually on the grounds that they are somehow customer requirements and satisfying them by (legislative, environmental) inferior feedback information in response to an inquiry providing customers with appropriate products in finance the system of money order to achieve the organisation’s objectives policy a plan of action or an expression of purpose, recruitment and selectionthe process of filling job adopted or pursued by an individual, government or vacancies in an organisation by hiring new flyers leaflets used as a promotional tool marketing mix see Ps (the four) organisation employees, often recurring focus group a group of people brought together to maternity leave a period of paid absence from work to population all people living in a defined area or place redeployment assigning to a new position (job) give their opinions on a particular issue or product which a woman is legally entitled to during the prejudice an unreasonable or unfair dislike or redundancy the termination of an individual’s months immediately before and after childbirth preference. Prejudices are typically reflected in employment when the employer ceases trading or gender the social and cultural attributes and motivation the force or process which drives people to negative attitudes towards particular groups of the job ceases to be required because of expectations that society attaches to men and behave in the way that they do people rationalisation, change of product, etc women through notions of appropriate masculinity and femininity premises buildings, particularly as in a place of business regeneration physical renewal or revitalisation of an national insurance state insurance based on weekly price-skimming a pricing technique designed to allow a area contributions from employees and employers and business to charge each potential customer the most remuneration the pay or reward to workers and hallmark event distinguished event providing payments to the unemployed, the sick, the that he or she would be willing pay for a given managers for their labour services, in the form of retired and medical services hazard something can be dangerous product or service. The product or service is first wages, salaries and bonuses offered at the highest price that customers will pay, health and safety the regulation of organisation’s NOS National Occupational Standards resources an input (e.g. raw material, people, and the price is incrementally dropped until it reaches working methods so as to discourage dangerous not-for-profit sector the collective term used to machinery) which is combined with other inputs to a level designed to be viable for the long term practices describe organisations who provide services on a supply a good service basis where profit making is not required 171 Glossary Collins provides a provides (ISBN: 000720583X). Leisure Studies AS and A2 for Edexcel Collins internet-linked dictionary of Business marketing production finance human resources business policy international business books and and the practical companion to this book. All of these areas are covered in the covered are All of these areas Many of the defintions used in this glossary can be found in the internet-linked dictionary of Business of business theory in-depth explanations to all the key areas Ideal for more and practice: • • • • • • laws that address what laws that address the collective term used to describe a framework for identifying the internala framework for a provisional or temporary title of a report a provisional a person who serves or acts in a specified the span of time within which certain events the span of time within which a producer or distributor of a good or service or distributor of a a producer any place where an organised gathering, such as any place where unique selling points visual display unit organisations who provide services on a voluntary organisations who provide basis occur, or are scheduled to occur, considered in considered scheduled to occur, or are occur, of time period to any broader relation strengths and weaknesses of something, the external and weaknesses of strengths it faces which an to it and threats opportunities open a strategy be used in formulating hours are acceptable to work to during a week hours are function without promise of payment function without promise a concert, is held working time regulations working title suppliers SWOT analysis timescale USPs VDU venue voluntary sector volunteers when a project requires a summary requires when a project the process of identifying and the process an inspection, correction and verification an inspection, correction to characterise and label all members of a a person viewing anything, such as a sport a person viewing anything, such a list of suitable applicants for a job, a list of a list of suitable applicants for occurring at a certain season or part of the occurring at a overall plan a provider of funds, resources or services to an or services to resources of funds, a provider another term for an Act of Parliament or specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, timed realistic, specific, measurable, achievable, a group of people employed by a company a group individual, event or organisation, which in returnindividual, event or organisation, rights and association which may be some receives advantage used for commercial of staff or collection of existing data preferred items preferred evaluating the possible impact of risks or hazards evaluating the that exist social group in some way, regardless of the regardless in some way, social group A simplistic between such people. differences generalisation legislation year risk assessment seasonal secondary research short list SMART spectator sponsor staff audit staffing statute stereotype strategy

Glossary 170 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 170 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 173 Index equality assessing 19 external customers 26–7, 55 identifying 30 internal customers 27, 55 meeting 27 54, 55 see also dismissal 97 Disneyland 102, 112 diversity 127–8 drug dependency 122–3 124 eating disorders election campaigns 145 games 148 electronic EM Media 137 corporate culture 102 corporate culture covering letter 85 85 curriculum vitae (CV) 73, 84, 56 30, customer care customer charter 27 customer communications 28 customer needs 26 27–8 customer relations customer satisfaction 28–9 customer service 27–9 160 data protection database of contacts 55 Mile Runs 23 David Lloyd Great deadlines 56, 57, 60 Media Department for Culture, and Sport (DCMS) 141 diary 10, 16, 17, 42, 44, 47, diet 123 mail 34 direct marketing 26 direct disability discrimination 106–7 Disability Rights Commission 107 Disability Sport 125 95–6 disciplinary procedures discount pricing 33 discrimination 105–7 41 Billy Jones 73 Bourne 100 Leisure Mile Runs 23 David Lloyd Great disability discrimination 107 112 drowning girl saved from Limited 76 Leisure Greenwich Holidays 17 HF Walking People 1st 73 Motorcycling The Adventure handbook 56 employment of 110–11 of 113 protection checklist 57 with customers 28 external 51, 56 59 peer review team communication 50, 56 78–9, 109 British Olympic Committee (BOC) British Olympic Committee (BOC) 26 brochures budgets 21, 39 bulimia 124 Carmarthen Council 129 case studies cash flow 21 76, 109 casual staff Charter Mark 28, 100 Institute for Personnel Chartered Development (CIPD) 82, 87 checklists 37, 54, 55, 57, 62 Chichester District Council 142–3 children Commission for Racial Equality 107 communication 50–1, 56 competitive pricing 33 28 complaints procedure confidentiality 160 Connexions 78 contact database 55 contingency fund 39 contingency plans 47, 60, 62 contracts of employment 74, job applications administrative systems 42–3 evaluation 60 work 42–3 non-routine work 42 routine 70, 71, 82–3 recruitment 87, 96 see also objectives see also Unit 4 61, 64–5 Unit 5 66, 116–17 Unit 6 163 Index absence from work 93 absence from absenteeism 94 sheet 43 accident report action plans 37, 54, 55 administration 21 adoption leave 95 advertising 19, 26, 34, 150–1 Conciliation and Advisory, Arbitration Service (ACAS) 82, AIDA 34 aims 13, 16, 19, 25, 30, 60, 137 13 Alton Towers annual leave 92–3 nervosa 124 anorexia for 95 time off ante-natal care, 77–8 Anywork Anywhere application forms 84, 85 appraisals 97, 100 78 apprenticeships assessment Athens Olympics 2004 43 bar charts 43 Beckham, David 151 Best, George 151 bonuses 103 books 147 Boorman, Charley 56 Bourne 100 Leisure brainstorming 14, 36, 154 19, 33 break-even Fountain 114–15 Brentford Bristol City Council 90, 92

Index 172 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 172 Page 14:14 3/2/06 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 174

employment contracts 74, 78–9, peer review 47, 59 Management (ILAM) 126, 141 price 19, 33 see also customer needs redundancy 95, 96, 97 109 personal evaluation 59 Institute of Sport and Recreation product 19, 32 partnership events 10 regeneration 144 Equal Opportunities Commission sources 58–9 Management (ISRM) 126, 141 promotion 19, 34 paternity leave 95 remuneration 102–3 107 films 148 insurance 21, 45, 46 segmentation 137–8 pay 102–3 research project equal pay 105–6 finance 31, 38, 60 International Olympic Committee SWOT analysis 30, 31 equal pay 105–6 assessing feasibility 154 equality 126–7 budgets 21, 39 (IOC) 10 Master Tournament payment methods 39 data protection 160 campaigns for leisure equality cash box 39 International Organisation of Royal Albert Hall 13 peer review 47, 59 ethical standards 160 133, 134–5 cash flow 21 Standards (ISO) 28, 100 Masters Swimming Championships peer evaluation 59 evaluation 60 gender issues 130–2 contingency fund 39 internet 148 1996 144 peer evaluation chart 40 final planning 158–60 homosexuality 132–3 financial feasibility 21 interviewing 86–7 maternity leave 94 People 1st 73 finalising proposal 158 race and ethnicity 133–4 objectives 33 Investors in People (IIP) 28, 90, 100 Mayo, Elton 99 performance measurement 40 methodology 155, 158–9 see also discrimination payment methods 39 media 146–51 swingometer chart 16 project format 159, 161 evaluation 22, 47 records 39 job adverts 70, 71, 82–3 sport and 149 performance-related pay 103 published material 156 areas to evaluate 58 reporting after the event 39 job analysis 81–2 methodology 155 person specifications 82, 84 references and bibliography customer care 56 resource costs 39 job applications mobile telephones 148 personal evaluation 59 159–61 effectiveness of planning 60, 62 start-up costs 21, 39 application forms 84, 85 motivation 49, 56, 98–9, 162 chart 41 research methods 155, 158–9 feedback 58–9, 62 firework display 13 curriculum vitae (CV) 73, 84, 85 Herzberg’s motivators and satis- personal selling 26, 34 selecting and planning 152–7 marketing 30, 35, 60 flexible working 90 letter of application 84, 85 fiers diagram 49 personnel see staffing setting parameters 154 meeting deadlines 60 focus groups 29, 35 see also recruitment; selection management methods 99 PEST analysis 30, 31 time scale and budget 157 peer review 59 Football Association (FA) 141 job descriptions 82, 84 motivational flowchart 98 PESTLE 81, 134 title 157 personal evaluation 59 free events 19, 33 job interviews 86–7 motivational theory 98–9 piece rates 103 resources 36–8 success of event 60 full-time work 69–70 job share 75 remuneration and incentives portfolio 10, 55, 61, 64 access to 53 team effectiveness 61 102–3 Positive Futures 143 action plan 37 triangle diagram 61 gender issues 130–2 KISS principle 13, 14 staff development and training price 19, 33 checklists 37 events see also equality; sexual discrimi- 100–1 price-skimming 33 effective use 38 administration 21 working environment 101–2 privacy 160 finding 37–8 nation leadership 49–50 aims and purposes 137–8 music 148–9 problem solving 51 human resources see staffing Greenwich Leisure Limited 76 choosing a leader 50 choosing 14–15 flowchart 52 identifying needs 36–7 Grey-Thompson, Tanni 107 style 49 complexity, assessing 13–14, 16, problems management 13 grievance procedures 95–6 Tannenbaum and Schmidt National Railway Museum 129 174 60 reacting to 57 physical resources 20 175 Continuum 49 National Vocational Qualifications Index Index cultural value 139 product positioning 26 premises and facilities 37 health and safety 14, 45, 111–13 Learning Skills Council 78 (NVQs) 78 economic value 138–9 professionals 40, 41 quality 37 healthy living campaigns 125 legal aspects 14, 22, 45–6, 60 newspapers 146 environmental value 139 profit-related pay 103 resource costs 39 heart disease 122 health and safety 45 notice periods 95 feasibility 18–19, 20, 23 project overview 24 rest breaks 90–2 Herzberg’s motivators and satisfiers risk assessment 45–6 Nova International 23 legal aspects 14, 22, 45–6, 60 promotion 19, 34 risk assessment 45–6 diagram 49 security procedures 46 marketing see marketing AIDA 34 Royal Albert Hall 13 HF Walking Holidays 17 Leisure Industries Research obesity 120–1 parameters 15, 16 techniques 13, 19, 26, 34 Highland Region local authority Centre 144 objectives 12, 13, 16, 19, 25–6, physical resource needs 20, 62 see also marketing 129 letter of application 84, 85 30, 137 salaries 103 political value 139 public relations 26, 34 homosexuality 132–3 log book 10, 16, 17, 21, 42, 44, discussing 26 sales promotion 26 reviewing 22, 47 hours of work 89–90 50, 55 evaluation 60 sampling 19, 35 seasonal 13, 136–7 flexible working 90 logistics 62, 138 financial 33 Quest 28, 100 Scarborough Borough Council 142 social value 139 part-time jobs 71–2, 109 London Olympics bid 38, 43 flowchart 25 scheduled breaks 90–2 sources of information 63 scheduled breaks 90–2 meeting 60 race and ethnicity seasonal events 13, 136–7 staffing 21, 62 seasonal work 72–3 Working Time Regulations 89, MacArthur, Ellen 52 SMART 25, 39, 60, 99, 158 equality 133–4 staging 145 security 14, 45, 46, 118 91–2, 108–10 McGregor, Ewan 56 see also aims race relations 106 success 60–1 segmentation 137–8 Human Resource Management magazines 125, 146 Oliver, Jamie 140, 141 racial discrimination 106 value 138–9 selection (HRM) 40, 80, 101 Manchester City Council 127, 133 Olympic Games 10 Racial Equality Charter for Sport appointment 87 see also staffing market research 34–5 organisational culture 102 133 feasibility 18–19, 36, 60 forms of application 84–5 marketing 13, 19, 30–5 orientation 88 radio 147 assessing 23 interviewing 86–7 incentives 102–3 evaluation 30, 35, 60 Reading Borough Council 143 financial 21 processes 84–7 inclusion schemes 128–9 four Ps 19, 30, 32–4 parental leave 95 recruitment 80–3 of research topic 154 short-listing 85–6 induction 88–9 market research 34–5 part-time jobs 71–2, 109 advertising 70, 71, 82–3 testing 18–19 see also recruitment industry focus 62, 114–15, 161–2 marketing mix 32–4 term time only 72 job analysis 81–2 feedback 19, 29 self-employment 70–1, 109 Institute for Employment Studies marketing plan 30–2 twilight shifts 72 job description 82, 84 giving and receiving 58–9 sexual discrimination 105 90 PEST analysis 30, 31 zero hours 72 person specifications 82, 84 informal 29 see also equality; gender issues Institute of Leisure and Amenity place 19, 32 participant needs 18 see also selection; staffing redeployment 96–7 short-listing 3776_Leisure_AS_Unit06.qxd 3/2/06 14:14 Page 176

events 14 Tannenbaum and Schmidt television 147 job applicants 85–6 Continuum 49 sport on 149 sickness absence 93 targets 22 temporary workers 75–6, 109 Singh, Harpal 134 meeting 60 term-time only employment 72 SkillsActive 78 personal targets 44 time management 54 SMART objectives 25, 39, 60, 99, setting 44 planner 55 158 team targets 44 TimeBank 77 Social Exclusion Unit 128 team timescales 14, 22, 43–4 social inclusion 128–9, 144 allocating roles 16, 41, 50 bar charts 43 social trends 31 communication 50–1 calendar style timetable 43 Spa Complex, Scarborough 62 dealing with team-mates 55–6 critical path analysis 43 special populations 124–5 effectiveness 61 deadlines 43 spider diagram 16 evaluation 60, 61 flowcharts 44 sponsorship formal structures 49 individual 44 of events 19, 26, 27, 34, 138 informal structures 49 personal planner 44 of sports 150 leadership 49–50 training 78, 100–1 Sport England 77, 144 motivation 49, 56 treasure hunt 13 Sporting Equals 133 number of people 15 Tuckman’s forming to performing staff development 100–1 overall purpose 48–9 model flowchart 51 staffing 21, 40–1, 62 recommendations 61 twilight shifts 72 assessing performance 40 recording involvement 16–17 Human Resource Management resources, access to 53 unemployment 144 40, 80 roles and responsibilities 15, 16, identifying needs 81 40, 41, 50 variable pricing 33 peer evaluation chart 40 selection 15 victimisation 105 personal evaluation chart 41 skills and abilities 15 voluntary work 73, 77–8 planning needs 80–1 structure 15, 41, 49 volunteers 40, 41, 56 professionals 40, 41 supporting other members 56 suppliers 40, 41 swingometer chart of perform- wages 103 176 volunteers 40, 41 ance 16

Index Westminster Council 129 see also recruitment; selection; SWOT analysis 40 work/life balance 70 team team-building and interaction Working Time Regulations 89, staffing plan 82, 90 52–3 91–2, 108–10 start-up costs 21, 39 working environment 53 World Badminton Championships stereotyping 131 see also staffing 1997 144 stress 124 teamwork 51, 62 suppliers 40, 41 flowchart 51 surveys 19, 29, 35 problem solving 51 zero hours employment 72 swimming coaches 113 Tuckman’s forming to Zijlaard-van Moorsel, Leontien 124 swingometer chart of performance performing model flowchart 16 51 SWOT analysis 30, 31, 40 technology 32